Editors
Piyush Gupta MD FIAP FNNF FAMS
Professor and Head Department of Pediatrics University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital New Delhi, India
Dheeraj Shah MD FIAP MNAMS
Professor Department of Pediatrics University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital New Delhi, India
fm7Foreword
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Headquarter
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Overseas Office
J.P. Medical Ltd
83 Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44 20 3170 8910
Fax: +44 (0)20 3008 6180
Email: info@jpmedpub.com
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeedigital.com
© 2021, Piyush Gupta
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. The CD/DVD-ROM (if any) provided in the sealed envelope with this book is complimentary and free of cost. Not meant for sale.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
How to Write the Thesis and Thesis Protocol:
A Primer for Medical, Dental, and Nursing Courses / Piyush Gupta, Dheeraj Shah
First Edition : 2014
Second Edition : 2021
9789390020713
Printed at:
fm5Contributors
- Aashima Dabas MD
- Associate Professor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: dr.aashimagupta@gmail.com
- Alpana Raizada MD FICP
- Associate Professor
- Department of Medicine
- University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: alpanaraizada@yahoo.com
- Amir Maroof Khan MD FAIMER (CMCL)
- Associate Professor
- Department of Community Medicine
- University College of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Email: khanamirmaroof@yahoo.com
- Bhupendra Kumar Jain MS FAMS FAIS FCLS
- Former Director Professor and Head
- Department of Surgery and Medical Superintendent, University College of Medical Sciences, and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: bhupendrakjain@gmail.com
- Devendra Mishra MD FIAP
- Professor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Education
- Maulana Azad Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Email: drdmishra@gmail.com
- Dheeraj Shah MD FIAP MNAMS
- Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: shahdheeraj@hotmail.com
- Jaya Shankar Kaushik MD
- Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- Pt B D Sharma Postgraduate
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Email: jayashankarkaushik@gmail.com
- Kirtisudha Mishra MD DNB FIPNA FISPN
- Associate Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya
- New Delhi, India
- Email: kirtisen@gmail.com
- Naveen Sharma MS
- Professor
- Department of General Surgery
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Jodhpur, India
- Email: drnsemail@gmail.com
- Navjeevan Singh MD
- Former Director-Professor
- Department of Pathology, and
- Co-ordinator of the Medical Education Unit
- University College of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Email: navjeevansingh@hotmail.com
- Nidhi Bedi MD
- Associate Professor
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Email: drnidhibedi@gmail.com
- Nitin Agarwal MS MNAMS FIAGES
- Professor
- Transplant Unit
- Department of Surgery
- ABVIMS and RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- OP Kalra MD DM FICP FACP
- Vice Chancellor
- Pt B D Sharma University of Health Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Email: opkalra1@yahoo.com
- Pankaj Kumar Garg MS MCh FACS FRCS
- Additional Professor
- Department of Surgical Oncology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rishikesh, India
- Email: dr.pankajgarg@gmail.com
- Piyush Gupta MD FAMS FNNF FIAP
- Professor and Head
- Department of Pediatrics
- University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: prof.piyush.gupta@gmail.com
- Pooja Dewan MD FIAP
- Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: poojadewan@hotmail.com
- Rehan Ul Haq MS MAMS
- Professor and Head
- Department of Orthopaedics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Bhopal, India
- Email: docrehan1975@gmail.com
- Romit Saxena MD IFPCCM EPIC Dip
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- Maulana Azad Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Email: drromit@gmail.com
- Sahiba Kukreja MD
- Professor and Head
- Department of Biochemistry, Dean (UG)
- Director (Biomedical Research)
- Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences
- Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Email: drsahibakukreja@gmail.com
- Sanjay Gupta MS FRCS
- Director Professor and Head
- Department of Surgery
- University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: drsanjaygupta1@gmail.com
- Sharmila Banerjee Mukherjee MD
- Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- Lady Hardinge Medical College and
- Associated Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Email: theshormi@gmail.com
- Siddarth Ramji MD
- Director-Professor
- Department of Neonatology
- Maulana Azad Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Email: siddarthramji@gmail.com
- Somashekhar Nimbalkar MD
- Associate Dean (Research), Head
- Department of Pediatrics
- Pramukhswami Medical College
- Karamsad, Gujarat, India
- Email: somu.somu@gmail.com
- SV Madhu MD DM (Endocrinology)
- Director-Professor and Head
- Department of Endocrinology
- University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: drsvmadhu@gmail.com
- Tejinder Singh MD DNB MHPE Dip Human Resource Management
- Professor of Pediatrics and Medical Education
- SGRD Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Upreet Dhaliwal MS CMCL-FAIMER Fellow
- Former Director-Professor
- Department of Ophthalmology
- University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Email: upreetdhaliwal@gmail.com
I am delighted to learn that you are going ahead with the second edition of your highly in demand, an absolute must for all budding postgraduates and even their teachers and guides, the very apt book on “How to Write Thesis.” You have done a commendable job and this new edition with additional inputs will be liked even more by all postgraduate students and teachers in various Medical, Paramedical, Nursing, Biomedical, Biotechnical, and Pharmaceutical Institutions involved in conduct of research. In today's world of competence and competition, good research is a core issue.
