A
Abdominal pain, intermittent severe 180
Absence seizures, childhood absence 223
Acanthocytes 173f
Accidents 239
Achromatopsia 342
Acid-base status 184
Activation procedures, use of 275
Acute gout, attacks of 93
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 33
Adrenal insufficiency 54
Adrenergic antagonists 54
Aerophagia 310
Aggressive behavior disorders 254
Agoraphobia 319
Akinesia 351
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy 185
Alkalosis 315
Alpers disease 63
American Academy of Neurology 115
American Academy of Sleep Medicine 133
American Epilepsy Society 212
American Psychiatric Association 22
Amiodarone 296
Amitriptyline 115
Amphetamines 325
Amygdala 320
Amyloid spells 91
Amyloidosis 54t
Anarthria 278
Anemia 305
Anger, sysfunctional handling of 222
Angiography, susceptibility-weighted 193
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 28
Anosmia 30
Anoxic paroxysmal event 19
Anoxic seizures 26
Antecollis syndrome 172
Anterior cingulate cortex, insula 267
Antidiuretic hormone 53
Antimigraine medications 170
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 195
Antiseizure medications, discontinuation of 214
Antisocial personality disorder 250
Antithyroglobulin antibody 195
Anti-thyroperoxidase 195
Aphasia 110
Apprehension 310
Arterial blood gas 39
Arthritis 299
Astasia abasia 242
Asthma 325
Asystole, ventricular 38
Ataxia 114
Attack 92
duration of 92
epileptic 264
hysterical 242
hysteroepileptic 238
precipitation of typical 23
Aura, duration of 110
Autism spectrum disorder 261
Automatisms 110
Autonomic failure 20
Azithromycin 296
B
Ballismus 143
Basal cistern arteries 103f
Basal ganglionic problem 302
Bedwetting 145
Behavioral changes 279
Behavioral disorders 26
Bickerstaff migraine 339
Bilevel positive airway pressure 162
Binocular full-field illusions 341
Binocular hemi-field illusions 336
Biogenic amines 188
Biotin dependent multiple carboxylase deficiency 312
Bizarre movement 176
Blackouts, attacks of 38
Bobble headed doll syndrome 289
Body movements, physiological 129
Borderline personality disorder 250
Bradyarrhythmias 296
Brain 103f
abnormal 348
computed tomography scans of 185f
damage 248
defective 236
disorder, stuttering 196
dysfunction, underlying 232
fog 306
imaging 18
injury 251
traumatic 232
MRI of 103f
structures 324
Brain's circulation and chemistry 223
Breathing exercises 316
Brodmann area 58
Brugada syndrome 296
Bupropion 170
C
Calcium channel blockers 54
Camptocormia syndrome 172
Cancer 232
Capillary blood glucose 39
Cardiac disease 294
Cardiac valvular lesions 189
Cardiorespiratory arrests 279
Cardiovascular testing 295
Carotid
artery, right internal 100f
baroreceptors 53
massage 21f
unilateral 223
Occlusion Surgery Study 101
sinus
hypersensitivity 296
nerve of Hering 36
syndrome 20
Carpopedal spasm 184
Cataplectic attacks 288
Cataplectic facies 304
Caudate-putaminal regions 193
Ceftazidime 170
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 30
Central blood volume 45
Cephalic aura 279
Cerebellum 249
Cerebral
artery, anterior 91
blood flow 322
cortex 265
diplopia 337
disorders 293
edema 183f
hypoperfusion 294
lymphoma, primary 312
metamorphopsia 336
territory, bilateral anterior 297
Cerebrovascular disease 294
Cervical spondylosis 294
Chapeau De gendarme sign 60
Charcot's pupils 239
Charcot's tuesday lesson 237f
Chest discomfort 318
Chiasmal tumors 261
Childhood movement disorders 304
Choreoathetosis, infantile 265
Chronic dizziness 330
Chvostek's signs 184
Classical frontal lobe seizure 355
Claustrophobic anxiety 223
