Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections: Infection Prevention and Control Yatin Mehta, Usha Krishan Baveja
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair 212t
Accidental exposure
body fluids 188
management of 430t, 438
Acid-fast bacillus 337
Acids 339
Acinetobacter 36, 162, 233, 376, 385
baumannii 11, 25, 30, 36, 65, 82, 104, 110, 128, 217
complex 110
johnsonii 36
lwoffii 36
radioresistens 36
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 45, 337, 342
Active surveillance 209
culture 217, 218
microbiology laboratory in 65
system 427
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 131, 412
Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 411
Acyclovir 8, 77, 85
Adaptive immunity 53, 59
major cell of 53
Adefovir 85t
Adenosine triphosphate 39, 239
testing 239
Adenoviruses 36t, 361
Adhesive walk-off mats 286
Advisory Committee on Immunizations 196, 202
Aedes albopictus 175
Aerodigestive tract, colonization of 128
Aerosol 288
generating procedures 414
generator 293
transmission 276
Air 297
change 294
per hour 292
rate 292, 293, 295
circulation of 292
conditioning 300
system 301
filter 293, 295, 296, 301
handling 295
in operation theater 296
units 227, 295, 297
minimum total 294
pressure 291
quality 295, 296, 300
in operating room 295
sampling 296, 297
procedure of 297
type of 291
velocity 295
Airborne 42
agent 259
infection 282, 398
pressure for 302
prevention of 429
microorganisms 297
particles 293
pathogens 288
prevent transmission of 289
precautions 226, 227, 361
transmission 7, 227, 343, 425
Airflow 302
patterns 263
pressure, negative 288
systems, types of 292
Airtight sheet plastic 286
Albendazole 87, 88
Alcoholism 74, 129
Alcohols 155, 235, 326, 329, 428
Alkaligens 162
Alkalis 339
Allografts 376
Allopurinol 87
Amalgam condensers 371
Amantadine 85, 130
Ambulance services infection control practices 404
Amebiasis, drugs for 86
Amebicides 86
American Burn Association 378
American Hospital Association 244, 349
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 156, 158
Amikacin 76, 79, 82, 83, 92, 104, 110, 127
Aminoacyl-tRNA 78
Aminoglycosides 75, 76, 79, 81, 82, 87, 110, 127, 388
Amniotic fluid 186
Amoxicillin 75, 80, 92, 110
Amphotericin B 77, 83, 84, 88
Ampicillin 75, 80, 110, 126
Amprenavir 86
Angel of Crimea 273
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 412
Anidulafungin 84
Annual maintenance contract 265
Anopheles mosquitoes 176
Antibacterial antibiotics, classification of 75t
Antibiogram 18, 27, 31, 100, 106, 250
Antibiotic 87, 88, 94, 116, 118
classes of 80t
combined use of 73
cycling of 117
dosing 92t
lock
prophylaxis 247
solution choice 96
lock therapy 93, 95, 96t, 97, 247
contraindications for 96
indications for 96
management 94, 380
team 103
pharmacodynamics of 78
pharmacokinetics of 78
policy 28, 29, 99, 100, 106
development of 100
formulation of 101
implementation of 102
steps to develop 28
reserved 101, 106
resistance, high 247
restricted choice 101, 106
second dose of 403
selection of 72
sensitive enteric gram-negative bacilli 126t
stewardship 28, 250, 385
program 30
team 103
therapy 94, 126t, 146
choice of 92
types of 101
usage 350
Antibody 192
Antifungal agents 72, 83, 84t
Antifungal prophylaxis 59
Antigen presenting cells 53
Antihelminthic drugs 87
Anti-HIV drugs 84
Anti-influenza drugs 85
Antimalarial drugs 86, 88
Antimetabolites 78
Antimicrobial 79, 87, 88
agents 69, 71, 110, 238
coated catheter, use of 247, 249
drugs
classes of 79t, 82t
rational prescribing of 102
impregnated catheters 93
prophylaxis 388
resistance 17, 28, 31, 62, 99, 106, 108, 118, 307
soap 232
stewardship 18, 108, 109
microbiology laboratory support in 65
program 108, 109, 111, 117, 118
teams 109
therapy 91
Antimycobacterial drugs 72, 79, 83t, 87
alternate second-line 79
classification of 82t
Antiparasitic antimicrobial agents 86
Antiparasitic drugs 72
Antipseudomonal
carbapenem 127
cephalosporin 127
fluoroquinolone 127
penicillins 75
quinolones 127
Antisepsis 262, 271
Antiseptic agents 232, 238, 376
Antistaphylococcal penicillins 75t
Antiviral agents 88
Antiviral drugs 72, 85t, 88
Appendix surgery 212
Arabinogalactan synthesis inhibitors 78
Artemisinin derivatives 86
Arterial blood gas room 402
Arthritis, reactive 167
Arthroscopes 269
Artificial derma 380
Asepsis 5
Aseptic precautions, major 155
Aseptic technique 366
Aspergillus 104, 288, 386
fumigatus 124
pneumonia 386
Atazanavir 86
Atomic Energy Act 308
Atovaquone 86
Atrophaeus spores 270
Autoclaving 311
Autografts 376
Autoimmune diseases 74
Auxiliary nurse midwives 172
Avibactam 78
Azithromycin 76, 8183
Azlocillin 75t, 80t
Azoles 77, 83, 84, 87
Aztreonam 75, 110
B
B cells 53
Bacillus
anthracis 432
atrophaeus 269
Calmette–Guérin vaccine 196
cereus 166, 274
Bacteremia 92, 368
Bacteria 166, 336, 424
anaerobic 73
forms of 330
inoculums of 154
virulence of 154
Bacterial pneumonia, prevention of healthcare-associated 129
Bactericidal 73, 88
drugs 73
Bacteriophage based pathogen detection assays 64
Bacteriostatic agents 73
Bacteriostatic drug 73
Bacteriuria 90, 91, 135
asymptomatic 91, 92, 135, 139, 214, 216, 216fc
Bacteroides fragilis 36
Barrier techniques 370
Basophils 54
Bedaquiline 82
Beta-lactam 127
antibiotics 75
Beta-lactamase inhibitor 78, 127
Bile duct 212
Biocides 164, 168, 262, 271
Biofilm 51, 134, 139
formation of 144
Biological indicator 268, 271
Bio-medical waste 18, 310, 341, 395, 416
disposal of 313
generation 313
hazard 312
management 19, 41, 25, 307, 309, 310, 313, 341
monitoring committees 311
record 312
rules 307, 310, 415
segregation of 342t
Biosafety 429t
level 432
Bladder, routine irrigation of 249
Blastomyces dermatiditis 59
Bleach 277
Blood 72, 186, 221, 274
accidental exposure to 188
and body fluids 430t
exposure 404
spill management 39
borne
infections, prevention of 430
pathogens 18, 186
culture 217
positive 143
glucose level 403
infection, laboratory-confirmed 218
panel 412
pressure 175
vessels 412
Bloodstream infection 31, 44, 49, 149, 406
catheter-related 4, 9, 90, 97, 142, 143, 149, 384
