FOGSI Focus Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology Meenu Agarwal, Rohan Palshetkar, Nandita Palshetkar, Chinmay Umarji
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table
A
Abdomen 107
axial view of 157f159f
Abdominal circumference 70, 104, 105, 133, 134f
Abdominal distension 70
Abnormal ductus venosus waveforms 85f
Abortion 46
complete 75
incomplete 75
missed 75, 76f
threatened 74
Abruptio placentae 80, 80f
Absent end-diastolic flow 135, 137f
Acardiac twin 98
Acardius acephalus 99
Acardius amorphous 99
Acardius myelacephalus 99
Adenomyoma 29t, 32
Adenomyosis 29, 29f, 59, 61f
color flow pattern of 29f
ultrasound features of 61t
Adherent placenta 167
Adhesions 51
Adnexa 17, 52, 82
assessment of 68
solid masses of 72
ultrasound of 70
Adnexal mass 87f
classification of 28
near ovary 67f
Adnexal ovarian torsion 30
Adnexal pregnancy 68f
Adnexal torsion 70, 72
Allister-Hall syndrome 184
Alpha-fetoprotein 180, 181
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 132, 136, 147
American College of Radiology 132
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 132
Amniocentesis 146, 146f, 177, 184
indications for 145
Amniotic cavities 95f
Amniotic fluid 23, 124, 124f, 157f
assessment 124
dynamics 125f
index 126, 132, 173
percentile values 127t
technique for 126f
old blood-stained 146f
volume 124, 125f, 131, 136
assessment 129
measurement of 125
normal 125
Amniotic membrane 84f
Anal atresia 158, 161
Andometrioma, complex 51
Anembryonic pregnancy 75
Anencephaly 107
Aneuploidy
risks 189
screening for 94
Angiogenesis around follicle 35f
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 127
Anorectal malformations 161
surgical repair of 162
Antenatal care 131
Antepartum fetal surveillance 135
Anteroposterior abdominal diameter 104, 105
Anti-Müllerian hormone 42
Antral follicle 36
count 42, 42f, 43, 62
Aortic isthmus Doppler 138
Arcuate uterus 59
Asherman's syndrome 60
Assisted reproductive technology 67, 187
Asynchronous color flow imaging 26
Atrial septal defect 95
Atrioventricular septal defect 108f
Atypical endometriotic cyst 50f
Axial diffusion-weighted imaging 51
B
Backache 70
Benign adnexal masses, causes of 70
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 74, 82, 177
Biophysical profile 135
score 135
Biopsy 52
Biparietal diameter 104, 105, 133, 134f
Bladder
outlet obstruction 185
wall-serosa interface 116f
Bleeding
causes of 74
in late pregnancy 78
in obstetrics, ultrasonography for 74
per vaginum 153
subacute 51
Blighted ovum 75f, 86, 86f
Blood velocity 25
Body mass index 42, 43
Bowel
atresia 158, 165
lumen 17f
muscularis 17f
Brain 22, 23, 107
Bronchopulmonary sequestration 140
C
Cancer antigen 125 50
Cardiac anomalies 141, 158
Cardiac defects 158
Cardiotocography 135
computerized 96
Cardiovascular system 129
Caudal regression syndrome 161
Cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid 94
Central cord insertion, normal 120f
Central nervous system 95, 129, 139
Cephalopagus conjoined twins 98f
Cerebral ventriculomegaly, bilateral 107f
Cerebroplacental ratio 135, 137
Cervical
canal 16f, 77f
glands 16f
insufficiency 80, 80f
length assessment 104, 109
pregnancy 77f
Cervix 16, 55, 66
assessment of 110f
carcinoma of 35
Chocolate cysts 32
Choledochal cyst 164
Chorioamnionitis 153
Chorioangioma
gross specimen of 119f
placental 119f
vascularity of 119f
Chorionic plate 167
Chorionic villus sampling 94, 145, 147, 147f, 177, 184
Chorionicity, ultrasound signs of 92t
Chronic endometriotic deposits 51
Chylothorax 153
Circle of Willis, HD-live flow of 21f
Circummarginate placenta 113f
Circumvallate placenta 113f
Clear cell carcinoma 28
Cleft lip 107, 108f, 184
Cleft palate 129, 184
Cobweb pattern 63f, 71
Cogwheel appearance 72
Coiling abnormalities 120
Color Doppler 3, 25
in infertility, role of 35
settings 6
Color flow, role of 25
Complex extra-adnexal cyst 78
Computed tomography scan 49, 51
Congenital anomalies, absence of 135t