Clobazam 230
Cocaine 325
Coffin–Lowry syndrome 260
Cognitive impairment 299
Cognitive theory 319
Common paroxysmal motor disorders 130f
Common seizure mimics, age wise distribution of 257t
Completely penetrant traits 276
Complex visual hallucination 280
Compulsion 80
Compulsive valsalva 26
Conduction defects 38
Conscious awareness 219
Continuous positive airway pressure 136
Continuous spike wave pattern during sleep 159
Convulsions syndrome 265
Cortical spreading depression 116
Corticospinal fibers 294
C-reactive protein 191
Creatine phosphokinase 191
Crouch gait syndrome 172
Cryptogenic drop attacks 298
Cushing syndrome 325
Cyclic vomiting syndrome 306
D
Death, fear of 314
Deglutition 20
Delusional seizure 335
Demyelinating disorders 349
Demyelination 197
Depressive disorder, major 250
Dialeptic psychogenic nonepileptic seizures 204
Diaphoresis 184
Diarrhea 189
Different epilepsy syndromes, association of 118b
Diffusion tensor imaging 98
Diffusion-weighted imaging 193
Digital subtraction angiogram 104f
Discharging epileptic neuron 348
Discontinuous seizure activity 23
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder 250
Diurnal movements 141
Dizzy spells 269
Doose syndrome 296
Down's syndrome 105
Drugs 20
Duchenne dystrophy, advanced 286
Dyskinesias 358
Dyspnea 322
Dyspraxia, developmental 276
Dysthymic disorder 266
Dystonic body movement 259
Dystonic spasms 260
E
Ear lobules 272
Early infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 63
Ear-nose-throat 331
Ecstatic auras 66
Edema 197
Electric shock-like movements 22
Electrocardiography, signal-averaged 54
Electrolyte imbalance 296
Electrophysiology laboratory, functioning of 32
Elevated serum prolactin 212
Emotional disturbances 311
Emotional traumas 232
Emotional triggers 23
Encephalopathy, causes of 195
Endocrine disorders 180
Endolymphatic pressure, rise of 332
Enuresis nocturna 145
Epilepsy 7, 12, 17, 30, 32, 57, 63, 107, 107b, 110, 110t, 118–120, 126, 159, 162, 169, 213, 228, 232, 251, 271, 274, 275, 318, 327, 328, 330
autonomic 277
myoclonic 79
occipital 283
causes of 118
differential diagnosis of 271
earlier idiopathic 356
effects of sleep on 158
focus on 269
genetic generalized 356
imitators 26
incidence of 273
mechanisms of 127
prevalence of 249
probability of 273
psychosocial complications of 252
reviews of 252
seizure subtype in 356
types of 211
Epileptic condition 252
Epileptic discharges 333
Epileptic disorders 79b
Epileptic drop attacks 296
Epileptic generalized tonic-clonic seizures 51
Epileptic rage 251
cerebrovascular mimics of 89
endocrine mimics of 180
metabolic mimics of 180
nomenclature of 70
occurrence of 173
partial 108
true 231
unusual 354
Epileptic spasms 304
Epileptic syndromes 112t
Epileptic visual aura, localizing value of 341
Episodic bradycardia, diagnosis of 295
frequency of 248
organic correlates of 248
seizure 248
syndrome 246
current nosological status of 249
Episodic flushing 189
Episodic memory loss and fugues 41
Episodic vestibular symptoms 327
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 191
Exaggerated head-retraction reflex 258
Exaggerated thoracic breathing 311
Exhaustion 310
Extrapyramidal disease 302
F
Fahr's disease 173
Faints 8
Fatal familial insomnia 144
Fatal illness 314
Fatigability 310
Fatigue syndrome, chronic 306
Febrile seizures plus syndrome 118
Fentanyl 170
Fever 299
Flaccidity, prolonged 202
Flunarizine 115
Focal aware seizure 324
Focal facial seizure 282
Focal sharp waves 275
Foot and leg movements, stages of 302f
Fortification 337
Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity 195
Functional disorders 349
Functional neurological disorders 304
Fyodor Dostoevsky's ecstatic experiences 67
Fyodor Dostoevsky's gambling and insular functions 69
G
Galen's teachings 235
Galen's treatment 235
Gastrointestinal aura 110
Gastrointestinal disorders, functional 306
Gaucher disease 63
Gaze-evoked nystagmus 328
Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges 83
Genetic paroxysmal dyskinesia 163
Genitalia 241
Genome-wide association studies 118
Geriatric seizure mimics 39
Giddiness 310
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome 142
Glasgow coma scale 114
Global myocardial ischemia 20
Gowers contributions 3
Grand mal seizures 57
H
Hallucinogenic street drugs 341
Head trauma 250
Health professionals, compulsion of 256
Hemianesthesia, hysterical 242
Hemianopic visual field defect 336
Hemiballismus 128
Hemicrania epileptica 108
Hemisensory loss 242
Hemispheric spikes, left 230
Hemoglobin, glycated 191
Hemorrhage 20
Heschl's gyrus 109
High seizure frequency 23
Huntington disease 63
Hydrocephalus 297
Hydroxychloroquine 296
Hyperactive reflex 37
Hypercarbia 53
Hypercyanotic spells 26
Hyperinsulinism, endogenous 182
Hyperosmolar plasma 192
Hyperphosphatemia 185
Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome 37
Hyperthermia, malignant 312
causes of 313
physiological effects of 315
physiologically inappropriate 309
syncope 26
clinical manifestations 309
treatment of 316
Hypnagogic jerks 26
Hypnosis, usefulness of 224
Hypnotic paralysis 244
Hypoacusis 114
associated autonomic failure 181
biochemical 181
causes 181
clinical presentation 181
mimicking epileptic seizure 182
risk factors 181
Hypokalemia 315
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 286
Hypoparathyroidism 184
Hypothalamus 249
Hypoxia 53
Hypoxic paroxysmal event 19
coexistence of 228
conceptualizing 242
conversion 314
explanations of 235
frequency of 236
kinds of 236
neurological examination for 238
present day concept of 243
sexual factors of 221
traumatic 242
treatment of 236
Hysterical signs, history of 242
Hysterics, diagnosis of 237
Hysteroid convulsion 231
I
Ictal behavior change 285
Ictal blindness 280
Ictal crying and stuttering 202
Ictal discharge 232
Ictal heart rate 202
Ictal pout sign 60f
Ictal speech 61
Ictal vocalization 202
Idiopathic occipital lobe epilepsy 79
Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension 54
Idiopathic syndromes 275
Illusions 336
Illusory spread 336
Implantable loop recorder 21
Imposed upper airways obstruction 26
Incongruous movements 176
Inferior frontal gyrus 267
Inflammatory demyelination, episode of 349
Inflammatory encephalopathy 342
Inflammatory muscle diseases 286
Insufficient circulatory volume 20
Insufficient vascular tone 20
Insula, role of 119
Intellectual disability 261
Intellectual impairment 185
Intensive care unit 51
Intercarotid nerve of de Castro 36
Interictal discharges 357
Intermittent explosive disorder 252
Internal carotid artery disease 102
International Classification of Headache Disorders Classification 108
International Headache Society Classification 114
International Human Cell Atlas Group 29
nomenclature 272
Intravenous saline injection 224
Ischemia 296
Ischemic attacks, vertebrobasilar transient 339
Ischemic lesions 197
J
Jeavons syndrome 64
Jerking activity, bilateral 23
Joubert syndrome 312
Juvenile absence epilepsy 79
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 63
K
Ketoacidosis, diabetic 192
Ketotic hyperglycemia 183