healthcare-associated 141, 148
intravenous catheter-related 92
laboratory-confirmed 142, 149, 212
prevention of
catheter-related 147, 386
central line-associated 145f
primary 143, 212
Body fluids 221, 341, 438
Bone marrow transplant 282
Bordetella pertussis 81, 200, 361
Borreliosis 173
Brain 412
abscess 213
Breast
abscess 213
cancer 350
surgery 212
Breteau index 174
Broad-spectrum
antibiotics 73, 383
antimicrobial 88
Bronchiectasis 104
Bronchoscopy, additional precautions during 367
Brucellosis 336
tetracycline for 73
Burkholderia
cepacia 36, 82, 104, 162
complex 110
pseudomallei 80, 103, 104
Burn 55, 375
biopsy specimen 377
classification of infections in 376
diagnosis of infections in 376
prevention of infections in 381
sepsis in 378t
triggers 376
wound 376, 377
cellulitis of 377
classification of 377
impetigo 377
infection 377, 379
management of 380t
Bursa 213
Butenafine 83
Butoconazole 83
C
Campylobacter 81
Cancer 54
infections in 388
Candida
albicans 36, 94, 95, 124
auris 36, 350
haemulonii 12
Candidemia 58
Capreomycin 82
Carbapenamase 14
Carbapenem 73, 75, 80, 87, 88, 127
resistant
enterobacteriaceae infections 36, 37, 65, 130
organisms 110
Carbapenemase
enzyme-producing microorganisms 42
producers 25
producing enterobacteriaceae 13, 258, 360
Carbenicillin 75, 80
Carcinogenic chemicals, precautions with 340
Carcinogens 344
Cardiac failure 54
Cardiac surgery 212
Cardiomyopathy 129
Cardiopulmonary diseases, chronic 307
Care bundle 58, 59, 243
types of 244
Caregiver's education 352
Carotid endarterectomy 212
Caspofungin 83, 84
Cataract formation 269
Catheter
hub, contamination of 49
intermittent short-term 137
location of 143
management 91, 94, 95, 146
principles 93
material 143
type of 246
site dressing 246
types 137, 142, 142t, 143
choice 137
materials 137
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections 4, 10, 11, 14, 18, 24, 31, 37, 48, 58, 63, 9092, 135, 210, 214, 221, 249, 362, 384, 405, 424
care bundle, elements of 250
management of 91, 133, 136
mechanism of pathogenesis of 44, 48
prevention of 385b, 387
surveillance 139
Cefazolin 80t, 96, 387
Cefepime 80t, 110, 127
Cefmetazole 80t
Cefoperazone 80t
Cefotaxime 110
Cefotetan 80t
Cefoxitin 80t
Ceftazidime 80t, 127t
Ceftizoxime 80t
Ceftolozane 80t
Ceftriaxone 80t, 92t, 110, 126
Cefuroxime, intravenous 92
Cell
age of 54
functions 54
type of 54
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5, 7, 40, 17, 111, 136, 139, 142, 152, 158, 173, 193, 196, 233, 244, 288, 349, 388, 396
Guidelines 207
Central air conditioning systems 363
Central line-associated bloodstream infections 4, 10, 11, 14, 18, 24, 31, 49, 58, 63, 141, 149, 210, 212, 221, 244, 252t, 362, 386, 395, 424
care bundle, elements of 247
pathogenesis of 145f
Central nervous system 73, 79, 85, 189
Central Pollution Control Board 395
Central Sterilization and Supplies Department 8, 18, 31, 161, 261, 263f, 289, 328, 394, 427
design of 262
monitoring of 262
Central venous catheter 142, 143t, 145, 149, 386
indications for 142
management of 244
placement of 10
Central waste, location of 312
Centrifuge spills, management of 438
Cephalosporins 75, 79, 80, 82, 87, 110
Cerebrospinal fluid 64, 72, 186, 235
leaks 129
Cesarean section 212
Chandipura viral encephalitis 173
Chemical
and gases, safety from 339
disinfection 311
hazardous 308
indicator 271
methods 179
Chemoprophylaxis 129, 130, 201t, 396
Chemotaxis 53
Chemotoxicities 384
Chest X-rays 412
Chickenpox 302
Chikungunya 173
Chills 86
Chlamydia 81, 103, 104
trachomatis 81
Chloramphenicol 74, 76, 81, 82, 87
Chlorhexidine 155, 237, 246, 428
bath 147
gluconate 155, 158, 236, 370
reduce bacterial counts 156
solution 247
Chlorine 329
based products 417
compounds 326, 329
dioxide use 164
solution 310
Chloroquine 86
Chlortetracycline 76, 81
Cholera 196
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 103, 104, 244
Chryseobacterium 162
Cidofovir 85
Ciprofloxacin 77, 81, 83, 92, 126, 127
Cirrhosis 129
Cladosporium 282
Clarithromycin 76, 8183
Clavulanic acid 78, 110
Clean hospital environment and hygiene, maintaining 29
Cleaners, alkaline-based 366
Clinafloxacin 77
Clindamycin 75, 76, 81, 87, 110
Clostridioides difficile infection 5
Clostridium difficile 11, 12, 36, 80, 128, 244, 250, 258, 301, 385, 387
colitis 80, 387, 387t
diarrhea 11
enterocolitis 14, 118
infection 1012, 36, 109, 221, 250, 424
prevention of 243
spores of 288
Clostridium perfringens 154, 166
Clotrimazole 83
Cloxacillin 80
Coagulase-negative staphylococci 12, 92, 145
Co-amoxiclav 92
Coccidioides immitis 59
Colistin 77, 82, 110
Colon surgery 212
Colonization 5, 44, 51
Colony-forming unit 135, 232, 274, 297
Combination therapy 130
Communicable diseases 398, 416
Communication channels 257
Community, preventive strategies in 415
Compressed gases, precautions of 340
Condom catheter 137
use of 249
Congenital immune deficiency syndrome 54
Construction activity
matrix development 284t
type of 283b
Construction work, monitoring 286
Consumables, management of 370
Contact transmission 6, 343, 425
Container index 174
Containment levels, use of 343
Contamination 5
Conventional air flow systems 302
Conventional methods, status of 61
Conventional microbiologic
methods 62
techniques 63
Core infection prevention and control practices 351
Coronary artery bypass graft 212
Coronavirus 361, 412
disease 411
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae 48, 81, 201
jeikeium 80
COVID-19 6, 67, 228, 309, 310, 412
disease, transmission of 415
infection 411
management of 412, 418
waste 415
management in 415, 416
Craniotomy 212
C-reactive protein 116, 209, 218
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever 172, 173
Cryptococcus neoformans 55
Cryptosporidium 36
parvum 163
Cyclops 173
Cycloserine 79, 82
Cytokines 53, 384
Cytomegalovirus 59, 384
Cytotoxic chemotherapy antirejection medication 54
Cytotoxic waste 312
D
Dalbavancin 76, 80
Dalfopristin 76, 81
Damage
nature of 47
response framework 45t, 46t
Dapsone 78
Daptomycin 75, 78
Decontamination 5
Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis 245
