Mimics of Epileptic Seizures Ambar Chakravarty
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdominal pain, intermittent severe 180
Absence seizures, childhood absence 223
Acanthocytes 173f
Accidents 239
Achromatopsia 342
Acid-base status 184
Activation procedures, use of 275
Acute gout, attacks of 93
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 33
Addison's disease 20, 305
Adrenal insufficiency 54
Adrenergic antagonists 54
Aerophagia 310
Aggressive behavior disorders 254
Agoraphobia 319
Akinesia 351
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy 185
Alcohol withdrawal 54, 79
Alkalosis 315
Alpers disease 63
Alternating leg
movements activity 134
muscle activity 129, 132
Alzheimer's disease 196, 250
American Academy of Neurology 115
American Academy of Sleep Medicine 133
American Epilepsy Society 212
American Psychiatric Association 22
Amiodarone 296
Amitriptyline 115
Amnesia 295
selective 234
Amphetamines 325
Amygdala 320
Amyloid spells 91
Amyloidosis 54t
Anarthria 278
Anemia 305
Anger, sysfunctional handling of 222
Angiography, susceptibility-weighted 193
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 28
Anosmia 30
Anoxic epileptic seizures 21, 50
Anoxic paroxysmal event 19
Anoxic seizures 26
Antecollis syndrome 172
Anterior cingulate cortex, insula 267
Antidepressants 20, 296
Antidiuretic hormone 53
Antiepileptic drugs 30, 107, 182, 204207, 256, 267, 271, 354
Antimigraine medications 170
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 195
Antiseizure medications, discontinuation of 214
Antisocial personality disorder 250
Antithyroglobulin antibody 195
Anti-thyroperoxidase 195
Anxiety 306, 310, 311
anticipatory 319
reduce 219
Aphasia 110
Apprehension 310
Arrhythmia 20, 329
cardiac 271, 279, 294
ventricular 296
Arterial blood gas 39
Arteriovenous malformation 114, 338
Arthritis 299
Astasia abasia 242
Asthma 325
Asystole, ventricular 38
Ataxia 114
Atonic seizure 292, 296
Atrioventricular block 20, 296
Attack 92
duration of 92
epileptic 264
hysterical 242
hysteroepileptic 238
precipitation of typical 23
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 79, 133, 264
Aura, duration of 110
Autism spectrum disorder 261
Autoimmune encephalitis 86, 174
Automatisms 110
Autonomic failure 20
Autosomal dominant
disorder 167
frontal lobe epilepsy 230
Azithromycin 296
B
Ballismus 143
Basal cistern arteries 103f
Basal ganglia 265
disorders 293
Basal ganglionic problem 302
Bedwetting 145
Behavioral changes 279
Behavioral disorders 26
Benign paroxysmal
migraine 260
positional vertigo 329
tonic upgaze 27
torticollis 27, 290
vertigo 27, 329, 330
Benzodiazepines 83, 140, 258, 316
withdrawal 79
Beta-blockers 20, 54, 181
Bickerstaff migraine 339
Bilateral basal ganglia 185f
calcification 186f
Bilevel positive airway pressure 162
Binocular full-field illusions 341
Binocular hemi-field illusions 336
Biogenic amines 188
Biotin dependent multiple carboxylase deficiency 312
Bipolar disorder 250, 266
Bizarre movement 176
Blackouts, attacks of 38
Blood
loss 48
pressure 296, 322
diastolic 37, 45
low 43
monitoring 21
Bobble headed doll syndrome 289
Body movements, physiological 129
Borderline personality disorder 250
Bradyarrhythmias 296
Brain 103f
abnormal 348
computed tomography scans of 185f
damage 248
defective 236
disorder, stuttering 196
dysfunction, underlying 232
fog 306
imaging 18
injury 251
traumatic 232
MRI of 103f
plain computed tomography scan of 183f, 186f
structures 324
Brain's circulation and chemistry 223
Brainstem
features 114
strokes 312
tumors 312
Breath
holding
attacks 26
spells 260, 356
shortness of 318
Breathing exercises 316
Briquet's syndrome 218, 236
Brodmann area 58
Bronchospasm 184, 189
Brugada syndrome 296
Bupropion 170
C
Calcium channel blockers 54
Camptocormia syndrome 172
Cancer 232
Capillary blood glucose 39
Carbamazepine 115, 310
Carcinoid syndrome 188, 325
Cardiac disease 294
Cardiac output 45, 322
Cardiac valvular lesions 189
Cardiorespiratory arrests 279
Cardiovascular testing 295
Carotid
artery, right internal 100f
baroreceptors 53
massage 21f
unilateral 223
Occlusion Surgery Study 101
sinus
hypersensitivity 296
nerve of Hering 36
syncope 21, 36
syndrome 20
Carpopedal spasm 184
Cataplectic attacks 288
Cataplectic facies 304
Cataplexy 260, 288, 298, 304
diagnosis of 304
Catathrenia 129, 136
Caudate-putaminal regions 193
Ceftazidime 170
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 30
Central blood volume 45
Central nervous system 29, 44, 180, 192, 349