Thesis writing is an integral part of postgraduate training. With increasing pool of trainees being admitted into various medical postgraduate courses every year, it is extremely important to impart them knowledge and skills related to thesis writing and the related intricacies of the process of research. With over 500 medical colleges running postgraduate training programs in various specialties and even higher number of institutions conducting Diplomate of National Board (DNB) postgraduate teaching, it is also imperative to create a large pool of faculty who can supervise and mentor these young postgraduate students.
This multiauthored book is very well planned with 28 chapters covering all aspects of protocol and thesis writing. Starting from explaining the rationale and planning of research and thesis writing, this treatise provides reader a smooth ride to various intricacies of thesis writing. Taking care of affective domain, the book provides excellent information about mentor-mentee relationship, and ethical principles in carrying out research and related publications. The book is written in a simple and instructional language and is replete with simple and understandable examples.
This book is so well written and is almost like a Bible. I am confident, it will be so much liked that it would be in possession of all postgraduates and PhD scholars of medical and allied sciences and their institutions. I heartily appreciate the enormous efforts put in by the editors and the acclaimed authors.
With best compliments and regards.
Professor (Mrs) S Chooramani Gopal
MS MCh (AIIMS) FAMS
Padmashree Awardee
DR BC ROY Awardee
Distinguished Professor (Pediatric Surgery)
President, National Academy of Medical Sciences
Former Vice-Chancellor, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow
fm9Foreword
Conducting Medical Research is essential for the understanding of the problems that affect individuals, communities, or health systems. It allows for a systemic and scientific assessment of the problem and provides knowledge that allows for instituting a change in the practice of clinical medicine.
A thesis is seen as the culmination of research conducted as a postgraduate and is submitted as the final end product. Making the thesis submission mandatory for postgraduates need not be viewed as a statutory requirement for acquisition of postgraduate medical degree alone, but an opportunity to get exposure to conduct research. Such an opportunity encourages postgraduates to not only convert this thesis research into a publication in a scientific journal but also opens pathways in selecting future career and related research areas.
Each thesis is a unique piece of research, with an intent to extend the academic information in the area of specialization. The structure of the thesis explains the purpose, the previous research literature related to the topic of the study, the methods used, and the findings of the study conducted. The most difficult elements of writing a thesis include framing a research question and hypothesis, identifying appropriate material and relevant methods, collating the scientific literature, and using appropriate statistical tools for interpretation of data.
Currently, there is a void in the scope of medical literature which provides guidance to the postgraduate students regarding conducting a good quality research and about writing the thesis. Students are usually scared from the idea of thesis and teachers are left scratching their heads for want of innovative or meaningful research topics.
This book fills this gap and provides useful tools to improve thesis writing. It covers the basic information about conducting a good quality research and converting it into a quality thesis. There are chapters on each and every aspect of thesis with emphasis on important areas like protocol, elements of thesis headings including research designs, estimation of sample size, statistical analysis, and a separate chapter on references.