Kidney disease, chronic 182
Kinetogenic epilepsy 78
Krebs cycle 192
L
Lacosamide 230
Lactic acidosis 115
Lady's hyperglycemia 192
Lafora disease 63
Lange–Nielsen syndrome 51
Laryngismus stridulus 184
Laryngospasm 184
Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 63
Left heart output, low 295
Leg movements, high-frequency 132
Leigh's disease 165
Lesions 304
Levetiracetam 230
Levodopa 54
Lewy body dementia 196
Lightheadedness, symptoms of 295
Limbic encephalitis 86
Local anesthesia 333
Lorazepam 85
Lower body negative pressure 45
Lysergic acid 341
Lyssophobia 314
M
Magnetic resonance imaging scan 120
Magnetoencephalography 357
Marijuana-induced tachycardia 325
Mayo clinic series 293
Medial motor system 294
Melatonin 140
Memory loss 305
Menopausal hot flashes 188
Mental defense 217
diagnostic and Statistical Manual of 218
Mental retardation 276
Mental state, abnormal 342
Mesial frontal lobe seizures 230
Mesial temporal lobe seizures 61
Mesiotemporal lobe 69
Metabolic disorders 180
Metabolic myopathies 286
associated disorders 27
aura 110
classic 340
brain, concept of 117f
epilepsy syndromes 115
epileptic 108
features of 108
headache 108
like features 113t
linking 119
sufferers 339
syndrome 172
triggered seizures 108
visual aura of 338
with aura 108
Migrainous phenomenon 93
Mimic epileptic seizure 322
Mimic epileptiform discharges 276
Minimal brain dysfunction 248
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy 115
Momentary flashing lights 310
Mood disorders 266
Morvan's disease 174
Motor pathways, lateral 294
Motor signs 292
Moyamoya syndrome 105
Moyamoya vessels, typical 104f
Multifocal cortical myoclonus 166
Multiple cerebral infarctions 54
Multiple sleep latency testing 144
Muscular dystrophies 286
Myasthenia gravis 198
Myoclonic absences 63
Myoclonic status 79
Myositis 30
N
Neck muscles, negative myoclonus of 287
Neonatal sleep myoclonus 257
Nervousness 310
Neural inflammation 348
Neurally mediated syncope 43
Neurobiological aspects 219
Neurocardiogenic syncope 294
Neurodegenerative diseases 86
Neuroendocrine tumors 188
Neurofibromatosis type 105
Neurogenic pulmonary 312
Neuroglycopenic symptoms 181
Neuroinflammation 348
Neurologic observations 234
Neurologic symptoms 315
Neurological disease 316
Neurological examination 242
Neurological presentations 192
Neurological status 18
Neurological syncope 26
Neuromuscular disorders 293
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 287
Neuronal networks, deactivation of 328
Neurophysiology 244
Neuropsychological assessments 267
Niemann–Pick disease 304
Nitrates 54
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 174
Nocturnal attacks 319
Nocturnal ictal predominance 230
Non-acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome 279
Non-beta-cell tumors 182
Nonepileptic head drops 27
Nonepileptic intermittent head drops 288
Nonprofessional hypnosis 224
Nonprogressive encephalopathies 79
Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis 198
Normal maturational changes 275
Nosophobia 314
Numbness 310
Nutritional deficiencies 54
Nystagmus, epileptic 328
O
Obstructive cardiomyopathy 20
Occipital paroxysms 340
Occipital seizures 284t
Occurrence during clinic visits 23
Oculomotor features 280
Ophthalmic artery 91
Opisthotonus 209
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome 27
Orbitofrontal cortex 333
Orgasmic seizures 66
Orthostasis 304
Orthostatic hypotensive syncope 54
Orthostatic stress, physiology of 305
Otolithic crisis 297
Out-of-body experiences 26
Ovarian region 238
Ovarian sign, classic 238