Centrotemporal spikes 114, 147, 159, 275, 277, 278, 285, 287, 290
generation 282
Cephalic aura 279
Cerebellar
ataxia 172, 350
degeneration 294
disorders 293
syndrome 172
Cerebellum 249
Cerebral
artery, anterior 91
blood flow 322
cortex 265
diplopia 337
disorders 293
edema 183f
hypoperfusion 294
ischemia 92, 106
lymphoma, primary 312
metamorphopsia 336
territory, bilateral anterior 297
Cerebrospinal fluid 29, 195, 197, 283, 298, 349
study 93
Cerebrovascular disease 294
Cerebrovascular disorders 89, 106
Cervical spondylosis 294
Chapeau De gendarme sign 60
Charcot's pupils 239
Charcot's tuesday lesson 237f
Chest discomfort 318
Chiasmal tumors 261
Childhood epilepsy 112, 340
syndromes 356
Childhood movement disorders 304
Chorea 128, 143
ballism 193
benign hereditary 304
Choreoathetosis, infantile 265
Chronic dizziness 330
Chvostek's signs 184
Classical frontal lobe seizure 355
Claustrophobic anxiety 223
Clobazam 230
Cocaine 325
Coffin–Lowry syndrome 260
Cognitive behavioral therapy 214, 244, 267, 320
Cognitive dysfunction 306, 348
frequency of 348
Cognitive impairment 299
Cognitive theory 319
Common paroxysmal motor disorders 130f
Common seizure mimics, age wise distribution of 257t
Completely penetrant traits 276
Complex partial seizures 19, 97, 124, 248, 340
differential diagnosis of 249
Complex visual hallucination 280
Compulsion 80
Compulsive valsalva 26
Conduction defects 38
Confusion 180
recurrent episodes of 93
Confusional arousals 129, 138, 139f, 263
Conscious awareness 219
Consciousness 90, 110
causes of transient loss of 319
decreased level of 114
disturbances of 247
loss of 21, 271, 292, 295
Contactin-associated protein-like 2 174
Continuous positive airway pressure 136
Continuous spike wave pattern during sleep 159
Conversion disorder 228, 232, 243, 244
development of 232
diagnosis of 218t
pathophysiology of 243
Convulsions syndrome 265
Coronavirus disease 2019 28, 31, 33, 35
infection 30
acute neurological complications of 30b
Cortical spreading depression 116
Corticospinal fibers 294
Cough 20, 53
syncope 54, 296
COVID-19 28, 29, 194
infection 30, 34, 35
pandemic 31
C-reactive protein 191
Creatine phosphokinase 191
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 174, 195
Crouch gait syndrome 172
Cryptogenic drop attacks 298
Cushing syndrome 325
Cyclic vomiting syndrome 306
D
Death, fear of 314
Deglutition 20
Dehydration 192, 299, 305
Delusional seizure 335
Dementia 196, 342
frontotemporal 196
Demyelinating disorders 349
Demyelination 197
Depression 79, 266, 306
Depressive disorder, major 250
Diabetes mellitus 48, 54, 183b
type 1 183
type 2 192
Dialeptic psychogenic nonepileptic seizures 204
Diaphoresis 184
Diarrhea 189
Different epilepsy syndromes, association of 118b
Diffusion tensor imaging 98
Diffusion-weighted imaging 193
Digital subtraction angiogram 104f
Diplopia 114, 310
Discharging epileptic neuron 348
Discontinuous seizure activity 23
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder 250
Dissociative disorders 146, 243
Diuretics 20, 54
Diurnal movements 141
Dizziness 180, 181, 189, 305, 310, 315, 327, 328, 350
chronic subjective 330
history of 330
Dizzy spells 269
Doose syndrome 296
Down's syndrome 105
Dravet syndrome 79, 172
Drop attacks 93, 292, 304, 323
causes of 293, 293b
Drugs 20
Dry mouth 310, 318
Duchenne dystrophy, advanced 286
Dysarthria 114, 350
Dyskinesias 358
Dyspnea 322
Dyspraxia, developmental 276
Dysthymic disorder 266
Dystonia 128, 143
Dystonic body movement 259
Dystonic spasms 260
E
Ear lobules 272
Early infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 63
Ear-nose-throat 331
Ecstasy 66, 119
Ecstatic auras 66
Ecstatic epilepsy
mechanisms of 70
symptoms of 70
Edema 197
Electric shock-like movements 22
Electrocardiogram 19, 49
Electrocardiography, signal-averaged 54
Electroencephalogram 126, 161, 206, 211, 274, 275, 278, 281, 285
intrinsic dynamic evolution of 275
Electroencephalography 18, 24, 32, 33, 49, 59, 63, 84f, 87f, 91, 109, 113, 165, 290
Electrolyte imbalance 296
Electromyography 130, 132, 166, 290, 356
Electrophysiology laboratory, functioning of 32
Elevated serum prolactin 212
Emotional disturbances 311
Emotional traumas 232
Emotional triggers 23
Encephalitis 30, 84f, 312
Encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated 29, 349
Encephalopathy, causes of 195
Endocrine disorders 180
Endolymphatic pressure, rise of 332
Enuresis nocturna 145
Epilepsia partialis continua 192, 171, 196
