Textbook of Critical Care Yatin Mehta, Jeetendra Sharma, Chitra Mehta
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table
A
Abbott critical care system 69
Abbreviated injury
scale 985
score 974, 975
Abciximab 241
Abdomen 849f
contrast enhanced computed tomography scan of 973f, 975f, 976f, 978f
Abdominal compartment
pressure 615
syndrome 480, 482, 485, 486, 486t, 487
Ablative therapy 462f
ABO incompatible transplant 651
Abruptio placentae 690
Abscess
cutaneous 825
epidural 557f
metastatic 311
peritoneal 483
Absolute neutrophil count 344, 740, 743, 748, 819, 838
Absorption 871
Acalculous cholecystitis 762
causes of 763b
Accidental hypothermia 184
classification of 909t
modified staging of 910t
Acetaminophen 114
poisoning, phases of 889t
Acetylcholine 120, 562, 870, 902
receptor 562
Acetylcholinesterase 870, 871
inhibitors 563, 902
Acid-base
balance 123
disorders 123, 125, 126t
management of 127
disturbances 890
status 326, 401
Acid-fast bacilli 454, 552
Acidosis 28, 404, 703, 797
Acinetobacter 350, 354, 553, 779, 780, 787, 791, 793, 794, 795, 796
baumannii 350, 788, 928
sepsis 779
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 8, 331, 584, 590, 830, 839
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans 306
Actinomyces 106
Activated charcoal, multiple doses of 885, 890, 891
Activated clotting time 187, 241, 258
Activated partial thromboplastin time 171, 237, 240, 267, 494, 699, 534, 619, 640, 648, 704, 707, 712, 713, 731, 766, 896
Activated prothrombin complex concentrate 240
Activated T cells, nuclear factor of 657
Acute acalculous cholecystitis 760, 762, 764
complications of 764
Acute bacterial meningitis, community-acquired 553t
Acute cholecystitis 506
clinical features of 507fc
diagnosis of 509
management of 509
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction 496, 511, 514t
Acute coronary syndrome 15, 176, 237, 244, 249, 279, 283, 284, 570, 704, 726, 729
management of 19
Acute kidney injury 189, 193, 201, 255, 279, 391, 398, 398b, 400, 403, 404, 413, 416, 422, 455457, 467, 468, 485, 486, 537, 570, 597, 605, 610, 639, 702, 710, 714, 735, 771, 787, 797, 882, 903, 907, 919, 926, 928, 988, 989t
causes of 403
intrinsic 393fc
network 391, 989
pathophysiology of 393
postrenal 393fc
prerenal 392fc
risk factors of 395, 396t
staging criteria 391t
Acute liver failure 441444, 444t, 450, 638, 700, 702, 888
early dynamic model score 446t
etiology of 445t
Acute liver injury
severe 441, 442, 444
transfusion related 358, 630, 689, 726, 730, 733
Acute mesenteric ischemia 488, 489
management of 492fc
Acute pancreatitis 476
assessing severity of 477
etiology of 476
management of 478
scoring systems in 477
Acute physiology health evaluation 8, 11, 12, 171, 293, 599, 817, 831
Acute pulmonary embolism 245, 264t, 268t
management of 267fc
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 11, 18, 47, 52, 120, 129, 137, 148, 154, 167, 174, 180, 193, 320, 350, 356f, 366, 376, 564, 585, 612, 642, 672, 683, 705, 714, 729, 760, 771, 802, 831, 867, 882, 887, 914, 927, 964, 993
causes of 358t
network 357
pathophysiology of 359f
Acute respiratory failure 24, 129, 319, 343, 672, 867, 887
causes of 832
clinical signs of 24
Acute tubular necrosis 392, 393, 398, 605, 642, 643, 653
Adaptive support ventilation 141, 147149, 153
Addison's disease 605
Adenosine
deaminase 455
diphosphate 238
monophosphate 892
triphosphate 228, 234, 726, 987
Adequate antibiotic therapy 791
Adequate gas 220
exchange 144
Adjunctive therapies 213, 327, 822
Adnexa 924
Adrenal dysfunction 581
Adrenal exhaustion syndrome 639
Adrenal glands, structural damage of 639
Adrenal insufficiency 581583
clinical manifestations of 584b
etiology of 584b
evaluation of 583
primary 590
secondary 591
Adrenaline lavage 384
Adrenergic crises 283
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 582, 584, 587, 621
Adsorption therapy 189
Adult respiratory distress syndrome 346
Advanced cardiac life support 4, 15, 16, 16f, 233, 247, 896, 898, 920, 1022
Advanced hemodynamic monitoring 38, 167, 169
Advanced neuroprotective drugs 875
Advanced trauma life support 4, 933, 948, 960, 970, 981, 985
Aedes aegypti 802
Aerobic gram-negative bacilli 787
Aerodigestive tract 857
Aeromonas hydrophila 827
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 306
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus 306
Agitation 114, 900
Air
bronchograms 90f
conditioning failure 1025
density 84f
embolism 968
handling unit 852
hunger 24
pump system 210f
Airborne
precautions 852
transmission 852
Airflow obstruction, acute 324
Airway 15, 159, 216, 540, 542, 668
abnormalities of 321
applications 88
assessment 24
breathing, and circulation 4, 532, 864, 891, 892, 893, 896, 898, 899, 900, 960
central 159
complications 626
diseases, chronic obstructive 819
dryness 131
hyperreactivity 871
maintenance 935
management 16, 23
obstruction 604
occlusion pressure 156
pressure 50, 152
release ventilation 141, 141f, 150, 153, 362
protection 133, 145
resistance 156, 159
Alanine
aminotransferase 476, 641, 677, 693, 889
transaminase 437, 676, 677
Albumin 417, 418, 470, 639
fluid evaluation 400, 419
infusion 418
Italian outcome sepsis 400
Alcohol 463, 877
dehydrogenase 878, 879
intoxication, treatment of 879t
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 878
Aldolase 566
Aldosterone ratio 281
Alemtuzumab 650
Alginates 212
Alkaline phosphatase 438
Alkalinization 875, 899, 901
All India Difficult Airway Association 33, 34
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 819
Allergic granulomatous angiitis 718
Allium sativum 474
Allogeneic transplant 746
All-trans retinoic acid 703, 707, 735
Alopecia 882
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade 901
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency 623
Alpha-adrenergic drugs 499
Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-4 isoxasol 942
Alpha-blocker 283
Alpha-chain 660, 902
Alpha-fetoprotein 683
Alpha-linolenic acid 199
Alpha-receptor 229, 230
Alport's syndrome 648
Alprazolam 115
Aluminum phosphide 877, 879
poisoning 877
Alveolar arterial oxygen gradient 610, 832
Alveolar hemorrhage
diffuse 720
immunologically mediated 384
Alveolar hypoventilation 320
Alveolar interstitial syndrome 161
Alveolar recruitment 51, 135f, 362
Alveoli 52
Amanita phalloides 884
Amantadine 783
American Association for Surgery of Trauma 973, 974t, 977t
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 202, 204
American Association of Study of Liver Diseases 441
American College of Cardiologists 251
American College of Cardiology 282, 288, 303, 372
American College of Critical Care Medicine 112, 729, 734, 765
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 671, 690
American College of Radiology 341, 394, 395t
American College of Surgeons 933
American Diabetes Association 202, 204, 569
American European Consensus Conference Statement 356
American Gastroenterological Association 478
American Heart Association 251, 282, 288, 303, 308, 527, 602
American Pancreatic Association 476
American Psychiatric Association 116
American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 218
American Society of Anesthesiologist 599, 606
American Society of Hypertension 279
American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 198
American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale 954, 954t
American Stroke Association 527
American Thoracic Society 327
Amino acids 198
aromatic 190
Aminobutyric acid 115
Aminoglycosides 394, 784, 786, 793, 795
modifying enzymes 793
Aminopenicillins 786
Aminosteroidal compounds 120
Aminotransferases 566, 693, 905
Amiodarone 295
Ammonia
lowering strategies 448
role of 442
Amniotic fluid 684
embolism 681, 684, 684t
criteria for 683
management of 684fc
pathophysiology of 682fc
treatment of 685t
Amoxicillin 740, 786
Amphotericin B 394, 589, 643, 783, 816, 818, 829
colloidal dispersion 785
deoxycholate 785, 789, 818
lipid complex 785, 822
Ampicillin 786
Amylase 454, 477
Amyloid precursor protein 486
Anaerobes 644, 749
Anaerobic streptococcal myositis 826
Analgesia 112, 114, 945
epidural 619
patient-controlled 597, 615, 634
postoperative 634
Anaphylactoid syndrome 674
Anatomic dead space 47
Ancillary tests 1001, 1002t
Anemia 723
aplastic 843
causes of 729b
diagnosis of 724
effects of 725
etiology of 723, 724fc
microangiopathic hemolytic 711
severe 797, 798
Anesthesia 597, 948
general 106, 135f, 610, 615, 987
maintenance of 629
Aneurysm 286
intracranial 540t, 545, 545f
location of 539
multiple 104f
rebleeding of 543
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage 539, 540, 543, 587
prevention of 545
Angiodysplasia 463
Angioembolization 983
Angiogenesis, pulmonary 474
Angiography 961
coronary 247, 248
Angioplasty, percutaneous transluminal 544, 648
Angiopoietin 171
Angiostrongylus cantonensis 552
Angiotensin 227, 232, 235, 587
converting enzyme 232, 248, 282, 337, 392, 411, 422, 455, 612, 724, 900
inhibitor 289, 469
receptor blocker 248, 283, 289, 392, 455, 724
Anion gap 125, 573, 878
Anistreplase 241
Ankle edema 653
Anorexia nervosa 588
Antepartum hemorrhage 687, 689
complications of 690t
Anterior cord syndrome 954
Antiarrhythmics 295, 299
Antibiotics 479, 599, 634, 771, 781, 783, 814
de-escalation of 848
hydrophilic 777t
lipophilic 777t
rational use of 775
role of 492
systemic 825
therapy 790, 814, 840, 840t, 843t
principles of 789f
treatment, timing of 776
Antibody 657
mediated rejection 625, 660
monoclonal 342, 590, 657, 660, 804, 814
preparations 657
production, depletion of 651
serology for 340
Anti-CD20 antibodies 660
Anticholinergics 513
Anticipate disaster 3
Anticoagulants 236, 243, 248, 531, 534
activities 902
drugs 187
effects 236fc
Anticoagulation 187, 242, 267, 410, 620
excessive 314
Anticonvulsants 654
Anti-D injection 803
Antidiuretic hormone 419, 587
secretion of 419
Antidotes 866
therapy 889
Antiepileptics 439
drug 548, 550, 898
Antifibrinolytic agents 733
Antifungal 783
agents 818t
activity of 818t
toxicity of 821t
salvage treatment 822
site of action of 785f
therapy 835
rational use of 776
Antigen
presenting cell 655, 656, 662
testing 340
Anti-glomerular basement membrane 648
Antihuman globulin 649
Antihypertensive 620
drugs 652
intravenous 281
medication 283, 533
oral 281
Anti-inflammatory response syndrome, compensatory 768, 773
Anti-inflammatory sepsis 768t
Anti-Mannan antibodies 817
Antimetabolites 625, 660
Antimicrobial agents 777, 783
pharmacology of 783
Antimicrobial resistance 781, 781t
Antimicrobial stewardship program 858, 859
elements of 858
Antimicrobial therapy 326, 780fc, 785fc
de-escalation of 780
failure of 780
Antimicrobial treatment 333
Anti-musk antibodies 563
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody 381, 648, 717, 718, 720
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 552
Antioxidants 875
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 269, 703, 704, 707, 719f
Antiplatelets 237, 242, 620
agents 236, 238t, 394
oral 237
drugs, intravenous 238
Antiproliferative agents 650
Antipsychotics 897
atypical 897
treatment chart for 898fc
Antirejection therapy 657, 830
Antisnake venom 906, 907
dosing 906
reaction 906
management of 906
Antistaphylococcal penicillin 786, 827
Antithrombotic
agents 248
proteins, reduced level of 700
therapy 673t
Antithymocyte globulin 630, 661, 662, 744
Antitubercular drugs 439
Antitubercular therapy 439, 443, 444, 445
Antivirals 783
drugs, classification of 784t
Aorta 177, 182
ascending 291f
dissection 285f
occlusion of 937
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal 615
Aortic coarctation 285
Aortic disruption, traumatic 960
Aortic dissection 92f, 285, 287f
acute 282
management 286, 288, 289
Aortic reconstructive surgeries 614
Aortic valve 100, 285
closure of 64
replacement 305
Aortic wall
reduced resistance of 286
stress 285
Aortoenteric fistula 458
Apixaban 239, 267
Apnea test 999, 1000
methodology 1000
Apneic oxygenation 27
Apolipoprotein E 116, 117
Apophysomyces 821
Arch aneurysm 289
Argatroban 240
Arginine vasopressin 453, 587, 588, 591
actions of 587
secretion, regulation of 587
Argon plasma coagulation 462
ARISCAT score 601t
Arrhythmias 293, 611, 624
cardiac 737, 877
life-threatening 169
risk factors of 293, 293t
Arsenic 882
trioxide 703, 735
Artemether 798
Artemisinin
based combination therapy 798
derivatives 798
Arterial blood 360, 365, 832, 985, 994
gas 11, 19, 126, 131, 218, 221, 383, 473, 609, 640, 668, 683, 872, 881, 1000, 1021, 1028
analysis, systemic 47
measurement 322
values 48
pressure 57, 63, 64
monitoring 602
Arterial carbon dioxide 604
partial pressure of 12
Arterial catheter insertion 617b
Arterial disease
coronary 19
peripheral 615
Arterial occlusion 489
Arterial oxygen
gradient 47
partial pressure of 10, 11, 356
pressure 333, 352, 725
Arterial pressure trial 602f
Arterial pulsation 64
Arterial pulse, systemic 64
Arterial thromboembolism 237
Arteriography 982
Arteriovenous malformation 321, 530, 538, 633
Artery 383
pulmonary 38, 39, 265f
ultrasound of 99f
Artificial intelligence 140
Arytenoid subluxation 32
Ascending reticular activating system 519
Ascites 451, 453, 472
complications of 455
management of 455, 455t
pathophysiology of 454f
Ascitic fluid value 454
Asian-Pacific Association for Study of Liver 443
Aspartate aminotransferase 641, 676, 677, 693, 889, 695
Aspartate transaminase 799, 987
elevated 494
Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary 819
Aspergillus 330, 350, 555, 654, 749, 789, 817821, 823, 841, 846
antifungal resistance in 821
fumigates 819, 832, 857
Aspiration 197
pneumonia 131
syndromes 86f
Asplenia 839
Assisted reproductive technology 688
Astemizole 295
Asthma 324
acute bronchial 129
acute severe 324, 328
exacerbations, acute 325t
Ataxia 900
Atelectasis 366
Atelectotrauma 137
Atlantoaxial dislocation 957
Atlas fracture 957
Atomic energy regulatory board 1028
Atracurium 120
Atrial fibrillation 236, 267, 293, 294, 297, 298, 300, 311, 541, 611, 643
Atrial flutter 300
Atrial septal defect 175f, 184
Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia 296299
Atropine 873, 874
toxicity 873
Augments cardiac output 151
Autoimmune 587
diseases 845
lymphocytic hypophysitis 588
Automated external defibrillator 16, 1004, 1027
Autonomic dysfunction 896
Autonomy 1006
Avibactam 786, 787, 793796
Awake prone position, role of 343, 344
Awake tracheal intubation 31
Axillary artery 177
Axis fracture 957
Azathioprine 650, 651, 653, 658660, 716, 841
Azithromycin 342, 788
Azole antifungals 654
Aztreonam 793, 794, 796
B
Bacterial translocation, inhibition of 474
Bacteroides 765, 795
fragilis 765
Bag-valve-mask 668
Balloon tamponade 465
Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration 453, 465
Barbiturate 115, 118, 894, 946
Bare metal stents 648
Barometric pressure, low 320
Barotrauma 131, 137, 151
prevention of 147
Barrow ruptured aneurysm trial 543
Basal exudative tuberculous meningitis 109
Basal metabolic rate 919
Basic life support 684, 914, 981
Basilar artery 69
Basilar tip aneurysm 104f
Basiliximab 650, 660
Bates-Jensen wound assessment tool 213
B-cells 655
Beer-Lambert law 71
Behavioral pain scale 112, 542
Behçet's disease 717
Belatacept 650
Belmont report 1006
Bentall procedure 290
Benzodiazepines 115, 118, 548, 875, 892, 894, 896, 898
Benzylisoquinoline compounds 120
Berry aneurysm 538
Beta-agonists 329
therapy 326
Beta-blockers 248, 255, 282, 283, 299, 643, 724, 890, 891
overdose, treatment chart of 892fc
toxicity 866
Beta-chain 902
Beta-hemolyticus streptococci 792
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin hormone 688
Beta-hydroxybutyrate 123, 573
Beta-lactams 553, 784786, 793, 821, 840, 842
antibiotics 786
inhibitor 786, 793, 840, 842
resistance 334
Beta-receptor 229, 230
Bibasal rales 281
Bicarbonate 8, 11, 124, 575, 770
Bifidobacterium 821
Bilevel positive
airway pressure 208, 254, 335, 831
pressure ventilation 130
Biliary complications 645
Biliary obstruction 439
Biliary tree injuries 973
Bilirubin
oxidation products 544
serum 693
Bioartificial liver support system 189, 449
Biochemical test 281
interpretation of 725t
Biochemical theory 992
Biotrauma 137
Biphasic positive airway pressure ventilation 362
Bismuth subsalicylate 898
Bispectral index 114, 115f, 641, 1029
Bisphosphonates 736
Bivalirudin 241
Bladder injury, extensive 982f
Bleeding 186t, 314, 674
acute 452
causes of 464
diathesis 461
disorder 236
recurrent 463
time 905
treatment of 187t
Blend sign 537
Blood 384, 771
borne viruses, testing for 852
brain barrier 445, 876, 946
components 236
count 827
culture 764, 827
quantitative 765
flow 236, 411
gas
analysis 167
interpretation 124
