A
Achromatopsia 69
Acute central serous chorioretinopathy, evaluation of 119
Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) 103
Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy 29
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 3, 4, 16, 32, 45, 57, 62, 79, 80, 83, 86, 99, 111, 105, 175, 176
new vessels 41
AI see Artificial intelligence (AI)
AIDS see Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Alkyl nitrite abuse 69
AMD see Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
AMN see Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN)
Angiitis 135
Angio-cornea 166
Angiomatoses 55
Angio-optical coherence tomography scans 4
Anti-VEGF see Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF)
Aortic aneurysms 101
Aqueous humor 159
Arterial occlusions 83
Atrophic choroid 90
Atrophic degeneration 76
Atrophic macula 106
B
Bacterial endocarditis 77
Batten disease 129
Bipolar and ganglion cells, connecting 10
Bipolar cells, inner nuclear layer of 10
Blindness 98
Brucellosis 100
B-scan pigment epithelium detachment 56
Buerger's disease 120
Bull's eye maculopathy 129
C
Capillary dropout 39
Cardiac catheterization 101
Cardiac lesions 101
Cardiac valves, artificial 101
Carotid artery occlusion 100
Cartesian method 13
Caucasian population 119
Cavernous sinus thrombosis 100
CC see Choriocapillaris (CC)
Central vein occlusion 154
Chorioretinal atrophic area 34
Chorioretinal diseases 38
Chorioretinal lesions, traumatic 73
Chorioretinitis 131
Choroidal artery occlusion 86
Choroidal hemangioma 90
Choroidal layers 16
Choroidal neoformations 55
Choroidal structures 3
Choroidal tumors 55
Choroidal vessels condition 4
Choroid-sclera junction 12
Chronic epitheliopathy see Diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy
Churg–Strauss syndrome 120
CNV see Choroidal neovascularization (CNV)
Colloid bodies 99
Complete outer retinal atrophy (cORA) 107
Cone dystrophy 129
Congenital maculopathies see Hereditary maculopathies
CORA see Complete outer retinal atrophy (cORA)
CPRNFL see Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL)
CRORA see Complete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA)
Cyst 19
Cystic cavity 60
D
DCP see Deep capillary plexus (DCP)
Deep capillary plexus (DCP) 103
Deep scleral depression 137
Dense tissue produces 20
Dermatomyositis 101
Diabetes 159
Diffuse macular edema, causes of 61
Diskiform scars, evolution to 110
DONFL see Dissociated optical nerve fiber layer (DONFL)
Double layer sign 119
DRIL see Disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL)
Drusenoid detachment 88
Dubious retinopathies 39
Dysplasia 145
E
Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) 165
Edema see also Subretinal fluid
Edematous retina 99
Egg yolk lesion 125
EGS see European Glaucoma Society (EGS)
Elementary optical coherence tomography lesions 49
inner segment junction, alterations of 76
localized lesions of 86
simulating cavities, lesions of 70
lesions of 177
normal 128
simulating cavities, lesions of 67
Emboli 101
Endocarditis 101
Epinephrine 62
ERM see Epiretinal membrane (ERM)
ETDRS see Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS)
Ethambutol 83
European Glaucoma Society (EGS) 159
Extensive lesions of photoreceptors, causes of 71
F
FA see Fluorescein angiography (FA)
Fibrin 134
Fibroglial elements 50
Fibrovascular macular degenerations 17
Fibrovascular tissue 20
Flat retinal surface 50
Flu-like symptoms, mild 135
Focal and diffuse edema 93
Focal edema see also diffuse edema
Focal frosted branch angiitis 136
Foveal asymmetry, causes of 50
Foveal convexity, causes of 50
Foveal hemorrhage 150
Foveal normal reflectivity 118
Foveal peaked elevation, causes of 51
Foveal profile, changes in 50
Frequent diseases 47
Frosted branch vasculitis 135
Full retinal map analysis 3
Fungal granuloma 120
G
Ganglion complex map 43
GCA see Ganglion cell analysis (GCA)
GCC see Ganglion cell complex (GCC)
GC-IPL see Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL)
GCL see Ganglion cell layer (GCL)
Geographic macular degeneration see also Atrophic macular degeneration
Giant cell arteritis 120
classification 159
secondary 160
corticosteroid 160
damage 167
diagnostic flowchart 161
exfoliative 160
iatrogenic 160
lens-induced 160
pathophysiology of 159
pigmentary 160
postsurgical 160
post-traumatic 160
preperimetric 161
progression 159
treatment of 74
uveitic 160
vascular 98
Glaucomatous optic disk 12
Glial tissue 134
Glymphatic system 159
Goldmann-Favre vitreotapetoretinal degeneration 65
Graefe's disk 9
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 120
Griseofulvin 83
H
Hamartoma 62
Harada's disease 55
Hardware evolution 179
Hemorrhagic fevers 100
Hemorrhagic retinal pigment epithelium detachment 109
Henoch–Schönlein purpura 120
Hereditary ataxia 129
Hereditary drusen 128
Hereditary maculopathies 126
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 136
Hodgkin's disease 78
HRT see Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT)
HSV see Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Hydroxychloroquine dystrophy 129
Hyperplasia 82
I
ICG see Indocyanine green (ICG)