Epilepsy 7, 12, 17, 30, 32, 57, 63, 107, 107b, 110, 110t, 118120, 126, 159, 162, 169, 213, 228, 232, 251, 271, 274, 275, 318, 327, 328, 330
autonomic 277
benign 277, 285, 287
childhood 147, 277, 281, 290
myoclonic 79
occipital 283
rolandic 114, 275
borderland of 7, 168, 309
causes of 118
childhood absence 79, 275
co-existent 207, 208
defense 252, 253
diagnosis of 269, 276
differential diagnosis of 271
earlier idiopathic 356
effects of sleep on 158
focus on 269
genetic generalized 356
imitators 26
incidence of 273
mechanisms of 127
prevalence of 249
primary generalized 208, 356
probability of 273
psychosocial complications of 252
reviews of 252
syndrome 113t, 172
seizure subtype in 356
types of 211
Epileptic auras 110, 329
diagnosis of 330
Epileptic condition 252
Epileptic discharges 333
Epileptic disorders 79b
Epileptic drop attacks 296
Epileptic generalized tonic-clonic seizures 51
Epileptic phenomenon 249, 325
Epileptic rage 251
Epileptic seizures 21, 51, 64, 96, 163, 210f, 224, 225, 227, 229, 253, 266t, 309, 329, 332, 347
cerebrovascular mimics of 89
diagnosis of 17, 271
endocrine mimics of 180
metabolic mimics of 180
mimics of 166, 256
nomenclature of 70
occurrence of 173
partial 108
psychiatric mimics of 246, 251
true 231
unusual 354
Epileptic spasms 304
Epileptic syndromes 112t
Epileptic vertigo 327, 329, 330
differential diagnosis of 329b
Epileptic visual aura, localizing value of 341
Epileptiform
activity 348
discharges 211
electroencephalogram 256
frequency of 273, 274
seizure discharges, true 228
Episodes 261, 271
acute disseminated 330
duration of 257
Episodic ataxia 27, 118
Episodic bradycardia, diagnosis of 295
Episodic dyscontrol 248, 249, 252
frequency of 248
organic correlates of 248
seizure 248
syndrome 246
current nosological status of 249
Episodic flushing 189
Episodic memory loss and fugues 41
Episodic vestibular symptoms 327
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 191
Exaggerated head-retraction reflex 258
Exaggerated thoracic breathing 311
Excessive fragmentary myoclonus 129, 132, 136
Exhaustion 310
Exploding head syndrome 129, 134
Extrapyramidal disease 302
Eye
closure
during unresponsiveness 23
sensitivity 79
deviation 285
fluttering 23
opening, resistance to 23
Eyelid myoclonia 64, 78, 79, 79b
F
Faciobrachial dystonic seizures 62, 168
Faciomandibular myoclonus 129, 137
Fahr's disease 173
Faintness 295, 310
feeling of 180
Faints 8
Falls
and drop attacks 292
causes of 293
Familial hemiplegic migraine 27, 115, 118, 118b
Fatal familial insomnia 144
Fatal illness 314
Fatigability 310
Fatigue syndrome, chronic 306
Febrile seizures plus syndrome 118
Fencing posture 58, 60f, 230
Fentanyl 170
Fever 299
Flaccidity, prolonged 202
Flunarizine 115
Focal aware seizure 324
Focal facial seizure 282
Focal seizures 109
automatisms of 171
Focal sharp waves 275
Foot and leg movements, stages of 302f
Fortification 337
Fossa tumors, posterior 297, 329
Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity 195
Frontal lobe
epilepsy 151, 202, 262t, 333
seizures 57
Functional disorders 349
Functional neurological disorders 304
Fyodor Dostoevsky's ecstatic experiences 67
Fyodor Dostoevsky's gambling and insular functions 69
G
Galen's teachings 235
Galen's treatment 235
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 116, 117
consumption of 192
metabolism of 183
Gastroesophageal reflux 259, 356
disease 289
Gastrointestinal aura 110
Gastrointestinal disorders, functional 306
Gaucher disease 63
Gaze-evoked nystagmus 328
Generalized epilepsy 118
seizure 108
Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges 83
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure 18, 62, 86, 118, 170, 185f, 195, 202
Genetic paroxysmal dyskinesia 163
Genitalia 241
Genome-wide association studies 118
Geriatric seizure mimics 39
Giddiness 310
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome 142
Glasgow coma scale 114
Global myocardial ischemia 20
Glucose transporter type 1 164
Gowers contributions 3
Gowers on
epilepsy 5
psychogenic seizures 14
Grand mal seizures 57
Growth hormone
deficiency 182
excess of 188
Guillain–Barré syndrome 30, 286
H
Hallucinations 26, 310, 335337, 341
Hallucinogenic street drugs 341
Hashimoto's encephalopathy 174, 188, 195, 196, 198
Head drop 172, 286, 288
intermittent 286
Head injury 32, 248
Head trauma 250
Headache 93, 107, 108, 108f, 112, 120, 123, 306, 310
hemicranial 123f
resolves immediately after seizure 108
Head-up tilt table test 40, 47, 223, 258
Health professionals, compulsion of 256