Defective humoral immunity 384
Dehydroemetine 86, 88
Delavirdine 86
Demeclocycline 76, 81
Dengue 7, 196, 425
fever 173
prevention and control 175
Dental
chair unit water 165
hand pieces 371
healthcare workers 370
procedure 366
services, infection prevention in 370
Deoxyribonucleic acid 63, 78
Device-associated infection 141, 149
pathogenesis of 48
Diabetes mellitus 54, 74, 129
Dialdehyde molecule 328
Dialysis
infection prevention in 368
shunt for 212
Diarrhea 85, 424
Diarrheal diseases 72
Dicloxacillin 75
Didanosine 85
Diethylcarbamazine citrate 87
Different body fluids 186t
Digestive decontamination 376
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors 78
Diloxanide furoate 86
Diphtheria 72, 196, 197, 201
cutaneous 178
vaccine recommendation 201
Directed antibiotic therapy 72
Disinfectants 286, 330
classification of 327t
high-level 327, 328, 366
solutions 417
spectrum of activity of 327
types of 417
Disinfection 5, 18, 31, 40, 42, 173, 261, 296, 326, 354, 368, 398, 404
high level 40
high quality 363
low level 41
type of 266
Disk space 213
Disseminated herpes zoster 302
Dolutegravir 191
Doripenem 75, 80, 128
Doxycycline 74, 76, 79, 81
Dracunculus infection 87
Drafting procedures 164
Droplet 42
precautions 226, 227, 361
transmission 343, 425
Drug
protein binding of 74
resistance bacteria, types of 110
Dry cleaning 277
Dry heat sterilizers 270
Duke Antimicrobial Stewardship Outreach Network 117
E
Ear 213
Echinocandins 84, 88
Econazole 83
Efavirenz 85, 86, 193
Effective infection prevention 371
Electrical hazard, precautions to prevent 341
Electrocardiography machine 41
Electrostatic methods 301
Elizabethkingia 25, 162
Emergency
care providers 186
medical services 18
room 22
Emetine 86, 88
Emphysema 54, 129
Empiric antibiotic treatment 146
Empirical therapy 94, 130
Employee health 370
and safety 26
management 438
Emtricitabine 85
Endocarditis 95, 167, 213
infective 93
Endocrinal disturbances 307
Endogenous latent organism, reactivation of 54
Endometritis 213
Endoscopy 371
procedural area, infection prevention in 366
unit 397
wash machine 24
Endotracheal tube 10, 124, 131
presence of 244
Engineering Control for Desired Ventilation 293
Entamoeba histolytica 166
Entecavir 85
Enterobacter
aerogenes 110
cloacae 110
Enterobacteriaceae 12, 65, 128, 217
Enterobius infection 87
Enterococcus
faecalis 74, 95, 110
faecium 25, 30, 82, 94, 95, 110, 128
Enterocolitis 12
Entomological indices 174
Environment Protection Act 308
Environmental
cleaning 58, 411, 417
disinfection 411, 417
surveillance 351
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 175
Eosinophils 54
Epidemic conjunctivitis 178
Epithelial barrier 376
Ertapenem 75, 80, 110, 126, 128
Erythrocytic schizonticides 86
Erythromycin 8, 74, 76, 81
Escherichia coli 4, 12, 14, 25, 36, 37, 82, 92, 94, 95, 103, 126, 134, 144, 153, 161, 276, 343
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 92
Ethambutol 78, 82, 83
Ethanol 417
Ethionamide 79, 82
Ethyl alcohol 327, 329
Ethylene oxide 268, 269
sterilization 268
advantages 268
disadvantages 268
European Centers for Disease Control 5
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 62, 67
European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 5
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 5
Exoerythrocytic schizonticides 86
Exogenous pathogens, reduction of exposure to 55
Extended-spectrum
beta-lactamase 5, 14, 25, 65, 100, 110, 127, 424
penicillins 75
Extensively drug-resistant bacteria 106
Extraintestinal amebicides 86, 88
Extremely drug-resistant microorganisms 5, 14
Eye 339
safety 339
Eyewear 370
F
Face masks, use of 416
Famciclovir 85t
Faropenem 75t
Fascia 211
Fasciola hepatica 88
Female reproductive tract, infection of 213
Fetal malformations 307
Fever 86, 126
Fidaxomicin 76
Filariasis 87, 172
Firefighting apparatus 338
Flash steam sterilization 268, 268t
Fleroxacin 77t, 81t
Flexible endoscopy 366
Fluconazole 77t, 83, 84, 87, 350
Flucytosine 83, 84, 88
Fluids 274
pathways, types of 368
Flu-like illness 418
Fluorescent in situ hybridization 64, 67
Fluoroquinolones 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 87
Flushing 164
Fly breeding sites 179
Fly traps 179
Fogging
method of 405
preparations required before 405
process, protocol for 405
Foley's catheter 135, 137
indications for placement of 136
indwelling 138
Food and Drug Administration 64, 217
Classification 232
Food and Drug Agency 218
Food and environmental testing 168
Food and waterborne healthcare infections 55, 160
causes160
control 160
prevention 160
route of transmission of 160
Food handler's health and competence 166
Food hygiene 168
pyramid 167f
Food items, quality of 166
Formaldehyde 270, 326, 328, 368
gas 270
steam for sterilization 270
vapor 270
Fosamprenavir 86
Fosfomycin 80, 92
Fracture, open reduction of 212
Framycetin 76
Francisella tularensis 432
Fundamental infection prevention strategies 413
Fungal infections 59, 72
in immune compromised host, prevention of 58
Fungi 94, 163, 336, 424, 435
Fusidic acid 78t
G
Gallbladder surgery 212t
Gametocides 86
Ganciclovir 85
Garenoxacin 77t, 81t
Gas sterilizers 264
Gastric surgery 212
Gastrointestinal panel 64
Gastrointestinal tract 145, 213, 376, 385
Gatifloxacin 77t, 81t, 77, 83
Gemifloxacin 77t, 81t
General environmental disinfection contact 417b
General noninfectious solid waste 309
General personal safety procedures 338
Gentamicin 76, 92, 96, 110, 127
Geobacillus stearothermophilus 268
Germ theory 17, 50
Giannella risk score 130
Giardia 36
lamblia 166
Global Health Security Agenda 65
Glomerular filtration rate 130
Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase 74
Glutaraldehyde 326328, 368
formulations 328
Glycopeptides 76, 80
antibiotics 76
Glycylcyclines 76, 81
Gram stain 72
Gram-negative
bacilli 94, 117, 360, 376, 385, 435
bacteria 73, 237, 258, 385
organism 381
Gram-positive
bacilli 233
bacteria 73
cocci 73, 74, 233, 360, 385
organisms 81
Gravity displacement 267, 268
Grepafloxacin 77
Griseofulvin 83, 84
Growth factors 380
Guillain–Barré syndrome 167
H
H1N1 6, 26
infection 19