ICGA see Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA)
ICP see Intermediate capillary plexus (ICP)
IDE see Initial demyelinating event (IDE)
ILM see Inner limiting membrane (ILM)
Incomplete atrophy see also Complete atrophy
Incomplete outer retinal atrophy (iORA) 107
Incomplete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA) 107
Indomethacin 83
Infarct of nerve fiber layer (INFL) 103
INFL see Infarct of nerve fiber layer (INFL)
Inflammatory choroidal thickening, causes of 120
Inflammatory disorders, thick choroid in 121
Inflammatory lesions 83
Initial demyelinating event (IDE) 169
INL see Inner nuclear layer (INL)
Inner nuclear layer (INL) 169
Interdigitation zone 12
Intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) 103
Internal limiting membrane (ILM) 28
Intraocular lens (IOL) 160
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities 94
Intravitreal antiangiogenic drugs 95
Intravitreal treatment 45
Invasive dye angiography, use of 41
Inverse pigmentary dystrophy 83
IOL see Intraocular lens (IOL)
IOP see Intraocular pressure (IOP)
IORA see Incomplete outer retinal atrophy (iORA)
IPV see Idiopathic polypoidal vasculopathy (IPV)
IRORA see Incomplete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA)
Irreversible visual loss, causes of 159
Ischemic diabetic retinopathy 17
Ischemic vascular alterations 95
Ischemic vein occlusions 97
L
Lamina cribrosa, level of 159
Laser photocoagulation, complications of 79
Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl syndrome 129
Leptospirosis 78
Lesions, extensive 86
Less frequent disorders 125
Limited lesions of photoreceptors, causes of 71
Lipofuscin deposit features 79
Low reflectivity 19
Lymphoblastic leukemia, acute 143
Lymphoma 136
M
Macular cavities, outer 69
Macular cube 26
Macular cube acquisition 25
Macular degeneration with type 1 neovascularization 154
Macular disorders 99
Macular Müller cells 7
Macular retina 131
Macular sclera 117
Malattia leventinese 83
MCI see Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
Metastatic tumor 62
MEWDS see Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)
Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) 168
Microperimetry maps 23
Microvascular occlusions 98
Migraine 101
MIGS see Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS)
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) 169
Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) 169
Mitral valve lesions 101
MMSE see Mini-mental state examination (MMSE)
Morphology 14
MS see Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Müller's end-feet cellular processes 26
Multifocal inflammatory chorioretinal lesions 29
Multiple cross-section scan 3
Multiple myeloma 96
Multiple pseudovitelliform macular degeneration 126
Multipolar cells 8
B-scan, small posterior staphyloma in 91
cavitation space in high 72
macular
acute-onset retinoschisis in 66
retinoschisis in 65
retinoschisis in high 65
Myopic eyes 73
Myopic staphyloma, posterior 116
Myopic traction maculopathy 113
N
Nausea 39
Neovascular endothelial cells 39
classification 176
Neural retina 15
Neurodegenerative diseases 169
Neuroepithelium 22
Neurological disorders 177
Neurosensory retinal detachments 110
NFL see Nerve fiber layer (NFL)
Nidek technologies 5
Nonexudative neovascularization 113
Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) 159
NTG see Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG)
Nuclear and plexiform layers 21
Nuclear layer, outer 11
NV see Neovascularization (NV)
O
OCT see Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
OCTA see Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)
Ocular causes, frequent 100
Ocular contusions 130
Ocular diseases 45
Ocular examination, complete 43
Ocular high pressure 101
Ocular imaging interpretation, stage of 43
Ocular inflammations 131
OHT see Ocular hypertension (OHT)
ON see Optic neuritis (ON)
ONH see Optic nerve head (ONH)
Ophthalmology 39
Optic fiber layer 10
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 7, 13, 16, 25, 39, 41, 43, 49, 93, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 112, 115, 137, 141, 153, 161, 161, 169, 177
analysis 13
and synthesis 179
standard 3
advantage of 41
normal subjects 39
scans 4
anterior segment 160
classification of retinal holes 52
contribution of 175
disorders, frequent 93
dyeless angiography 39
elementary lesions 43
gray scale 3
images assessment 43
imaging, artifacts in 5
in inherited retinal dystrophies 129
interpretation, methods of 1
morphological interpretation of 15
posterior segment 160
prints, standard 5
quantitative
analysis 22
segmentation 23
segmentation 4
structural 119
synthesis and deduction 14
technology 5
Orbit tumors 100
Orbital cellulitis 101
Outer macular cavities, conditions simulating 69
P
PACG see Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG)
PAMM see Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM)
Papilla 72
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) 102
Parallel retinal layers 54
Parasitosis 131
Pars planitis 62
Pattern dystrophy 83
PCV see Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV)
