A
ABC system 45t
Abdomen, muscle of 24
Abduction 18
Achromatopsia 224fc
Acid maltase deficiency, adult-onset 42
Acquired communication disorder 208
Adduction 18
Adrenoleukodystrophy 80
Adrenomyeloneuropathy 54
Air conduction 150
Akinetic rigid state 240
Alcohol 54
Alexander's law 154
Alpha-gamma linkage 5
Ammonia 107
Amyloidosis 54
Anosmia, causes of 107
Anosognosia 222
Anterior cord syndrome 79
Apraxia 226
buccofacial 228
conceptual 227
constructional 225
dressing 225
test 228
constructional 225
dressing 225
types of 226
Arachnoid mater 71
Arcuate fasciculus 216
Arcuate scotoma 111f
Arnold Chiari malformation 165
Arteriovenous fistula, dural 82
Astigmatism 136
Asymmetric progressive course, subacute 59
Atlantoaxial sublaxation 94
Auditory pathway 147
Autonomic function tests 191
Autonomic nervous system 48
B
Babinski's sign 35
Babinski's trunk-thigh test 10
Back extensors, weakness of 39
Balint syndrome 225
Barrington's nucleus 64
Becker's muscular dystrophy 44
Bell's palsy 146
Bell-Magendie law 5
Binocular diplopia 136
Bladder 63
automatic 66
autonomous 67
capacity 66
control activity of 63
dysfunction 67fc
symptoms 66
innervation 64f
neck closure and emission 68
neurological control of 65
sensation 66
symptoms 97
Bostan's plexus 71
Botulism 42
Bradyphrenia 190
Breathing, abdominal 24
Brightness test 117
Brun's nystagmus 134
Bulbar weakness 42
Burning 48
Burst neurons 123
C
Calcarine cortex 110
Calf hypertrophy 44
Callosal apraxia 228
Caloric tests 153
Canal paresis 153
Carbohydrate metabolism disorder 37
Card test 21
Carotid nerve 155
Cataplexy 201
Cataract 136
Central lumber disc collapse 82
Central nervous system, parts of 45
Cerebellar
artery, superior 121
differential diagnosis of 177
cortex 169
disease 174
signs of 171
symptoms of 171
dysarthria 207
hemisphere 168
lesion 173
origin, primary 177
pathology 191
peduncle
middle 169
superior 169
peduncles 168
inferior 169
pairs of 169t
region, midline 182
stroke 153
tremor 174
white matter 169
anatomy 167f
bedside examination of 173
circuit 199
connection of 169t
examination 99
organization of 168
physiologic neuroanatomy of 166
Cerebrocerebellum 168
Cervical
lateral column of 104
ganglia, middle 127
myelopathy 99
features suggestive of 91
myeloradiculopathy 80
region
lower 70
upper 70
spondylotic myelopathy 79
Chaddock's reflex 35
Charcot joints 79
Charcot-Marie-tooth disease 49
Chemotherapy toxicity 79
Chorda tympani, origin of 146
Chorea 162
Cochlear nucleus 147
Cogan's lid twitch sign 129
Cognitive deficit, multimodal 240
Conceptual apraxia sample test 227fc
Conductive hearing loss, causes of 150
Consciousness, level of 153
Contralateral internal capsule lesion 104
Cord compression 78
Corona radiata 101
Corpus callosum damage, splenium of 219f
Cortex, division of 169t
Cortical sensations 52
Corticobasal syndrome 247f
Corticospinal system 101
Cotton wool spots 115
Cranial fibers 160
Cranial motor nuclei 79
Cranial neuropathies 106
Cremasteric reflex 33
Cricothyroid 157
Cryoglobulinemia 54
D
Dandy-Walker malformation 178
Deep pain sense 52
Dentate nucleus 171
Dentate-rubro-thalamic-fibers 182
Denticulate ligaments 71
Depression 238
Dermatomyositis 42
Desire, loss of 69
Detrusor hyperreflexia 66
Diaphragm 23
Diaphragmatic weakness, symptoms of 36
Diathesis, hemorrhagic 82
Diencephalon 185
Distal interphalangeal joint 23
Distal limb muscles 74
Diurnal variation, history of 201
Dix-Hallpike maneuver 154
Doll's eye test 152
Dorsal
funiculi 74
horn gray matter 75
occipito-temporal lesion 118
pons 132
premotor cortex 227
simultanagnosia 225
Dorsiflexion 84
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, functions of 231f
Dynamic stretch reflex 7
Dysautonomia 190