Haemophilus ducreyi 81
Haemophilus influenzae 81, 103, 104, 126, 196, 361
Hair 338
removal 247
Halofantrine 86
Halomonas 162
Hamycin 77, 83
Hand
antisepsis 248
showers 376
skin health, maintaining 241
transmission 259
Hand hygiene 19, 39, 40, 221, 222, 231233, 238, 239, 241, 246, 251, 288, 338, 351, 352, 361, 398, 406, 417, 428, 429, 437t
compliance to 232
efficacy of 232
electronic monitoring of compliance to 239
history 233
measuring adherence to 240
moments of 234, 429, 436f
monitor 240
movements of 429f, 436f
practice 56, 231, 278
technique 234, 239
used for 235
Hand rub 237f
alcohol-based 232
antiseptic 232
solution, amount of 241
use of 235
Handwash 56, 232, 234f
antiseptic 232, 233
movements of 429
significance of 222
steps of 40
technique of 235, 236f
Hazard
analysis critical control point 168
groups 343, 431
type of 340t
Healthcare
antiseptic products in 232
facility 205, 262, 282, 289, 308, 312, 413
force 413
infection
cause of 11, 25
Control Practices Advisory Committee 5, 173, 180, 233, 288
prevention and control of 61
Laundry Accreditation Council 278
personnel 186, 394, 413
education and training of 147
safety 183
professionals 17, 56, 196, 196t, 202, 220, 310, 361, 433
risk procedures for 427
safety measures 22
providers 17, 37, 232
chemoprophylaxis of 195
immunizations of 195
setting 288
waste 288
workers 197, 308, 413
screening of 258
Healthcare-associated infections 3, 4, 9, 9t, 12t, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31, 35, 36, 52, 90, 101, 121, 151, 160, 161, 163, 173, 207, 211, 220, 221, 228, 232, 233, 243, 256, 274, 281, 282t, 291, 350, 359, 360, 363, 375, 383, 384, 393, 394, 400, 423, 424
burden 8
control 326
history 7
impact 12
incidence 5, 173
management of 90
prevalence 5
prevent 363
prevention of 12, 58, 243, 273, 359, 365, 375, 383, 385, 426
reducing 208
risk factors for 10, 23, 384, 385t
surveillance system 13, 208
types of 10, 361
Healthcare-associated respiratory infections 123, 126
control 123
diagnostic criteria for 125
pathogenesis of 124
prevention 123
Heart
failure, congestive 129, 131
injury, acute 412
transplant 212
Heat 164
labile linen 277
Helicobacter pylori 46, 81, 366
Hematoma 377
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients 303
Hemodialysis
machines, internal pathways of 368
water treatment for 369
Hemodialyzers 369
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 167
Hemopoietic stem cell transplant 384
Hemoptysis 412
Hemorrhagic fever viruses 425
Hepatic dysfunction 74
Hepatitis
A 196, 197
virus 166
B 18, 24, 88, 196198, 310, 370
B immunoglobulin 198
B surface
antibody 192
antigen 191
B vaccination 344, 396
B vaccine 191, 196, 198t
series 190
B virus 6, 40, 55, 85, 192, 196, 274, 337, 425
management of exposure to 190
protection against 188
vaccination 191t
vaccine 185
C 18, 24
C infection, chronic 85
C virus 40, 88, 192, 308, 366, 425
management of exposure to 191
E virus 166
viruses 36
Hepatotoxicity 7
Herniorrhaphy 212t
Herpes
group viruses 59
simplex virus 54, 85, 378, 384
zoster 197, 361
virus 54
Hexachlorophene 156
High-efficiency particulate air 154, 158, 269, 282, 283, 301, 303, 343, 351, 414, 432
filtration system 368
Hip prosthesis 212
Histocompatibility
complex, major 54
locus antigen 59
Histoplasma capsulatum 59
Hospital air, filtration of 301
Hospital infection 424
control 394, 395
Committee 265
prevention and control 221, 394
Hospital information system, use of 103
Hospital laundry 275f
quality indicators for 278b
services, management of 273
Hospital linen 273
sorting of 276
Hospital waste
management 283
prevention of infections from 288
Hospital-acquired pneumonia 4, 11, 31, 103, 104, 117, 119, 386, 424
pathogenesis of 123
Host-microbe interaction 47
House index 174
Housefly 177
control 177, 179
lifecycle of 178f
Household solid waste 416
Housekeeping 286, 404
Human immune system 52, 53
Human immunodeficiency virus 18, 24, 36, 40, 45, 189t, 191t, 192, 196, 337, 425, 433
exposure codes 190fc
infection 54, 55, 74
source codes 190fc
Human infectious diseases, pathogenesis of 47
Human papilloma virus 196
Humidity control 304
Hyaluronic acid 380
Hydatid disease 88
Hydrogen peroxide 326328, 417
combination 329
gas 269
plasma sterilization 269
Hydrotherapy 161
baths 376
Hyperchlorination 164
Hyperglycemia 378
higher risk of 248
Hyperuricemia 85
Hypochlorite 417
Hypogammaglobulinemia 384
Hysterectomy, abdominal 212
I
Idoxuridine 77
Imidazoles 83
Imipenem 75, 80, 104, 110, 127
Immediate-use steam sterilization 268
Immune
compromised host and infections 54
hemolytic anemia 77
status 336
system 53, 74, 350
Immunity
adaptive 53, 59
innate 53, 54t, 59
Immunizations 196, 344
Immunocompromised host 54
Immunosuppressive
agent 76
therapy 54
Implemented infection control processes, impact of 430
Inactivated influenza vaccine 199
Inactivated polio vaccine 197, 201
Incineration 311
Incubation period 166
Indian tick typhus 173
Indirect-contact transmission 161
Individual care bundle, elements of 244
Indwelling catheters
duration of 135
management of 137
Infected immune compromised host 58
Infection 51, 90, 338, 353, 368, 375, 376, 418
active 304
and elements, chain of 351f
arterial 213
bacterial 72, 380, 384
chain of 424
chance of 368
community-acquired 4
condition, detection of 65
confirmation of 109, 118
control 10, 111, 276, 379, 400
committee 67
during repair and new construction 27
implementation of 243
nurse 24, 38, 349
practices 167, 292, 350, 427
practitioner 394
protocols 379
risk 284t, 287
team 67, 161, 394
dentistry-related 351
endogenous 360
exogenous 360
hospital-acquired 4, 7
markers of 64, 378
precautions 404
prevention and control 31, 67, 119, 205, 281, 333, 351, 396398
committee 21
policies 22, 352
program 19, 347, 353, 393, 397
protocols, implementation of 401
process 425
related ventilator-associated complication 126
risk of transmission of 274
role of senior nurses in 353
routes of transmission of 343
secondary 412
severe 384
sources of 7, 54, 55, 366, 425
stratification of 282
surveillance of 360
types of 18
Infectious agents 174