glucose 202, 204, 569
control 20, 570, 634
levels 201t
management protocols 571
monitoring 576
range 204f
group 648, 650
investigations 640, 993
lactate levels 733
lead levels 883
loss 412, 723, 972
approximation of 937f
iatrogenic 723
peripheral 747
pressure 19, 60, 165, 221, 227, 255, 257, 268, 279, 280, 282, 287, 288, 332, 535, 587, 609, 633, 671, 865, 866, 891, 942
control 533, 542
diastolic 280, 668, 678
invasive 222, 1028
management 533, 602f
systolic 8, 106, 131, 172, 280, 282, 287, 527, 532, 668, 671t, 678, 766, 892, 893
products 771
sampling 723
smear, peripheral 798f
sugar 648, 650, 827
transfusion, postoperative 615
urea nitrogen 172, 332, 399
volume 587, 765
Bloodstream infection 795, 839, 855, 856
catheter-related 749, 765, 839, 850
central line-associated 448, 612, 851, 855, 856, 1032
Blunt cardiac injury 960, 965
Blunt trauma 961, 972, 973
abdomen, management of 980fc
Blunt traumatic head injury 103
B-mode transcranial color-coded duplex sonography 68
Body
electrolytes 414
mass index 216, 599, 623, 650, 924
temperature 19, 21f
water 414
compartments 414
weight, ideal 148, 149, 217
Boerhaave's syndrome 502
Bone
marrow 747
harvest 747f
transplantation 748, 838
metastasis, extensive 736
Borrelia burgdorferi 554
Boston approach 124
Botulism 885
classification of 886t
Bowel
disease, inflammatory 458, 496
infarction, small 97
perforation 835, 976f
Braden scale 208, 209t
Bradyarrhythmia 301
Bradycardia 109, 303
Bradykinin 681
Brain 105f
abscess 556t, 557f, 557t
multiple 848f
blood flow 1001
computed tomography of 106f
contusion, traumatic 103
damage, ischemic 942
dead organ donor, support of 999
causes of 999
determination of 1000t
mimics, exclusion of 999
derived neurotrophic factor 117
dysfunction 159, 160
edema, traumatic 942
infections 106
injury
early 539
hypoxic 11
secondary 535
traumatic 19, 58, 74f, 76, 102, 587, 633, 635, 761, 933, 940, 941, 945, 1034
metastasis 106f
natriuretic peptide 263, 281, 331, 1028
parenchyma 74
tissue oxygen
monitoring 76
partial pressure 57
pressure 636
tension 64
trauma foundation 636
tumors 104
type natriuretic peptide 252
volume 214
Brainstem
auditory evoked potential 57, 76, 1001
reflexes, loss of 999
sites 531
Breast size 216
Breathing 15, 540, 542, 924, 935
decreased work of 147
oxygen cost of 156
paradoxical abdominal 24
pattern 54
shortness of 24
spontaneous 140, 152fc
work of 54, 146, 149
Bridging therapy plan 527
British anti-Lewisite 883
British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 194
British Committee for Standards in Hematology 705
British Thoracic Society 374, 382
Bronchial artery embolization 383, 385
Bronchial penetrating injuries 966
Bronchiectasis 380, 623
Bronchiolitis obliterans 623
organizing pneumonia 760
syndrome 623, 627
Bronchoalveolar lavage 56, 349, 628, 749, 762, 820, 839
Bronchodilators, inhaled 326
Bronchopleural fistula 372, 375, 378
bronchoscopic treatment of 377
Bronchoscopic alveolar lavage 336
Bronchoscopy 381, 382
role of 35
Brown-Séquard syndrome 955
Brugada's criteria 295f
B-type natriuretic peptide 56, 161, 247
Budd-Chiari syndrome 474, 694
Bullet embolism 968
Bulls’ eye lesions 817f
Bungarus caeruleus 903
Burkholderia 794, 851, 859
pseudomallei 334, 800
Burkitt lymphoma 737
Burn 130
area 924
classification of 924b
contractures 159
depth of 924
epithelial cells 924
injury 923
pathophysiology of 923
wound infection, clinical signs of 928b
Burst
fracture 111f
suppression pattern 549, 549f
Busulfan 747
Butyrylcholinesterase 871
C
Cadmium 883
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester 474
Cairo and Bishop classification 737
Calcineurin inhibitors 643, 645, 650, 657, 658
Calcinosis cutis 459
Calcium 303, 410, 589
antagonists 643
channel blocker 297, 300, 891, 892
chloride 410, 411, 892, 893
dilution 411
homeostasis 424, 425f
sensor receptor 424, 426
serum 427, 477
Calsequestrin 919
Campylobacter jejuni 560
Canadian C spine rule 939f, 953fc
Canavanine glycine bromothymol blue 819
Cancer, metastatic 9, 588
Candida 106, 741, 749, 777, 812, 818
albicans 839, 857
auris 777, 823, 851
glabrata 789
haemulonii 851
infection, risk factors of 777b
krusei 789
tropicalis 777, 839
Candidemia 817
Candidiasis, invasive 817
Capillary refill time 221
Capnocytophaga canimorsus 839
Capnography 46, 603, 604f
clinical applications of 47
diverting 603
limitations of 47
monitor 31f
Carbamates 876
Carbapenem 786, 793
resistant enterobacteriaceae 748, 779, 794
treatment of 795
Carbon dioxide 176, 196, 417, 520, 867
end-tidal 17, 57, 151, 221, 609, 725, 911, 1028
invasive monitoring of 46
noninvasive monitoring of 46
partial pressure of 20, 63, 73, 158, 322, 325, 532, 598, 925, 994
pressure of 47
Carbon monoxide 162, 453, 473, 884, 925, 987
poisoning 884
toxicity, mechanics of 884
Carboxyhemoglobin 884, 925
Carboxypeptidase B activation peptide 477
Carbuncle 825, 825f
Carcinogenicity 871
Carcinoma, hepatocellular 451, 639
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy 625
Cardiac arrest 19, 130, 174, 674
etiology of 17
hypothermic 913
noncardiac origin 18
resuscitation of 15
Cardiac biomarkers 161, 245
Cardiac catheterization 276
Cardiac computed tomography 274
Cardiac congestive failure 736
Cardiac dysfunction 159, 905
diagnosis of 160
Cardiac enzymes 167, 926
Cardiac extracorporeal life support survival rates 185f
Cardiac failure 178b
congestive 919
Cardiac glycoside 889
poisoning, treatment of 891fc
Cardiac index 41, 167
Cardiac injuries 967
Cardiac instability 131
Cardiac ischemia 167
Cardiac magnetic resonance 276, 305
Cardiac myocytes 234
Cardiac output 17, 37, 39, 43, 45, 49, 60, 164, 176, 227, 257, 486, 609
monitoring 169, 609
Cardiac pacing devices 82
Cardiac rhythm 222
Cardiac surgery 608, 729
postoperative 608, 609
score 171
Cardiac tamponade 272, 611, 643, 935
features of 274f
Cardiac troponin 245, 252, 265
Cardiobacterium hominis 306, 307
Cardiogenic acute renal failure 344
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema 129, 320
Cardiogenic shock 164, 168, 178, 178b, 180, 183, 190, 250, 254, 257, 259, 877
etiology of 251b
paradigm 253
Cardiomyopathy
cirrhotic 640
decompensated 176
peripartum 672
preexisting dilated 642
stress related 643
Cardiopulmonary bypass 175f, 258, 381, 608, 609, 623, 630, 686, 921
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 9, 15, 16, 21, 174, 259, 668, 763, 913, 999, 1004, 1007, 1028, 1029
devices 16
Cardiopulmonary support, percutaneous 19
Cardiopulmonary system 730
Cardiovascular disease 262, 380, 726, 830
Cardiovascular dysfunction 160, 772
Cardiovascular surgery, changing epidemiology of 608
Cardiovascular system 171, 155, 214, 225, 279, 633, 642, 668, 670, 907, 919, 952
Carotid artery 98f
internal 68, 69, 545
Carotid endarterectomy 616
Carotid siphon 68
Cast scoring index 398
Catabolism syndrome 171
Catamenial hemothorax 373
Catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 699, 703, 704706, 716
Catechol-O-methyltransferase 228
Cathartics 875
Catheter
directed thrombolysis 616
insertion of 856
Catheterization laboratory interventions 186
Cauda equina syndrome 955
Cavernous venous thrombosis 548
Cefepime 353, 740, 786
Cefoperazone 786, 787
Cefotaxime 786
Cefpirome 786
Ceftaroline 792, 794
Ceftazidime 786, 787, 793796
Ceftobiprole 792
Ceftolazane 786, 794
Ceftriaxone 786, 801
Cell
count 454
culture cytotoxicity assay 812
wall synthesis inhibitors 783
Cellular rejection, acute 657
Cellulitis 825
nonpurulent 825
purulent 826f
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 279, 348, 850
Centipoise 738
Central cord syndrome 954
Central nervous disease 819
Central nervous system 4, 10, 58, 115, 172, 221, 279, 321, 439, 520, 548, 552, 558, 582, 589, 591, 643, 670, 705, 743, 760, 761, 767, 776, 799, 819, 830, 833, 839, 842, 843, 878, 890, 896898, 910, 918, 919, 1001
infection 552
Central pontine myelinolysis 420
Central venous
catheter 81, 81f, 198, 222, 602, 701, 740, 748, 817, 818, 921
oxygen saturation 37, 49, 187, 726, 768, 769
pressure 37, 81, 167, 172, 221, 251, 272, 363, 486, 602, 609, 769, 921, 1002
catheter 81f
monitoring 169
tracings 603f
Cephalosporins 786, 793, 794, 827
Ceramic glazes 883
Cerebellar hematomas 538
Cerebellopontine angle 104
Cerebellum 531
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy 530
Cerebral artery
anterior 68, 68f, 526, 545
blood flow velocity 66, 68
middle 68, 69, 103f, 106, 107f, 108f, 526, 527f, 545
posterior 68f
Cerebral autoregulation 67
loss of 443
Cerebral blood
flow 17, 60, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 107f, 408, 443, 533, 636, 941
measurement techniques 65t
velocity 68t
volume 66, 70, 73, 107f, 108f
Cerebral edema 446, 575, 887
Cerebral function, loss of 999
Cerebral hemorrhage trial, acute 282
Cerebral infection, nocardial 847
Cerebral ischemia 60, 542, 544, 635
delayed 103, 539, 542, 543, 635
Cerebral metabolic rate 214
Cerebral metabolism 73, 73t, 75t
Cerebral microbleeds 531
Cerebral microdialysis 57, 70, 73, 75, 75t
catheter 74
monitoring 74f
Cerebral oximetry
probes 72f
reactivity index 67
Cerebral oxygenation 69, 70t
monitoring 636
Cerebral perfusion pressure 17, 60, 69, 73, 408, 445, 486, 943
Cerebral protection 290, 915
surgical aspect of 290
Cerebral salt wasting 590
Cerebral toxoplasmosis 833f
Cerebral vasospasm 69t
Fisher grade of 540t
Cerebral venous thrombosis 704
Cerebrospinal fluid 60, 61, 103, 289, 536, 548, 553, 558, 560, 634, 635, 743, 762, 777, 804, 806, 809, 819, 833, 835, 841, 943, 945
analysis 553f
shunt infections 559t
volume of 553t
Cerebrovascular accident 279, 281, 570, 573, 599, 612
Cerebrovascular disease 236
Cervical cord 557f
Cervical spine 110, 955f, 955f, 958f
fracture dislocation 944f
motion restriction 935, 936f
Cervicodorsal spine injuries 958
Cesarean section, resuscitative 674
Chandipura encephalitis 807
Chemical
peritonitis 483
pleurodesis 376t
structures 229f
Chemotherapy 375
high-dose 746
Chest
axial view computed tomogram of 966
compression 15
computed tomography 89, 341, 720, 963f, 964f
drain 369f
girth 216
high-resolution computed tomography of 92f, 93f, 720, 748
imaging 79
pain
nondescriptive 820
syndrome of 545
physiotherapy methods 969b
radiographs 167, 322, 341, 961, 964f
trauma, rehabilitation in 969
tube 375
wall 962
abnormalities 133, 145, 321
compliance 159
deformity 129, 130
injury 966
X-ray 5, 79, 82, 82f, 273, 276, 286, 287f, 332, 341, 356f, 367, 503, 512, 558, 626, 640, 739, 805f, 834f, 881, 896, 898, 937, 979f
Chlamydia pneumoniae 331
Chlorhexidine 853, 1037
gluconate 764
Chloride 418
strategies, low 418
Cholecystectomy 764
laparoscopic 509
timing of 480
Cholecystitis 464
acute calculous 763b
emphysematous 764
Cholecystostomy, percutaneous 763
Cholestasis, intrahepatic 693
Cholesterol emboli syndrome 722
Cholinesterase inhibition 563, 870t
Chordae tendinae 305
Chromium 884
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 4, 29, 47, 115, 129, 148, 149, 154, 190, 321, 324, 330, 343, 375, 584, 599, 613, 623, 725, 767, 816, 831, 894
acute exacerbation of 129
Chryseobacterium 851, 859
Churg-Strauss syndrome 717, 718
Chvostek's sign 479
Chylothorax 369
Cidofovir 589
Cilastatin 786, 794
Cinchona alkaloids 798
Cinefluoroscopy 312, 313f
Circulation 221, 542, 924, 936
Cirrhosis 366
Cisatracurium 120
Citrate dose 411
Clamp 290
Clarithromycin 788
Clavicle fracture 963, 963f
Clavulanate 786
Clavulinic acid 740
Clean wound 853
Clindamycin 827
Clinical frailty scale 215
Clinical pulmonary infection score 352
Clopidogrel 238
Close loop circuit ventilation, advantages of 147
Clostridial myonecrosis 828
Clostridioides difficile 810, 812, 815
colitis 811f
pathophysiology of 811fc
infection 810
treatment of 813b
Clostridium botulinum 885
Clostridium difficile 197, 354, 479, 496, 762, 780, 788, 791, 795, 857
infection 843
Clostridium perfringens 812, 828
Clostridium septicum 828
Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus 552, 792
Coagulation
disorders 699
monitoring 640
profile 648, 650, 651
time 905
Coagulopathy 35, 384, 449, 533, 644, 690, 703, 731
causes of 700t, 703
sepsis induced 701, 702
trauma-induced 937
Cocaine 526
Coccidioides immitis 832
Colchicine 342, 589
Colistin 741
Colitides, inflammatory 812
Colitis 811
Colloidal cyst 109f
Colloids 416, 417f, 418, 927
replacement 455
Colonic haustrations, loss of 498
Colonic perforation 630
Colonic pseudo-obstruction 497f, 511, 514
management of 515
Colonic ulcerations 458
Colonization index 817
Colony-forming units 333, 765
Colorectal cancers 458
Coma
management of 521
neuroanatomical basis of 519
prognosis system 76
scales 524b
scores 522
Combination antimicrobial therapy 779
Comet-tail sign 88
Common bile duct 974
Communication
principles of 1014
quality of 1008
types of 1015
Complete blood count 167, 383, 526, 640, 677, 800, 802, 926, 1022
Compression
extrinsic 165
fracture 110f
venous ultrasound 264
Computed tomography 57, 58, 73, 85, 92f, 102, 111, 217, 281, 287, 287f, 288, 336, 341, 366, 381, 383, 395, 501, 504, 505, 540, 609, 616, 626, 645, 649, 669, 678, 695, 718, 738, 763, 764, 839, 915, 955, 971, 980, 1001
angiography 57, 532, 541
perfusion 66
pulmonary angiography 93, 94f, 264, 265f, 266
scan 961, 971
Confusion assessment method 11, 116, 119, 121, 160
Conjunctival suffusion 797, 800
Consciousness 521f
impaired 130
level of 221
Constipation 512, 514
consequences of 513, 513b
Continuous arteriovenous
hemodiafiltration 404
hemodialysis 404
hemofiltration 404
Continuous electroencephalography 57, 636
Continuous positive airway pressure 141, 148, 155, 222, 254, 343, 356, 362, 605, 831
Continuous renal replacement therapy 183, 184b, 193, 404, 405, 406f, 407, 410f, 412, 423, 446, 448, 598, 778, 789, 798, 865, 877, 1028
use of 183, 185f
Contusion, pulmonary 960, 963
Conus medullaris 955
Convalescent plasma 342, 344
Conventional oxygen therapy 24
Convulsions 798, 887
Copenhagen approach 124
Copper 929
Cord
blood 747
compression 110f
Core temperature, measurement of 912
Cormack-Lehane's grading 30f, 30t
Coronary artery 247f
bypass 608
graft 9, 202, 237, 259, 608, 648
disease 241, 245, 247, 599, 614, 640, 729
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 180, 190, 337, 339, 346, 561, 804, 805
disease 337
in pediatric population 337
spread 338
structure 337
treatment of 180, 181b, 342
Corrosives 880
Corticosteroid 326, 363, 658, 770
adjunctive 831
binding globulin 581
inhaled 329
insufficiency 583
systemic 835
therapy 585
treatment 563, 571
Corticotropin-releasing hormone 582
Cortisol
control of secretion of 582, 582f
physiological action of 581
Cough 800
Coupled plasma filtration adsorption 192
Coxiella burnetii 306
Cranial nerve
dysfunction 905
examination 1000t
Craniectomy, decompressive 536, 948
C-reactive protein 331, 341, 342, 346, 353, 572, 712, 713, 762, 827, 858
Creatine
kinase 245, 281, 400, 565, 987, 988
phosphokinase 281, 561, 800, 965
Creatinine 398
clearance 218, 353, 427, 620
phosphokinase 827, 872
serum 467, 639, 827
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 1003
Cricoid
cartilage 91f
pressure 30
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever 804, 809
Critical care 216
medicine 1023
pain observation tool 112, 755
units 619b
Critical limb ischemia 619
Crohn's disease 458, 501
Crude mortality rate 364
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis 717, 718
Cryptococcal antigen 819, 841
Cryptococcal meningitis 833
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis 555f
Cryptococcosis 818
Cryptococcus 554, 654, 818, 819, 841
neoformans 553, 832, 835
infection 835
Cryptosporidium 654
Crystalline penicillin 801
Crystalloid 415, 418, 927
Cuff-leak test 160
Cullen's sign 688
Cunninghamella 821
Curarimimetic toxins 902
CURB-65 score 332t
Cushing's reflex 634
Cushing's syndrome 281
Cyanosis 24
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 228, 256, 260, 870
intracellular concentration of 234
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate 228, 232, 233, 260
Cyclin-dependent kinases 657
Cyclooxygenase 237
Cyclophosphamide 474, 589
Cyclosporine 394, 500, 645, 650, 653
Cysteine 212
Cystic fibrosis 380, 623
Cytochrome C oxidase 71
Cytochrome P450 784
enzyme system 888
Cytokine
adsorbing columns 192
removal 404
Cytomegalovirus 332, 335, 459, 553, 624, 628, 642644, 648, 656, 694, 710, 731, 749, 804, 807, 809, 831833, 840, 842, 843
infection 835
reactivation of 839
Cytosorb cartridge 193f
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immunoglobulin 394, 657
Cytotoxin 902
D
Dabigatran 239
Daboia russelii 903
Daclizumab 650
Daily delirium monitoring 118
Daily sedation interruption 114, 156
Dapsone 439
Daptomycin 788
D-arabinitol 817