Oxygen saturation 39
P
Pain, functional abdominal 306
Palatal myoclonus 142
Palinacousis 91
Paliopia 337
Parathyroid hormone 185
Paroxysmal disorders, types of 274
Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 27
Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia 64
Paroxysmal nonepileptic seizures 256
Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dystonia 350
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 20
Paroxysmal symptoms 350
Paroxysmal tonic upgaze 259
Paroxysms, hysterical 241
Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome 264
Pelvic thrusting 266
Periodic leg movements 26
Perioral muscles 304
Perioral myoclonia 64
Perioral numbness 184
Periorbital integrated potentials 129
Peripheral neuromuscular irritability 184
Peripheral vestibular disorders 328
Pernicious anemia 198
Petit mal 231
Phasic muscle bursts 129
Phenobarbitone 310
Phenotype 185
Phenytoin 310
Photoparoxysmal response 75f
Photosensitivity 79
Physical disorders 242
Physical status 18
Physiotherapy 316
Pilomotor seizures 61
Pisa syndrome 172
Placing vibrating tuning fork 212
Plasma volume, low 48
Polypeptides 188
Polytherapy 354
Poor glycemic control 192
Positive motor features 214
Positive occipital sharp transients 160
Post-faint hypotension, prolonged 46
Postgastric bypass surgery 180
Post-hypoxic action myoclonus 85
Posthypoxic encephalopathy 85
Postictal sexual behavior 71
Postictal state, absence of 23
Postinfectious acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 30
Postinfectious brainstem encephalitis 30
Postural hypotension 294
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome 305
Posture maintenance, physiology of 294
Prader–Willi syndrome 304
Precentral and central sulcus 244
Preictal behavior changes 23
Presurgical evaluation 357
Prion disease 174
Procainamide 296
Procedural memory 219
Proline-rich transmembrane protein 118
Propranolol 115
Pros and cons 223
Prostaglandins 188
Pseudocoma 205f
Pseudo-pseudo seizure 229
Pseudoseizures, induction of 208f
Pseudosleep 23
Pseudostatus, recurrent 214
Psychiatric conditions 219
Psychiatric evaluation and counselling 209
Psychiatric observations 234
Psychodynamic psychotherapy, role of 213
Psychogenic disorders 349
Psychogenic elaboration 232
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizure 18, 23b, 72, 176, 177, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 209, 210, 227, 265, 319, 359
clinical features 201
distinguishing features of 266t
epidemiology 200
induction of 212
pathophysiology 201
psychopathology of 217
Psychogenic paroxysmal event 22
Psychological disorders 26
Psychotherapy 244
Psychotic disorder 250
Psychotropic drug use 299
Psychotropic medicines 244
Pure autonomic failure 20
R
Rapid fire explosion 152
Rasmussen's encephalitis 172
Raynaud's phenomenon 310
Relaxed wakefulness 129
Respiration 322
Respiratory syndrome, severe acute 28
Responsiveness 258
Retinal symptoms 114
Reye syndrome 312
Rhythmic body movements 211
Rhythmic leg movements 132
Rhythmic midtemporal theta 276
Rhythmic spikes 211
Ribonucleic acid 28
Right heart filling, low 295
Romano–Ward syndrome 51
Rubbery feeling 295
S
Sandhoff disease 63
Sarcoidosis 198
Scalp hematoma 230
Scapula-peroneal dystrophies 286
School-related anxieties 266
Scintillating scotoma 337
Sclerosing panencephalitis, subacute 174
affective 62
autonomic 283
benign familial infantile 164
characterization of 355
classification of 355
complex partial 356
ecstatic 66
electrographic 211
endocrine causes of 190
history of 251
manage coexistent 232