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation 152
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 141, 141f, 144, 152
repair of 152
treatment of 153
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation 140, 141
thoracoamniotic shunt for 152
Congenital pulmonary airway obstruction 154
Conjoined twins 97
classification of 97t
Continuous wave Doppler 26
Cord cyst 121, 121f
Cordocentesis 184
Corpus callosum agenesis 139f
Corpus luteal flow, normal 47f
Corpus luteum 34f, 63, 63f
color Doppler of 38f
Crescent sign 55, 56f
Crown-rump length 74, 82, 84f, 92, 133, 191f
Cul-de-sac 67f
Cyst adenoma 64
Cystic fibrosis 165
Cystic hygroma 129
Cytomegalovirus 146
infection, diagnosis of 112f
D
Decidual cyst 78
Deep infiltrating endometriosis 52, 65
Deep peritoneal implants 52
Deepest vertical pocket 101
Degenerating leiomyoma 176
Delivery, timing of 96, 102
Deoxyribonucleic acid 147
Dermoid cyst 64, 70, 71, 71f
Diaphragmatic hernia 107
Dichorionic diamniotic
pregnancy 95f
twins 125
Dichorionic pregnancy 9496
Dichorionic twins 126
Didelphys uterus 59
Dizygotic twins 90
Doppler 3, 56
angle 9
bold spectrum of 9f
calculations in 26
frequency 3
in gynecology, use of 27
safety of 11
types of 26
velocity waveform 25
Double bubble sign 140
Down syndrome 144, 158, 177, 178, 184
Ductus venosus 100, 105, 138f
agenesis 162
extrahepatic type of 162f
types of 162
Doppler 137
Duodenal atresia 158, 158t, 159f
differential diagnosis of 158b
Dysgerminoma 28
E
Early pregnancy 92, 190
failure 85
scan 85
Echogenic bowel 164, 165f
grading of 165t
Ectopic endometrial glands 51
Ectopic pregnancy 33, 34f, 67, 67f, 68f, 69, 87, 175
types of 68
ultrasound of 67
Edwards’ syndrome 177, 180
Electrical interferences 11
Electronic fetal monitoring 173f
Embryo 83
transfer 39
Endometrial blood flow 39
Endometrial carcinoma 34, 35f, 63f
ultrasound in 62
Endometrial cavity 37f
fluid in 60, 62f
Endometrial flow 6f, 18f
Endometrial motion 39
Endometrial polyp 29, 60, 62f
Endometrial thickness 39, 63f
Endometrial vascularity 45, 46t
Endometrioma 28, 32, 32f, 51, 63, 63f, 70, 71
Endometrio-myometrial junctional zone 116f
Endometriosis 31, 32, 49, 53, 65
imaging 49
techniques for 52
sites of 52, 52t
Endometriotic cyst 50f, 64
Endometriotic nodules 32f
Endometritis 34
Endometrium 15, 37f, 42, 47, 47f, 55, 66
changes in 37
Doppler features of 45
hypoechoic inner layer of 37f
like glands 32
measurement of 59
Endomyometrial junction 56, 57f
Enteric duplication cyst 163
Enterolithiasis 161
Epithelial carcinoma 28
Esophageal atresia 156, 157f, 157t
Estimated fetal weight 132, 135
Estriol 181
European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynecology 194
European Society of Urogenital Radiology 51
Exomphalos 107
Extrachorial placentation 113
Extrauterine fetal cardiac activity 78
Extrauterine pregnancies 76, 78f
Extremities 22, 23
F
Face 23, 107
Fallot's tetralogy 141f
Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India 194
Female pelvis, ultrasound examination of 13
Femur length 104, 105
Fetal abdomen 156
Fetal activity 167
Fetal anomalies 107t
scan, targeted imaging for 104, 106
Fetal arrhythmias 150
Fetal biometry 104
Fetal blood
flow, disruption of 117
sampling 148
Fetal bradycardia 74
Fetal cardiac activity 132
Fetal central nervous system abnormalities 139
Fetal cord blood sampling 148f
Fetal disorders, prenatal diagnosis of 144
Fetal Doppler 136
Fetal face 22
HD-live mode for 21f
multiplanar view of 20f
surface rendering of 20f
Fetal gastrointestinal anomalies 140
Fetal genitourinary anomalies 140
Fetal growth 131
restriction 95, 96, 105, 127, 133, 135, 135t, 167, 184, 189
early-onset growth charts 134f
late-onset growth charts 134f
surveillance 133
Fetal head
attitude 170
descent 170
tomographic ultrasound imaging of 20f
Fetal heart
color spatiotemporal image correlation of 20f
inversion mode for 21f
rate 136
sound 173
Fetal infection 146
Fetal intervention 144