D-dimer 342
assay 264
De novo acute respiratory failure 129
Dead space 53
calculation 46
Death, causes of 446
Debakey classification 285
Decompression 532
endoscopic 516
surgical 515
Dee's method 79, 80f
Deep tissue oxygenation 72
Deep vein thrombosis 237, 262, 269, 506, 524, 532, 535, 598, 599, 613, 616, 619, 672, 700, 765, 769, 948, 952, 983, 1034
acute 616
prophylaxis 542, 599, 615, 772
Dehydroepiandrosterone 582
Dehydrogenase 566
Dehydropeptidase 787
Delafloxacin 793
Delirium 112, 115
acute 988
diagnosis of 117
hypoactive 116
pathophysiology of 116fc
risk factors of 118t
Demeclocycline 589
Demethylase 789
Dendritic cells 655
Dengue 799, 802
Denosumab 736
Dental procedures 311b
Denver multiple organ failure score 172
D-enzymes 787
Deoxyhemoglobin 71
Deoxyribonucleic acid 649, 781
Depressed skull fracture 103
Dermatitis, hyperkeratotic 882
Dermatomyositis 845
Dermis 211
Dexamethasone 342, 346, 735
suppression test 281
Dexmedetomidine 115, 946
Dextrans 417
Dextrose 198, 892, 893, 899
Diabetes
insipidus 587, 593, 633, 1002
central 587
nephrogenic 900
mellitus 526, 599, 838
Diabetic foot 616
Diabetic ketoacidosis 522, 572, 573, 574t, 576
euglycemic 576
pathogenesis of 573fc
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome 412
clinical manifestations of 413
prevention of 413
risk factors of 413
Dialyzer membrane 411
Diaphragm 155f, 162, 965
atrophy 155
dysfunction 159
excursion 156
injury 978
ultrasound, use of 156
Diaphragmatic function 55
Diarrhea 197, 811, 811fc, 812
antibiotic-associated 810, 812fc
causes of 812t
Diastolic flow velocity 64
Diazepam 115
Dicrotic wave 64
Diethylenetriaminepentacetate 649
Dieulafoy's lesion 460, 464
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy 66, 67
Digestive system 171
Digital gangrene 617f
Digital subtraction angiography 7, 104f, 107, 107f, 532, 541, 635
Digitalis lanata 890
Digitalis purpurea 890
Digitalis toxicity 303
Dihydropyridine 284, 892
Dihydroxyvitamin D 427
Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate 869
Diltiazem 892
Diluted thrombin time 240
Dimercaptopropanesulfonate 883
Dimercaptosuccinic acid 867, 883
Direct oral anticoagulant
antidotes 238240, 527, 715
monitoring of 240
Direct thrombin inhibitor 239
Disease-modifying antirheumatoid drugs 845
Diseases Society of America 482
Dissection flap 291f
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 187, 358, 448, 453, 574, 599, 674, 676, 682, 689, 695, 699, 702, 705, 707, 710, 711, 713, 714, 739, 839, 896, 902, 905, 919, 937, 948, 985, 989
Distal aortic perfusion 292
Dithiothreitol 649
Diuretic 590, 991
therapy 255
Diverticular disease 458
Dobutamine 227, 233, 235, 492
stress echocardiography 625
Docosahexaenoic acid 199
Donor
acceptability criteria 628
heart 622
human leukocyte antigen compatibility 747
kidney function 649
liver transplantation 446, 449
management 621
nephrectomy 652
selection 621
specific antibody 649, 662
Dopamine 227229, 235
levels 214
receptor 257
use of 499
Doppler
flowmetry-based autoregulatory index 67
sonography 290
ultrasonography 453, 952
Doripenem 786
Double lumen tube 384, 384f
Drager's pulmotor 133
Drotrecogin alpha 701
Drowning 909, 913
Drowsiness 24
Drug 674
abusers 373
intravenous 305
dosing 411
fever 761
interactions 239, 645t, 654, 659t, 821t
toxicity 653
users, intravenous 373
Dual antiplatelet
therapy 249
treatment 237
Dubin-Johnson syndrome 694
Duke criteria, modified 307t
Dynamic hyperinflation
complications 328t
measurements 328b
Dyselectrolytemia 579, 839
diagnosis of 303
Dysnatremia 544
Dysphagia 630
Dysphonia 166
Dyspnea 800
management of 755
E
Early goal-directed therapy 400, 768, 769
Ebola virus 804
Echinocandins 789
Echis carinatus 903, 907
Echocardiography 19, 40, 97, 183, 246, 250, 265, 275, 306, 312, 322, 648, 961, 1028
goal-directed 251
signs 265b
Eclampsia 671, 675, 679
Ectopic pregnancy 687, 688
risk factors of 688t
Edema
acute pulmonary 283
laryngeal 159, 166
moderate perilesional 835, 848f
neurogenic pulmonary 632
perifocal 536f
perilesional 105f, 106f, 109f
postextubation laryngeal 160
pulmonary 87, 90f, 161, 404, 576, 642, 689
weaning-induced pulmonary 160
Edmonton symptom assessment scale 754, 755
Edoxaban 267
Efflux pumps 793
Effusion plus lung consolidation 90f
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 285, 459
Eicosapentaenoic acid 199
Eikenella corrodens 306, 307
Electrical impedance tomography 53, 54f, 93
Electrical injuries 923, 925
Electrocardiogram 57, 167, 221, 244, 264, 273, 276, 286, 294, 302fc, 303, 304f, 371, 422, 424, 526, 628, 641, 673, 866, 881, 890, 915, 960
Electrocardiography 246, 249, 250, 264, 575, 602, 623, 640, 926
Electrocoagulation 462
Electrode belt placement 93f
Electroencephalogram 1001, 1028
Electroencephalography 19, 63, 64, 75, 114, 547, 548, 549f, 636
Electrolyte 198, 383, 542, 643
correction of 401
disorders 422
disturbance 419, 642, 653
imbalance 1002
correction of 514
management 619
serum 827
solution 415, 419
Electromyogram 1028, 1029
diaphragmatic 142
Electromyography 564
nerve conduction velocity 804
Electroneuromyogram 872
Electronic
health records 395
hospital information system 858
medical records 1032
Eletrocardiogram 1022
Elevated liver enzyme 437, 670
levels 677
Elizabethkingia 851, 855, 859
Embolism 310
Emergency cricothyroidotomy 33
Emergency department
care 540
thoracotomy 937, 961
Emergency management system 933
Emergency neurological life support 526, 527
Emergency room 864t, 943
thoracotomy 962b
Emergency stroke
evaluation 526
treatment 526
Emotions 1016
Emphysema 623
subcutaneous 83f, 92f, 967f
Empiric antibiotic 353t
selection 790
treatment 344
Empiric antifungal therapy 777
Empiric antimicrobial therapy 775b
Empiric combination therapy, indications of 334b
Empyema 366, 369
subdural 557f
Enalapril 533
Encephalitic syndromes 807t
diagnosis of 807
Encephalitis 555, 556t, 806f, 807
Encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated 552, 807
Encephalopathy 446, 638
hypertensive 279, 282
hypoxic 437
End-expiratory lung volume 51, 368
Endobronchial infusion 385
Endocarditis 305
complications of 308
culture-negative 306
nonbacterial thrombotic 306
treatment of 309t, 310t, 311t
Endocrine 162, 643
dysfunction 159
system 214
Endocrinology 567
dashboard 204f
End-of-life care 215, 1004
Endogenous catecholamine synthesis pathway 229f
Endometriosis 373
Endoscopic coronary artery bypass 608
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 476, 509, 694, 763, 764, 978
Endoscopic therapy 461, 463, 465
Endoscopy 462
Endothelial cell 714
Endothelial glycocalyx 415
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 473
Endothelin 473, 681
Endotoxin activity
assay 193
elevated 191
Endotracheal balloon tamponade 385
Endotracheal intubation, indications of 925b
Endotracheal tube 28, 31, 79, 79f, 80f, 81, 221, 1032
Endovascular aneurysm repair 286
Endovascular aortic repair 615
Endovascular procedure 289, 617
Endovascular recanalization 740
Endovascular repair 288
Endovascular thrombectomy devices 527f
Enema 515
Energy substrates 74
Enteral nutrition 171, 194, 197, 479
complications of 197
Enterobacter 350, 354, 644, 740, 793, 854, 855
Enterobacteriaceae 305, 331, 350, 748, 792795, 853
Enterococcus 553, 644, 787, 795, 854, 855
faecalis 792
faecium 350, 354, 928
Enterocolitis, neutropenic 749
Enterovirus 553, 807
Enzyme
immunoassay 812, 820
linked immunosorbent assay 558, 720, 806, 809, 886
Epidermis 211
Epididymo-orchitis 835
Epinephrine 230, 235
Epithelial neutrophil activating protein 358
Epsilon-aminocaproic acid 701
Epstein-Barr virus 332, 444, 469, 558, 628, 648, 656, 694, 710, 742, 804, 807, 809, 841, 842
Equine antithymocyte globulin 658
Eravacycline 795
Ertapenem 786
Erysipelas 824
Erythema, nonblanchable 211
Erythroblasts produce erythroferrone 723
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 507, 718, 836, 994
Erythromycin 295
Erythropoietin 723, 727
Escherichia coli 553, 557f, 644, 764, 793, 838, 850, 928
E-selectin 544
Esmolol 533
Esophageal dysfunction 459
Esophageal manometry 56
Esophageal perforation 502, 503f
causes of 502b
diagnosis of 504
management of 504
Esophageal pressure 50
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 452, 504, 510
Esophagus 966
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 391, 394, 403, 639
Ethanol 589, 878
Ethanolamine oleate 465
Ethylene
glycol 878
poisoning, clinical stages of 879t
oxide 1028
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 454, 710, 732, 882, 883
Euglycemia, hyperinsulinemic 892, 893
European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 314
European League Against Rheumatism 704
European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 749, 820
European Renal Best Practice 991
European Respiratory Society 327
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 913
European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 512
European Society of Cardiology 181, 253, 266, 283, 314
European Society of Hypertension 279
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine 10, 58, 766
European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 194
European Stroke Organization 543
Euthanasia, passive 1010
Euthyroid sick syndrome 577f
Everolimus 650
Ex vivo lung perfusion 629
Exchange transfusion 798
Expanded dengue syndrome 799
Experimental study 1037
Expiratory airflow 134f
Expiratory positive airway pressure 131
Exserohilum rostratum 554
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase 350, 741, 787, 790, 793, 794, 838
Extracellular fluid 74, 75, 414, 424, 592, 593
Extracellular matrix 714
Extracorporeal blood rewarming options 913t
Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal 189, 1022
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass 174
Extracorporeal circulation 609
Extracorporeal circulatory support devices, percutaneous 257
Extracorporeal life support 174, 912, 913, 929
organization 12
Extracorporeal liver assist device 189
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 10, 18, 143, 170, 174, 175, 175f, 175t, 177, 178, 178b, 180, 181, 183, 183b, 184b, 184f, 185f, 187190, 256259, 327, 343, 346, 364, 365, 384, 386, 609, 622, 672, 685, 724, 732, 778, 789, 804, 805, 865, 877, 892, 929, 994, 1028, 1029, 1031
apparatus 186f
circuit 174t
complications of 186f
complications of 184f, 186t
indications of 177b, 178b
scores 11
types 177t
Extracorporeal therapy 172, 189, 190
rationale for 191
Extracorporeal ventricular assist device 189, 190
Extradural hematoma 948f, 1034
collection 102f
Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction 451
Extravascular lung water 49, 486, 610
index 40, 161
Extraventricular drain 103, 542
Extubation 154, 329, 1034
failure rate 159, 1035
Eyes 865f
opening 522
F
Facial trauma 130
Falciparum
gametocytes 798f
malaria, severe 797
Fasciculations 900
Fasciitis, necrotizing 826f, 827
Fat
emboli 722, 993
embolism 986
syndrome 992, 992t, 993f, 994t
free mass 218
Fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 443
Febrile
encephalopathy, acute 558t
illness, acute 803, 804
neutropenia 740, 838, 840t
Fecal bacteriotherapy 814
Feco-orally transmitted viruses 442
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry 1011
Feeding tube 80
Femoral artery 99f, 177
pseudoaneurysm 618f
Femoral vein 99f, 177
ultrasound of 99f
Fentanyl 113, 946
Fever 674, 759, 761, 762fc, 800, 917t
causes of 760
duration of 761
evaluation of 759
hemorrhagic 802
infectious causes of 760, 761t
noninfectious causes of 760t
pathophysiology of 759
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy 382
Fibrillator 264
Fibrin
degradation products 187, 702, 713
glue 463
specific agents 241
Fibrinolysis 644, 700
Fibrinolytic agents 241
Fibroblast growth factor 431
Fibrosis
nephrogenic systemic 394, 395t
noncirrhotic portal 451
progressive pulmonary 887
pulmonary 623
Fick's equation 49
Fine reticular infiltrates 86f
Fine-needle aspiration cytology 336, 480
Finger-stick serum glucose level 894
Fire 1025
Firearm injuries 966
First-line antifungal
combination therapy 822
monotherapy 822
Fischer scale 103
Fishbone diagram 1033
Flaccid
areflexia 109
paralysis, acute 802
Flail chest 935, 960, 962, 962f
Flavivirus 799
Flight mass-spectrometry 817
Flow 138
cytometric crossmatch 648, 649
velocity 64, 66, 67
volume loop 53
Fluconazole 654
Fludarabine 747, 841
Fluid 255, 401, 542, 643
administration 400
and catheters treatment trial 161, 363
attenuated inversion recovery 528
bolus challenge 169
creep 926, 929
interstitial 414
intracellular 414
intravenous 415, 417, 421, 896, 898, 899
management 363, 597, 624, 640, 652, 991b
overload 254
physiology 414
removal 404
replacement 461
restriction 593
resuscitation 515, 926
therapy 478, 574
effects of 417
goal-directed 60
Flu-like syndrome 805
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 773, 817
Fluorodeoxyglucose 376
Fluoroquinolones 787, 793
Focal central nervous system syndromes 555
Focused abdominal sonography 971
Fogarty catheter 384f
Foley's catheter 615f
Folliculitis 825
Fomepizole therapy 878b
Fondaparinux 715
sodium 243
Food and Drug Administration 46, 240, 527, 576, 793, 1044
Forced alkaline diuresis 907
Fournier's gangrene 828, 828f
Fracture 32963f
Frailty 215
Frank-Starling curves 254
Free falls acids 218, 993
Free hepatic venous pressure 451
Free thyroxine 577
Fresh frozen plasma 186, 236, 449, 641, 699, 707, 708, 728, 736, 771, 875, 880, 937
transfusion 731
Fulminant colitis 496, 497b, 498, 499, 811
Functional residual capacity 51, 133, 134f, 135f, 136, 217, 601
Fungal
cell 785f
disease, invasive 749, 820
infection 816, 828, 828f
sepsis 816
Furuncle 825, 825f
Fusarium 777, 789, 817, 820, 839, 844
Fusobacterium nucleatum 332
G
Gacyclidine 875
Gadodiamide 395
Gadolinium-based contrast agents 394
Gadopentetate dimeglumine 395
Gadoterate acid 395
Galactomannan 820
Gallbladder 484
gangrene 764
Gallstone disease 694
Galsgow coma scale 542
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 116, 787, 885, 894
Gamma-glutamyl transferase 438
Ganglia, basal 531
Gas
accumulator 138
blender 138
concentration 138
exchange 45, 151
gangrene 828
Gastric
angiomas 460
antral vascular ectasia 459, 460, 464
decompression 515
decontamination 873, 889
lavage 461, 873, 875
residual volume 197, 486
tonometry 55
ulcer 462f
varices 458
isolated 452
Gastroduodenal erosions 459
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 217, 325, 452
Gastroesophageal varices 452, 472
Gastrointestinal bleeding 258, 458, 537
acute 458
lower 458, 465
Gastrointestinal emergencies 502
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor 459
Gastrointestinal system 4, 214, 612, 643, 919
Gastrointestinal tract 435, 772, 778, 846, 877
Gastroparesis 511, 630
management of 512fc
risk factors of 512t
Gastropathy, portal hypertensive 458, 460, 461, 464
Gastrostomy
operative 196
percutaneous 196
endoscopic 598
Gelatins 416
Genitourinary system 919
Genitourinary tract injuries 982
Genotoxicity 871
Geriatric critical care issues 214
Giant cell arteritis 717, 718
Gibbs-Donnan
equilibrium 415
forces 123
Girth, abdominal 216
Glasgow coma
scale 8, 10, 11, 57, 58, 103, 519, 521, 524, 524b, 532, 533, 633, 767, 864, 873, 938, 941
revised 938t
score 172, 537, 540, 752, 953
Glioblastoma 105f
Global cerebral ischemia, features of 752
Global end-diastolic volume index 40, 610
Global oxygen delivery 41
Glomerular filtration rate 218, 391, 400, 467, 486, 649, 668, 794, 900, 989
Glomerulonephritis 393, 989
Glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental 393, 648
Glucocorticoid 577, 581
insufficiency 582, 583
resistance 583
treatment 584
Glucometrics 204
Gluconeogenesis 326, 572
hepatic 569
Glucose
6-phosphate dehydrogenase 724, 867
cerebral metabolic rate of 66, 73, 947
control 543, 772
intolerance 653
serum 477
supplementing 901
values, ranges of 205f
Glutamate dehydrogenase 499, 812
Glutamine 199, 212
Glutathione 888
Glycemic control 201, 571
Glycemic management 201
Glycemic variability 202, 569, 571
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 899
Glycogenolysis 326, 569, 572
Glycopeptides 788
Glycoprotein 238, 241, 248, 535, 732
inhibitors 241
Glycopyrrolate 874
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 373, 384
Good Samaritan law 934f
Goodpasture's syndrome 384, 717
G-protein activation 228
Grafalon 650
Graft
dysfunction 625, 643
early 625
primary 624, 625, 630
function, delayed 653
rejection 644
versus-host disease 726, 733, 747, 750, 821, 844, 849
Gram stain 454
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor 448, 726, 823
Granuloma 32
Granulomatosis 717
Ground glass opacities 92f, 846f
Growth