Dysmetria 174
Dyssynergia 174
E
Eaton-Lambert syndrome 42
Eight and half syndrome 145
Encephalopathy, autoimmune 240
Energization, test of 230
Epileptic drop attacks 201
Exacerbation, exercise-related 36
Exaggerated supinator jerk 30
Extensor abductor 84
Extensor digiti minimi 23
Extensor indicis proprius 23
Extensor plantar response 34
Extorsion 120
Extrapyramidal disease 10
Eye
hypotropic 135
intorts, hypertropic 135
misalignment of 136
movement 126f
functional classification of 121fc
normal 136
Eyelid function, disorders of 129
F
Fabry's disease 54
Facial
colliculus 123
expression, loss of 188
lesion 145
branch 146
genu of 142
reflex, examination of 145
nucleus 145
weakness, prominent 42
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 42
Fascicular portion 162
Fatigue 36
Fatty acid metabolic disorder 37
Fibers
annulospiral 4
ascending 140
extrafusal 4
intrafusal 4
mediating facial sweating 127
neuropathy, large 54
outgoing 169
Filum terminale 71
Fingers
abduction of 23
extension of 23
flexion of 23
movement of 23
muscle of 21
nose-finger test 174
to nose test 181
Flexes middle phalanges 17
Flexing knee 25
Floccular lesions 167
Flocculonodular lobe 167
Flower's spray endings 4
Fluent aphasia 245
Foley's catheter 86
Foster-Kennedy syndrome 107
Fovea 120
Frenzel glasses 154
Froment's maneuver 10
Frontal subcortical-thalamic circuit 243
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration 217
Fundoscopy 180
Fundus 184
G
abnormality 189
cycle 198
high level 200
low level 200
middle level 200
examination of 201
measurement 199
mechanism of 198
neural control of 199
unsteadiness of 182
Ganglion, distribution of 139
Gas 1
Gasserian ganglion 139
Gastric bypass 56
Gastrointestinal tract 88
Gegenhalten paratonia 10
Geniculate body, lateral 108
Genioglossus 162
Gerstmann syndrome 232
Girdle sensation 85
Glabella 190
Glioma 94
Gluteal nerve, superior 25
Glycogen storage disease 42
Golgi cells 169
Gordon reflex 35
Gradenigo's syndrome 146
Granule cells 169
Graphesthesia 53
Gray matter columns 73
Great toe, muscle of 27
Gruber ligament 123
Gyrus 233
H
Hallucinations, auditory 226
Hammer toes 48
Hard exudates 115
Head posture, abnormal 138
Head thrust test 152
Headache 81
Hematoma, epidural 82
Hemisensory impairment 49f
Hepatic disease, severe 54
Hering's law 121
Herpes zoster 54
Herring, nerve of 155
Heschl's gyrus 233
Hip 84
abduction 28
abductor weakness 39
and knee flexors 80
extensor 39
external rotation of 25
flexors 88
girdle 39
muscle of 24
prominent weakness of 42
internal rotation of 25
joint 28
weakness of 39
Hoffmann reflex 32
Holmes rebound test 173
Horn cell, combined anterior 80
Human T-cell leukemia virus 94
Hung reflex 33
Huntington's disease 212
Hyoglossi 162
Hyperkinetic movement disorder 202
Hypermetria 174
Hyperreflexia 80
Hypertension, history of 193
Hypertonia 10
Hypertropia, contralesional 135
Hypoglossal nerve 162
Hypomimia 194
Hypothalamic disease 69
Hypothalamus 214fc
I
Impulse control disorders 190
Infection 54
Inherited enzymatic defect 252
Injury, hyperextension 78
International Continence Society 66
Interspinous ligament 72
Intertransverse ligament 72
Intorsion 120
Irradiation 7
L
components of 215
deficit, history of 219
disorder
assessment of 215
test for 220
left hemisphere dominance for 216
localization of 216
Laryngeal muscle, weakness of 158
Larynx, elevation of 203
Lathyrism 83
Left medial occipital cortex 219f
Leprosy 54
Leptomeninges 71
Leukemia, acute 54
Levator excursion, normal 119
Levator palpebrae superioris 119
Lexical fluency test 230
Lid retraction 129
Ligaments, posterior longitudinal 72
Ligamentum flavum 72
Light touch 50
Limb
afferent 158
ataxia 171
efferent 158
girdle