presence of 174
Infectious diseases 48, 307
diagnosis of 61
mechanisms of pathogenesis of 44
Society of America 109, 149, 233
Inflammatory mediators 376
Influenza 196, 198, 201, 259, 302, 336, 351, 370
A virus 36, 85
B virus 36
infections, healthcare-associated 129
vaccine 199
virus 361
Infusion therapy 127
Ingestion 161
Inherently resistant bacteria 118
Injectable vaccine 199
Insecticidal nets, long-lasting 176
Inspired oxygen, fraction of 126
Intensive care units 9, 14, 91, 123, 134, 199, 243, 262, 282, 284, 300, 302, 359, 360, 384, 385, 413, 437
infections, classification of 360
prevalent in 359
Interferon-α 85t
Interleukin-6 378
International Infection Prevention and Control 393
International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium 143, 149, 208, 218
Intestinal perforation 167
Intestines 412
Intravenous catheter with infections, management of 93
Intubation 10
Invasive infection 376, 377
Iodine 237
Iodophors 237, 326, 329
Iodoquinol 86
Ionized 74
Isolation 165, 418
recommendations 302
safety measures 351
source 39
type of 259
Isoniazid 82, 83
Isopropyl alcohol 329
Itraconazole 77, 83, 84
Ivermectin 87, 88
J
Japanese encephalitis 172, 173, 196, 197
Joint 213
Joint Commission International 393
K
Kala-azar 173
treatment of 87
Kanamycin 76, 79, 82
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 82
Ketoconazole 77, 83, 84, 87, 88
Kidney 412
surgery 212
transplant 212
Killing flies directly, methods of 179
Klebsiella 162, 385
strains of 106
Klebsiella pneumoniae 25, 30, 31, 36, 37, 103, 104, 110, 124, 126128, 134, 144
carbapenemases 128
Knee prosthesis 212
Koch's postulates 46, 46b
Krankenhaus infektions surveillance system 9, 143, 149
Kyasanur forest disease 172, 173
L
Labor 284
and delivery room personnel 186
Laboratory biosafety and prevention, elements of 435
Laboratory safety committee, functions of 337
Laboratory-acquired infections 431, 433t
prevention and surveillance of 67
prevention of 342, 343
Lactamase inhibitor 127
Laminar air flow system 302
Laminar flow 295
Laminectomy 212
Lamivudine 85, 191, 193
Latency 51
Laundry
department 283
facility design 274
management 273
staff training 278
Leadership commitment 111
Leadership support 352
Legionella 103, 104, 288, 386
infection 81, 164
pneumophila 36, 37, 124, 127, 162
Leishmaniasis 173
cutaneous 173
drugs for 87
Leprosy 178
Leukemia 350
chronic lymphoid 384
Leukocytosis 377
Leukopenia 126
Levofloxacin 77, 8183, 92, 126, 127
Limb amputation 212
Limit urinary catheterization 137
Lincomycin 76t
Lincosamides 76t, 77t, 81t
Linen 274, 276
management, association for 274
types of 278
Linezolid 7577, 82, 87, 127
Lipid-soluble drugs 74
Lipoatrophy 85
Lipodystrophy syndrome 85, 86
Lipopeptide 78
Liposomal amphotericin B 87
Liquid spills, management of 438
Listeria monocytogenes 55, 166
Live attenuated inhaled vaccine 199
Liver 212
disease, chronic 129
transplant 73, 212
Local exhaust system 301
Local skin flora, density of 246
Lomefloxacin 77, 81
Louse-borne relapsing fever 173
Low temperature wash 277
Lower respiratory tract 125
infections 213
pathogenesis of 124fc
Low-level disinfectants 330
Low-temperature steam 270
sterilization 267
Low-temperature sterilization technologies 268
Luminal amebicides 86
Lungs 412
cancer 350
Lyme disease 173
Lymecycline 76t, 81t
Lymphatic filariasis 173
Lymphocytes 54
Lymphomas 350
Lymphopenia 412
M
Macrocyclic lactone ring structure 76t
Macrolide 76t, 79t, 81, 82t
antibiotic 76
Macrophages 54
Maintain glucose control 248
Maintain sterile barrier 251
Maintain unobstructed flow 249
Maintain ventilator circuit 245
Maintenance bundle 406
Malaria 7, 173, 176
guidelines for treatment of 176
parasite 86
prevention and control 176
symptoms of 86
Malassezia furfur 144
Male reproductive tract, infection of 213
Malignancies, hematogenous 384
Malnutrition 74
Manage coronavirus disease 413t
Manual wash 24
Mask 226, 338
universal use of 416
Mass gatherings 416
Mass spectrometry 64
Mastitis 213t
Mastoid 213
Measles 196, 200, 201, 302
vaccine recommendations 200
Meatal cleaning 249
Mebendazole 87, 88
Mechanical bowel preparation 247
Mechanical ventilation 129, 350
Mediastinitis 213t
Medical testing laboratories 333
Medsense electronic monitoring 239
Mefloquine 86
Membrane bioreactors 311
Meningitis 213
acute 62
Meningococcal disease 200
Meningococcal vaccine 196
recommendations 200
Meningococcus 201t
Mepacrine 86, 87
Meropenem 75, 80, 104, 110, 127
Metastatic infections 93
Methicillin 8, 75, 80, 94
Methicillin-resistant 94
Staphylococcus aureus 5, 14, 36, 42, 55, 64, 75, 82, 93, 104, 111, 124, 127, 146, 210, 221, 235, 247, 258, 288, 301, 376, 385, 424
Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 5, 14, 104, 126, 146
Methotrexate 78
Metronidazole 74, 77, 82, 8688, 113
Mezlocillin 75, 80
Micafungin 84
Miconazole 83
Microbe, pathogenicity of 47
Microbe-mediated damage 47
Microbial infection 44, 64
Microbial infectivity 48
Microbicidal activity, spectrum of 269, 270
Microbiological criteria 125
Microbiological investigations 258
Microbiological laboratories, quality assurance in 64
Microorganisms
calculation of number of 297
ecology of 35
hazard groups of 431
types of 35
Microsporum canis 274
Microwaving 311
Minimal effective concentration 367
Minimum bactericidal concentration 73
Minimum efficiency reporting value 301
Minimum inhibitory concentration 73, 75, 88, 94, 128
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 198
Minocycline 76, 81
Mirrors 371
Mitochondrial toxicity 85
Moisture-sensitive medical devices 267
Molecular structure 75
Molecular weight of drug 74
Monobactams 75t
Monocytes 54
Moraxella catarrhalis 81
Morganella morganii 82
Mortuary care 23
Mouth props 371
Moxifloxacin 8183, 126
Mucositis 384
Multidisciplinary teams, use of 238
Multi-drug resistant 37, 100
Acinetobacter 274
bacteria 106
microorganisms 63
pathogens 124, 127t
Multi-drug resistant organism 5, 24, 104, 110, 207, 217, 221, 243, 250, 360, 383, 424
bundle 244, 250
development of 106
incidence rate 250
risk factors for 74
surveillance for 217, 250