hormone releasing peptide 2 580
regulated oncogene 358
Guanosine triphosphate 233, 234, 811
Guillain-Barré syndrome 190, 193, 321, 520, 560, 561, 771, 802, 804, 883
Gum hypertrophy 653
Gunshot injuries, multiple 966
Gyromitrins 884
H
H1N1 influenza 178, 179f
Hacek organisms 306
Haemophilus influenzae 306, 324, 330, 333, 334, 375, 553, 554, 586, 839, 841, 844
Hair growth 653
Halo sign 846f
Hand hygiene 808
Hangman's fracture 110
Hanta viral infection 804, 805
Haploidentical donor 747
Harris-Benedict equation 196, 218
Head
computed tomography of 102f104f
injury 585, 946, 947
surgical management of 947, 957
Headache 800
Health evaluation, chronic 7, 8, 11, 12, 171, 254, 293, 599, 725, 817, 831
Healthcare
professionals 850
workers 344
Healthcare-associated infections 810, 850, 1032
burden 851
epidemiology of 850
outbreak 851
Heart
attack 244
block 293, 301
complete 301
complications of 625
disease
congenital 175, 180
coronary 541, 1040, 1040f
ischemic congestive 615
valvular 622
failure 43, 181, 183b, 245, 254b, 256f, 260t, 306
acute decompensated 250, 251b, 254, 279
cardiac 591
chronic 253, 254
congestive 115, 158, 308, 366, 437, 591, 605, 729, 831
postcardiotomy 259
lung transplantation 631
rate 40, 57, 131, 164, 172, 221, 227, 257, 288, 368, 609, 668, 865, 891893, 1022
pressure adjusted 10, 172
transplant 625
contraindications for 622
indications of 622
postoperative care of 621
recipients 622, 623
Heat
exhaustion 917, 918
moisture exchanger 130
production, mechanics of 909
Heatstroke 917, 920b
complications of 919b
pathophysiology of 919fc
Heavy metal 882
toxicity 882t
Helicobacter pylori 458460, 715
Hematocrit 187, 799
elevated 478
Hematologic disease 816
Hematologic malignancy 9, 243, 703, 804, 822
Hematologic stem cell transplant 819
Hematologic system 171, 668, 919
Hematology 218, 697
Hematoma 97f, 537
acute
extradural 102, 943f
subdural 102, 102f
chronic subdural 102, 102f, 948
enlargement 537
expansion 530, 532
intramural 464
subdural 943f, 1034
Hemato-oncology, emergencies in 735
Hematopoietic stem cell 747f
transplantation 744, 746, 816, 822, 838, 843, 844t
indications of 746
intensive care unit care of 748
types of 746
Hematuria 872, 905
gross 905
Hemoadsorption 191
therapy, circuit components for 192f
Hemobilia 464
Hemoclip application 463f
Hemoconcentration 914
Hemodiafiltration 189, 405
continuous 406f, 686
Hemodialysis 189, 405, 412, 817, 877, 889, 920
circuit 405f
continuous 406f
conventional 449
intermittent 404, 407, 412
Hemodilution 710
Hemodynamic instability 130, 343, 374
Hemodynamic monitoring 37, 56, 254, 618, 640
techniques 629
Hemodynamic optimization, early 19
Hemodynamic status 460, 652
Hemofiltration 189, 191, 405
continuous 406f
Hemoglobin 49, 569, 723, 728, 797, 915, 1002
based oxygen carriers 727
Hemoglobinuria 905, 989
Hemogram, complete 648, 650, 905
Hemolysis 670, 677, 724, 989
elevated liver enzymes and low platelet 393, 693, 695
count 469, 667, 669, 670, 676, 679
syndrome 672, 675677, 679, 695, 696
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 630, 648, 667, 676, 711, 713, 724, 732
Hemoperfusion 189191
therapies 190
Hemoptysis 379f, 618, 797, 800
Hemorrhage 800
aneurysmal subarachnoid 539, 540, 543, 587
antepartum 687, 689
control of 692, 936
extensive subarachnoid 538f
intracerebral 111, 242, 526, 527, 527t, 530, 532, 537b
intracranial 58, 104, 530, 534, 633, 635, 715, 904
intralesional 847
intraventricular 530f, 531, 532, 537
massive 703
obstetric 689
postpartum 672, 687, 690, 690t
supratentorial intracerebral 537
variceal 461
Hemosuccus pancreaticus 464
Hemothorax 92f, 369, 902, 967
massive 935
Hendra virus 806
Heparin 619
unfractionated 237, 248, 267, 268, 270, 410, 534, 634, 673, 706, 713
Hepatic artery
embolization of 974
thrombosis 645
Hepatic dysfunction 772
Hepatic encephalopathy 441, 443
management of 446b
Hepatic failure
fulminant 797
subacute 441, 443
Hepatic syndromes 639
Hepatic venous pressure gradient 451, 452, 464
Hepatitis
A virus 442, 444
acute viral 444
autoimmune 444, 718
B
surface antigen 648, 694
virus 442, 444, 648, 730
C 628
virus 444, 648, 710, 730
D virus 444
E 442
virus 444, 694
virus 444, 450, 628
Hepatoadrenal syndrome 639
Hepatobiliary system 171, 435, 919
Hepatopathy, ischemic congestive 437
Hepatopulmonary syndrome 472, 639, 640, 642
Hepatorenal syndrome 453, 467, 467t, 639, 639t, 642
etiopathogenesis of 468f
management of 470fc
pharmacotherapy for 470b
types of 468, 469f
Hepatosplenic candidiasis 817f
Hernia, traumatic diaphragmatic 85, 87f
Herpes simplex virus 107, 335, 553, 558, 694, 804, 806, 806f, 807, 809, 831, 832, 839, 840, 842
encephalitis 109f, 556f
Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime 1001
Hibernating myocardium 244
High-efficiency particulate air 748, 821, 1020
High-flow nasal cannula 34, 158, 158, 323, 326, 346, 358, 360, 605, 1007, 1026, 1029
role of 158
system 323f
therapy 131
High-flow nasal oxygen 24, 343, 344, 804, 936
cannula 326
device 24f
therapy 805
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation 362
Highly active antiretroviral therapy 833, 834, 841
High-resolution computed tomography 92f, 373, 473, 719, 804, 835
High-respiratory rate 641
High-variceal pressure 452
Histamine 681
Histidine 622
Histiocytosis X 588
Histoplasma 841
capsulatum 821, 832
Hoarseness 32
Hodgkin's lymphoma 746
Hollow viscus trauma 976
Hormone 374
parathyroid hormone 424
replacement 634
Hot packs 909
Human chorionic gonadotropin 505, 526
Human development index 726
Human herpesvirus 553, 558, 742, 844
Human immunodeficiency virus 396, 469, 476, 483, 552, 558, 586, 628, 648, 710, 718, 730, 761, 763, 767, 804, 816, 830, 831fc, 833fc, 838, 840, 842, 1003
infection 373, 836f
Human leukocyte antigen 623, 628, 647, 649, 655, 747, 768, 843
Human metapneumovirus 332, 748
Human papillomavirus 640
Human parechovirus 553
Human T cell lymphotrophic virus 730, 804
Human-derived immunoglobulin 886
Humidification 130, 138
Hybrid
procedures 608
technologies 192
therapies 404
Hydralazine 533
Hydration 736, 990
Hydrocarbons 881
sources of 881
toxicity, clinical features of 882
Hydrocephalus 109, 544
incidence of 544
Hydrocolloids 212
Hydrogels 212
Hydromorphone 113
Hydroxychloroquine 342
Hydroxy-D levels 429
Hydroxyethyl starch 416, 419, 769
trial 418
Hyperactive delirium 116
Hyperacute rejection 625, 653
Hyperbaric oxygen 884
Hypercalcemia 425, 426, 427t, 589, 736, 890
causes of 425, 426b
familial hypocalciuric 426
mild 425
severity of 736
Hypercarbia 60, 938
Hypercholesterolemia 526
Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign 106f
Hyperemesis gravidarum 693
Hyperemia 69t
zone of 924f
Hyperglycemia 335, 569
adverse outcomes of 569
effects of 201
prevalence of 201
Hyperglycemic emergencies 572
management of 569
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic 522
Hyperkalemia 5, 303, 404, 422, 423f, 566, 653, 737, 988
etiology of 422b
severe 304f
Hyperlactatemia 797
Hyperleukocytosis 738
Hypermagnesemia 432
clinical manifestations of 432
etiology of 432
treatment of 432
Hypermetabolism 928
Hypernatremia 411, 412, 420, 574, 914
management of 420
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 572574, 574f, 576
Hyperoxaluria, primary 648
Hyperoxia 187f
Hyperparathyroidism 426
evaluation of 427, 428fc
primary 426
secondary 427
treatment of 427, 428fc
Hyperphosphatemia 427, 988
etiology of 433
treatment of 433
Hyperplasia, benign prostatic 605
Hyperpyrexia 798
Hypersensitivity 655, 834
reactions 412
Hypersomnia 521
Hypersplenism 644
Hypertension 60, 279, 282, 532, 541, 599, 605, 649, 670, 671t, 674, 704
acute 280
severe 279
chronic 106, 526, 675
thromboembolic pulmonary 94, 236, 262, 270
gestational 675
intra-abdominal 482, 486t
intracranial 58, 442
portal 451, 456, 457
portopulmonary 640, 642
pregnancy-induced 675
pulmonary 43, 270, 381, 609
systemic 643
Hypertensive crisis 279, 282, 283, 679, 679t
treatment of 283t
Hypertensive disorders 671, 671t, 675b
Hypertensive emergency 279, 280t, 281t, 283
causes of 281
etiology of 281b
Hypertensive urgency 279, 283
drug for 284
Hyperthermia 60, 917, 917t
causative factors of 918t
malignant 760, 919
Hypertonic saline 447, 593, 946
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 251
Hyperuricemia 566, 737
Hyperventilation 447
Hyperviscosity syndrome 738
Hypervolemia 646
Hypoalbuminemia 366
Hypocalcemia 411, 412, 424, 429t, 449, 500, 566, 644, 738, 885
causes of 425b, 429t
etiology of 424
evaluation of 428, 430fc
laboratory evaluation of 430t
severe 304f
Hypogammaglobulinemia 838
Hypoglycemia 60, 572, 575, 797, 798
Hypokalemia 28, 303, 412, 423, 424f, 424t, 449, 498, 513, 575, 589, 890
etiology of 423b
Hypomagnesemia 411, 412, 430, 431, 449, 498, 500, 513, 653, 890
clinical manifestations of 431
etiology of 432t
treatment of 432
Hyponatremia 412, 419, 537, 574, 592
causes of 420, 591
diagnosis of 592fc
dilutional 420
euvolemic 419, 420
hypervolemic 419, 420
hypovolemic 419, 420
management of 591
pathophysiology of 591fc
treatment of 593
Hypoparathyroidism 427
causes of 429t
Hypoperfusion 769
Hypophosphatemia 412, 449, 566, 738
etiology of 432, 433t
treatment of 433
Hyposplenism, congenital 839
Hypotension 60, 109, 131, 166, 231, 393, 605, 611, 642, 741
treatment of 901
Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis impairment 583
Hypothermia 182, 290, 381, 447, 618, 642, 776, 909, 910t, 938, 947
management of 912
mild 912
moderate 912
secondary 910
severe 912
Hypothermic circulatory arrest, management of 290
Hypothesis testing 1041
Hypothyroidism 578
Hypoventilation 604
Hypovolemia 42f, 610f, 914, 938
resuscitation of 769
Hypoxemia 319, 604
physiology of 473
severe 26
Hypoxemic respiratory failure 319, 344
Hypoxia 187t, 319
I
Iatrogenic pulmonary artery rupture 386
Ice-cold saline 384
Ideal ancillary test 1001b
Ifosfamide 589
Ileus 511, 630
postoperative 511, 514f
Imipenem 786, 794, 796
Immune
reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 819, 831, 834
recovery
uveitis 835
vitritis 835
thrombocytopenia 715
thrombocytopenic purpura 711, 713
tolerance 655, 661
pathways of 662f
Immunity, cell mediated 553
Immunoglobulin 561
A 190
E 165
G 648, 704, 714
intravenous 335, 564, 651, 706, 715, 733, 743, 799, 813
M 558, 799, 802, 809, 839
Immunomodulation 651
Immunomodulatory agents 346
Immunonutrition 199
Immunosuppressants, side effects of 659t
Immunosuppression 171, 624, 650, 652, 655
principles of 656
Immunosuppressive
agents 657, 657f
classification of 658t
drugs, classification of 658
therapy 331, 645
Immunotherapy 561, 563
Indian Association of Palliative Care 1011
Indian Council of Medical Research 838, 1011, 1012, 1044
Indian Intensive Care Units 1020
Indian National Association for Study of Liver 441
Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine 338, 789, 1020
Indinavir 589
Inducible nitric oxide synthase 253, 473
Induction 20, 629
immunosuppression 650
protocols 650
therapy 657
Indwelling catheters, management of 854, 855
Inefficient gas exchange 133, 145
Infections 380, 612, 644, 757, 857
abdominal 489
community-acquired 767, 850
control 631, 858
optimal practice of 851
cutaneous 741
device-associated 855
diagnosis of 770, 775
hospital-acquired 448, 841, 767
intra-abdominal 482, 485fc
postoperative 624
prevention of 448
pulmonary 1003
purulent 825
risk factors of 330t
screening for 651
severe 845
timeline of 844t
treatment of 448
tropical 797
Infectious Disease Society of America 332, 348, 345, 748, 759
Infective endocarditis 305, 306b
complications of 311t
diagnosis of 308fc
symptoms of 306
treatment of 308fc
Inferior mesenteric artery 489
Inferior vena cava 57, 60f, 100f, 174, 182, 263, 274, 451, 669
filters 218, 269
Inferior wall myocardial infarction 302
electrocardiography of 246
Inflammation 117, 703
anemia of 723
persistent 171
Infliximab 500
Influenza 178, 805
empiric treatment of 344
Infrainguinal reconstructive surgeries 615
Injection therapy 462
Injury
assessment of 924
diaphragmatic 979f, 968
environmental 861
esophageal 968
inhalational 925
laryngeal 964
patterns of 970
pulmonary 967
severity score 934, 934f, 940, 981
traumatic diaphragmatic 960
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 658, 660
Inositol triphosphate 942
Inotrope 233, 235
Inspiratory muscle training 162
Inspiratory positive airway pressure 131
Inspired oxygen, fraction of 10, 73, 138, 187, 352, 356, 360, 365, 598, 766, 985, 994
Insulin
flow rate 204f
infusion 203, 203t, 204f
subcutaneous 203
therapy 574
Intensive Care Society 343
Intensive care unit 5, 7, 23, 33, 79, 100t, 119, 146, 170, 194, 201, 214, 243, 251b, 262, 293, 319, 331, 346, 381, 391, 400, 422, 446, 452, 472, 482, 511, 519, 550, 569, 585, 597, 608, 614, 641, 670, 675, 687, 699, 712, 719b, 723, 753755, 775, 792, 802, 816, 830, 840, 880, 920, 943, 972, 1004, 1010, 1015, 1029, 1032, 1036
Intensive dialysis 423
Intensive insulin therapy 570, 571
Intercellular adhesion molecule 544, 735
Intercostal drain 88, 1020
Interferon 744
alpha 823
gamma 171, 656, 723, 768
Interleukin 18, 116, 190, 191, 193, 195t, 396, 544, 655, 657, 662, 684, 712, 723, 724, 735, 744, 757
receptor antagonist 650
International Ascites Club 456, 639
International League Against Epilepsy 547, 550
International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation 16
International Normalized Ratio 167, 172, 236, 267, 270, 312, 441, 443, 446, 527, 640, 648, 693, 702, 712, 713, 731, 766, 879, 905
International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis 702, 705
International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial 543
Intestinal obstruction
diagnosis of 507fc
management of 507fc
Intra-abdominal infection 793
Intra-abdominal pressure 50, 482, 486, 487f, 1029
management of 487fc
monitoring 615f
raised 485, 486f
Intra-aortic balloon
counterpulsation 82, 82f, 256, 257, 686
pump 20, 183, 609, 643, 732, 892, 1029
Intracerebral hemorrhage 111, 242, 526, 527, 527t, 530, 532, 537b
causes of 530t
location of 531
management of 532f
primary 530
prognostication of 537
risk factors of 531, 531t
score 537t
Intracranial aneurysm, asymptomatic unruptured 545
Intracranial hematoma 947
Intracranial hemorrhage, secondary 530
Intracranial pressure 17, 29, 58, 61, 62t, 63, 64f, 69, 73, 100, 102, 120, 221, 408, 445, 521, 532, 533, 535, 542, 555, 633, 636, 936, 941, 944, 945, 1029
monitoring 61t, 447, 943
techniques 944f
waveform 63, 64
Intracranial tension 552
Intraparenchymal bleed 530, 545
Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation 472, 640
Intrathoracic pressure 37, 135
Intratidal pressure-volume loop 52
Intrauterine growth retardation 678
Intravascular coagulopathy, pulmonary 338
Intravesical pressure 487f
Intubation 345
bundle 27
drug assisted 935
long-term complications of 32
oral 29
Invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring 169, 602
Invasive aspergillosis 353
criteria for 820t
Invasive fungal infections 816f, 823
cooperative group 749, 820
treatment of 829t
Invasive intracranial pressure monitoring techniques 63
Inverse ratio ventilation 151, 361
Iron supplementation 727
Ischemia 393
acute mesenteric 488, 489
chronic mesenteric 489
mesenteric 488, 491, 616
myocardial 611, 729
nonocclusive 489
mesenteric 437, 488, 489, 494, 494fc
reperfusion injury 621, 625
site of 490
systemic 18
Ischemic signs 545
Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate 453
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 735
Isolation
duration of 342
rooms 1020
Isopropyl alcohol 879
Isoproterenol 227, 233, 235
Isovolumetric relaxation time 277
Italian Society for Thrombosis and Hemostasis 705
Ivermectin 342
Ivosidenib 735
J
Japan Resuscitation Council Guidelines 15, 16f
Japanese encephalitis 556, 806, 807
Japanese Ministry of Health And Welfar 705
Japanese Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis 705
Jaundice 800
obstructive 835
Jehovah's witness 1018
Jejunostomy
operative 196
percutaneous 196
John Cunningham virus 841
Jugular bulb
oximetry 69
venous saturation monitoring 447
Jugular cannulation, internal 98f
Jugular vein, internal 69, 70, 98, 98f, 174, 177
Jugular venous
bulb oximetry 56, 945
oxygen saturation 57, 66, 70, 71, 73, 636
measurement 945t
pressure 263, 273, 937
pulse 280
K
Kasabach-Merritt syndrome 705
Ketamine 113, 946
Ketoconazole 295
Ketoglutarate 622
Ketone estimation, serum 573
Ketosis 575
Kidney
congenital anomalies of 393
disease 408, 409
acute 433, 639
chronic 239, 392, 398, 400, 433, 605, 620, 625, 626, 639, 649, 702, 816
end-stage 392t
improving global outcomes 391, 400, 403
effect 124
function
failure of 392t
loss of 392t
test 648, 650, 713, 977t
injury