Fetal medical therapy 149
Fetal medicine 144, 184
Fetal middle cerebral artery 135
Fetal musculoskeletal abnormalities 142
Fetal occiput, position of 170, 171t
Fetal spinal column, omniview of 21f
Fetal structural abnormalities 129b
Fetal surgery 149, 152
prerequisites for 152
principles of 152
Fetal therapy 144, 149
Fetal tracheal occlusion 152
Fetal tumors 129
Fetal weight estimation 133
Fetal well-being, assessment of 168
Fetoscopic fetal surgery 153
Fetoscopic surgery 149
limitations of 153
Fetoscopic tracheal occlusion 153
Fetus papyraceus 96
Fibroids 29t, 59, 61f
ultrasound features of 61t
Fibroma 28
Fibrotic endometriotic deposits 51
First trimester
placenta, normal 112f
ultrasound in 82
Fission theory 97
Flow index 58f
Fluorescent in situ hybridization 177
Follicle 63
B-mode image of 4f
pulse Doppler image of 44f
stimulating hormone 42
Follicular ring sign 66
Fraternal twins 90
Free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 94
Functional cysts 28
Fusion
defects 59
theory 97
G
Gastrointestinal system 129
Gastrointestinal tract 156
anomalies 156
malformations 156t
Gastroschisis 107
Genetic counseling 144
Genitourinary system 129
Germ cell tumor 28
Gestation sac 75f77f
Gestational age 134f, 135
appropriate for 105f
fetus growth charts, appropriate for 134f
function of 125f
growth charts, large for 135f
large for 133
Gestational sac 46, 82, 83, 83f, 84f, 86f, 88f
Gestational trophoblastic
disease 32, 65, 76
neoplasia 33
tumors 33
Goitre 129
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 29
Granulosa cell tumor 28
Graves’ disease 150
Ground-glass appearance 63, 63f
Growth scan 191
Gynecology, ultrasound in 55
H
Head and neck 129
Head circumference 104, 105, 133
Head-perineum distance 171
measurement of 172f
Head-symphysis distance 171
measurement of 172f
Heart 22, 23, 107
block, complete 150
Hematoma 115f, 117
collection of 80f
Hematometra 61
Hemoglobin 100
Hemorrhage, subchorionic 74
Hemorrhagic cyst 32, 34f, 64, 70, 71
Hepatic calcification 161
Hepatic cyst 164
Heterogeneous myometrium 29f
Heterotopic pregnancy 78f
High pulse repetition frequency 10f
High-definition flow Doppler 18f
High-resistance
umbilical artery Doppler 137f
uterine artery flow waveform 46f
High-resolution ultrasonography 184
Human chorionic gonadotropin 32, 44, 67, 181
Hydrosalpinx 70, 72
Hydrothorax, primary 152
Hyperplasia
congenital adrenal 149
endometrial 60
Hyperthyroidism 150
Hypoplastic uterus 59
Hypothyroid fetus 150
Hysterectomy 116f
I
Iliac flow 28
In vitro fertilization 37, 43, 187
Inferior vena cava 162f
Infertility 63, 67
monitories 25
ultrasound in 42
Injury, mechanism of 96
Insonation, angle of 25, 56
International Endometrial Tumor Analysis Group 59
International Ovarian Tumor Analysis 28, 64, 72
Classification 28
Collaboration 64
Guidelines 72t
Terminologies 28
International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 104, 133, 148, 194
Intertwin membrane, documentation of 191f
Intra-amniotic hemorrhage 165
Intracranial lesions 175
Intrapartum ultrasonography 142
Intrauterine adhesion 60
ultrasonography features of 60
Intrauterine contraceptive device 67
Intrauterine device 91
Intrauterine growth restriction 25, 105, 133, 157, 165
Intrauterine insemination 16, 39, 42
Intrauterine pregnancy 78, 78f
Intrauterine transfusion 150
Intravenous immunoglobulin, maternal administration of 149
Invasive diagnostic tests 49
Invasive mole 77f
Irregular gestational sac 74
Irregular periods 70
J
Jejunal atresia 159f
Jejunoileal atresia 159f
L
Labor, assessment of progress of 170
Lace-like pattern 71
Lambda sign 92
Laparoscopy 52
Large subchorionic hematoma 86f
Length abnormalities 120
Light-emitting diode 12
Limbs 107
abnormalities 158
Low spiral artery resistance index 35f
Lower segment uterine contraction 115f
Low-resistance tortuous vessels 32f
Lung
malformations, congenital 140
maturity, steroids for 149
Luteal phase scan 37