Hearing
impairment 330
loss 330
Heart
block, third-degree 294
disease, congenital 20
failure 232
insufficient pumping action of 20
rate 44, 296
Hemianesthesia, hysterical 242
Hemianopic visual field defect 336
Hemiballismus 128
Hemicrania epileptica 108
Hemifacial spasm 128, 143
Hemiplegia 27, 182, 238, 242
Hemisensory loss 242
Hemispheric spikes, left 230
Hemoglobin, glycated 191
Hemorrhage 20
Heschl's gyrus 109
High seizure frequency 23
Huntington disease 63
HV syndrome 312, 313
Hydrocephalus 297
Hydroxychloroquine 296
Hyperactive reflex 37
Hypercarbia 53
Hypercyanotic spells 26
Hyperekplexia 27, 128, 143, 165, 257, 258
Hyperglycemia 182
severe 192
Hyperinsulinism, endogenous 182
Hypermotor seizures 58, 333
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 191, 192
Hyperosmolar plasma 192
Hyperphosphatemia 185
Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome 37
Hyperthermia, malignant 312
Hyperthyroidism 187, 305
Hyperventilation 212, 309, 312, 322
causes of 313
physiological effects of 315
physiologically inappropriate 309
syncope 26
syndrome 309, 310, 322
clinical manifestations 309
treatment of 316
Hypnagogic foot tremor 129, 132, 134
Hypnagogic jerks 26
Hypnic jerks 129, 130
Hypnosis, usefulness of 224
Hypnotic paralysis 244
Hypoacusis 114
Hypocalcemia 184, 185, 315
acute
signs of 184
symptoms of 184
chronic 184, 187
Hypocapnea 315, 322
Hypoglycemia 180, 182, 315, 325
associated autonomic failure 181
biochemical 181
causes 181
clinical presentation 181
mimicking epileptic seizure 182
risk factors 181
Hypokalemia 315
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 286
Hypoparathyroidism 184
Hypotension 294, 295
Hypothalamus 249
Hypothyroidism 188
subclinical 197
Hypovolemia 20, 53
Hypoxia 53
Hypoxic paroxysmal event 19
Hysteria 221, 228, 234, 235, 243, 312
coexistence of 228
conceptualizing 242
conversion 314
explanations of 235
frequency of 236
kinds of 236
neurological examination for 238
present day concept of 243
sexual factors of 221
traumatic 242
treatment of 236
Hysterical signs, history of 242
Hysterics, diagnosis of 237
Hysteroepilepsy 229, 238
Hysteroid convulsion 231
I
Ictal behavior change 285
Ictal blindness 280
Ictal crying and stuttering 202
Ictal discharge 232
Ictal epileptic headache 108, 109
Ictal fear 320t, 323
Ictal heart rate 202
Ictal pout sign 60f
Ictal speech 61
Ictal vocalization 202
Ictus 356
emeticus 283, 285
Idiopathic childhood
epilepsy, late-onset 113, 115
occipital epilepsy
early onset 113
of Gastaut 115, 280, 285
Idiopathic generalized epilepsy with
phantom absences 79
tonic-clonic seizures 79
Idiopathic occipital lobe epilepsy 79
Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension 54
Idiopathic photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy 79, 113
Idiopathic syndromes 275
Illusions 336
Illusory spread 336
Implantable loop recorder 21
Imposed upper airways obstruction 26
Incongruous movements 176
Infantile
masturbation 259
tremor syndrome 261
Inferior frontal gyrus 267
Inflammatory demyelination, episode of 349
Inflammatory encephalopathy 342
Inflammatory muscle diseases 286
Insufficient circulatory volume 20
Insufficient vascular tone 20
Insula, role of 119
Insular epilepsy 332
diagnosis of 332
Intellectual disability 261
Intellectual impairment 185
Intensified hypnic jerks 129, 130, 132
Intensive care unit 51
Intercarotid nerve of de Castro 36
Interictal discharges 357
Intermittent explosive disorder 252
Intermittent photic stimulation 75, 75f
Internal carotid artery disease 102
International Classification of Diseases 22, 218
International Classification of Headache Disorders Classification 108
International Headache Society Classification 114
International Human Cell Atlas Group 29
International League Against Epilepsy 57, 108, 252
classification of seizures 58fc, 59fc
nomenclature 272
Intravenous saline injection 224
Ischemia 296
Ischemic attacks, vertebrobasilar transient 339
Ischemic lesions 197
J
Jeavons syndrome 64
Jerking activity, bilateral 23
Jitteriness 27, 257
Joubert syndrome 312
Juvenile absence epilepsy 79
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 79, 166, 207, 296
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 63
K
Ketoacidosis, diabetic 192
Ketotic hyperglycemia 183
Kidney disease, chronic 182
Kinetogenic epilepsy 78
Krebs cycle 192
L
Lacosamide 230
Lactic acidosis 115
Lady's hyperglycemia 192
Lafora disease 63
Lance–Adams syndrome 85, 166, 170
Landau–Kleffner syndrome 61, 159