acute 189, 193, 201, 255, 279, 391, 398, 398b, 400, 403, 404, 413, 416, 422, 455457, 467, 468, 485, 486, 537, 570, 597, 605, 610, 639, 702, 710, 714, 735, 771, 787, 797, 882, 903, 907, 919, 926, 928, 988, 989t
nonacute 639
pancreas transplants 647
transplant 650, 654
Kingella 307
kingae 306
Klebsiella 350, 354, 644, 740, 791, 793, 794, 850, 859, 928
oxytoca 812
pneumoniae 380, 483, 553, 832, 838, 854
carbapenemase 741, 748, 792, 793, 794, 796
Knee joint 719f
Kreb's urea cycle 442
Kussmaul's sign 276
Kyasanur Forest disease 553, 804, 809
L
Laceration, pancreatic 978f
Lactate
dehydrogenase 275, 341, 454, 477, 483, 676, 677, 695, 712, 713, 743, 871, 987
serum 641
Lactic acid 898
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome 564
Lamina terminalis 759
L-amino acid oxidases 902
Lanoteplase 241
Laparoscopy 972
indications of 972
L-arginine 199, 474
Laryngeal mask airway 1028
Laryngopharyngeal reflux 75
Laryngoscopy 27, 30f
Laser
Doppler flowmetry 66
photocoagulation 385, 462
Lavage, peritoneal 971, 980, 982
Lead 883
Left atrial
appendage 612
volume index 277
Left atrium 99, 251, 307
Left bundle branch block 294, 296, 297, 896
Left endobronchial intubation 91f
Left ventricle 99, 137, 155, 167, 177, 182, 251, 254, 256, 258, 260, 265, 272, 307, 683
ejection fraction 672
Left ventricular 609, 621, 1022
assist device 183, 190, 622
clot 246f
diastolic dysfunction 161
ejection fraction 248, 250
end diastolic
area 251
pressure 42, 253, 254, 276
volume 368
hypertrophy 281
outflow tract 100, 260
obstructions 251
support 258
Legionella 777, 795, 841, 845
pneumoniae 380
pneumophila 330, 857
Lepirudin 240
Leptospira 799
Leptospirosis 797, 799
diagnosis of 800
Leuconostoc mesenteroides 417
Leukemia
acute
lymphocytic 737
myeloid 735, 849
promyelocytic 699, 702, 707, 735
chronic
lymphocytic 715, 738
myelogenous 738
Leukocyte-depleted packed red cell 748
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis 721f
Leukocytosis 776, 800
peripheral 814
Leukocyturia 872
Leukoencephalopathy, progressive multifocal 833
Leukopenia 332
Leukostasis 738
Leukotrienes 681, 714
Leuven studies 570
Levofloxacin 353
Levosimendan 235
Lichtheimia 821
Life support
foregoing of 1004, 1009t, 1010
system 183
Light-emitting diode 72
Lignocaine 890
jelly 27
Limb ischemia
acute 616
complications of 187
Lindegaard index 69
Linezolid 788
Lipase 477
Lipid 198
A modification 793
emulsion, intravenous 895
Lipoglycopeptides 793
Lipolysis 326
Lipopolysaccharide 438
Liposomal amphotericin 555, 785b, 818b
Listeria 554, 841, 845
monocytogenes 552, 845
Lithium 589, 899
toxicity, treatment of 900fc
Live-donor lung transplantation 631
Liver
allograft function 641
cancer 638
disease 442, 474, 694
acute 700
causes of 693
chronic 441, 443, 638, 699, 700, 702, 838
end stage 8, 445, 471, 472, 638
pregnancy-related 693f
disorders 694, 695t
infiltrative 439
dysfunction 439, 693, 700, 885
acute 441
sepsis induced 438
enzymes 872
failure 442, 443t, 591
acute 441444, 444t, 450, 638, 700, 702, 888
chronic 441443
fulminant 808
phenotypes of 442
subacute 441, 442
function 167
test 437, 469, 476, 640, 650, 651, 677, 1022
functional derangement, acute 439
injury 437, 973
drug induced 438, 441, 443, 888
hypoxic 437
scale 974t
kidney transplant 471, 647
laceration 973f
extensive 97f
replacement therapy 471
study of 445
support systems 189
transaminases 645
transplant 190, 444, 446, 449, 470, 457, 471, 638, 639
contraindications for 638
indications of 638t
postoperative care of 621, 638
Living donor 652
kidney transplant 647
liver transplantation 446
pretransplant evaluation of 649
Logistic organ dysfunction
score 172
system 7, 10, 171
Loin pain 905
Long bone
fractures 981, 981b
injury 981
Loop diuretics 400, 593, 643
Lorazepam 548
L-ornithine
L-aspartate 448
phenyl acetate 448
Low molecular weight heparin 218, 236, 237, 248, 267, 410, 534, 617, 634, 673, 701, 702, 713, 952
Low-inspired air fraction 320
Lumbar
puncture 548, 833
spinal drain 614f
Lumen apposing metal stents 480
Lung 361
abnormalities of 321
architecture 133
contusion 935
disease
chronic obstructive 325
inflammatory 380
interstitial 93f, 627
dysfunction 159
functionality test 51
infection, necrotizing 375
injury 343
acute 193, 357, 707, 733, 993
ventilator-induced 51, 143, 170, 174, 358
mechanics 49, 345
parenchyma 137
point 89f
preservation 629
techniques 629
protective ventilation 27, 345, 360
reduced compliance of 159
retransplantation 631
sliding 88
transplant 625, 627
bilateral 623
complications of 625
recipients 623, 624
types of 628
ultrasound of 55, 89, 161f, 352f
ventilation 629
volumes 51
water analysis 49
Lymph node dissection, extensive 375
Lymphadenitis, debilitating 835
Lymphadenopathy 834
mediastinal 834, 834f
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 623
Lymphangitis 825
Lymphoblastic lymphoma 737
Lymphocele 653
Lymphocyte 553, 650
function-associated antigen 735
Lymphocytotoxic antibodies 732
Lymphohistiocytosis, hemophagocytic 711, 742
Lymphoid
malignancies 715
tissue
gut-associated 197
mucosa-associated 197
Lymphoma 588
high-grade 737
Lysergic acid 918
M
MACOCHA score 25, 26t
Macrolides 786, 788
Macrophage 498
activation syndrome 711, 743
Magill's forceps 27
Magnesium 303, 430, 544
sulfate 875, 877, 896
intravenous 875
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography 480, 978
Malaria 798
Mallampati classification 25, 25t, 26
Mallory-Weiss tear 458, 459f, 461, 464
Malnutrition
determine severity of 194
moderate 196
screening tool 194
severe 196
Mammary artery, internal 608
Mandatory minute ventilation 141, 152, 153
Mannitol 946
advantages of 946
disadvantages of 946
Mass casualty events 935, 935t
Massive hemoptysis 379, 381
causes of 380t
evaluation of 382t
management of 382, 383fc
Massive transfusion 733
protocol 937
Maternal fetal health 1018
Maternal serum concentration 684
McConnell sign 265f
McGill pain 755
Mean arterial pressure 10, 69, 73, 166, 172, 229, 368, 467, 470, 486, 639, 642, 668, 766, 767, 769, 891, 943, 1002
Mean flow velocity 69
Mean pulmonary artery pressure 640
Mean systemic venous filling pressure 135
Measles, mumps and rubella 640, 651, 715
Mechanical therapy 463, 463f
Mechanical thrombectomy 106, 527
Mechanical ventilation 10, 58, 132, 146, 147, 154, 155, 157, 217, 327, 368, 378, 449, 610, 752, 857, 1003, 1034
dual control modes of 146
effects of 154, 155
indications of 133
invasive 129, 130, 323, 343
liberation of 155
modes of 139
principles of 132
Meconium aspiration 175f
Medanta insulin protocols 203
Mediastinitis, acute 503
Medical intensive care unit 570
Medical stabilization 532, 1003
Medical therapy 474, 533
Medium-chain triglycerides 198
Melioidosis 800
treatment of 800
Membrane 337
stabilizing activity 891, 892
Memorial symptom assessment scale 755
Meninges, basal 109
Meningitis 586
acute 552
chronic 554
etiology of 553t
tuberculous 553, 554, 554f, 835
Meningococcus 553, 976
Meningoencephalitis 558t, 802
Mental disorders
diagnostic manual of 116
statistical manual of 116
Mental status changes 166
Mercaptopurine 841
Merci device 527f
Mercury 883
Meropenem 740, 786, 787, 794, 796
Mesenteric arterial
embolism 489, 492
occlusion, management of 493fc
thrombosis 489, 493
Mesenteric venous
occlusion, management of 494fc
thrombosis 489, 493
Metabolic acidosis 125b, 126, 127, 988
hyperchloremic 417
Metabolic alkalosis 126, 127, 575
Metabolic diseases, liver based 638
Metabolic dysfunction 162
Metabolism, inborn errors of 404
Metal fume fever 882
Metallo-beta-lactamases 787, 793, 794, 796
Metalloproteases 902
Methamphetamine 526
Methanol 878
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 350, 351, 553, 644, 740, 748, 792, 826, 832, 839, 842, 1034
community-acquired 332, 334
Methionine 198
Methotrexate 589, 689
Methyl salicylate 898
Methylene blue 227, 232, 474
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine 590, 918
Methylergonovine 672
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate 951
Midazolam 115, 548, 946
Middle eastern respiratory syndrome 804, 805
Midodrine 470, 639
Midstream urine culture 648, 650
Miller Fisher syndrome 560
Milrinone 227, 234, 235
Minimally invasive surgery 480, 538
Minimi virus 332
Minimum inhibitory concentration 773, 775, 785, 818
Minute ventilation 53, 142, 146, 155
Mirizzi syndrome 763
Misoprostol 672
Mitomycin 394
Mitral annular velocity 277fc
Mitral prosthesis 307f
Mitral regurgitation 380, 608
Mitral stenosis 380
Mitral valve 99
replacement 305
Mixed oxyhemoglobin saturation 167
Mixed venous oxygen saturation 41, 49, 609
Modular extracorporeal liver support 189
Molecular adsorbent recirculating system 406, 446, 449, 470, 471
Molecular patterns, damage associated 468, 639
Molecular tests 817
Molecular weight 416
Molluscum contagiosum 819
Monday morning fever 882
Monoamine oxidase 228
inhibitor 233, 280, 281, 590, 761, 918
Monobactam 786
Monteplase 241
Moraxella catarrhalis 324
Morel-Lavallée lesion 982
Morganella 788
Morision's pouch 95f
Morphine 113
3-glucuronide 113
role of 755
Mortality probability model 7, 8, 12, 606
Motor axonal neuropathy, acute 560
Motor neuropathy 883
Motor vehicle collision 939, 953
M-protein 337
Mucorales 555
Mucormycosis 821
Mucositis 741
Multidrug-resistant organisms 838, 850
infection, risk factors of 350b
Multiorgan dysfunction 172
score 7, 10, 172
syndrome 164, 170, 253, 338, 519, 700, 780, 811, 918, 919, 971
causes of 170t
Multiorgan failure 165, 253, 564
Multi-wavelength pulse oximeters 46
Mural endocardium 305
Muromonab-CD3 661, 662
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 871
Muscle
abnormalities of 321
enzymes 905
pain 797
relaxation 112
specific kinase 562
Musculoskeletal system 919
Mushroom poisoning 884
clinical features of 885t
M-wave 886
Myalgia, severe 800
Myasthenia gravis 190, 560
Myasthenic crisis 560, 562, 563
Mycobacteria 788
growth indicator tube 552, 553, 841
Mycobacterial iris, atypical 835
Mycobacterium
avium complex 833
tuberculosis 334, 552, 644, 781, 832, 834, 837, 841, 843
Mycophenolate mofetil 474, 650, 653, 658660, 716
Mycophenolic acid 660
Mycoplasma 795, 796
pneumoniae 331, 560
Mydriatic eye drops 520
Myelodysplastic syndromes 843
Myeloid cells 353
Myeloperoxidase 714, 719
Myeloproliferative neoplasm 746
Myocardial band 281, 965
Myocardial infarction 9, 237, 247, 248, 286, 301, 530, 573, 599, 600, 609, 643, 726, 993
acute 244, 251, 262, 536, 615
anterior wall 302
anteroseptal 245f
perioperative 643
Myocardial necrosis 871
Myocardial perfusion 57
Myocarditis 176
Myoclonic jerks 900
Myoglobin, serum 988
Myoglobinuria 905
Myopathy 335
Myositis, necrotizing 826
Myotoxic syndrome 904
Myxoma 165
N
N-acetyl cysteine 474, 887889
N-acetyl-P-benzoquinone imine 888
Naegleria fowleri 552
Narcotics 619
Narrow complex tachycardia 296
Narrow pulse pressure 797
Nasal
cannula 326, 805
congestion 131
flaring 45
intubation 29
Nasogastric tube 81f
placement of 81f
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 279
National Healthcare Safety Network 850
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group 820
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 532, 533
National Medical Commission 1023
National Pressure Ulcer Advisory 210
National Sample Survey Organization 1005
Native valve endocarditis 305, 311
treatment of 309t
Natriuretic peptides 167
Nausea 572
management, postoperative 634
N-butyl cyanoacrylate 453, 465
Near-infrared spectroscopy 49, 57, 63, 66, 7072, 72f, 290, 629, 636, 728
Neck stiffness 552
Negative pressure wound therapy 828
Neisseria meningitidis 552, 553, 839, 844, 852
Neocytolysis 724
Neodymium-doped:yttrium aluminum garnet 385
NeoGanesh smart care 151
Neoplasms 380
Neostigmine therapy 516
Nephritis, acute interstitial 605
Nephropathy, contrast-induced 396
Nephrotic syndrome 366, 591
Nephrotoxicity 500, 653
drug induced 394
Nerve
abnormalities of 321
conduction velocity 1028, 1029
ultrasound of 99f
Nervous system 171, 214
Netilmicin 589
Neural-adjusted ventilator assist 55, 142, 147, 151, 163
Neurocritical Care Society 71, 526, 527
Neurocysticercosis, parenchymal 109f
Neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy 545
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 760, 897, 921
Neurologic dysfunction 612, 771
Neurologic examination 58, 281, 522
Neurologic intensive care 633
Neurologic monitoring 57b, 641
Neurologic pupil index 58
Neurologic status 1003b
Neurologic syndrome 806, 807, 954
Neurologic system 634
Neuroma, acoustic 105f
Neuromuscular blocking 363, 608
agent 119, 120, 345, 346, 365
role of 119
Neuromuscular diseases 129, 130
Neuromuscular disorders 560
Neuromuscular junction 562
Neuroparalysis 905
Neuroparalytic syndrome 906
Neuropathic pain, medications for 619
Neuropathy 871
peripheral 832, 882
target esterase 871
Neurosurgery 537, 633
elective 633
Neurosurgical intensive care unit 58
Neurotoxic syndrome 903
Neurotoxicity 870
Neurotoxins 902
Neurotransmitter
excitatory 74
imbalance 117
Neutral amino-acid transporter 117
Neutropenia 749f, 838
persistent 822
Neutrophil count 342
Neutrophil extracellular trap 703, 712, 714, 767
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 265, 396, 469
Nicardipine 533
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 166
Nifedipine 892
Nimodipine 542
Nipah 806
Nitric oxide 171, 199, 453, 473, 544, 630, 726
role of 631
scheme of 233f
synthase 228, 232
Nitrogen balance 196
Nitroglycerin 281, 453
N-methyl-D-aspartate 292, 942
receptor 807, 875
Nocardia 654, 841, 844
Nocardiosis, pulmonary 847
Nonacute venous thromboembolism 243
Noncommunicable diseases 339
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 660, 736, 746
Noninvasive blood pressure 222, 1022, 1027
Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation 27, 254
Noninvasive ventilation 24, 129, 133, 158, 218, 323, 326, 327, 343, 344, 346, 354, 358, 1028, 1029
initiation of 130
oronasal mask 208f
role of 158
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 821
Nonrebreathing mask 326
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 113, 170, 325, 392, 422, 445, 455, 458, 459, 469, 509, 515, 535, 562, 590, 597, 605, 612, 619, 657, 771, 835, 900, 921, 962
Non-ST-segment elevation
acute coronary syndrome 249
myocardial infarction 244, 247, 249
Nonthyroidal illness syndrome 577
Nontransplant therapies 449
Non-variceal bleeding 459
management of 460
Non-ventilatory therapies 363
Non-vitamin K antagonist 534
Norepinephrine 229, 232, 235
Normoglycemia 202, 570
Norton scale 208
Nosocomial infections 850
Nosocomial pneumonia 335, 348, 350b, 350t, 351fc, 832
pathogenesis of 350f
Novel oral anticoagulants 268t
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide 252
Nuclear factor 624
kappa B 736, 767, 773
Nucleic acid amplification test 340, 499, 812, 841
Nucleocapsid 337
Nucleotide 662, 767
Numerical rating scale 112, 113f, 597, 755
NUTRIC score system 195t
Nutrient administration, route of 196
Nutrition 172, 194, 210, 212, 218, 479, 598, 634, 928
assessment 194
risk assessment 196t
support 404, 772
support teams 194
Nutritional therapy, initiation of 196
O
Obesity 216
paradox 219
Obstetric disorders 670t
Obstetric hemorrhage 689
management of 690
Obstruction
abdominal 506
acute intestinal 506
laryngeal 166
Obstructive airways disease 133, 143145
Obstructive portal vein thrombosis 312
Obstructive pulmonary disease 761
Obstructive sleep apnea 526
Occult pneumothorax 372
Octreotide 461, 464, 470, 639
Odorless phosphine 877
Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery 241, 608
Ofloxacin 589
Ogilvie's syndrome 496, 497b, 497f, 499, 506, 514
clinical features of 497b
Olanzapine 439
Oligonucleotide, sequence-specific 649
Oliguria 166, 605
causes of 605t
Omega-3 fatty acids 199
Open lung
approach 611
concept 143
ventilation 360
Open pelvis fractures 982
Open pneumothorax 967
Open surgery 288
Open surgical
intervention 543
repair 615
Operation theater 616, 1028
Opioid 499
analgesia 113
systemic 615
Opportunistic infection 500, 833, 834
Optic nerve sheath 65
diameter 57, 63, 65, 65t, 100, 636
measurement of 101f
Optical coherence tomography 57, 63, 65
Optical fluorescence technology 72
Optical monitoring technique 67
Opticath oximetrix 69
Optimal antibiotics 791
Oral anticoagulant 236, 239t, 240, 267, 404, 534
Orellanine 884
Organ
damage 279, 280t
donation 1003
dysfunction 8, 486
scores 9
severe 667f
treatment of 771
failure 9, 670t, 798
scores 8, 10, 13
specific antibody index 807
system 486f
function 483
transplantation 661
Organic phosphorus compounds 879
Organism specific antibody index 809
Organophosphate 863, 867, 869, 870
insecticides 870f
pharmacokinetics of 871
poisoning 869