Luteinized unruptured follicle 36
Luteinizing hormone 44
M
Magnesium sulfate, maternal administration of 149
Magnetic resonance imaging 49, 51, 175
machines 187
Malignant adnexal masses 72
Malignant teratoma 28
Malignant uterine tumors 34
Marginal hematoma 167
Mass
ground-glass appearance of 32f
lesions 15
Maternal blood flow, disruption of 116
Maternal human immunodeficiency virus 150
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein 177
Maternal transmissible infectious disease 146
Mature cystic teratoma 71
Mature follicle
B-mode features of 43
B-mode ultrasound image of 44f
Mature teratoma 28
Mean sac diameter 74, 83
Meconium ileus 160, 160f
Meconium peritonitis 161
Meconium pseudocyst 164, 164f
Medical software, sample form of 189f
Meigs syndrome 28
Membranes
funneling of 110f
premature rupture of 127, 153, 167
Meningocele 139f
Meningomyelocele 144, 152
fetal surgery for 152
surgery for 152
Menstrual cycle 27, 28t
study of 35
Mesenteric cyst 164
Middle cerebral artery 138f, 189
Doppler 136
peak systolic velocity 100, 150
Midtrimester scan 106f
Miscarriage 88f
incomplete 85
missed 86, 86f
threatened 74
Modified biophysical profile 136
Molar pregnancy 86
Molar tissue, penetration of 77f
Monochorionic diamniotic twins 99f, 101f, 126, 185
Monochorionic fetuses, reduction in 152
Monochorionic monoamniotic twins 90, 102
Monochorionic pregnancy 9497
Monochorionic twin 90f, 95f, 100f, 126
pregnancy 94, 96, 97
classification of 96
Monozygotic twins 90, 90f
genesis of 91
Morbidly adherent placenta 79, 167, 175
Morphological uterus sonographic assessment 59
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma 28
Mucinous cystadenoma 28
Mucopolysaccharidosis 184
Müllerian duct abnormalities 15
Multicystic dysplastic kidneys 108f
Multifetal gestation 91, 94, 95
invasive prenatal diagnosis in 94
mechanism of 90
Multifetal pregnancy
monitoring of 93
reduction 151
Multilocular cyst 64
Multiple gestation, diagnosis of 92
Multiple pregnancy 87, 90, 102, 149, 190
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification 147
Myometrial blood flow 38f, 39
Myometrial contraction 39
Myometrial cysts 29f
Myometrial echogenicity 39
Myometrial lesions 61f
Myometrium 15, 16f, 55, 66, 116f
homogeneous 38f
homogenicity of 15
N
National Cancer Institute 35
Neck 107
Negative predictive values 92
Neonatal intensive care unit 127, 141
Next generation sequencing 147
Nodule, subcutaneous 53f
Nonassisted reproductive technology 39
Noninvasive diagnostic tests 49
Noninvasive prenatal testing 181
Noninvasive transplacental route 149
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 127
Nonstress test 135, 173
Nuchal translucency 82, 85f, 181, 184
nomogram of 191f
sampling of 191f
scan 190
thickness 94
O
Obgyn medical software 189f
Obstetrics
and gynecology, training in ultrasound in 193
four-dimensional ultrasound in 19
three-dimensional ultrasound in 19
Obstructive uropathy 152, 153
Occipitofrontal diameter 104, 105
OEIS syndrome 161
Oligohydramnios 101f, 112f, 127, 165
Open fetal surgery 149, 152
Open spina bifida 107
Ovarian cyst aspiration 152
Ovarian fibroma 72
Ovarian fossae, peritoneum of 52
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 25, 42
Ovarian masses 28, 63
Ovarian polycystic sonomorphology 64f
Ovarian stimulation 25
Ovarian stromal
flow 18f, 43f
resistance index 42
Ovarian torsion 30f
Ovarian vessels 28
resistance index for 28t
Ovarian volume 36, 42, 43f
Ovary 51, 62, 66
changes in 35
corpus luteum in 65f
power Doppler in 58f
three-dimensional ultrasound image of 42f
P
Pain, acute abdominal 175
Painful umbilical swelling 54f
Parasitic twin 97
Paratubal cyst 70, 72
Partial hydatidiform mole 76
Partial vesicular mole 76f
Patau syndrome 177, 180
Peak systolic velocity 42, 43, 47, 136, 189
Pedicle artery sign 30, 30f
Pelvic
congestion syndrome 34
inflammatory disease 32, 72
mass 70
organs, sonography of 13
pain 70
wall scars 52