Multi-organ dysfunction 375
Multiple antibiotics resistant organisms 14
Multiple sterile linen 278
Multi-resistant gram-negative bacilli 258
Multiresistant organisms 360
Mumps 196, 201
measles and rubella vaccine 197, 202
Municipal solid waste 308
Mupirocin 78, 82
Musca domestica linnaeus 177
Muscle layers 211
Mutualism 51
Mycobacteria 162
structure of 79
Mycobacterial infections 59, 72
atypical 83
Mycobacterium
avium complex 8183
avium intracellulare complex 59
chimaera 259
mucogenicum 163
smegmatis 163
tuberculosis 36, 37, 42, 46, 59, 65, 227, 235, 302, 344, 361, 366, 432
infection 425
xenopi 282
Mycoplasma pneumonia 46, 361
Myocarditis 213
Myopathy 85
N
Nafcillin 75, 80
Naftifine 83
Nail hyperpigmentation 85
Naked eye examination 293
Narrow-spectrum 73
antibiotics 73
antimicrobial 88
Natamycin 77
National AIDS Control Organization 191t, 193
National AIDS Control Program 102
National Centre for Disease Control 173, 180
National Health Safety Network 218
National Healthcare Safety Network 9, 134, 143, 149, 152, 158, 211, 427
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System 210, 218
National Tuberculosis Program, revised 102
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme 173, 180
Nebulization 414
Neck surgery 212
Needle stick
and sharp injury, prevention of 40
injury 40, 85, 187, 187f, 193, 404
management of 430
management of 341
Needle, types of 187f
Negative pressure room 398
Neisseria meningitidis 200, 432
Nelfinavir 86
Neomycin 76
Netilmicin 76
Neurocysticercosis 87
except enterobius 88
Neurologic dysfunction 269
Neuromuscular junction 82
Neutropenia 85, 350, 360, 384
severe 54
severity of 384
Neutrophil 54
function, impaired 384
Nevirapine 85, 86
Newer agent peramivir 85
Niclosamide 87
Nikkomycin 83
Nitrofurantoin 77, 78, 92, 110
Nitroimidazoles 86, 88
Nocardicin 75
Nonamplified nucleic acid detection 64
Noncutting hand instruments 371
Non-intensive care unit 276
Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors 84, 85
Nonpathogenic microbes 45b
Non-recirculating system 292
Nontuberculosis mycobacteria 83, 162, 163, 168
Norfloxacin 77, 81
Normal flora 5, 425
Normothermia 157
maintaining 248
Normovolemia 157
Norovirus 166, 258
infection 351
Nosocomial infection 351, 384, 388, 424
common 384
prevention of specific 386
Nosocomial pneumonia 384, 386
Novobiocin 77
Noxifloxacin 77
Nucleic acid 84
amplification testing 67
bacterial 77
detection 63
Nucleoside analogs 77
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 78, 84
Nucleotide 77
Nuisance 178
Numerator data 210
Nurses, education and training of 352
Nystatin 77, 83
O
Occupational accidental exposure 186
Occupational Health Programme 426
Occupational health risks, prevention of 352
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 26, 274
Ochrobactrum 162
Ofloxacin 81, 82
third generation 77
Onchocerciasis 87
Open burn wound 377
Operating room 302
air sampling of 296
ventilation system 292, 294f
Operating ventilation system during maintenance 292
Operation theater 151, 154, 262, 282, 291, 295, 300, 388, 437
environmental monitoring of 296
indications for air sampling of 296
ventilation 249
zones in 156t
Ophthalmic instruments 270
Opportunistic infections 52
Opportunistic pathogen 50
Optic neuritis 85
Optimal catheter site selection 246
Oral care with antiseptic 245
Oral cavity 213
Oral polio vaccine 197, 201
Oral-fecal transmission 7, 343, 425
Organs, transplantation of 59
Oritavancin 76, 80
Ornidazole 86, 88
Oropharynx 385
colonization of 360
Ortho-phthalaldehyde 326, 327, 329
Oseltamivir 85, 130, 396
Osteomyelitis 93, 95, 213
Outbreak management 259t
Out-patient department 282, 414
Ovarian surgery 212
Oxacillin 75, 80
Oxazolidinones 76
Oxiconazole 83
Oxytetracycline 76, 81
Ozonation 168
P
Pacemaker surgery 212
Painful sensory peripheral neuropathy 85
Pan drug resistant 41
Pancreatic surgery 212
Pancreatitis 85
dose-limiting 85
Pandrug-resistant 100, 110
bacteria 106
microorganisms 106
Papovavirus 59
Para-aminobenzoic acid, analogs of 77
Para-aminosalicylic acid 77, 79, 82
Parainfluenza virus 36
Parasitic infections 72
Parathyroid surgery 212
Parenteral nutrition 350
Paromomycin 86, 87
Passive surveillance 209
Pathogen
nature of 93
transmission of 62
Pathogenic organisms 360
Pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction 63
Patient hygiene 57
Patient-based surveillance 209
Pefloxacin 77, 81
Penicillin 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 88
G 75, 80
V 75
Penicillium marneffei 59
Penicillium notatum 7
Peptide nucleic acid 64
Peracetic acid 269, 326, 327, 329, 368
sterilization 269
Perform hand hygiene 429
Pericarditis 213
Perioperative oxygenation 249
Peripheral vascular bypass surgery 212
Peripherally inserted central catheter 142, 149
Periprosthetic joint infection 213
Peritoneal fluid 72
Peritonitis 368
Personal protective equipment 4, 18, 23, 31, 40, 67, 156, 221, 223, 352, 366, 379, 404, 415, 426
doffing of 224f, 225f
donning of 223f
type of 404
use of 288, 339, 415
wearing of 229
Personal protective measures 180, 173
Personnel safety 21
role in ensuring 67
Pertussis 72, 196, 197, 200, 201
infection, healthcare-associated 129
vaccine recommendation 200
Phenol 326, 327, 330
Phlebotomists 186
Phlebotomus fever 173
Photocatalysis 311
Phototoxicity 77
Piperacillin 75, 80, 110
Piperacillin-tazobactam 127t
Pivmecillinam 92t
Plague 172, 173
Plasma 312
pyrolysis 312
Plasmodium 86
vivax 86
Plastic waste 31
Pleural fluid 72
Pleuromutilins 76
Pneumocystis
carinii 104
jirovecii 42, 46, 50, 55, 59, 81
Pneumonia 10, 123, 124, 214, 351, 412
antibiotic policy for 103
atypical 81
classes of 103
community-acquired 103, 104, 113f, 119
flow diagram 215fc
healthcare-associated 123, 131, 386
histopathological evidence of 125
prevention of postoperative 129
severe 62
types of 123
Point-of-care test 63, 67
Polio 196, 197, 201
Poliomyelitis 178
Pollution Act, prevention and Control of 313
Polyene 83
antibiotics 77
Polyethylene 246
Polymerase chain reaction 67, 217, 258, 412
Polymyxin B 77, 82, 87, 110, 130
Polypeptide antibiotics 77
Polyvinyl 246