Lange–Nielsen syndrome 51
Language
and speech disorders 61
negative symptoms 61
positive symptoms 61
symptoms 114
Laryngismus stridulus 184
Laryngospasm 184
Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 63
Left heart output, low 295
Leg movements, high-frequency 132
Legs moving toes syndrome
painful 132
painless 132
Leigh's disease 165
Lennox–Gastaut syndrome 147, 296
Lesions 304
Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 62, 168
Levetiracetam 230
Levodopa 54
Lewy body dementia 196
Lightheadedness, symptoms of 295
Limb
paralysis, episodes of 180
shaking transient ischemic attack 99, 101
Limbic encephalitis 86
Local anesthesia 333
Long QT
and cardiac syncope 26
syndrome 20, 21, 304, 325, 329
Lorazepam 85
Lower body negative pressure 45
Lower limb 258
weakness 299
Lysergic acid 341
Lyssophobia 314
M
Magnetic resonance imaging scan 120
Magnetoencephalography 357
Marijuana-induced tachycardia 325
Mayo clinic series 293
McLeod syndrome 173, 173f
Medial motor system 294
Melatonin 140
Memory loss 305
Ménière's disease 297, 330332
Menopausal hot flashes 188
Mental defense 217
Mental disorders 70, 242
diagnostic and Statistical Manual of 218
diagnostic manual of 22, 200, 234
statistical manual of 22, 200
Mental retardation 276
Mental state, abnormal 342
Mesial frontal lobe seizures 230
Mesial temporal lobe seizures 61
Mesiotemporal lobe 69
Metabolic disorders 180
Metabolic encephalopathy 85, 342
Metabolic myopathies 286
Micturition 20
syncope 296
Middle cerebral artery 91
trunk of 104f
Migraine 12, 27, 89, 92, 107, 108, 110, 110t, 112, 114, 115, 117b, 118, 124, 261, 265, 284t, 337
associated disorders 27
aura 110
classic 340
basilar 114, 339
brain, concept of 117f
epilepsy syndromes 115
epileptic 108
features of 108
headache 108
like features 113t
linking 119
sufferers 339
syndrome 172
triggered seizures 108
visual aura of 338
with aura 108
Migrainous phenomenon 93
Migralepsy 108, 122
Mimic epileptic seizure 322
Mimic epileptiform discharges 276
Minimal brain dysfunction 248
Mitichondrial disorders 115, 287
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy 115
Momentary flashing lights 310
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 54, 170
Mood disorders 266
Morvan's disease 174
Motor pathways, lateral 294
Motor phenomena 304
characteristics of 131t
Motor signs 292
Movement disorders 163, 168, 169, 171, 193, 265, 288
mimics 163
Moyamoya disease 103, 105
Moyamoya syndrome 105
Moyamoya vessels, typical 104f
Multifocal cortical myoclonus 166
Multiple cerebral infarctions 54
Multiple sclerosis 54, 232, 347, 349
Multiple sleep latency testing 144
Multiple system atrophy 20, 48, 54, 287
Muscle
atonia, physiological 129
spasm 315
tone
control of 294
episodes of bilateral loss of 304
Muscular dystrophies 286
Myasthenia gravis 198
Myoclonic absences 63
Myoclonic astatic
epilepsy 290, 296
seizures 304
Myoclonic epilepsy 63, 290
progressive 63b, 79, 171
severe 79
Myoclonic jerks 62, 85, 92
Myoclonic seizures 62, 275
Myoclonic status 79
Myoclonus 165
benign 27, 259
cortical 166
forms of 142
Myositis 30
N
Narcolepsy 144, 260
cataplexy 26
Nausea 306, 310
Neck muscles, negative myoclonus of 287
Neonatal sleep myoclonus 257
Nervousness 310
Neural inflammation 348
Neurally mediated syncope 43
Neurobiological aspects 219
Neurocardiogenic syncope 294
Neurodegenerative diseases 86
Neuroendocrine tumors 188
Neurofibromatosis type 105
Neurogenic pulmonary 312
Neuroglycopenic symptoms 181
Neuroinflammation 348
Neurologic observations 234
Neurologic symptoms 315
Neurological disease 316
Neurological disorders 232, 261
Neurological examination 242
Neurological presentations 192
Neurological status 18
Neurological syncope 26
Neuromuscular disorders 293
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 287
Neuronal networks, deactivation of 328
Neuropathy
alcohol-related 54
autonomic 305
diabetic 20
Neurophysiology 244
Neuropsychological assessments 267
Niemann–Pick disease 304
Night mares 230, 264
Night terror 24, 230, 264
Nitrates 54
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 174
Nocturnal attacks 319
Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy 24, 24t, 126, 149t, 159, 171
Nocturnal ictal predominance 230
Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia 147f, 148
Non-acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome 279
Non-beta-cell tumors 182
Nonconvulsive status 93
epilepticus 82, 83, 84f, 87, 87f
diagnostic criteria 82
mimickers 84
mimics of 82
Nonepileptic head drops 27