classification of 872t
clinical features of 872fc
grading of 870t
mechanics of 870f
Organophosphorus 871, 874
Organum vasculosum 759
Orientia tsutsugamushi 800
Orthodromic atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia 296
Orthopedics, damage control 983
Orthopnea 281
Orthosis, external 957
Orthotopic liver transplantation 449, 470, 640, 642
Osmolality, serum 231, 573, 587, 588
Osmosis 1026
Osmotherapy 447
Osmotic demyelination syndrome 420
Osmotic nephrosis 418
Osmotic therapy 946
Osteomyelitis 835
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest 16
Oxazolidinones 788
Oxime 874
reactivation 874fc
therapy 874
Oxygen 45, 196, 923
arterial partial pressure of 322
blood partial pressure of 172
cerebral metabolic rate of 29, 66, 70, 71, 945
consumption 39, 40, 120, 728
metabolic rate of 17
content 40
deliver 18, 39, 609
devices 323t
dissociation curve 320f
extraction fraction 70
failure 1025
higher cerebral metabolic rate of 945
inspired fraction rate 333
partial pressure of 47, 49, 73, 187, 360, 365, 598, 766, 832, 925, 940, 985, 994
pressure of 45, 356, 472
reactivity index 64
saturation 26, 34, 158, 221, 222, 341, 598, 603, 733
percutaneous 19
supplementation 322, 474
support 342, 344
therapy 266, 326
uptake 40
Oxygenation
interpretation 126
physiology of 319
Oxygenators, clotting of 186f
Oxyhemoglobin 71, 603
Oxytocin 672
receptors 231
P
Packed red blood cell 701, 738, 770, 937
Paecilomyces 821
Pain
abdominal 572
control 479, 624
management 212, 542, 597, 619, 755
nonspecific abdominal 835
onset of 490
persistent 289
postoperative 613
score 221
Palliative care 129, 752, 754t
concept of 751
core principles of 751
integration 753
Pamidronate 736
Pamiteplase 241
Pancreas 435
Pancreatic injury scale 978t
Pancreatitis 489, 761
biochemical 437
episodes of 481
hypertriglyceridemia-related 190
necrotizing 477f
Pancuronium 120, 449
Panel reactive antibody 625, 649
Paracentesis, therapeutic 455
Paracetamol metabolism 888fc
Parafalcine meningioma 105f
Paralysis, periodic 565
Paralytic ileus 511, 513
Paranasal sinus region, contrast-enhanced computed tomography of 847, 847f
Parapsilosis 789
Parathyroid
disorders 427t
hormone 424426, 428, 430, 431, 433, 736
serum 648
Parenchymal brain tissue oxygen tension 70, 73
Parenteral nutrition 194, 198, 438, 439
complications of 198
Pareto chart 1033
Passive leg raise 42, 161, 169, 769
Patent foramen ovale 106, 184f, 993
Peak inspiratory pressure 142, 598
Peak oxygen consumption 622
Pediatric lung transplantation 631
Pelvic
binder 982, 983f
fractures 982b
treatment of 983
injury 981, 982f
sheet application 984f
Pelvis injury, management of 981
Penetrating trauma 822, 966
Penicillin 786, 793, 821
antipseudomonal 786
binding proteins 786
G 786, 886
resistant pneumococcus 350
Penicillium marneffei 819
Pentamidine 295
Pentoxifylline 474
Penumbra aspiration device 527, 527f
Penumothorax 89f
Peptic ulcer 459, 461
bleeding 462
Peptide nucleic acid 773
Percutaneous assist devices 257
Percutaneous coronary intervention 16, 183, 237, 247, 248, 259, 608, 625
Perforation peritonitis 503, 505f
causes of 504t
diagnosis of 505fc
management of 505fc
Pericardial drainage, procedures of 275b
Pericardial effusion 85, 90
Pericardial tamponade 168, 272, 274f
causes of 273b
Pericardiocentesis 274
Pericarditis
causes of 275b
constrictive 90, 272, 274t, 275, 276b, 276t, 277, 277f
Peripheral digital gangrene, inotrope-induced 618
Peripheral glucose utilization, impaired 572
Peripheral oxygen, saturation of 346
Peripheral perfusion, impaired 166
Peritoneal dialysis 189, 404, 407, 412, 482, 900
use of 413
Peritonitis
classification of 482t
etiology of 483
primary 483
secondary 483
spontaneous bacterial 453, 468, 482
tertiary 483
tuberculous 483
Permanent pacemaker implantation 301, 303, 611
Persistent systemic inflammatory response syndrome 480
Personal protective equipment 344, 804, 852
P-glycoprotein 239
Phallotoxins 884
Pharmacological therapy 113
Phenobarbitone 654
Phenylalanine 198, 230, 231, 235
Phenytoin 447, 654
Pheochromocytoma crisis 283
Phosphate 575, 737
Phosphodiesterase 228, 254, 257
inhibitors 234
basic mechanism of action of 234
Phosphorus 432
metabolism, pathophysiology of 432
Physiological scoring system 6
Piperacillin 353, 740, 786
Placenta previa 690
Plasma
biomarker 252
catecholamines 281
cells 660
cortisol 281
exchange 561, 563, 721
lactate, arteriojugular venous difference of 73
osmolality 127
Plasmapheresis 189, 190, 651, 807
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 242, 572
Plasmodium falciparum 797, 800
erythrocyte membrane protein 797
Plateau pressure 45, 142, 360
Platelet 712
abnormalities, causes of 732t
activating factor 477, 714, 767
antimicrobial peptides 712
concentrate 937
count 683, 716t, 905
low 670, 677
disorder 534, 535
dysfunction 702
microbicidal peptides 714
rich plasma 731
transfusion 716t, 731, 733
risk of 733
Plazomicin 795
Plethora 274
Pleural effusion 84, 84f, 90f, 159, 366
bilateral 92f
causes of 366
management of 368
Pleural fluid
examination 368
lactate dehydrogenase 368
Pleurodesis 374, 375
Plidocanol-hydroxypoliethoxidodecane 378
Pneumatic sensors 61
Pneumocystis 654, 805, 841
jirovecii 85, 93, 586, 624, 644, 830, 841
pneumonia 87f, 363, 373, 830, 833, 835, 839, 840, 843, 849
Pneumomediastinum 84f
Pneumonia 85, 86f, 129, 335, 335t, 352t, 585, 642, 741, 764f, 851
acute
fibrinous 338
organizing 338
viral 805
bacterial 331, 831, 857
community-acquired 330, 331b, 333b, 334b, 348, 585, 789, 792
cryptogenic organizing 844
healthcare-associated 330, 348, 795, 856
hospital-acquired 330, 348, 350, 351, 761, 792, 832, 856
interstitial 720
lobar 86f
postobstructive 385
severity index 332
ventilator-associated 330, 348, 350, 351, 353t, 448, 611, 628, 761, 782, 793, 850, 952, 1037
Pneumopericardium 84
Pneumothorax 55f, 82, 83f, 89f, 90f, 371373, 967f
acute 130
idiopathic 370
management of 372
primary spontaneous 376
right sided 371f
secondary spontaneous 376
Poiseuille's formula 451
Poisoning 863, 866fc, 877
Poisonous snakes, identification of 903
Polarographic technique 72
Poliomyelitis 132
Polyangiitis 717
microscopic 717, 718
Polyarteritis nodosa 717, 718, 845
Polycystic kidney disease, autosomal dominant 593
Polydipsia 587
Polyenes 788
Polyethylene glycol 515
Polymerase chain reaction 353, 552, 558, 648, 762, 802, 805, 809, 817, 833, 841, 886
Polymorphonuclear
cells 553
elastase 477
Polymyositis 845
Polymyxin 191, 193t, 788
Polyneuropathy 870, 871f
acute inflammatory demyelinating 560
Polyradiculoneuropathy 746
Polyunsaturated fatty acids 199, 439
Polyuria 587, 589
Porphyromonas 332
Portal hypertension 451, 456, 457
causes of 452, 452f
etiopathogenesis of 451
evaluation of 452
Portal vein
system 451f
thrombosis 643
Positive end-expiratory pressure 34, 47, 134, 136f, 137f, 138, 146, 152, 154, 179, 218, 320, 327, 328, 356, 360, 365, 369, 449, 598, 605, 611, 621, 628, 641, 692, 936, 952, 1003
selection of 361
Positive inspiratory pressure 154
Positive pressure
breathing
heart lung interactions of 135
physiology of 134
ventilation 154, 383
Positive stool test 812
Postanesthesia care unit 606
Postcardiac arrest
brain injury 17
care 19
myocardial dysfunction 18
syndrome 17, 20, 21f
pathogenesis of 17
Posterior fossa
hemorrhage 538
meningioma 105f
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome 279, 643, 704, 744
Postorgan transplantation 190
Postphlebitis syndrome 269
Postreperfusion syndrome 642
Postsplenectomy 489, 838, 839
infection 839, 840, 849, 974
Post-supraventricular tachycardia 589
Post-surgical critical care 595, 597
Post-transfusion thrombocytopenia 711
Post-transplant
lymphoproliferative disorders 644
period, infections in 644, 644t
Post-traumatic stress disorder 112, 754
Potassium 303, 415, 515, 575
deficits 424t
disorders of 422, 424
hydroxide 829
low 622
permanganate 877
replacement 575t
serum 478, 589
Potential thoracic injuries 961b
Povidone iodine 765
Prednisolone 651
Preeclampsia 671, 675, 677b
prevention of 680
severe 678
Pre-endoscopic proton pump inhibitors 461
Pregnancy
acute fatty liver of 588, 676, 693, 694, 695b
ectopic 687, 688
hypertension, pathophysiology of 677
hypertensive disorders of 671, 671t
intrahepatic cholestasis of 693
Preoxygenation 27
Pressure
controlled ventilation 140f, 361
injuries, medical device related 208f
limited flow cycle ventilation 146
mode ventilation 52f
pleural 50
redistribution 210f
regulated volume control 140
sores
grading of 211f
impact of 211
pathophysiology of 207f
posture-related 208
prevention of 210
types of 208
support ventilation 27, 130, 140, 147, 151, 152, 158
scalars for 140f
time product 54
ulcers, management of 211
volume 51, 52
Priapism 109
Probiotic therapy 814
Procalcitonin 477, 713, 770, 781
serum 353, 762
Procarboxypeptidase-B 477
Procoagulant proteins 700
Programmed cell death protein 394
Prone ventilation 345
Propofol 115, 946
infusion syndrome 115
Propranolol 287
Prostaglandin 260, 760
Prostate
specific antigen 648
transurethral resection of 592
Prosthetic valve 305
endocarditis 305, 311
thrombosis 312
treatment of 310t
Protease-activated receptors 171, 767
Proteasome inhibitor 661
Protein
C pathway, activation of 703
losing enteropathy 811
monoclonal 746
pancreatic associated 477
Proteinuria 653
Proteus 788
mirabilis 793, 928
Prothrombin
complex concentrate 236, 534, 701
time, elevated 167
Proton pump inhibitors 461, 510
Prourokinase 241
Providencia 788
Pseudoaneurysm 617
Pseudohepatorenal syndrome 469
causes of 469
Pseudohyponatremia 420
Pseudomembranous colitis 811, 813f, 814
Pseudomonas 350, 354, 355, 483, 644, 740, 741, 779, 787, 788, 791796, 848, 850, 855, 859
aeruginosa 325, 330, 334, 350, 354, 788, 831, 838, 841, 854, 856, 928
Pseudo-rigor mortis 911
Pseudostatus 550
Pseudothrombocytopenia 710
Psilocybin 884
Psoas abscess 835
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures 550
Pulmonary artery 38, 39, 265f
catheter 38, 49, 56, 57, 81, 255, 380, 640, 669
improper positioning of 82f
diastolic pressure 611
distal branches of 82f
occlusion pressure 41, 160, 1002
pressures 39
systolic pressure 270
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 39, 81, 251, 258, 363, 449, 486, 611, 623
Pulmonary circulation, anatomy of 379
Pulmonary embolism 88, 165, 218, 237, 262, 264, 264b, 267, 269, 339, 344, 366, 380, 673
diagnosis 264
severity index 266, 267
suspicion for 242
thrombolysis 268
Pulmonary function tests 322, 473
Pulsatility index 64, 69
Pulse
electrical activity 16
oximeter plethysmograph 46
oximetry 45, 322, 603
continuous 131
limitations of 45, 46b
principles of 603f
recent advances in 46
pressure variation 46, 57, 60, 169, 486, 610, 685, 769, 921
rate 172
wave analysis 39
Pulseless electrical activity 182, 937
Pupillary light reflex 58
Pupillometry, quantitative 65
Pupils 865f
Pus culture 557t
Pyomyositis 826
Pyruvic acid 898
Q
qSOFA 6, 10, 767
Quick sequential organ failure assessment 10, 12, 934
Quinolones 786
R
Rabbit antithymocyte globulin 658
Rabies 806
Radial artery thrombosis 617f
Radiology signs 857
Radiotherapy 375
Raised creatine phosphokinase 797
Ramsay sedation score 11
Randomized clinical trial 360, 401, 480, 584, 768
Randomized controlled trial 179, 193, 201, 210, 218, 255, 352, 400, 408, 429, 452, 470, 492, 562, 571, 731, 780, 994, 1043
Rankin scale, modified 525
Ranson's criteria 8
Rapamycin, mammalian target of 650, 656659
Rapid breathing 24
Rapid shallow breathing index 54, 144, 155, 158
Rathinum 1009
Raynaud phenomenon 459
Reactive oxygen species 468, 714
Recombinant thrombopoietin, role of 713
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 241, 528
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus 804
Recurrent venous thromboembolism, risk stratification for 269t
Red blood cell 398, 473, 713, 723, 724, 728, 730, 798, 883, 905
transfusion 728
risk of 729
Re-expansion pulmonary edema 374
Refeeding syndrome 197, 199
Reflectance pulse oximetry 46
Reflux 630
Refractory ascites 455, 456t
Refractory status epilepticus, management of 551t
Refractory variceal hemorrhage 638
Regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation 64
Regional citrate anticoagulation 410, 410f, 411
protocol 411
Regional tissue oxygen saturation 72f
Regional wall motion abnormality 246, 251
Regular narrow complex tachycardia 298fc
Rehabilitation 402, 959, 969
Relebactam 786, 794, 796
Remdesivir 343, 345
Remifentanil 113, 946
Renal angina index 396
Renal blood flow 393
Renal disaster relief task force 991
Renal disease 218
end-stage 402, 599, 638, 643, 989
Renal dysfunction 612, 797, 885
risk of 392t
Renal emergencies 283
Renal failure 292, 591, 701, 896
acute 391, 630, 887, 989
Renal function 167
test 288, 469, 827, 1022
Renal hypoperfusion 189
Renal impairment 797, 900
Renal injury 976
Renal nerve fiber layer 63
Renal replacement therapy 189, 391, 392, 400, 406, 412, 470, 612, 641, 724, 907, 989, 991, 1020, 1028, 1031
aims of 404
buffer solutions for 411
complications of 412
indications of 404
modality of 404
modes of 405
prediction, system for 990t
techniques 191
Renal sodium loss 590
Renal support 402, 449
Renal system 171, 214, 389, 643, 668
Renal transplant 647
Renal tubular acidosis 125
Renal venous pressure 486
Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system 232, 249, 279, 393, 422, 467
inhibitors of 248
Reperfusion therapy 259, 268
Replacement therapy 769
Rescue therapy 465, 544
Resistant gram-negative bacteria 796t
Resistive index 399
Respiration 221
Respiratory acidosis 126
Respiratory alkalosis 126, 127
Respiratory arrest 130
Respiratory complications 339, 604, 831
Respiratory disorders 127
Respiratory drive, abnormalities of 321
Respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 12
Respiratory failure 43, 178b, 319321, 546, 831
causes of 321
chronic 319
hypercapnic 133, 145, 319, 321
pathophysiology of 319b
postextubation 130
postoperative 129
shock related 319
types of 320
Respiratory infections, healthcare-associated 856, 857
Respiratory mechanics, basic 45
Respiratory monitoring 45
Respiratory muscle
dysfunction 162
fatigue 133, 145
strength 55
Respiratory parameters 322
Respiratory physiology 216
Respiratory rate 139, 144, 149, 150, 478, 865, 874, 899, 994, 1028
adjustment of 149
low 144
Respiratory sample techniques 352t
Respiratory status 641
Respiratory support 915
Respiratory syncytial virus 332, 335, 804
Respiratory syndrome, acute 804
Respiratory system 154, 171, 214, 317, 667, 919, 951
compliance 149, 156
mechanics of 962f
Respiratory therapist 1024
Respiratory variation 274
quantification of 60f
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 275, 276t, 277
Resuscitation 15, 464, 769, 1004, 1007, 1010
damage control 937, 938f
goals of 926
post-cardiopulmonary 525
Resuscitative endovascular balloon 937
Reteplase 241, 242
Reticular activation system 117, 519
Reticuloendothelial system 723
Retinopathy, hypertensive 279
Retrograde cerebral perfusion 290
Revised cardiac risk index 600, 600t
Revised trauma score 934, 940
Reye's syndrome 552
Rhabdomyolysis 433, 565, 986, 986t, 987b, 989
pathophysiology of 987fc
Rheumatoid arthritis 704, 707, 715, 845
Rheumatology 697
Rhizomucor 821
Rhizopus 821
Rhythm management 624
Rib fractures 962
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid 781
Richmond agitation 11, 114, 115, 121, 946
Rifabutin 654
Rifampicin 552, 589, 654
Rifaximin 448
Right atrial pressure 41, 623
Right atrium 99, 135, 177, 182, 307, 610
Right bundle branch block 264, 294, 296
Right cerebellar bleed 536, 536f, 541
Right coronary artery 177, 302
Right hypochondriac pain 797
Right middle lobe pneumonia 86f
Right parietal brain abscess 108f
Right ventricle 81, 99, 135, 177, 254, 263, 265, 269, 272, 307, 683, 993
Right ventricular
assist device 261
end-diastolic pressure 276
support 258
systolic pressure 276
Rivaroxaban 239, 267
Road traffic accident 700
Rocuronium 120
Rodenticides 879
Root cause analysis 1033
Rotational thromboelastometry 691, 700, 707, 708
Rumack-Matthew nomogram 889
modified 889f
Russell's viper 903, 907
Ryanodine receptors 919
Ryle's tube 873
S
Sacral injuries 958
Saksenaea 821
Salbutamol nebulization 738
Salicylate 898
overdose, treatment chart for 899fc
Salicylic acid 898
Saline 400, 419
normal 478, 574, 593
Salmon calcitonin 736
Salmonella 812, 841, 845
Salpingectomy 689
Sarcoidosis 588, 623
Sauerbruch's negative-pressure chamber 132f
Scalpel Bougie technique 33
Scapular fractures 963
Scedosporium 777, 789, 820
Sclerosants 462
Sclerosing agents 377t
Sclerosis, systemic 845
Scrub typhus 800
laboratory features of 800
treatment of 800
Seashore sign 89
Sedation 112, 114, 624, 1034