Polyvinylpyrrolidone 329
Poor perfusion 74
Posaconazole 83, 84t
Positive end-expiratory pressure 126
Positive pressure 295
isolation 303
room 304f
ventilation 295
Post-anesthesia care unit 284
Post-antibiotic effect 75
Postexposure chemoprophylaxis 201
Postexposure prophylaxis 186, 192, 192t, 193, 197, 337
side effects of 193f
Postexposure vaccination 198
Postpartum areas 284
Post-transplant wards 289
Potential body fluid exposure 235
Potential infection risks 343
Povidone-iodine 155, 327, 370
Practice hand hygiene 241, 418
Practice preventive precautions 418
Praziquantel 87
Pregnancy 74
and lactation 74
Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis 247
Preparing antibiogram, microbiology laboratory role in 66
Preparing antibiotic policy, microbiology role in 66
Preprocedural mouth rinsing 366, 370
Pressure 300
ulcer care bundle 250
Presurgery antibiotic prophylaxis 403
Prevalence surveillance 210
Priority-directed surveillance 209
Probable microbial flora 36t
Probiotics, use of 245
Procalcitonin 209, 378
Prodromal infection stage 425
Progressive care unit 284
Proguanil 78, 86
Prophylactic antibiotic 380
therapy 73
Prophylaxis 59, 130, 397
Prospective and retrospective surveillance 209
Prospective surveillance 209
Prostate surgery 212
Protease inhibitors 86
Protective environment and precautions, modified 57
Protective isolation 39, 58
Protein synthesis 87
Protozoa 166, 424
parasites 163
Pseudallescheria boydii 84
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis 11
Pseudomonas 80, 104, 233, 376, 385
aeruginosa 11, 25, 30, 36, 37, 65, 82, 94, 95, 110, 124, 127, 134, 147, 217, 258, 366
mallei 82
pseudomallei infection 59
Pseudomonic acid 78
Public Health England 256
Public health importance 178
Public Health Strategic Health authority 257
Pupa index 174
Puromycin 78t
Purulent endotracheal secretion 125
Pyrantel pamoate 87
Pyrazinamide 82, 83
Pyrimethamine 78t, 86
Pyuria 92
Q
Q fever 336
Quality control and performance indicators 278
Quality indicators 210
Quarantine 416, 418
Quaternary ammonium compound 156, 327, 330
Quinine 86
Quiniodochlor 86
Quinolones 83
Quinupristin 76, 81
Quinupristin–dalfopristin 110
R
Rabies 196t, 197t
Radiation 54
Radioactive materials 344
Ravuconazole 84t
Rectal surgery 212
Relapsing fever 173
Renal dysfunction 74
Requisite air 305
Reservoir 173, 180
Resident microbial flora 233
Respiratory cough etiquette 429
Respiratory disease, severe 418
Respiratory hygiene 417, 429
Respiratory infections 123, 416
acquiring 123
Respiratory specimens 396
Respiratory syndrome, severe acute 221
Respiratory tract 123
infections
burden of 123
hospital-acquired 123
Respiratory viruses 103, 104
Restricted antibiotics 116, 118
Retapamulin 76t
Rhinovirus 36, 361
Ribavirin 85
Ribonucleic acid 63, 78
Rickettsiosis 173
Rifabutin 82, 83
Rifampicin 77, 82, 87
Rifampin 83
Rifapentine 82
Right antimicrobial agent, selection of 109, 118
Rigors 86
Rimantadine 85, 130
RNA
polymerase inhibitors 77
viruses 412
Rodent control 176, 177t
Rodent infestations, prevention and control of 177
Room ventilation 58
Room with anteroom 303f
Room without anteroom 303f
Rotavirus 166, 196
Routine air culture 296
Routine catheter exchange 93
Routine immunization 196
Routine microbiology laboratory 257
Roxithromycin 76t, 81t
Rubella 196, 200
vaccine recommendations 200
virus 361
S
Safe environment 398
Safe hospital environment, maintenance of 38
Saliva 186, 274
Salmonella 337, 432
Salmonellosis 336
Sandfly fever 173
Sanitary landfills 312
Saprophytic organism 54
SARS-COV-2 411, 418
causes 6
Scrub typhus 173
Sebaceous glands 375
Secnidazole 86, 88
Secretions, aspiration of 48, 128
Sedative medication 10
Self-infection 161
Semen 186
Semicritical items 371
Sepsis 62, 73, 92
severe 93
Septic thrombosis 95
Serratia 162
marcescens 82, 95, 126, 366
Sertaconazole 83
Serum 72
hepatitis 336
Sharp containers 437f
Shigella 432
Shredding 312
Simeprevir 85t
Sinks, care for 164
Sinusitis 213
Sisomicin 76t
Skin 274
antisepsis 246
appendages 375
bacterial flora on 232
disinfection of 406
grafting 380
infections 178
normal microbial flora of 233
organism 49
rash 85
scales 288
schematic anatomy of 211f
Small bowel surgery 212
Smallpox 196
virus 432
Social distancing 416
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 5, 109, 149, 217, 233, 244
Sodium hypochlorite 277, 327, 329
Sofosbuvir 85t
Soiled laundry 274
-associated infections, prevention of 274
Soiled linen 274
Solid agar impact 297
Solid tumors 384
Solid waste 310
rules 308
Sonic technology 311
Sore throat 412
Sparfloxacin 77, 81
Sphingomonas 162
Spice group 110
Spill management 228, 344, 404
Spinal abscess without meningitis 213
Spinal fusion 212
Spleen surgery 212
Sporonticides 86
Spot spillage 430
Spread, hematogenous 49, 145
S-protein 412
Sputum 186
Staffing requirements 265
Stakeholder bodies 256
Standard deviation 378
Standard precautions 221, 360
Standard treatment guidelines 101
Standard work precautions 39
Staphylococcus 7
aureus 4, 12, 25, 30, 42, 46, 64, 65, 73, 74, 92, 94, 103, 104, 110, 128, 144, 147, 153, 155, 166, 274, 376, 435
epidermidis 435
Statutory authority 257
Stavudine 85
Steam sterilization 262, 267, 268
cycles 267t
principle of 267
type of 267
Stenotrophomonas 104, 162
maltophilia 25, 36, 37, 82, 95, 110, 162
Sterile attire 248
Sterility barrier during insertion 246
Sterilization 17, 42, 261, 262, 264, 271, 326, 366, 368, 398, 404
and disinfection 261, 351
chamber 267
methods of 267
process 265
failure of 265, 268
validation of 267
type of 266, 268, 271
Steroids 54
Stethoscope 41
Steven–Johnson syndrome 86
Sticky tapes 179
Stool 274
Streptococcus 343
agalactiae 72
pneumoniae 46, 66, 72, 81, 103, 104, 126
infection 47
pyogenes 376
Streptogramins 76t, 81t
Streptomycin 8, 73, 76, 79, 82
Stress ulcer prophylaxis 245, 251
Strongyloides 87, 88
stercoralis infection 59
Structural lung disease 104
Substantivity 232
Sulbactam 78, 110, 126
Sulconazole 83
Sulfamethoxazole 110
Sulfonamides 78, 79, 82, 88
Sulphonamides 86
Superbugs 14
Suppurative thrombophlebitis 93