manifestations 23
metabolic causes of 190
mimicry 282
majority of 256
nocturnal 147
occurrence of 347
frequency of 348
onset and duration 279
orgasm-induced 70
partial 340
phase of generalized 17
semiology, complexity of 333
simulate 180
true 212
types of 228
unusual 57
generalized 62
Senses 304
Sensitive diagnosis 267
Sensorineural hearing loss 331
Sensorium 192
Septic encephalopathies 85
Serotonin syndrome 170
Serum prolactin 18
Sexsomnia 144
Sexual activity, lack of 235
Sexual connotation 72
Shaky history 269
Sheldon's description 302
Shuddering attacks 259
Shy–Drager syndrome 54
Sialidoses 63
Sickle cell disease 105
Sighing dyspnea 310
Single epileptic seizure 273
Sjögren's syndrome 198
Skeletal abnormalities 185
Sleep 160
architecture 159
deprivation
duration of 160
effects of 159
disturbance 310
drunkenness 263
in seizure diagnosis, utility of 158
like states 342
mechanisms of 127
motor disorders of 135
myoclonus 256
paralysis, recurrent isolated 129
persisting in 128
Sleep-related
conditions 26
classification of 128b
psychiatric conditions 145
rhythmic movement disorders 26
seizures 148
Sleeptalking 129b
Sleep-wake transition, disorders of 130
Sneeze 20
Somatic-psychic continuum of morbid anxiety 315
Somatoform disorders, diagnosis of 244
Sphenoidal electrode 147
Spinal myoclonus 27
Spinocerebellar ataxias 173
Spontaneous remissions 176
Spontaneous syncope 20
Stagnant hypoxia 323
Standard antiepileptic drug therapy 195
Status dystonicus 167
Stereotyped motor semiology 211
Stereotyped seizure pattern 230
Stertorous breathing 202
Stigma, reduce 213
Storage disorders 287
Structural cardiac disease 20
Subcortical myoclonus 166
Subcortical segmental myoclonus 128
Sudden episodes 260
Sudden infant death syndrome, risk of 258
Sudden sensory-neural hearing loss 330
Sudden unexpected death 162
Supranuclear palsy, progressive 298
Supraorbital electrode 147
Supraspinal control 294
Swoon attacks 226
Sydenham's chorea 304
Symptomatic palatal tremor 128
cardiogenic 51
Syringobulbia 312
Systemic lupus erythematosus 198
Systemic vascular resistance 45
T
Tabes dorsalis 54
Tachyarrhythmia 296
Tamponade, cardiac 20
Tay–Sachs disease 63
Teichopsia 338
Telemedicine, role of 33
Temper tantrums 249
Temporoperisylvian vestibular cortex 327
Terminal hypotension and syncope 46
Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies 63
Thalamic hemorrhage 312
Thanatophobia 314
Theophylline 260
Thoracic respiration 147
Tirades 249
Todd's paralysis 101
Topographic agnosia 343
Torticollis, benign infantile 288
Toxic encephalopathies 85
Tramadol 170
Transient repetitive involuntary movements 101
Trigeminal neuralgia 350
Triggers attacks 90
Triiodothyronine, low 188
Triptans 170
Trousseau's signs 184
Tumerkin's crisis 332
Tumerkin's otolithic crisis 332
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 30
Tumoral epilepsy 358
V
Vagal attacks 9
Valproate 231
Valvular disease 20
Vasovagal response, four phases of 45
Ventricular arrhythmia, severe 294
Verbal arguments 249
Verbal suggestion 212
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency 294
Vertiginous epilepsy 334
Vestibular disorders 329
Vestibular neuritis 330
Vestibular paroxysmia 329
Vestibular pathology 294
Vestibulogenic seizures 328
Viral meningitis 30
Visceral auras 333
Visceral syncope 20
Visual allesthesia 336
Visual blurring 189
Visual loss 242
Visual phenomena 341
Visual reflex seizures 79
Visual seizure, types of 341
Visual symptoms 285
Voltage-gated potassium channel complexes 62
Voluntary hyperventilation 309