choice of 118
scores 11
Segment elevation myocardial infarction 238
Seismography 53
Seizure 547, 737
recurrent 547
Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion 290
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 761
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor 118, 520, 590, 761, 918
Selenium 200
Sensorium coma 130
Sentinel headaches, early identification of 540
Sepsis 177, 190, 191, 584, 612, 616, 670, 712, 713, 767t, 789, 811, 832
absence of 628
control 927
diagnosis of 767t, 770
intra-abdominal 482
management of 766, 769b
severe 769b
Septic shock 169, 404, 571, 585, 763f, 764f, 767t, 770, 791f, 811
corticosteroid therapy of 585
management of 766
trial 401
Sequential organ failure assessment 7, 10, 10t, 11, 171, 172, 438, 670, 766, 767
Serine proteases 902
Serological tests 817
Serotonin
levels 214
release assay 712
syndrome 896
Serratia 788, 794
Serum amyloid protein-A 477
Serum ascites albumin gradient 454
Serum glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase 797
pyruvic transaminase 797
Serum potassium 478, 589
levels 28
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 332, 337, 370, 804, 852
corona virus 337, 805
virus 804
Severe falciparum malaria 797
clinical features of 797
Severe hypoxemic respiratory failure 365fc, 672
Severe sepsis 769b
empiric antibiotic for 790t
Sew method 290
Sexually transmitted disease 505
Shaggy mucosa 498f
Shock 164, 164, 769, 985t
advance trauma life support classification of 985t
anaphylactic 165, 168
cardiogenic 164, 168, 178, 178b, 180, 183, 190, 250, 254, 257, 259, 877
causes of 260b
classification of 164t
distributive 164, 167
hemorrhagic 166, 937t
hypovolemic 164, 167
liver 772
obstructive 165, 168
septic 169, 404, 571, 585, 763f, 764f, 767t, 770, 791f, 811
spinal 955
states 133, 145
traumatic hemorrhagic 168
types of 40, 168, 251t
workup for 167
Short-course therapy 779t
Shunt fraction 50
Sick euthyroid syndrome 577, 578, 579f
influence of 579
pathophysiology of 577
Sickle cell disease 589
Silicon photodiodes 72
Simplified acute physiology score 8, 11, 12, 171, 254, 606, 669, 831
Simplified pulmonary embolism severity index 266, 266t, 267
Single lung transplantation, indications of 623
Single-pass albumin dialysis 407
Sinus bradycardia 301
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome 750
Sirolimus 650
Sjögren's syndrome 589, 718, 845
Skin 835, 924
acute bacterial 793
adnexa 924
care 210
changes 746
classification of 824t
decontamination 873
folds 83f
infection 824
lesions 459
loss 590
necrosis 618f, 826
structure infections 793
tearing 121
Skull bone fracture 103f
Skull fracture 943f
Sleep distribution 112
Snake envenom, depicting severity of 905t
Snake venom metalloproteinases 902
Snakebite 902, 904b, 904f
hospital management of 907fc
neuroparalytic 903f, 904f
Society of Critical Care Medicine 10, 199, 218, 603, 729, 734, 759, 766
Society of Thoracic Surgeons 612
Sodium 303, 414
benzoate 448
bicarbonate 420
chloride 415
disorders of 419, 421
fractional excretion of 398
glucose cotransporter 2 576
loss, nonrenal 590
nitroprusside 281, 289
polystyrene sulfonate 738
serum 478, 573
Soft tissue infection 792, 824, 824t
necrotizing 826, 828
Solid organ
donation 1003b, 1036
transplant 655, 661, 662f, 805, 816, 838, 843
recipient 841, 842t, 843t
Solitaire stent retrievers 527f
Soluble guanylate cyclase 228
Somatostatin 461, 464, 577
Space-occupying lesions 487, 552
Sphenoid sinuses 847
Spiegelberg device 61
Spinal cord
abnormalities of 321
injury 950
classification of 954f
intensive care management of 951
protection 292
Spinal injury 109, 585, 950, 958
Spinal stability 956
Spine motion restriction 935
Splanchnic vasodilatation 639
Spleen
injury scale 975t
trauma 974
Splenic candidiasis 849
Splenic laceration 97f, 975f
Spontaneous breathing trial 118, 154, 156, 157, 158t
Spot sign 532, 537
S-protein 337
Sputum, culture of 628
Stab wounds 966
Staphylococcus
aureus 106, 212, 305, 309, 311, 331, 333335, 350, 352354, 356, 644, 741, 788, 792, 795, 812, 824, 825, 827, 828, 838, 841, 850, 853, 855, 928
epidermidis 305, 928
lugdunensis 305
Statins 544
Status epilepticus 547, 548, 550
causes of 547, 548b
convulsive 547
management of 551fc
nonconvulsive 547, 552
recognition of 548, 548fc
subtle 547
super-refractory 549
treatment of 548
ST-elevation myocardial infarction 19, 182, 250, 302, 730
Stem cells
properties of 746
rescue 746
sources of 747
Stenosis, aortic 611
Stenotrophomonas 793795, 851, 859
Sterile dressings 981
Sternum, fracture body of 962, 963f
Steroids 651, 661, 662, 737
doses of 651
role of 335, 584b
therapy, side effects of 586, 586b
Stewart-Fencl approach 125
Stomach gas insufflation 131
Stool softeners 515
Stratosphere sign 90f
Strenotrophomonas 796
Streptococcus
agalactiae 553
antibiotics 827
beta-hemolyticus 792
gallolyticus 309t
oralis 557f
pneumoniae 324, 330, 331, 333335, 483, 552, 553, 787, 839, 841, 844, 845
pyogenes 792, 824
Streptokinase 241
Stress
reduction 541
ulcer
prophylaxis 599, 772
syndrome 458
Stridor, postextubation 159
Stroke
acute
hemorrhagic 282, 282t, 530
ischemic 282, 282t, 526, 527f, 529
thrombotic 106f
ischemic congestive 106, 676
team 527
volume 37, 137, 164, 254, 368, 609, 668
variation 37, 42f, 57, 60, 169, 486, 685, 769, 921
Strongyloides 841
Strophanthus gratus 890
ST-segment elevation
acute coronary syndrome 241
myocardial infarction 238, 241, 244, 248, 249
Stuck aortic valve 312f
Stuck mitral leaflet 313f
Stunned myocardium 244, 545
Subarachnoid hemorrhage 58, 61, 69, 77, 103, 104f, 527, 530, 538, 539fc, 540, 540t, 541, 542, 546, 548, 591, 633, 634
severity of 539
Subaxial cervical spine fractures 957
Subaxial injury classification 957
Subclavian vein 99f
Subcutaneous insulin chart 205f
Subpleural airspace densities 92f
Substance abuse 280
Sudden death 737
Sugar control 651
Sulbactam 786, 787
Sulfamethoxazole 654, 800, 833, 843
Superficial femoral artery 617
Superior mesenteric
artery 486, 489, 491
vein 453, 489
Superior vena cava 5, 81f, 174, 182, 277, 739
cava oxygen saturation 733
syndrome 739
Supportive care 172, 739, 744, 798, 953
Suprachiasmatic nucleus 582
Supraglottic airway 16, 27
device 32, 33f, 34
role of 32
Supraventricular tachycardia 294297, 300
management of 300fc
Surgery
aortic 291
damage control 972, 983
impact of 600
laparoscopic 499
Surgical embolectomy, potential indications for 269b
Surgical intensive care unit 570
Surgical portocaval shunts 464
Surgical site infections 612, 826, 850, 853
microbiology of 853
pathogenesis of 853
types of 853
Surgical technique 622, 623
Surgical therapy 475, 516
Surgical wound site 598
Surviving sepsis
campaign 768, 769b
care 769b
Swan-Ganz catheter 38f, 82f
Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation 140, 147, 362, 378, 449
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion 587, 589, 590, 592, 593, 896
Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis 826
Syngeneic donor 747
Synovial fluids 414
Synthesis metabolism 431f
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 170, 258, 338, 358, 478, 735, 766, 971
Systemic lupus erythematosus 469, 648, 676, 704, 706, 707, 715, 717, 719, 719f, 746
Systemic vascular resistance 19, 164, 227, 251, 253, 257, 467, 486, 605, 623, 668, 926
Systolic pressure variation 46, 486
T
Tachyarrhythmias 579
Tachycardia 166, 294, 294fc, 296f, 298
causes of 619b
multiple atrial 294
regular 295f, 301
Tachypnea 166
Tacrolimus 394, 645, 650, 651, 653
Takayasu's arteritis 717
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 643
Tazobactam 353, 740, 786, 794
T-cell
activation 655
function 342
receptor 655
Technetium hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid 509
Tedizolid 793
Temporal lobe 806f
Tenecteplase 241, 242
Tenofovir 589
Tension pneumothorax 168, 935
Terfenadine 295
Terlipressin 470, 639
Tetracyclines 795
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate 869
Thalamus 531
T-helper cells 655
Therapeutic drug 821
monitoring 779, 788
Therapeutic hypothermia 15, 1921, 21f, 22
protocol of 20f
Therapeutic plasma exchange 190
Therapeutic weighted scores 8
Thermal Doppler flowmetry 67
Thermodilution curve 39
Thevetia peruviana 889
Thienopyridines 238
Thioguanine 841
Thiopentone 447
Thoracic aneurysm 290
Thoracic aortic aneurysm, chest X-ray of 287f
Thoracic epidural analgesia 613, 629
Thoracic thoracolumbar injuries 958
Thoracic trauma 960
complications of 969
severity score 985
Thoracoabdominal aneurysm 290
Crawford classification of 286f
Thoracolumbar injury classification 958t
Thoracolumbar sacral orthosis 957
Thoracolumbar spine, computed tomography of 110f, 111f
Thoracostomy tube 80, 80f
Three-finger peptides 902
Threonine 198
Thrombin 463
generation time 700
Thrombocytopenia 410, 535, 703b, 710, 712, 712b, 713fc, 714f, 716, 731
causes of 712
drug induced 711, 713, 716
etiological classification of 711b
heparin-induced 187, 237, 267, 619, 673, 710, 711, 713, 714
management of 713, 716
mechanisms of 711f
sepsis associated 712
severity of 712
Thrombocytopenic purpura 719, 732
Thromboelastography 187, 609, 683, 691, 699, 700, 707, 708
Thromboembolism 952
pulmonary 952
Thrombolysis 268
Thrombolysis outcome, evaluation of 314
Thrombolytic regimen 268t
Thrombophilic disorders 648
Thrombopoietin 710, 711, 716
Thromboprophylaxis 535
Thrombotic microangiopathy 279, 699, 704, 717
Thrombotic occlusion, risk factors of 617b
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 190, 667, 676, 711, 713, 719, 724
Thumb printing sign 498
Thwaites score, modified 554t
Thyrohyoid distance 25t
Thyroid
dysfunction 577
hormone 577, 579f
concentrations, serum 577f
replacement 579b
profile 650
stimulating hormone 512, 577, 579, 621
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 565
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 577
Thyroxine 577
Ticagrelor 238
Ticarcillin 786, 793
Ticlopidine 238
Tidal carbon dioxide 894
Tidal volume 43, 54, 139, 149, 155, 217, 360, 874, 899, 1028
reduction in 150
Tidal wave 64
Tigecycline 741, 788, 793
Tissue 690
donation 1003
factor 714, 767
hemoglobin oxygen saturation 49
injury 703, 924
severity of 880b
necrosis factor-alpha 171
oxygenation 49, 72
index 67
plasminogen activator 218, 241, 282, 314, 526, 527
T-lymphocyte 655, 656
count 342
Tocilizumab 343, 346
Toes, skin necrosis of 618f
Torsade de pointes 295, 298f, 896
Total arch replacement 289f
Total body
irradiation 747
surface area 923
water 414
Total hemoglobin reactivity index 67
Total iron binding capacity 724
Total leukocyte count 553, 735, 835
Total lung capacity 217
Total parenteral nutrition 201, 369, 616, 762, 817, 928
Toxic megacolon 496, 497b, 498, 498f, 499, 811
Toxicity, mechanics of 870
Toxicology 861
Toxidrome 863, 865f
Toxins 810
Toxoplasma 841
gondii 841
pneumonitis 832
Toxoplasmosis 628, 832
Tracheal extubation 35
Tracheal intubation 23, 24, 27, 28, 28f, 29, 32f, 34f
complications of 31
preparation for 25
Tracheal rings 91f
Tracheal stenosis 32
Tracheal tube 27, 29t
cuff pressure monitoring device 31f
introducer 27
Tracheoarterial fistula 386
Tracheobronchial injuries 964
Tracheobronchitis, ventilator-associated 348, 349
Tracheoinnominate artery fistula 381
Tracheomalacia 32
Tracheostomy 381
hemorrhage 386
percutaneous 1028
role of 162
tube 34, 79
Traditional ventilation 152fc
Tranexamic acid 461, 535, 701, 947
Transcatheter aortic valve
implantation 608
replacement 312
Transcatheter arterial embolization 463
Transcatheter mitral valve replacement 608
Transcatheter tricuspid valve implantation 608
Transcranial Doppler 57, 60, 66, 69, 69t, 106, 107, 544, 635, 636
Transcutaneous blood gas monitoring 48
Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring 46
Transesophageal echocardiography 57, 97, 288, 290, 306308, 609, 629, 640, 683, 961, 1029
Transfusion transmissible infections 726
Transient elastography, role of 456
Transient ischemic attack 528, 599
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 453, 454, 456, 464, 470, 471, 474, 494, 639
Transmembrane pressure 405
Transmural pressure 135
Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act 1000
Transpulmonary pressure 50
monitoring, role of 162
Transpulmonary thermodilution 38, 39
Transthoracic echocardiography 57, 88, 99f, 246f, 306, 307, 308, 609, 683f, 961
Trauma 129, 380, 931
injury severity score 10, 11
management 971
phases of 935f
pancreatic 978
sonography for 94f, 168, 961, 971, 980, 982
surgery of 729
Traumatic brain injury 19, 58, 74f, 76, 102, 587, 633, 635, 761, 933, 940, 941, 945, 1034
acute management of 942
assessment of 636
severe 944
Treponema pallidum 554
Triazoles 789
Trichosporon 817
Tricuspid
regurgitation 263, 275
valve 99
Tricyclic antidepressants 520, 891, 895, 896
Triiodothyronine 577
Trimethoprim 654, 800, 833, 843
Triple monoclonal antibody 804
Trismus 24
Trivial hemoptysis 820
Tropheryma whipplei 306
Troponin 18, 253, 267
Trousseau's sign 479
Trypanosoma 841
Trypsinogen, serum 477
Tryptophan 190, 198, 622
Tube
feeding 197
fixator 27
size of 372
thoracostomy 372
Tubercular meningitis 107
Tuberculomas 848f
Tuberculosis 366, 375, 459, 469, 557f, 807
multidrug-resistant 310
Tubular cells 394
Tumor
emboli 722
lysis syndrome 433, 737
necrosis factor 116, 473, 723, 724, 744, 871
alpha 117, 191, 393, 569, 658, 684, 742, 759, 768, 845, 926
Tympanic membrane displacement 57, 63, 65
U
Ulcer, esophageal 458, 461
Ulcerative colitis 498f, 500
severe 500fc
Ultrasound
diaphragmatic 55
endoscopic 480
laryngeal 160
Unconsciousness 520b
Unstable angina 244, 247, 248, 248t
Unstable spine 343
Upper airway obstruction 130
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding 458
causes of 459t
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 880
Upper inflection point 51
Urea 383
serum 590
Uremic complications 404
Uremic pleurisy 366
Urethral valve, posterior 393
Uric acid 737
concentration 677
serum 590
Urinalysis 398
Urinary alkalinization 737
Urinary catheter, three-way 487f
Urinary myoglobin 988
Urinary tract 393
infection 557f, 763, 788, 793, 839, 854
catheter-associated 448, 850, 854, 1032, 1035
obstruction 589
Urinary trypsinogen 476
activation peptide 477
Urine
albumin-creatinine ratio 648, 650
alkalinization 991
analysis 649
output 172, 222, 641
protein 398
routine and microscopy 648, 650
urea nitrogen 929
Urokinase 241
Uropathy, obstructive 395, 761
Uterotonic drugs 691
Uterus 669, 689f
abnormal tone of 690
V
Vaborbactam 786, 787, 794, 796
Valve thrombosis 165
Valvular emergencies 305
Vancomycin 334, 826
resistant enterococcus 350, 644, 740, 748, 788, 792, 850
Vanillylmandelic acid 228
Variceal bleeding 464
acute 457, 465
management of 464
pharmacotherapy of 453
Variceal hemorrhage 461
risk factors of 452b
Variceal ligation, endoscopic 453
Varicella
encephalitis 807
pneumonia 806
virus 628
zoster
immunoglobulin 335
virus 335, 444, 553, 807, 835, 839, 840, 842
Vascular anomalies 459, 526, 705
hereditary 464
Vascular diseases, spectrum of 614
Vascular endothelial growth factors 473
Vascular endothelium 726
Vascular leakage syndromes 710
Vascular reconstruction 104f
Vascular resistance, pulmonary 227, 263, 622
Vascular surgeries 619
Vascular thrombosis 645
Vascular trauma 616
iatrogenic 617
Vascular ultrasound 97
Vasculitis 717, 720
drug induced 717, 718
treatment of 720
Vasculotoxic snakebite, pathogenesis of 905fc
Vasculotoxic syndrome 904, 906
Vasculotoxins 902
Vasoactive catecholamines 229f
Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor 426
Vasodilatation, inhibition of 474
Vasodilators
intrathecal 292
therapy 255
Vasoenteric fistula 464
Vasopressin 227, 228, 231, 235, 401
receptors 470
Vasopressor 16, 35, 193, 197, 227, 229, 770
support 151
Vasospasm 543
diagnosis of 635
evaluation of 635
management of 635
prevention of 635
signs of 635
symptoms of 635
Vecuronium 120, 449
Vena cava assessment 169
Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 177f, 178b, 184f, 684
advantages of 177t
disadvantages of 177t
Veno-occlusive disease 750
Venous ophthalmodynamometry 65
Venous thromboembolism 121, 217, 218, 236, 243, 264, 339, 500, 611, 615, 634, 673
diagnosis of 263
primary prevention of 270, 270t
prophylaxis 634
risk factors of 263t
Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 176f, 912
Venovenous hemodialysis, continuous 404, 407, 410, 449, 900
Venovenous hemofiltration, continuous 404, 407, 410, 991
Ventilation 53, 320, 345, 361, 935
accessory muscles of 24
failure 33
high-frequency 378
management of 143
newer modes of 141
perfusion 324, 610, 952
mismatch 133, 134f, 145, 474
scanning 669
proportional-assist 130, 141, 147, 148, 153
Ventilator
selection 130
