Community Medicine Buster Gautam Sarker, Palash Das
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t indicate table respectively
A
Abortion, facilities for 290
Acceptability 88
Accident proneness 226
Accredited Social Health Activist 26
Acculturation 283
Acetic acid 89, 208
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 140, 176
care 139
epidemiology of 138
opportunistic infections in 181
prevention services 139
support and treatment services 139
Active immunization, different agents for 102
Adolescent age group 524
Adolescent health 38
Adolescent Health Program 510
Adolescents, anemia in 247
Adolescents, problems of 246
Aedes aegypti 133, 174
Aedes aegypti index 170, 516
Aedes albobticus 133
Aedes vector 173
Aflatoxins 250
Aga Khan Foundation 461
Age pyramid of
India 364f
Switzerland 364f
Agricultural hazards
control of 389
prevention 389
Air borne 67
Air conditioning 412
Air pollution 394
causes of 414
effect of 414
index 415
monitoring of 415
parameter of 415
prevention and control of 415
sources of 414
Air temperature 394
Albendazole, periodic de-worming with 233
Alcohol 198
harmful use of 197
Altitude, high 416
Aluminium 401
Amino acid
score 257
essential 258
limiting 258
Ammonia 400
Amphixenosis 81
Anal intercourse 180
Analysis 55
Analytical studies, different types of 59
Anemia control of 334
Anemia Control Program 334
Anemia, etiopathogenesis 334
Anemia, important causes of 333
Anemia Mukt Bharat strategy 333, 507, 508
Anemia, pregnant woman 335
Anemia, prevention 334
Anemia, severe 348
Anganwadi Centers 236
Anganwadi worker 47, 236, 256
functions of 256
role of 44
Animal reservoir 68, 69
Annual blood examination rate 126, 169
Annual parasite incidence 126, 169
Anomalies: congenital, prenatal diagnosis for 298
Anopheline mosquito 169
Antenatal advice 298, 300
Antenatal care 37
components of 297, 302
quality of 326
strengthening of 299, 318, 322
Antenatal checkup 309
during pregnancy 301
Antenatal, examinations 297
Antenatal, investigation 297
Antenatal registration 297
Antenatal services 298
Anthracosis 380
Anthropometric measurement 241
Anthropozoonoses 81
Antigenic
drift 190
shift 190
Anti-larval measures 135
Antimicrobial resistance 191
microbes 192
spread of 191
Anti-rabies vaccine 147
intradermal vaccine 147
intramuscular regimen 147
Antivenom 221
Aquatic host, presence of 398
Arboviral diseases 136
group A (alpha viruses) 136
group B (flaviviruses) 136
Arsenics, health effects of 407
Arthropod-borne diseases, transmission of 175
Arthropods, control of 175
Asbestosis 381
Ascites 251
Aseptic precautions 119
ASHA
criteria for selection of 43
for home based newborn care 303
in maternal and neonatal care 44
responsibilities of 43
role of 43
Attack rate, secondary 20
Attitude 455
Attributable risk 75
Audit, types of 46
Australia antigen 192
Autoclaving 437
Auto-disable syringe 108
steps for correct use of 108
Automobiles 414
Autosomal recessive inheritance 470
Auxiliary Nurse Midwifery 418
Avian influenza in 167
birds 167
humans 167
Ayushman Bharat Program 513
for rural 513
for urban 514
Ayushmati Scheme 329
B
Bacterial index 149
Bacteriological
examination 151
indicators 401
Bagassosis 381
Bar diagram 483
component 483
Basal body temperature method 376
BCG vaccine 95, 109
Behavior change communication 122, 123, 173, 419, 458
Benzene 402
Benzyl benzoate 175
Bhore Committee 49
Bias
berkesonian 56
due to confounding 56
in case-control studies 56
interviewer's 56
measurement 56
migration 57
selection 56
Biliary carrier 78
Biomedical waste
management, principles of 440
types of 434
Biostatistics in public health 476
Bird flu 167
Birth
and deaths 47
attendants 368
rate, reduction of 366
registration death registration 447
spacing 309
Biting density 169
Bitot's spots 243
Bleaching powder 409
Blinding in epidemiological studies 77
Blindness
causes of 501
in India 501
major causes of 200
preventive 226
Block Medical Officer of Health 129