Nonepileptic intermittent head drops 288
Nonepileptic seizures 26, 225, 227229
Non-ketotic hyperglycemia 183, 183f, 287
Nonprofessional hypnosis 224
Nonprogressive encephalopathies 79
Non-rapid eye movement 23, 24, 127, 129, 132, 150, 262
parasomnias 24, 138
Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis 198
Normal maturational changes 275
Nosophobia 314
Numbness 310
Nutritional deficiencies 54
Nystagmus, epileptic 328
O
Obsessive compulsive disorder 79, 264
Obstructive cardiomyopathy 20
Obstructive sleep apnea 128, 143, 150
syndrome 93, 160
Occipital epilepsy 112, 281
Occipital paroxysms 340
Occipital seizures 284t
Occipito-parieto-temporal
lesions 336, 338, 340
lobe 337
region 336
Occurrence during clinic visits 23
Oculomotor features 280
Ophthalmic artery 91
Opisthotonus 209
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome 27
Orbitofrontal cortex 333
Orgasmic seizures 66
Oropharyngolaryngeal symptoms 278, 285
Orthostasis 304
Orthostatic hypotension 20, 54t, 295, 296
Orthostatic hypotensive syncope 54
Orthostatic intolerance 26, 305, 322
Orthostatic stress, physiology of 305
Otolithic crisis 297
Out-of-body experiences 26
Ovarian region 238
Ovarian sign, classic 238
Oxcarbazepine 115, 230, 231
Oxygen saturation 39
P
Pain, functional abdominal 306
Palatal myoclonus 142
Palinacousis 91
Palinopsia 91, 337
Paliopia 337
Palpitation 181, 305
Panayiotopoulos syndrome 21, 275, 277, 279, 282
Panic attack 26, 309, 318, 320t, 322, 324
Panic disorder 226, 318, 319
Parasomnias 26, 148, 149t, 151, 256, 262, 262t
classification of 262fc
Parathyroid hormone 185
Paresthesia 110, 181, 184, 315
Parkinson's disease 54, 142, 173
Paroxysmal choreoathetosis 182, 351
Paroxysmal disorders, types of 274
Paroxysmal dyskinesias 64, 163, 288
Paroxysmal events 257
mimicking epileptic seizure 19
occurring during sleep 22
Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia 26, 64, 163
Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 27
Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia 64
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia 26, 64, 118, 163
Paroxysmal movement disorder 26, 163, 176, 349, 351
Paroxysmal nonepileptic events 358
diagnosis of 358
Paroxysmal nonepileptic seizures 256
Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia 26, 64, 163, 164
Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dystonia 350
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 20
Paroxysmal symptoms 350
Paroxysmal tonic upgaze 259
Paroxysms, hysterical 241
Partial arousals, disorders of 129, 138
Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome 264
Pelvic thrusting 266
Periodic lateralized
discharges 33
epileptic 359
epileptiform discharges 83
Periodic leg movements 26
Periodic limb movement 129, 132, 133, 135, 135f
disorder 136
Perioral muscles 304
Perioral myoclonia 64
Perioral numbness 184
Periorbital integrated potentials 129
Peripheral neuromuscular irritability 184
Peripheral vestibular disorders 328
Pernicious anemia 198
Petit mal 231
Phasic muscle bursts 129
Phenobarbitone 310
Phenothiazines 54, 296
Phenotype 185
Phenytoin 310
Pheochromocytoma 187, 325
Photic stimulation 212, 266
Photoparoxysmal response 75f
Photosensitivity 79
Physical disorders 242
Physical status 18
Physiotherapy 316
Pilomotor seizures 61
Pisa syndrome 172
Placing vibrating tuning fork 212
Plasma volume, low 48
Polypeptides 188
Polysomnography 24, 130, 132
Polytherapy 354
Poor glycemic control 192
Positive motor features 214
Positive occipital sharp transients 160
Post-faint hypotension, prolonged 46
Postgastric bypass surgery 180
Post-hypoxic action myoclonus 85
Posthypoxic encephalopathy 85
Postictal headache 108, 124
Postictal sexual behavior 71
Postictal state, absence of 23
Postinfectious acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 30
Postinfectious brainstem encephalitis 30
Postprandial syncope 53, 296
Post-traumatic stress disorder 128, 146, 150
Postural hypotension 294
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome 305
Postural tachycardia syndrome 189, 322
Posture maintenance, physiology of 294
Prader–Willi syndrome 304
Precentral and central sulcus 244
Preictal behavior changes 23
Presurgical evaluation 357
Prion disease 174
Procainamide 296
Procedural memory 219
Proline-rich transmembrane protein 118
Propranolol 115
Propriospinal myoclonus 129, 134
Pros and cons 223
Prostaglandins 188
Pseudocoma 205f
Pseudohypoparathyroidism 185, 186f
with seizures 185