distribution 44
muscular dystrophy 44
muscles, proximal 74
observe deviation of 173
tremulousness of 182
weakness, symptoms of 36
Limbic cortex 234
Limbic system 3
Little finger, abduction of 23
Lobe 230
Loop test 231f
Lordotic posture 24
Lower cranial nerve, presence of 92
Lower leg ankle, muscle of 26
bilateral 246
flexors, greater weakness of 80
involuntary flexion of 98
motor nerves of 81
weakness of 86
Lower lumbosacral nerve roots, distal collection of 81
Lumbar cord 81
Lumbar disc disease 80
Lyme disease 54
M
Macro square-wave jerks 131
Macula 113
Mandibular division 140
Mandibular nerve 139
Mass reflex 7
McArdle disease 38
Mechanical dysphagia 204
Meckel's cave 139
Medial popliteal nerve 27
Mediates segmental reflex 3
Medical Research Council 13
Medullary lesion 205
Memory 234
assessment of 215
dysfunction, history of 214
localization of 215
long-term 213
role in 214
testing 233
long-term 213fc
Meningeal branch 157
Meninges 71
Mesencephalic nucleus 140
Mesencephalon 185
Metabolic myopathy 42
Metachromatic leukodystrophy 80
Metronidazole 58
Micrographia 188
Middle ear mechanism 149
Migraine 1
Miller-Fisher syndrome 42
Mimic aphasia 216
Monocular diplopia 136
Mononeuritis multiplex 55
Monosynaptic pathway 7
Morquio disease 94
Motor loss 81
Motor neuropathy 54
Motor nucleus 139
Motor paralytic bladder 67
Motor portion 139
Motor root 139
Movement disorders 190
Müller muscle, weakness of 129
Multiple system atrophy 193
axial 74
disorder 42
hypertrophy of 39
location of 74
pain 37
paravertebral 28
prevertebral group of 28
stretch reflexes 29
wasting 80
Muscular atrophy, progressive 81
Myasthenic crisis 42
Myeloma, multiple 98
Myeloneuropathy 80
Myelopathy 98
acute mid-dorsal tranasverse 86
features suggestive of 81
femyelinating 83
signs of 80
Myeloradiculopathy, acute 86
Myerson sign 190
Myoedema 39
Myoneural junction 136
Myopathic nerve muscle 41t
Myotonia 39
Myotonic dystrophy 42
N
Near response, test for 128
Near vision chart 109
Neglect, types of 222
Neoplastic lesion 98
Neoplastic-brain tumour 105
Nervous system, examination of 96
Neural arch 71
Neural foramina 72
Neuroaxis involvment 239f
Neurocognitive disease 252
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 242
Neurological disorders 66
Neurological examination 1
Neuromuscular disorder, symptoms of 35
Neuromuscular disorders 37
Noncorticospinal descending motor pathways 76fc
Nonfluent aphasia, progressive 244
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 54
Nonsystemic vasculitis 59
Nuclear bag fibers 4
Nuclear chain fibers 4
Nuclear lesions 159
Nuclear portion 162
O
Oaraneoplastic syndromes 55
Obturator nerve 25
Ocular media 118
Ocular muscle weakness 35
Ocular weakness, prominent 42
Oculocephalic reflex 152
Oculomotor apraxia 225
Oculomotor system, examination of 124
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 42
Oculosympathetic fibers 127
Olanzapine, low dose 242
Olfactory bulb 106
Olfactory cortex, primary 106
Olfactory fibers, afferent 106
Olfactory glomeruli 106
Olfactory hallucination, causes of 107
Olfactory nerve 106
Olivary tract 171
Omnipause neurons 123
One and half syndrome 130
Onuf's nucleus 64
Ophthalmic division 140
Ophthalmoplegia, internuclear 129
Ophthalmoscopy, direct 114
Oppenheim's reflex 35
Opponens digiti minimi 22
Optic ataxia 225
Optic cup 114
Optic radiation 108
Optic tract 108
Optokinetic nystagmus 125
Optokinetic tape 127f
Oral cavity 204
Orbicular oculi reflex 141
Orbicularis oris 145
Orbital space 121
Orbitofrontal cortex, functions of 232f
Orbitofrontal functions 231
Organophosphorus compounds 58
Organophosphorus triorthocresyl phosphate 80
Orientation and attention, tests for 211
Orthostatic hypotension 190