Block Primary Health Center 439
functions of 34
Block public health nurse 325, 418
Blocked flea 187
Blood and blood products, recipients of 180
Blood Bank, screening for diseases 182
Blood glucose testing 212
Blood pressure 222
diastolic 194
management 197
raised 197
systolic 194
tips to reduce salt and sodium 223
tracking of 222
Blood products 177
Body mass index 231, 248, 259
Body weight 248, 259
Booster response 102
Bovine tuberculosis 69
Breakpoint chlorination, phases of 406
Breast cancer, screening for 206
Breast infection 245
Breastfeeding 179, 315
continuation of 315
indicators of 245
problems encountered 245
Budgeting process 432
Byssinosis 380, 523
C
Cafeteria approach 370
Campylobacter bacteria 269
Canagliflozin 215
Cancer
cervix, prevention and control of 207
common causes of 207
control
primary prevention 202
secondary prevention 203
tertiary prevention 203
early signs of 204
education 204
micronutrient in 225
multifactorial etiology of 202
registry 225
screening 44, 208
in women 206
methods of 206
principle of 206
Canis aureus 145
Canis lupus familiaris 145
Capacity Building Programs 287
Carbon tetrachloride 402
Carcinoma cervix
epidemiology of 207
preventive measures 208
risk factors of 207
Cardinal symptoms 159
Cardiovascular diseases 203
and stroke 203, 204
Carriers 69
management of 66
stage of disease 78
types of 68, 78
Cartridge-based nucleic-acid amplification test 162
Case-control study 56, 57
advantages of 57
disadvantages of 57
steps of 55
Cataract blindness, steps to control 502
Census 452
Central Government Health Scheme 48
Central tendency, measurement of 485
Cereals, nutritional profile of 266
Cervical cancer, screening of 206
Chancroid 140
Chandler's index 189
interpretation 189
significance 189
Charts and diagrams 483
Chemical
aspects 401
disinfection 437
hazards 398
Chickenpox
and smallpox, difference 111
infectivity of 515
prevention 110
Chikungunya fever 138
clinical features 138
control of 138
diagnosis 138
treatment 138
Child, coverage form 478
Child Development Project Officer 255
Child, feeding practices 244
Child health care 36
Child health, components 504
Child labor 395
Child parasite rate 168
Child, placement 350
Child, trafficking 350
Childhood illness 351
Children
care of 38, 47
tracking of 35
with diarrhea 339f
with malnutrition 290
Chi-square 56
Chi-square test 488
Chlorides 400
Chlorination 399
method of 399, 403
principles of 403
Chlorine
solution 409
tablets 410
to water 403
Cholera and food poisoning, cases 66
Cholesterol, raised 197
Cigarette smoking 75
Clinical audit, process of 46f
Clinical manpower
existing 33
proposed 33
Clostridium perfringens, detection of 403
Clostridium tetani 119
Cluster, identification of 477
Coefficient of haze 415
Cohort study 57, 75
advantages of 57
different steps of 58
disadvantages of 58
framework of 58
indications for 74
prospective 75
steps of 58
study design 58
types of 58
weakness 58
Cold
boxes 100
chain equipment 100
sensitivity 114
Coliform organisms 401
Colony count 402
Colposcopic examination 209
Comfort zone 414
Common metabolic disorder 211
Communicability, period of 163
Communicable diseases 122, 394
Communication
approach of 456
barriers of 454
channels of 454
different types 449
formal and informal 449
non-verbal 449
telecommunication and internet 449
types of 449
verbal 449
visual 449
Community diagnosis
primary health center 21, 420
Community health center 33, 38
catering population of 39
define 41
Community health guide 28
Community health, role in 460
Community medicine 6
Community need assessment 36, 292
Community Nutrition Programmes 242
Community participation 14, 419
Community treatment, definition of 21
Condiloma lata 141
Condom 354, 359, 361, 370
advantages of 370
demerits of 357
disadvantages of 370
social marketing of 379
use of 8, 179
Confirmatory tests 402
Congenital rubella syndrome 343
Conjunctival xerosis 243