PED see Pigment epithelium detachment (PED)
Peripapillary choroidal cavities 68
Phenothiazine 83
Photoreceptor layer 8
Photoreceptor tips 55
PIC see Punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC)
abnormalities of 25
and external retina, complete atrophy of 175
below 20
cells 9
complete atrophy of 106
detachment of 35
hypertrophy of 82
incomplete atrophy of 176
tears 110
Pigment epithelium detachment (PED) 3, 20, 28, 34, 45, 49, 50, 55, 108, 109, 112, 115, 118, 119, 176
causes of 57
en face morphology and contents 55
features 57
in central serous chorioretinopathy 34
in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 38
Pigment migration 103
PNV see Pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV)
POAG see Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)
Polyarteritis nodosa 143
Polypoid dilations 120
Polypoidal choroidal vascular disease 119
Postcataract surgery syndrome 62
PPE see Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE)
Pre-eclampsia 120
Pre-epithelial neovascular membranes 19
Preretinal and papillary neovascularization, causes of 96
Preretinal hemorrhages, causes of 77
Pseudocell contents 60
Pseudoholes 121
Purtscher syndrome 78
R
Radial macular cysts 61
RAPs see Retinal angiomatous proliferations (RAPs)
Refraction 45
Regional causes, rare 100
Residual retinal tissue 59
Reticular dystrophy see also Sjögren syndrome
and subretinal cystic mass 139
deformation of posterior 15
features, serous elevation of 55
vertical and horizontal structures 7
layers of 150
layers 9
inner 112
lesions inside outer layer of 28
neovascular proliferation on 98
posterior face of 140
retinal layers in normal 4
structures of 59
studying inner 28
vitreous interface alterations 4
Retinal and papillary vascular nets, levels of 41
Retinal angioma 62
Retinal architecture 14
Retinal boundaries, delineating 4
Retinal cells 9
Retinal cystoid edema 111
Retinal deep hemorrhage 76
Retinal diffuse edema 112
Retinal disorders 29
Retinal epitheliopathy, chronic diffuse 62
Retinal extramacular framework 7
Retinal hamartoma 52
Retinal inflammations 39
Retinal microcirculation, model of 103
Retinal midperiphery, causes of decreased thickness in 83
Retinal periphery 129
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 4, 4, 8, 15, 16, 25, 49, 57, 90, 99, 103, 105, 107, 108, 115, 118, 119, 125, 130, 133, 175
cavities below 76
fit Zeiss cirrus 25
tears 110
Retinal scars, causes of 81
Retinal segmentation 26
Retinal splitting in myopia 61
Retinal surgery 62
Retinal swellings 49
Retinal traction 45
Retinal vessels 63
Retinal volume 43
Retrobulbar treatments 45
Retroepithelial neovascular membranes 19
RGCs see Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)
Rickettsia 100
RNFL see Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)
Rod-cone dystrophy 129
RPCP see Radial peripapillary capillary plexus (RPCP)
RPCs see Radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs)
RPE see Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
S
Scleral channels 177
Scleral depression 91
Scleral disorders 177
Scleral lesions 91
Scleroderma 101
SCP see Superficial capillary plexus (SCP)
SD-OCT see Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)
Serous central chorioretinopathy 89
Serous chorioretinopathy, acute 89
Serous detachment 95
Serous elevation of retina, causes of 55
Serous fluid 20
Single genetic deficit 127
SITA see Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (SITA)
Sjögren syndrome 83
Small cystoid edema cavities 19
Small retinal pigment epithelium elevation, differential diagnosis of 57
Solar maculopathy 69
Spherical cells, clusters of 60
Spondylitis and familiar mediterranean fever 120
Spongy edema 95
Stroma, disaggregated 29
Subretinal cavities 41
Subretinal fluid 79
Subretinal formation, differential diagnosis of 141
Subretinal injections 45
Subretinal neovascular membranes, causes of 79
Subretinal neovascularization 52
Syncope 39
Synthesis process 43
Systemic autoimmune diseases, stages of 121
Systemic blood pressures 159
Systemic sclerosis 120
Systemic vascular alterations 159
T
Takayasu arteritis 120
Takayasu syndrome 101
Tangential traction retinal folds 51
Tapetoretinal degeneration 83
TD-OCT see Time domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT)
Temporal artery, superior 100
Terson syndrome 77
Thalassemia 96
Therapeutic intravitreal implants 45
Thick inflammatory choroid 120
Tilted disk 145
Tilted optic disk 146
Tissue damage 34
Toxic lesions 83
Toxocara canis 134
Toxoplasmosis 134
Traction edema 95
Traction maculopathy 96
Traction retinal detachment 98
Translaminar pressure gradient 159
Trauma 130
Tuberculosis 136
Tuberous sclerosis see also Bourneville disease
U
Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) 170
UPDRS see Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS)
V
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) 136
Vascular tissue see also Fibrovascular tissue 20
Vasculitis, causes of 143
Vitelliform macular degeneration 52
Vitelliform stage 125
Vitreal tractions 50
Vitreoretinal traction 50
Vitreous macular adhesion 175
Vomit 39
VZV see Varicella zoster virus (VZV)