strategy 360b
Ventilatory pressures 142
Ventilatory strategy 345, 624
Ventilatory support 831, 874
Ventilatory techniques 358
Ventricular assist device 179, 609
Ventricular catheter 536
Ventricular drain, external 61, 63, 532, 545, 761
Ventricular ectopics 877
Ventricular fibrillation 16
cardiopulmonary arrest 21
Ventricular premature
complexes 896
contractions 294
Ventricular tachycardia 16, 293297, 887
Venturi mask 326
Verbal descriptor scale 112
Vertebral artery 69
Vessel diseases, small 532
Vessel wall 236
Viable cysts 109f
Video laryngoscopy 28
Video-assisted thoracic surgery 369, 376, 968
role of 969
Viral agents 808t
Viral capsid antigen 558
Viral diarrhea 808
Viral hepatitis 628, 694
stage of 444
Viral infections 129
Viral pneumonia 332, 333t
etiology of 332b
management of 335t
Viral syndrome
acute 802, 803t
diagnosis of 808
Virchow's triad 263f, 489
Virchow-Robin spaces 55f
Virotoxins 884
Virus 442
Visceral abscesses 835
Viscoelastic clot analyzers 708f
Viscoelastic tests 708
Visual analog scale 597, 755
Vital capacity 874, 951
Vitamin 198
B12 710
C 363, 887
D
binding protein 431
deficiency 429
function of 431f
E 887
K 236, 315, 707, 880
antagonist 236, 267, 314, 315, 534, 715
supplementation 701
K2 880
Vivax malaria 798
severe 798
Voltage-gated potassium channel receptor 807
Volume-assured pressure support 146
Volume-controlled ventilation 140f
Volutrauma 137
Vomiting 572
management, postoperative 634
von Willebrand factor 702, 714, 767
W
Warm humidified air 909
Water 210f, 357
contaminants 914
homeostasis 415
supply and sanitation 1026
Waveform capnography monitor 27
Weaning
classification of 159
failure 159, 162
causes of 159
management of 161
physiology of 154
Wedged hepatic venous pressure 451
Wegener's granulomatosis 381, 588, 717, 845
Wellens criteria 294t
West-Nile fever 807
White and Panjabi classification 957t
White blood cell 10, 333, 507, 512, 645, 762, 766, 797
count, elevated 172
Whole bowel irrigation 891, 892, 899, 900
Wide complex tachycardia 294
Wolfram syndrome 589
World Allergy Organization 165
World Health Organization 214, 324, 330, 337, 539, 555, 723, 751, 836, 863, 869, 933, 1031
World Society of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome classification 486t
Wound, contaminated 853
Y
Y descent 272
Yellow phosphorous 879
Z
Zargar endoscopic classification 881t
Zinc 879
coproporphyrin 683
salts 877
shakes 882
Zoledronic acid 736
Zoster encephalitis 806
Zygomycetes 350, 839
×
Chapter Notes

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Textbook of CRITICAL CARE
Textbook of CRITICAL CARE Including Trauma and Emergency Care
Second Edition
Editor-in-Chief Yatin Mehta MD MNAMS FRCA FAMS FICCM FIACTA FTEE Chairman, Medanta Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology Adjunct Professor, NBE President, Sepsis Forum of India, The Simulation Society (TSS) Past President, ISCCM, IACTA, RSACP, SWAC ELSO Medanta–The Medicity Gurugram, Haryana, India Editors Jeetendra Sharma MD IDCCM IFCCM FICCM Chief, Critical Care Medicine and Chief, Medical Quality Artemis Hospital Gurugram, Haryana, India Chitra Mehta MBBS DNB (Resp Med) FNB (Crit Care Med) Director Medanta Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology Medanta–The Medicity Gurugram, Haryana, India Forewords Dr Jean-Louis Vincent Dr Harsh Vardhan
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Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
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Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Textbook of Critical Care
First Edition: 2016
Second Edition: 2022
9789390595655
Printed at
Dedication
This book is dedicated to COVID warriors, critical care physicians, anesthesiologists and other doctors, nurses and paramedic staff who fought relentlessly against COVID-19 pandemic without expecting anything in return, risking their lives during these difficult times.
Contributors Foreword
The Textbook of Critical Care, edited by Dr Yatin Mehta, draws together 124 chapters on all aspects of critical care starting from the definition and recognition of critical illness and finishing with important issues of ethics and organization. The book is helpfully divided into 14 sections, covering the different organ systems, aspects associated with infections, trauma, and postoperative critical care among others. There is also an interesting section on toxicology and environmental injuries, such as drowning, electrocution, and snakebite, subjects that less often covered in critical care textbooks.
The field of critical care medicine is advancing rapidly as new technological developments become available and results of studies provide evidence for and against established and new therapies, interventions and processes of care. Textbooks such as this therefore need to be updated on a regular basis, and this 2nd edition does just that. In addition, to bringing the original chapters up to date, 10 completely new chapters have been added on extracorporeal therapies, noninvasive ventilation, gastrointestinal emergencies, COVID-19, stem cell transplantation, shock and multiple organ dysfunction, new antimicrobial agents, sepsis immunology, obese and elderly critically ill patients, and medicolegal issues.
Written by a panel of about 250 experts in their individual fields, this comprehensive new edition of the textbook will provide practicing and trainee intensivists and all involved in the management of critically ill patients with up-to-date evidence and guidance on all aspects of critical care pathophysiology, diagnosis and management.
I was honored to write the foreword for the successful 1st edition of this Textbook of Critical Care and it is a privilege for me to be able to congratulate Dr Mehta once again for this updated, 2nd edition.
Dr Jean-Louis Vincent MD PhD
Professor of Intensive Care Medicine
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Consultant, Department of Intensive Care
Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
Foreword
I am delighted to know that the 2nd edition of the book titled Textbook of Critical Care is going to be published.
Critical Care is one of the most important medical specialties as it deals with critically ill patients who are at a risk of, or are recovering from conditions that may be life threatening. Today in time of COVID-19, this medical specialty of Critical Care has become all the more important.
The significance of Critical Care can be gauged from the fact that a team of Intensive/Critical Care professionals is normally multidisciplinary comprising of nurses, therapists, doctors, pharmacists, etc., so that an all pervasive care can be given to the patients.
This book gives a detailed description of various clinical disorders, current best practices, therapeutics and monitoring, drugs and fluids apart from general management philosophies. It comprises of 124 chapters with contributions from approximately 250 authors from India as well as abroad, in clinically oriented sections.
This book, I am sure, will serve the requirements and needs of Consultants and Junior Doctors and will provide them solutions to commonly encountered problems in critically ill patients, particularly in these difficult times.
I congratulate Dr Yatin Mehta for editing this book. I hope that this book will provide an effective learning experience to health professionals leading to an improved patient care.
Dr Harsh Vardhan
Former Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare
Preface to the 2nd Edition
It is a pleasure to write the preface of the 2nd edition of The Textbook of Critical Care which is coming after 5 years, of which at least 2 years went into its making!
The publisher, Jaypee Brother Medical Publishers (Mr Jitendar P Vij) asked me for the 2nd edition and it means that the 1st edition was well appreciated and did well! Critical care has evolved and grown many folds in the last 5 years and this new edition is a documentary evidence of that! Last 2 years of the whole world have gone into COVID-19 with its associated sweat, blood, tears and learning! That's why a new chapter has been added for the same. This time there are 124 chapters with more than 200 authors along with many national and international co-authors who have contributed to this humongous effort.
All the old chapters have been modified, the latest references incorporated, and due to the constraint of number of pages (voluminous nature of the book and our wanting to restrict it to one volume), the references are being given as a soft copy, which is the norm for many publications.
The book has many illustrations with excellent printing and image quality, which is the hallmark of the Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers! Forewords are by Professor Jean-Louis Vincent and Dr Harsh Vardhan, the former Health Minister of India under whose leadership we fought the battle of COVID-19! I would like to thank Ms Chetna along with Mr Vij for their support and faith in me and for the superb final product! I would also like to thank Ms Poonam Anand without whose secretarial assistance this was not possible. I thank my family, particularly my wife whose time I stole for this book! I would also like to thank Dr Naresh Trehan, CMD, Medanta—The Medicity, for his continuous support. Last but not least, I am most grateful to my co-editors Dr Jeetendra Sharma and Dr Chitra Mehta and all the contributors for their effort and time. I hope this book remains a prized possession of all Critical Care Specialist, present and future, old and young and also of medical libraries.
Yatin Mehta
Preface to the 1st Edition
Critical care has been growing at a rapid pace all over the world, including underdeveloped and developing countries, as the HealthCare Industry itself is growing at a very fast rate despite the slump in the growth rate of all other industries. With early detection and diagnosis of life-threatening diseases with population explosion without supportive infrastructure, infectious diseases and severe sepsis are increasing in numbers, severity, and drug resistance with poor outcomes and prolonged ICU and hospital stay with substantial cost implications.
Critical care is relatively a new specialty in the medical world, although started in 1954 Polio Epidemic in Denmark where Dr Yatin Mehta had the good fortune to work 30 years back! Since then many postgraduate fellowships and diplomas, such as EDIC, FNB, IDCCM, have come up with standard training and exit examinations. With a surge of research, academics and trainings in critical care assisted by a strong support by technology, there is a need for supporting educational material, and hence this book took the present shape to furnish this requirement.
No one is a master of all aspects of critical care—the sea of knowledge is too vast—so first we decided to invite the best people as contributors in their respective fields irrespective of their geographical locations. Obviously, for some specific issues like tropical illnesses requiring intensive care, snakebite, and some poisonings, specific authors were approached. All authors are from around the globe, including US, Canada, UK, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, India, Nepal, and so on. Knowledge has no boundaries, although resources do, but with private tertiary care hospitals coming up and an easy access to internet, these boundaries are also getting blurred. The book is a good example of this phenomenon, as “Critical Care” is uniting the Medical World! This is also proven by one of the best known leaders in critical care worldwide, Professor Jean-Louis Vincent who wrote Foreword for this book in this endeavor.
The book is divided into 111 chapters that are further separated by 14 sections for an easy comprehension of the subject.
(General Principles) deals with general principles of critical care, including severity scoring, and monitoring various aspects of ventilation, ECMO, sugar control, sedoanalgesia, delirium, etc.
(Cardiovascular System) deals with all aspects of acute cardiovascular pathology requiring ICU admission. With the early diagnosis and shorter door to balloon or needle time even in developing countries, ACS and aortic dissections are reaching to hospitals with subsequent admission in ICU. We have especially included the newer antiplatelets, antithrombotic agents as they are new arrivals in developing countries. (Respiratory System) presents critical care in cases of acute respiratory syndrome, respiratory failure, obstructive pulmonary diseases, severe asthma, pneumonia, hemoptysis, pleural effusion, and pneumothorax. (Renal System) is on acute kidney infection and renal replacement therapy. (Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Hepatobiliary System) also contains chapters on how to approach elevated live enzymes and portal hypertension, along with the common ICU issues related to GI, pancreas and liver.
(Neurology) starts with the approach to an unconscious patient and covers the common neurocritical problems like stroke, seizures, infections, and neuromuscular disorders requiring ICU admission. (Endocrine) covers the sugar control, DI and SIADH, thyroid and adrenals. (Post-surgical Critical Care) is a relatively new section for a critical care book where the chapters are jointly written by the surgeons and critical care specialists in that field and covers neuro, cardiac, vascular, thoracic, and transplants with the discussion on immunosuppression.
(Obstetric Critical Care) and (Hematology, Rheumatology and Oncology) are poorly recognized and poorly developed field in the underdeveloped and developing countries, so these two sections have special significance in the book. (Infections) deals with bacterial, viral, fungal, rickettsial infections, including community-acquired and nosocomial. Evaluation of fever in ICU and principles of antimicrobial therapy, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are also discussed in this section.
(Toxicology and Environmental Injuries) contains chapters on poisoning, snakebites and environmental injuries needing critical care.
Trauma is becoming a major concern all over the developing countries. Factors like faster cars, bad roads, young blood and alcohol, etc. are responsible for an increasing flow to triage and subsequently to the critical care. (Trauma) deals separately with initial assessment followed by head, chest, spine, long bones and abdominal trauma with their complications like rhabdomyolysis and fat embolism.
Last but not least is the potpourri which includes brain death, end of life, ICU design and research. These are covered in (Miscellaneous).
We hope that the book contributes to the teaching and training of everyone involved in the care of critically ill patients, from the residents to the chiefs, from tertiary care modern hospitals in the metropolis to the peripheral hospitals in town with a few ICU beds.
Yatin Mehta
Jeetendra Sharma
Mukesh Kumar Gupta
Acknowledgments
This book is the second and updated edition of Textbook of Critical Care which was published in 2016. The making of this extensive yet comprehensive new edition was quite challenging as well as rewarding. I want to thank all those people who were instrumental in making it come through.
I am indebted to my family who put up with me throughout the arduous process of its execution. My greatest gratitude is to Dr Naresh Trehan and all the Medanta family for their contributions and advice. I would like to thank my co-editors Dr Jeetendra Sharma and Dr Chitra Mehta for their unfailing assistance. I am grateful to my own secretarial team Ms Poonam Anand for her dedicated efforts. I thank Drs Shirish Prayag, Dr Harsh Vardhan and Dr Jean-Louis Vincent for their forewords and support.
It would be difficult to find adequate words to convey my appreciation to all the authors for their prompt participation despite their busy schedules, especially in the tough times of COVID pandemic.
I am thankful to all those who contributed to the success of the physical creation to completion of this book. Special thanks to the ever-helping Publisher Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman) M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, for his constant help. I would also like to thank Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra and every member of Jaypee's amazing team for bringing this book out beautifully.
Jeetendra Sharma
Co-Editor
Yatin Mehta
Chief Editor
Chitra Mehta
Co-Editor