Consanguinity, problems of 468
Consumer price index 275
Consumer Protection Act 263
Consumption unit 240
Contingency table 488, 489
Contraception
emergency 374
post-coital 374
Contraceptive
conventional 359
methods 362
advantages 362
classify 356
disadvantages of 362
pill 361
Control cohort, selection of 59
Cooling power 394
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere 461, 462
Copper 401
Copper–T 374
Corneal xerosis 244
Coronary heart disease 223, 474
burden of 223
etiology of 197
interventions for prevention 197
non-modifiable risk factors 198
prevention of 198
primary 198
primordial 198
secondary prevention 199
tertiary 199
risk factors of 197
Cost-effective analysis in health 433
Couple
eligible 369
protection rate 354, 369
target 369
Coverage failure form, reasons for 479
Crèches 344
Critical path method 424
Cross-product ratio, importance of 74
Cross-sectional study 76
Crude death rate 19
Cryptococcal meningitis 181
Cultural inaccessibility 418
Culture 283
Cyanosis in infants 398
Cyclone 444
Cyclops 188
control of 188
life cycle 188
morphology 188
Cycloserine 157
Cytomegalovirus retinitis 181
D
Danish International Development Agency 461
Data sources
primary 99
secondary 99
Day light factor 416
Death
certificate, specimen of 80f
international certificate 80
Deep burial 437
Deep freezers 100
Delivery
mode of 179
safe 297
Demographic
cycle, stage of 353, 353f
different cycles 353
gap 367f
trends in India 366
Dengue 133
classification of 133, 134
clinical presentations 133
confirmed diagnosis 136
control of 136
epidemiology 133
fever 516
clinical presentations of 134
integrated vector management 135
Dengue shock syndrome 135
Dental and skeletal fluorosis 409
Dental carries 409
Dental health 398
Dependency ratio 16
Designated Microscopy Centres 498
Diabetes mellitus 198
classify 212
complication of 214
macrovascular 218
management of 219
microvascular 218
diagnostic criteria for 213
different epidemiological
determinants 216
environmental factors 217
epidemiology of 211
family history of 216
levels of prevention and modes 213
major clinical types of 212
methods of prevention 218
multiple causal factors 216
natural history of 212f
prevention and control of 217
primary prevention of 213
secondary prevention of 215
self-care in 227
tertiary prevention of 216
type 2 216
Diaphragm 359
advantages 359
disadvantages 359
Diarrhea 300
Diarrheal diseases 336
epidemiology of 336
indications for use 337
maintenance therapy 339
prevention of 340
Diet
and cancer 220
balanced 257
survey and methods, different methods of 240
unhealthy 197
Dietary fiber
functions of 258
sources of 258
Dietary goals 268
Dietary intake, assessment of 239
Disability
adjusted life years 5, 82
concept of 16
free life expectancy 82
limitation 7, 9, 16
concept of 5
prevention and medical rehabilitation 152
rates 3, 5
Disaster
affected victims 445
common causes of 443
containment 444
cycle 443
recovery phase 443f
impact and response 444
management 443
different aspects of 445
man-made 443
mitigation 444
natural 443
preparedness 444
Discrete data 482
Disease
causation, model of 22
control
concept of 4
intervention of 17
phase 24
dynamics 16
incidence and prevalence of 62
measurement of 53, 54
multi-factorial causation of 8
natural history of 7, 7f, 8, 64
notification of 467
of social stigma like leprosy 431
prevention of 15
protection of 106
spectrum of 16
surveillance 38
transmission 69
dynamics of 68
modes of 68
virulence of 431
Disinfection 86
methods of 85
Dispersion, measure of 487
Disposal of sharp waste 442
Distribution of disposable delivery kits 120
District Health Society, activities of 32
Dog bite on calf muscle 147
Domestic accidents 227
DOTS plus, details 187
Double blind 519
Down's syndrome 471
Dowry prohibition (amendment) Act, 1986 517
DPT booster 103
Drinking water
bacteriological surveillance of 402
standards of 400
Droplet
infection 80, 163, 164