I congratulate Professor Piyush Gupta for bringing out the second edition of this book after the success of the first edition. I also compliment Dr Dheeraj Shah and all other authors for their contribution for the release of the second edition. This edition finds addition of new chapters namely “Converting Thesis into a Scientific Paper” and “Manuscript-based Thesis: A New Paradigm” I am sure that this book shall also encourage the young medical researchers to convert their thesis into scientific papers in national and international acclaimed journals.
Professor Pawanindra Lal
MS DNB FIMSA FCLS FRCSEd
FRCS (Glasg) FRCS (Eng) FACS FAMS
Executive Director, National Board of Examinations
Director Professor of Surgery, MAMC
fm11Preface to the Second Edition
While the first edition of this book was inspired by a series of workshops on thesis writing organized for postgraduate students by our team, in this thoroughly revised second edition, we have attempted to accommodate the additional perceived needs and demands of students participating in workshops conducted by us since the publication of first edition. To achieve this, we provided a set of objectives and the desired content and flow to the author of each chapter, simultaneously providing them liberty to incorporate new ideas and examples. This process mandated inclusion of illustrious authors who are the best in the fields of medical education and research in the country. Though this revised edition essentially maintains the sequence of chapters as per the events in engaging with a thesis, each chapter is thoroughly revised with inclusion of plenty of examples from various medical and nonmedical subjects for easy understanding. We have included two new chapters—“Converting Thesis into a Scientific Paper” and “Manuscript-based Thesis: A New Paradigm”—in order to further stimulate the readers to culminate this process of thesis writing in form of a scientific paper in a reputed journal. We have tried to keep the language simple and conversational so as to achieve a better connect with the readers. An updated list of references for further reading is provided for readers to explore more details of the processes of research and thesis writing. A pleasing two-color format and inclusion of Key Messages and Concluding Paragraph with every chapter will result in better visual appeal and understanding. We hope that this book will continue to serve not only the needs of novice researchers such as undergraduate/postgraduate medical/nursing students and PhD students, but also of their supervisors and young research scientists who have to consolidate their research knowledge and skills for further dissemination and implementation.
Piyush Gupta
fm13Preface to the First Edition
This book has evolved from a series of workshops organized for postgraduate students by the Medical Education Unit of the University College of Medical Sciences. The objective of the workshops was to introduce them to the basics of biomedical research as a prelude to writing a protocol for a thesis, and subsequently, to writing the thesis itself. As the number of postgraduate admissions increased exponentially in 2009, the three-day “thesis writing workshop” was split into two one-and-a-half day workshops; the first a protocol writing workshop at the beginning of first year of residency, and the second a thesis writing workshop, some three months prior to thesis submission.
To maintain the true character of a hands-on workshop, with more time for group exercises than for didactic lectures/presentations, each workshop was conducted for batches of only up to 35 participants. Four identical workshops in sequence over a week, gave us the opportunity to groom more workshop faculty, the result of which is visible in the depth of academic talent in the list of authors in this book. Today our institution can boast of at least three independent teams capable of conducting these workshops.
As word of our workshops spread, we began receiving requests from other institutions to conduct them for their students; however, it quickly became clear that we could not possibly do justice to too many each year. At the same time, there appeared to be a dearth of resources dealing with thesis writing—material that could serve as self-help tools for the beginner. In this setting, it appeared rational to write this book. As with our workshops, this book is written for the novice desirous of entering the research arena: for whom a thesis is mandatory, undergraduate students wishing to venture into research by way of summer projects and working with supportive faculty, and, in fact, any beginner in research. It can be used as a bench manual—to be referred to at every stage of working on a thesis. It may also be useful to thesis supervisors, and institutions wishing to design and administer their own training workshops similar to ours.
The text is organized into 26 chapters which follow the sequence of events in engaging with a thesis. A unique feature is the numerous examples in each chapter illustrating what to do, and often, what not to do. The language is simple, the style conversational, and we hope, easy to follow. A bibliography is provided at the end of each chapter for those wishing to delve further into the intricacies of biomedical research.
We hope the readers will find answers to many of their questions related to the thesis; that the book arouses their curiosity, propelling them to further their reading, and continues to be a useful reference whenever they contemplate research.
Piyush Gupta