Pseudo-pseudo seizure 229
Pseudoseizures, induction of 208f
Pseudosleep 23
Pseudostatus, recurrent 214
Psychiatric conditions 219
Psychiatric disorders 26, 232
Psychiatric evaluation and counselling 209
Psychiatric observations 234
Psychodynamic psychotherapy, role of 213
Psychogenic disorders 349
Psychogenic elaboration 232
Psychogenic movement disorder 176, 177
Psychogenic nonepileptic
attacks 214
events 73, 202t, 205, 244
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizure 18, 23b, 72, 176, 177, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 209, 210, 227, 265, 319, 359
clinical features 201
diagnosis of 210, 211, 213, 220, 354
distinguishing features of 266t
epidemiology 200
induction of 212
pathophysiology 201
psychopathology of 217
semiological classification of 203t, 204t, 266f
Psychogenic paroxysmal event 22
Psychogenic seizures 221, 265
Psychological disorders 26
Psychosis 180, 266, 342
Psychotherapy 244
Psychotic disorder 250
Psychotropic drug use 299
Psychotropic medicines 244
Pulmonary embolism 20, 313
Pure autonomic failure 20
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex deficiency 164
deficiency syndrome 312
Q
Quinidine 296
Quinine 181
Quinolones 181
R
Rage 251
reactions 26, 252
Rapid eye movement 59, 127, 129, 140, 148, 150, 260
behavior disorder 129
parasomnias 140
phasic 129
sleep disorders 26
Rapid fire explosion 152
Rasmussen's encephalitis 172
Raynaud's phenomenon 310
Reflex
anoxic seizures 26, 43, 49
epilepsy 78
seizures 70
somatosensory seizures 333
syncope 20, 295
vestibular epilepsy, diagnosis of 329
Relaxed wakefulness 129
Respiration 322
Respiratory syndrome, severe acute 28
Responsiveness 258
Restless legs syndrome 128, 129
Retinal symptoms 114
Rett's syndrome 261, 312
Reye syndrome 312
Rhythmic body movements 211
Rhythmic leg movements 132
Rhythmic midtemporal theta 276
Rhythmic movement disorder 129, 133
Rhythmic spikes 211
Ribonucleic acid 28
Right heart filling, low 295
Rolandic epilepsy 113, 278, 282
diagnostic of 278
Romano–Ward syndrome 51
Rubbery feeling 295
S
Sandhoff disease 63
Sandifer syndrome 27, 259, 289, 356
Sarcoidosis 198
Scalp hematoma 230
Scapula-peroneal dystrophies 286
School-related anxieties 266
Scintillating scotoma 337
Sclerosing panencephalitis, subacute 174
Seizure 50, 57, 66, 70, 71, 89, 108, 115, 118, 171, 192, 196, 283, 292, 296, 335, 347, 349
affective 62
atypical absence 63, 63t
autonomic 283
benign familial infantile 164
characterization of 355
classification of 355
complex partial 356
diagnosis 17, 18, 28
ecstatic 66
electrographic 211
endocrine causes of 190
evaluation of 28, 180
history of 251
manage coexistent 232
manifestations 23
metabolic causes of 190
mimicry 282
mimics 34, 64, 256, 258, 259, 264
majority of 256
nocturnal 147
occurrence of 347
frequency of 348
onset and duration 279
orgasm-induced 70
partial 340
phase of generalized 17
self-induced 75, 79
semiology, complexity of 333
simple partial 232, 356
simulate 180
true 212
types of 228
typical absence 63, 63t
unusual 57
generalized 62
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 45, 130, 170, 214, 260, 307, 320
Self-gratification 26, 259
behavior 356
Senses 304
Sensitive diagnosis 267
Sensorineural hearing loss 331
Sensorium 192
Sensory
signs 292
symptoms 351
Septic encephalopathies 85
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 170, 320
Serotonin syndrome 170
Serum prolactin 18
Sexsomnia 144
Sexual activity, lack of 235
Sexual connotation 72
Shaky history 269
Sheldon's description 302
Shuddering attacks 259
Shy–Drager syndrome 54
Sialidoses 63
Sickle cell disease 105
Sighing dyspnea 310
Single epileptic seizure 273
Sinus
arrest 21f, 38
bradycardia 38
Sjögren's syndrome 198
Skeletal abnormalities 185
Sleep 160
architecture 159
behavior disorder 59, 140, 141f, 148, 149t
benign epileptiform transients of 160, 276
bruxism 129, 137
deprivation
duration of 160
effects of 159
disorder 13, 126, 159, 256, 306
disturbance 310
drunkenness 263
in seizure diagnosis, utility of 158
like states 342
mechanisms of 127
motor disorders of 135
myoclonus 256
benign 26, 129, 138, 258
paralysis, recurrent isolated 129
parasomnia 24t, 230
persisting in 128
terrors 129, 140
Sleep-related
conditions 26
eating disorder 129, 139
hypermotor epilepsy 126, 147
movement disorders 127, 130
classification of 128b
panic attacks 128, 145
psychiatric conditions 145
rhythmic movement disorders 26
seizures 148
Sleeptalking 129b
Sleep-wake transition, disorders of 130