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided fetal shunts 153
Perifollicular flow 18f
Peritoneal cavity 78
Peritoneal endometriosis 32
Peritoneal inclusion cysts 70, 72
Persistent right umbilical vein 163
Placenta 109f
accreta 79, 116f
spectrum 114, 116f
anatomy of 112f
normal 111
percreta 79f
previa 78, 108f, 113, 114f
complete 79f
transvaginal ultrasound of 168f, 169f
separation of 80f
succenturiate lobe of 79f
thickening of 80
Placental abnormalities 111
Placental abruption 80, 113, 167, 176
Placental calcification 118
Placental cord insertion site 133
Placental growth factor 181
Placental hematoma, types of 117f
Placental lacuna 168f
Placental localization 104, 108
Placental location 133
Placental tumors 118
Plasma protein-A, pregnancy-associated 94, 181
Pleuroamniotic shunt 152
Polycystic ovary 28, 71
disease 70
syndrome 60, 63, 64f
Polyhydramnios 101f, 113f, 128, 129b
causes of 128b
Poor decidual reaction 75
Positive predictive value 30, 92
Positive urine pregnancy test 87f
Positron emission tomography scan 52
Postovulation corpus luteum 63
Potassium chloride 151f
Pouch of Douglas 32, 52
Power Doppler 5
settings 6
Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques 186
(Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act 189
Act 186, 187
Registered Center in India 145
Pre-eclampsia 189
Pregnancy 65, 111
first trimester of 22
loss, recurrent 60
medical termination of 186
poor prognostication of 88f
prognostication of 87
Preterm delivery 113, 189
Preterm labor, high chances of 153
Pretrigger endometrium, B-mode features of 45
Previous cesarean scar 87f
endometriosis 53f
Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors 129
Pseudocysts 72
Pseudogestational sac 78
Pseudomyxoma peritonei 28
Pulsatility index 28, 39, 47, 135
Pulse
Doppler 47
repetition frequency 7, 9, 44
Pulsed wave Doppler 8, 26, 26f
Pyometra 61
Q
Quantitative fluorescent 147
polymerase chain reaction studies 177
Quintero classification 101t
R
Reactive nonstress test 174f
Renal anomalies 158
Reporting pelvic ultrasound 66, 66b
Reproduction, uterine scoring system for 39
Resistance index 28, 43
Resorption defects 59
Respiratory system 129
Reticular pattern 71
Retrochorionic hematoma 86f
Retroplacental collection 167
Retroplacental hematoma, two-dimensional ultrasound image of 117f
Retroplacental hypervascularity 168f
Retroplacental myometrium, thickening of 80
Ring of fire sign 78
Rubella 146
S
Sacrococcygeal teratoma 144
ligation of 152
surgery for 153
Saline infusion sonography 30, 30f
Scanning angle 1
Scanning depth 2
Scar
dehiscence 81
ectopic pregnancy 34
diagnostic criteria for 34
pregnancy 87f
tissues 15
Second trimester
biometry 105f
placenta, normal 112f
scan, scope of 104
ultrasound in 104
uterine artery Doppler studies in 108
Selective fetal
growth restriction 95, 96
reduction 151
Septate uterus 59
Serious cardiac abnormalities 107
Serious cystadenocarcinoma 28
Serosa 55
Serous cystadenoma 28
Sex cord tumor 28
Simple adnexal cyst 78
Simple cyst 70, 71f
Single gene disorder 184
Single umbilical artery 118, 120f
Sirenomelia 161
Skeletal system 129
Skills training 23
Skull 107
Sliding sign 51, 55
Small arteriovenous anastomoses 100f
Small bowel atresia 140f, 159
Small for gestational age 113, 133
age fetus growth charts 134f
Small gestational sac 74
Small stomach 157
Sonography-based automated volume count 19, 20, 64f
Sonography-based volume computer-aided display 19, 21
Spatiotemporal image correlation 19, 20
fetal heart 21f
Spectral Doppler 5
Spider web appearance 72
Spinal column, skeletal mode for 22f
Spine 107
Splenic cyst 164
Splitting sign 56
Standard fetal biometric measurements 105t
Stomach
absence of 157, 157f
nonvisualization of 157
String appearance, beads of 72
Stroma outside uterus 32
Subchorionic hematoma 75f, 167
two-dimensional ultrasound image of 117f
Subdiaphragmatic vestibulum 162f
Submucous myoma 62f
Succenturiate lobe 112f
Synchronous color flow imaging 26
T