Suprapubic catheters 137
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis 218
Surgical hand
antisepsis 232
scrub 233
Surgical instruments, sterilization of 249
Surgical site infection 4, 11, 10, 14, 31, 73, 151, 152, 157, 158, 208, 211, 221, 247, 291, 297, 384, 387, 395, 424
bundle 247
care bundle, elements of 249
classification of 211f
determinants 154
prevention 252, 362, 388b, 403
bundle 252t
risk factors for 155b
Surgical site preparation 247
Surveillance
methodology 209, 217
types of 209
Sweat 186
Symptomatic bacteriuria 91
Symptomatic urinary tract infection 135, 214, 216fc
Synergism 73
Synovial fluid 72
Systemic antibiotic therapy 93, 97
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 64
T
T cells 53, 54
T lymphocyte cell receptor 59
Tabtoxinine-β-lactam 75
Tachycardia, progressive 378
Tachypnea, progressive 378
Tacrolimus 76
Tamm–Horsfall proteins 134
Tazobactam 78t, 110
T-cell receptor 54
Tears 186
Tedizolid 76
Teicoplanin 76, 96
Telavancin 76, 80
Telbivudine 85
Temafloxacin 77
Temperature 300
and humidity 295, 296
control 304
control 304
Temporary invasive medical devices, use of 352
Tenofovir 191, 193
Terbinafine 83
Terconazole 83
Test aerosol 293
Tetanus 72, 196, 197, 201, 310
Tetracycline 8, 76, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 110
Therapy, duration of 92, 147
Thiacetazone 79, 82
Thoracic surgery 212
Three-way urinary catheter 138f
Thrombocytopenia 378
Thrombolytic agents, intravenous administration of 94
Thrombophlebitis 97
risk of 246
Thyroid 212
Ticarcillin 75, 80
Tick borne encephalitis 196
Tigecycline 76, 81, 87, 110
Tigemonam 75t
Time-dependent killing 75
Tinidazole 86, 88
Tipranavir 86
Tissue schizonticides, primary 86
Tobramycin 76, 127
Toilets and showers 164
Total bacterial isolates 12t
Total parenteral nutrition 94, 97
Total protected environment 57
Totally implanted venous access devices 142, 149
Toxocariasis 87, 88
Toxoplasma gondii 46, 59, 81, 166
Tracheobronchitis 424
Trachoma 178
Transcriptase inhibitors, reverse 84
Transient flora 232
Transient infiltrate 125
Transient microbial flora 233, 435
Transmissible infections 425
Triage 418
Triazoles 83, 88
Trichosporon 233
Triclabendazole 87, 88
Triclosan-coated sutures 157
Trimethoprim 78, 95, 110
Trovafloxacin 77, 81
Tubercle bacilli 41
Tuberculosis 54, 288, 336, 351
clinics 302
prevention and management of 343
Tuberculostatic drug 79
Tumor necrosis factor-α 378
Tunnel infections 96
Turnaround time 67
Typhoid 196, 197
Typhus 7, 173
Tyrothricin 77
U
Ultra low particulate air 298
Ultraclean ventilation 295, 298
Ultraviolet light 164
test 239
Universal Immunization Programme 198
Upper respiratory tract 213
Upper urinary tract 92
Urethral catheter, types of 138f
Urinary catheter 91, 138, 214
indwelling 10, 49fc
silver-impregnated 387
types of 133
Urinary system infection 213
Urinary tract 134
bundle, catheter-associated 249
Urinary tract infection 4, 90, 92, 133, 135, 138, 214, 395
asymptomatic 135, 139
bacteremic 136
burden of 133
catheter with 134
catheter-related 9
cause of 134
healthcare-associated 133
prevention strategies for catheter associated 133
Urine 72, 274
and feces 186
culture 217
V
Vaccination 129
Vaccine against influenza virus 199t
Vaccinia virus 432
Vacuum test 267
Vacuum-assisted closure 380
Vaginal cuff 213
Vaginal hysterectomy 212
Vaginal secretions 186
Valacyclovir 85
Valganciclovir 85
Vancomycin 8, 7476, 80, 82, 94, 96, 127
resistant streptococci 36, 37, 42, 55, 65, 82, 111, 146, 210, 235, 376, 385, 424
Varicella 196, 197, 199, 201
vaccine 200
zoster virus 85, 199
infections 361
Vector-borne
infection, chain of 174
transmission 7, 425
Vector-borne disease 171174
epidemiology of 173
surveillance system 179
Vector-borne healthcare
infections 171
burden of 171
prevention and control of 171
Venezuelan equine encephalitis 432
Venous catheters, types of 141
Venous infection 213
Ventilation 293, 295, 296, 300, 301
rate 293
standards 300
system 292, 296, 305
Ventilator bundle contains 406
Ventilator-associated condition 126
Ventilator-associated event 4, 10, 11, 18, 31, 126, 131, 213, 218
Ventilator-associated pneumonia 4, 9, 11, 14, 44, 58, 63, 103, 104, 123, 124, 126, 213, 221, 244, 245, 381, 384, 386, 395, 424
and tracheobronchitis; 14
bundle 244
care bundle, elements of 246
mechanism of pathogenesis of 48, 49fc
prevention 361
bundle 251t
reduce 361
Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis 124, 131
diagnostic criteria for 125
Ventricular shunt 212
Ventriculitis 213
Vibrio cholerae 82t
Viral dynamics 412
Viral hemorrhagic fevers 277
Viral infections 72, 336
Viral respiratory illnesses 259
Virulence 50, 433
Virus 166, 274, 336, 424
particles 378
Visceral leishmaniasis 173
Visitation policy 56
Volistin 110
Volumetric air sampling 296
Vomitus 186, 274
Voriconazole 83, 84t
Vulnerable population, care for 416
W
Warrant fogging 405
Wash basins, care of 164
Waste
anatomical 312
anesthetic gas disposal 292, 298
categories 342
disposal 39, 337
bag, material of 342
healthcare facility generates, types of 308
majority of 308
management 23
rules 289
types of 308
Water 398
Water and foodborne infections 168
prevention of 429
Water distribution and storage 369
Water fixtures 288
Water quality, management of 281
Water requirements 276
Water supply and management system 283
Water testing 165
Water, monitoring of 369
Waterborne healthcare infections
microbial etiology of 162
mode of transmission of 161
outbreak, control of 165
prevention of 163
Waterborne infections, prevention of 163
Waterborne pathogens 161
Waterless antiseptic agent 232
Water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol 277
West Nile fever 173
Whirlybirds 302
White blood cell 116, 126
count 126
White category 309
World Health Organization 5, 40, 56, 196, 359, 361, 411
Wound
care 249
classification of 153t
cleaning of 376
management of 376, 379
margin 377
X
Xenografts 376
Y
Yeasts 435
Yellow category 309
Yellow fever 196
Z
Zanamivir 85t
Zidovudine 84
Zika 26, 173
Zoster 201
×
Chapter Notes

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