Oscillopsia, history of 133
Otolithic organs 148
Otosclerosis 149
P
Palatal muscle, weakness of 158
Papez circuit 214
Papillitis 114
Papilloedema 92
Papillomacular bundle 108
Paracentral scotoma 111f
Paralysis, diaphragmatic 24
Paraneoplastic myelopathy 79
Paraneoplastic necrotizing myelopathy 78
Paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy 79
Parapontine reticular formation 123
Paraproteinemias 58
Parasagittal meningioma 81
Paraspinal muscle involvement 24
Parasympathetic nervous system 88
Paravermis 167
Parietal lobule, inferior 233
Parkinson plus syndrome 250
Parkinsonian disorders 190
Past pointing test 181
Patellar clonus 8
Pectoral nerve, medial 31
Pectoral reflex 31
Pectoralis major 15
Pectoralis sternal head 15f
Pelvic muscles, contraction of 68
Pelvic surgery, major 67
Pelvic trauma 67
Penetrating trauma 78
Penile erection
parasympathetic innervation of 68fc
physiology of 68
sympathetic innervation of 68fc
Peripheral lesion 159
Perisylvian 207
Peronei brevis 27
Pes cavus 48
Petroclinoid ligament 123
Petrous space 123
Pharyngeal branch 157
Pharyngeal muscle, weakness of 158
Photo stress recovery test 117
Physiological sexual function 68
Pia mater 71
Pill-rolling rest tremor 195
Pin hole test 117
Pisa sign 189
Plantar flexion 28
Plantar flexor muscles 80
Plantar response, asymmetry of 34
Plantifiexion 84
Platinum-based chemotherapy 80
Pompe disease 42
Pons, upper 104
Pontine micturition center 64
Pontomedullary junction 148
Posterior cord syndrome 78
Posterior cortical atrophy 242
Posterolateral cord syndrome 79
Posteromarginal nucleus 74
Postinfectious myelopathy 83
Post-polio syndrome 81
Post-traumatic disc prolapse 86
Postural instability 189
Postural tremor 195
Posture 189
Precentral gyrus 3
Premotor cortex 3
Procerus sign 188
Prosopagnosia 229fc
Pseudo Babinski sign 35
Pseudo Foster-Kennedy syndrome 107
Pseudoathetosis 48
Pseudobulbar involvement 164
Pseudobulbar signs 205
Pseudopapilledema 114
Pseudoptosis 129
Psychogenic gait 202
Pterygopalatine ganglion 143
Ptosis 129
Pupillary light reflex 127f
Pupillary pathways, anatomy of 125
Pure cognitive variety 241
Pure motor syndrome 81
Pyogenic bacterial infection 85
Pyramidal eminence 123
R
Radial nerve 30
Radiation myelitis, late 78
Radiation-induced myelopathy 79
Radicular pain 97
Radioulnar joint 23
Ramsay Hunt syndrome 146
Range of motion 201
Rectus femoris 28
Rectus muscle, ipsilateral lateral 123
Rectus subnucleus, medial 123
Red circular structure 117
Red reflex 117
Reduced auditory acuity 216
abnormal vestibulo-ocular 152
absent 79
accommodation 126
arc, components of 5
autonomic cardiovascular 191
bedside evaluation of 5
blink 141
center 158
deep 6
intersegmental 6
irradiation of 31
loss 81
neurogenic bladder 66
pathway 126
release 232
segmental 6
spread 30
Residual urine volume 66
Respiratory muscle weakness, prominent 42
Reticulospinal tract 9
Retinal pathology, severe 136
Retinal pigment epithelium 108
Retinopathy, diabetic 115f
Retrochiasmal lesion 118
Retrocochlear lesion 151
Retropulsion, tests 189
Reverse digit test 243
Right parietal damage 232
Romberg's test 152
Rossolimo's sign 32
S
Saccadic eye movements 124
Saccadic intrusions 175
Sarcoglycanopathies inclusion body myositis 42
Sartorius 28
Schwannoma, acoustic 146
Sciatic nerve 25
Sclero-corneal junction, region of 141
Sclerosing panencephalitis, subacute 241
Sclerosis
bulbar onset amyotrophic lateral 42
Semantic memory assessment 215
Semicircular canal 125
Sensorimotor pathways 186
Sensorimotor striatum 186
dysfunction 49
epithelium 148
fibers 156
ganglion 50
gangliopathies 53
inattention 53
motor 58
nerve 40
neuronopathy 80
nucleus 140
paralytic bladder 67
portion 139
root 139