Sleepwalking 129b, 138
Sneeze 20
Sodium valproate 77, 230, 310
Somatic-psychic continuum of morbid anxiety 315
Somatoform disorders, diagnosis of 244
Somatosensory
auras 333
stimulation 282
Somnambulism 24, 230
Spasmus nutans 27, 261
Speech 258
arrest 278, 282
symptoms 114
testing 61
Sphenoidal electrode 147
Spinal myoclonus 27
Spinocerebellar ataxias 173
Spontaneous remissions 176
Spontaneous syncope 20
Stagnant hypoxia 323
Standard antiepileptic drug therapy 195
Status dystonicus 167
Status epilepticus 82, 348
absence 64
autonomic 283
convulsive 195
Stereotyped motor semiology 211
Stereotyped seizure pattern 230
Steroid 192
therapy 192
Stertorous breathing 202
Stigma, reduce 213
Stigmata 235, 239
Storage disorders 287
Stroke 30
history of 299
like episodes 115
posterior circulation 92
volume 45
Structural cardiac disease 20
Subcortical myoclonus 166
Subcortical segmental myoclonus 128
Sudden episodes 260
Sudden infant death syndrome, risk of 258
Sudden sensory-neural hearing loss 330
Sudden unexpected death 162
Sunflower syndrome 77, 79
Supplementary motor area 57, 229
Supranuclear palsy, progressive 298
Supraorbital electrode 147
Supraspinal control 294
Sweating 180, 181, 310, 315
Swoon attacks 226
Sydenham's chorea 304
Symptomatic palatal tremor 128
Syncopal attacks 53, 279
Syncope 19, 26, 43, 53, 55, 55b, 56, 264, 292, 294, 301, 332
cardiac 295, 296
cardiogenic 51
classification of 20b, 295b
Syringobulbia 312
Systemic lupus erythematosus 198
Systemic vascular resistance 45
Systolic blood pressure 38, 45
T
Tabes dorsalis 54
Tachyarrhythmia 296
Tachycardia 279, 310, 315
ventricular 20, 296
Tamponade, cardiac 20
Tantrums 26, 251
Tay–Sachs disease 63
Teichopsia 338
Telemedicine, role of 33
Temper tantrums 249
Temporal lobe epilepsy 60, 61, 248, 251, 252, 324, 333
Temporoperisylvian vestibular cortex 327
Tension 310
type 108
Terminal hypotension and syncope 46
Tetany 184, 315
Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies 63
Thalamic hemorrhage 312
Thanatophobia 314
Theophylline 260
Thoracic respiration 147
Thyroid 197
autoantibodies 195
cancer, medullary 189
stimulating hormone 195
Tics 26, 128, 142, 264
Tinnitus 114, 310
Tirades 249
Todd's paralysis 101
Tongue 304
biting 214, 258
movements, phasic 129
Tonic seizures 17, 357
Tonic-clonic
movements 337
seizures 269
Topographic agnosia 343
Torticollis, benign infantile 288
Tourette syndrome 79, 128
Toxic encephalopathies 85
Tramadol 170
Transient global amnesia 96, 97b
Transient ischemic attacks 20, 89, 292, 297, 312, 336, 349
Transient repetitive involuntary movements 101
Tremor 128, 142, 181, 315
Tricyclic antidepressants 54, 170
Trigeminal neuralgia 350
Triggers attacks 90
Triiodothyronine, low 188
Triptans 170
Trousseau's signs 184
Tumarkin otolithic crisis 297, 330
Tumerkin's crisis 332
Tumerkin's otolithic crisis 332
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 30
Tumoral epilepsy 358
U
Unsteadiness 310
Unverricht–Lundborg disease 63
Upper limbs 258
Urinary incontinence 20, 202
V
Vagal attacks 9
Valproate 231
Valsalva 20
maneuver 51
Valvular disease 20
Vasodilators 48, 54
Vasovagal response, four phases of 45
Vasovagal syncope 20, 26, 43, 295
severe 48
typical 292
Ventricular arrhythmia, severe 294
Verbal arguments 249
Verbal suggestion 212
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency 294
Vertiginous epilepsy 334
Vertigo 10, 114, 297, 327, 328, 330
history of 330
related disorders 325
Vestibular disorders 329
Vestibular neuritis 330
Vestibular paroxysmia 329
Vestibular pathology 294
Vestibulogenic seizures 328
Video-electroencephalogram 201, 205, 207, 209, 211
diagnosis 211
Video-electroencephalography 24, 49, 354, 359
monitoring 355, 360
Viral meningitis 30
Visceral auras 333
Visceral syncope 20
Vision 310
blurring of 120, 305
dimness of 295
impaired 342
tunnel 310
Visual allesthesia 336
Visual aura 27, 284t
Visual blurring 189
Visual disturbance 93, 110
Visual hallucination 280, 335, 336, 340
Visual illusion 335337, 341
Visual impairment 294
severe 261
Visual loss 242
Visual phenomena 341
Visual reflex seizures 79
Visual seizure, types of 341
Visual symptoms 285
Vitamin D deficiency 184, 187
Voltage-gated potassium channel complexes 62
Voluntary hyperventilation 309
W
Weakness 181, 189, 310
Weight loss 180
West syndrome 32, 77, 160, 304
Whipple's procedure 182
Willis–Ekbom disease 128
Wilson's disease 173, 264
Wonderland syndrome 336
X
Xanthopsia 342
×
Chapter Notes

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