Tachycardia, supraventricular 150
Telemedicine 19
Tetralogy of Fallot 95, 184
Thecoma 72
Third trimester ultrasound 131, 132
Thorax 107
axial view of 156
sagittal view of 156
Thrombosis 175
Thyroid
disorders 150
stimulating hormone 150
Tomographic ultrasound imaging 19, 20
Torsion 66
Toxoplasma 146
Tracheoesophageal fistula 158
Transabdominal diameter 104
Transabdominal route 13
Transabdominal scan 13f, 14f, 55, 56
Transabdominal sonography 82, 114
Transabdominal ultrasonography 113
scan 51
Transabdominal ultrasound 114f
imaging 171f
Transplacental route 149
Transrectal route 13
Transrectal ultrasonography 49
Transvaginal color Doppler 32
Transvaginal probe 14f
Transvaginal route 13
Transvaginal scan 42, 55, 56, 115f
Transvaginal sonography 45, 68, 70, 75, 82, 110, 114
Transvaginal ultrasonography 49, 50, 50f, 51, 53f
Transverse abdominal diameter 105
Triamniotic trichorionic triplet pregnancy 87f
Triploidy 177, 180
Trisomy 13 177, 180
Trisomy 18 177, 180
Trisomy 21 177, 178
screening for 181t
Trophoblastic diseases 76
T-sign 92
Tubal ectopic gestation 78f
Tubal ring sign 78
Tubo-ovarian abscess 70, 72
Turner syndrome 177, 180
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence 92, 99, 99f, 100
management of 92
Twin pregnancy
incidence of 92t
management of 94, 96
Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence 98, 152
management of 92
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 92, 100, 101, 101f, 144, 152
management of 92
Typical Doppler waveform 25f
Typical ovarian endometriomas 52
U
Ultrasonography 38, 50, 55, 70, 175
limitations of 51
Ultrasound 1, 42, 48, 90, 104
appearance 157
frequency 25
guided interventions 149, 150
machine, basic principles of 1
modalities of 56
practice, empowerment of 22
scan 50
screening 94
Umbilical artery 100, 135
Doppler 136
normal 137f
Umbilical coiling index 120
Umbilical cord 119f
abnormalities of 118
knot 122f
Umbilical endometriosis
primary 52
secondary 52
Umbilical vein 100, 162f
Unicornuate uterus 59
Unilocular cyst 64
Upper gastrointestinal obstruction 128
Ureteropelvic junction 95
Urinary bladder endometriosis 52
Urinary tract dilatation 140f
Uterine anomalies, congenital 58, 60f
Uterine artery 18f, 109f, 135
Doppler
flow 39
studies 104, 108
flows, normal 109f
high-resistance flows in 109f
pulsatility index 46
Uterine biophysical profile 38
Uterine cavity 87f
Uterine fundus 87f
Uterine masses 28
Uterine perfusion 36
Uterine rupture 81
Uterine scoring system for reproduction scores 39, 40t
Uterine wall 75f
Uterocervical gland 16f
Uterosacral ligament 53f
Uterus 52, 66, 78, 82
B-mode image of 3f, 4f, 16f
endometrium of 61f
high-definition flow of 58f
power Doppler in 58f
transverse
diameter measurement of 17f
section of 17f
ultrasound 57f
ultrasound color Doppler flow in 58f
V
Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy 74
Vasa previa 79, 79f, 111, 120
Vascular tissue, penetration of 79f
Vascularization-flow index 58
Velamentous cord insertion 120f
Ventriculoamniotic shunts 154
Vertebral anomalies 158
Vertebral defects 158
Vesicoamniotic shunt 152
Vesicouterine fold 52
Vesicular mole
complete 76f
snowstorm appearance of 87f
W
Waist sign 72
Wall motion filter 6, 7, 9
Weight loss 70
Whirlpool sign 31f
World Health Organization 131
Writing ultrasound report 189
Y
Yolk sac 75f, 77f, 83, 84f, 88f
Z
Z-score 133
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Chapter Notes

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FOGSI Focus Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology
FOGSI Focus Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Editor-in-Chief Nandita Palshetkar MD FCPS FICOG FRCOG (UK) Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Dr DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Past President, FOGSI, 2019 Scientific Director, Bloom IVF Editor Meenu Agarwal DNB DGO FICOG Trained in Endoscopy and IVF at Germany Bachelor in Reproductive Surgery (European Board Certified) Gynecological Endoscopic Surgeon and Reproductive Medicine Specialist National Director Clinical Board, Morpheus IVF Executive Board Member International Society of Gynecological Endoscopy Chairperson, Imaging Science Committee, FOGSI (2018–2021) Course Director, International Training Courses in UAE Co-Editors Rohan Palshetkar MS (Obs & Gyn) FRM ART Consultant and Endoscopic Surgeon Associate Professor Unit Head Dr DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Chinmay Umarji MBBS DGO MRCOG (London UK) MRCP (Ireland) Research Fellowship in Fetal Med Consultant (Maternal and Fetal Medicine) Visiting Expert (Maternal and Fetal Medicine) Sassoon General Hospital, Pune Consultant (Fetal and Maternal Medicine), Sahyadri Hospital Deccan Umarji Hospital, Pune Member, Antenatal Screening Committee Government of Maharashtra National Coordinator for Imaging Sciences Committee, FOGSI Life Member, ISGE; Member, SLS Editor, International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy Foreword Hrishikesh D Pai
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FOGSI Focus Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology
First Edition: 2021
9789389776355
Printed at
Contributors Foreword
It gives me immense pleasure to present this book to you. FOGSI Focus Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology should serve as a first reference to the reader for all day-to-day scanning queries in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
From the machine settings and room infrastructure to report writing, medicolegal tips and softwares, this book will hold the hand of the reader and walk them through.
With eminent national experts giving stepwise protocols on the relevant topics, we have made it simple, precise, and concise for your convenience.
Hrishikesh D Pai
MD FCPS FICOG MSc (USA) FRCOG
Gynecologist and Head of IVF Unit
Lilavati Hospital
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
President Elect, FOGSI 2022
Scientific Director, Bloom IVF
Chief Administrator, FOGSI Manyata Project
Director, Corporate Affairs, IFFS
Secretary General, FOGSI (2015–2017)
Preface
There has been huge progress in the field of imaging due to advancement in technology, the availability of it across the section of society and most importantly the interest and huge efforts being taken by the emerging fetal medicine specialists. Imaging in obstetrics has become an extended arm of an obstetrician for optimizing the perinatal outcome as well as an inseparable tool for endoscopic surgeons, fertility specialists, and even for urogynecologists.
The writing of this book is driven by the enthusiasm and support of our very dear FOGSI's Past President, Dr Nandita Palshetkar.
FOGSI Focus Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology addresses from basic to advanced, from gynecology, infertility to obstetrics, covers all the topics with good quality images for the readers to understand and enjoy reading.
Simple language and presentation enable this as a handbook guide in the office of the consultant as a reference book for day-to-day challenges as well as for primary care obstetricians, postgraduate students, and internists.
This mammoth task was possible only with the efforts of contributing authors, who took out time to write such valuable chapters. Our heartfelt gratitude to all the contributors.
Happy reading!
Nandita Palshetkar
Meenu Agarwal
Rohan Palshetkar
Chinmay Umarji
Acknowledgments
We are extremely thankful to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Mr MS Mani (Group President), Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director—Content Strategy), Ms Pooja Bhandari (Production Head), and Ms Kritika Dua (Senior Development Editor) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for giving the go-ahead at the very beginning and helping us in every way possible to bring out this book.