tracts 47f
Sherrington's law 121
Shoulder
abduction 22
adduction 22
extension 23
external rotation of 23
flexion 22
girdle
muscle of 13
weakness 39
internal rotation of 23
Skeletal deformity 201
Sleep disorders 190
Small lesion 78
Snake bite 42
Snellen's chart 109
Soft exudates 115
Somatotopic organization of corticospinal tract 101
Spastic ataxic gait 181
Spastic dysarthria 206
Spastic gait 202
Spatial perception, disorder of 225
Speaker's native language 217
Speech
and language dysfunction 206
defect, hypokinetic 207
disturbance 172
hypophonic 249
problem 247
Sphincter, internal 63
Spinal accessory nerve 160
anterior horn cell of 4
blood supply of 76
circuit 199
complete transection of 77
cross-sectional anatomy of 73
descending tracts of 76
distal bulbous part of 81
extent of 70
acute 81
localization of 77
pathway 68
physiologic neuroanatomy of 70
posterior column in 177
segments 71
structures of 71
symptoms 85
tracts 73f
tumor 83
lower 67
Spinal hemisection 49
Spinal lemniscus 75
Spinal stenosis 54
Spinal tract, nucleus of 139
Spinal transection 49
Spinal veins 77
Spinobulbar muscular atrophy 79
Spinothalamic column 86
Spinous process 71
Stapedius, weakness of 145
Star walking test 152
Static stretch reflex 7
Stereognosis 52
Sternal head 15
Sternomastoid weakness 160t
Steroid 42
Stewart Holmes test 173
Stiffness 36
Stiff-Person syndrome 11
Stress incontinence 66
Striatal foot 189
Striatal toe 189
Styloglossi 162
Stylomastoid foramen 146
Stylopharyngeus muscle 158
Subdural hematoma 105
Substantia gelatinosa 74
Subthalamic nucleus 185
Suprahyoid 28
Supranuclear control 160
Suprapontine lesion 66
Suprasegmental level 3
Suprasegmental motors system, sescending 3
Suprasegmental reflex 6
Supraspinal descending fibers 9
Supraspinous ligament 72
Swallowing reflex 203
Swallowing, normal physiology of 203
Sweat below lesion, ipsilateral loss of 78
Swinging flashlight test 117
Syncope 201
Systemic vasculitis 54
T
Tabes dorsalis 79
Tactile agnosia 226
Tactile localization 53
Tandem walking test 152
Tay-Sachs disease 252
Telencephalon 185
Teres major 14
Thenar eminence muscles 19
Thigh, muscle of 25
Thoracic nerve, long 14
Thorax, muscle of 23
Tongue
abnormal movement of 162
atrophy 162f
extrinsic muscles of 162
intrinsic muscles of 162
paralysis of 163
Tonsils, enlarged 204
Topagnosia 232
Toxic myopathy 42
Trigeminal nerve 139
Tropical spastic paraparesis 79
Tropical spastic paraplegia 83
Truncal ataxia 171
Tumor, intramedullary 78
Tuning fork tests 149
Tympanic branch 155
U
Uncinate seizures 107
Uncus 214
Upper lid elevation 127
Urethra, control activity of 63
Urge incontinence 66
Urinary tract infection 67
Urinary urgency 196
Urine, retention of 85
V
Valley sign 39
Vasculitis 54
Vastus intermedius 26
Vastus lateralis 26
Vastus medialis 26
Ventral funiculi 74
Ventral pons, fascicle involvement of 132
Ventral posteromedial nucleus 140
Ventral simultanagnosia 225
Ventral stream disorder 224
Ventral temporal lobe 220
Verbal fluency test 243
Verbal memory testing 215
Vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack 201
Vesibulo ocular system, neural circuitry of 126fc
Vestibular ataxia 182
Vestibular disorders, central 155
Vestibular function, bedside tests of 151
Vestibular ocular system 124
Vestibular tone 148
Vestibulocochlear nerve 147
Vestibulo-ocular system 125
Vestibulospinal reflexes, tests of 151
Vestibulospinal tract 9
Visual agnosia, types of 223fc
Visual attention deficits 222
Visual defects, higher cortical 118
Visual deficits, higher order 222
Visual fixation 154
Visual hallucinations 226
Visual memory testing 215
Visual perception deficits, lower order 222
Visual symptoms 172
Visuospatial dysfunction 247