nuclei 67
Drug
abuse, high-risk of 230
addiction 228, 229
causes of 229
criteria to call 229
causing dependence 229
dependence reasons for 230
Drug Policy 2013, for malaria 124
Dry thermal treatment 437
E
Ebola virus disease
epidemiology 189
prevention of 189
Economic 2
Economic status 2
Edmonston-Zagreb stain vaccine 97
Education 2
Education and communication 447, 450
Edward Jenner, vaccination against smallpox 1796 25
Eligible Couple and Child Register 98, 311
Emblem of under fives clinics 312f
Emoluments 96
Emotions
control of 283
role of 283
Employment 2
Emporiatrics 465
Endemic 73
and epidemic 72
ascites 251
fluorosis 265
Endemicity, type of 73
Environment 1, 61
external 61
internal 61
macroenvironment 61
Environmental
indicator 3
sanitation 279
surveillance 499
Epidemic 73
common source 71
curve 83, 83f
different types of 62, 64, 71, 72
modern or slow 71
propagated 71
Epidemiological
casesheet 65
investigation, methods of 66
triad 8, 60
unit 83, 281
Epidemiologically
carriers 78
dangerous 78
Epidemiology 52
aims of 61
basic measurements in 62
classify, types of 52
definition of 52, 83
differ from clinical medicine 62
measurements of morbidity in 77
methods 52
steps of procedure 52
tools for measurement in 62
triangle of 74, 74f
uses of 62
Episiotomy 179
Equine rabies immunoglobulin 147
Ergonomics 390
Ergotism 251
Eruptive stage 110
Erythema nodosum leprosum 185
Escherichia coli 398
ESI Act 386
ESI Scheme 385
benefits under 278, 285, 385, 390
Esophageal candidiasis 181
Essential fatty acid 258
dietary source 259
Ethambutol 157
Ethinyl estradiol 371
Ethionamide 157
Eugenics 472
Evil eye 279
Exfoliative cytology 89
Extrinsic incubation period 84
Eye
care, levels of 200
donation 502
F
Falciparum infection 127
Family, broken 273
Family, different stages of 273
Family, function of 274
Family, head of
education of 277
monthly family income 277
occupation of 276
Family in health and disease, role of 274
Family, joint 273
Family medicine 23
Family, nuclear 273
Family physician 23
Family planning 38, 353
advice 360
health benefits of 362
method 361
for couple 359
natural 376
spacing 377
program, steps for evaluation of 365
services 47, 290, 291, 293
unmet need for 367
Family problem 273
Family, three generation of 273
Family, types of 273
Family, unit of health 281
Farmer's lung 381
Fasting glucose, impaired 213
Fatality rate, case of 20
Fecal pollution, indicator of 403
Fecal streptococci 401, 403
detection of 403
tests for presence of 403
Feeding practices 313
Female
condom 370f
sex workers 179
Fernandez reaction 184
Fertility
high, strategies for controlling 363
indicators 362
rate, total 368
Fetal health 363
Fever cases, management of 65, 66
Filarial Control Program 175
Filarial endemicity rate 175
Filariasis 132, 176
control measure 132
environmental factor 132
epidemiology of 132
Five years plans 48
view of 49
Fixed virus 185
Flaccid paralysis, acute 164, 499
Fluctuations
long-term 71
short-term 70
Fluoride
in groundwater 408
technique for removal of 266
Fluorine 265
excessive amount of 265
Fluorosis
dental enamel 265
skeletal 266
toxic manifestation of 265
Focus group discussion 457
Folkways 281
Fomite borne 67
Food additives 262
Food adulterants 262, 264
Food Adulteration Act, prevention of 262
Food Agriculture Organization 464
headquarter of 515
Food and Drug Administration 120
Food enrichment 262
Food fortification 261
Food handlers, education for 264
Food intoxicants
different types of 249
diseases due to 249
prevention and control 250
Food poisoning
common cause of 269
symptoms 269
Food safety 269
Food sanitation 394
Food security 270
important of 270
Food standards 269
Ford Foundation 461, 464
activities 464
Formulated plan 421
Free living organisms 401
Freedom from hunger 461
Frequency
distribution 482t
polygon 485, 485f
Frozen
control vial 109
vial and suspect test vial 109f
Funeral benefit 389
Fusarium toxins 251
G
Gases, diffusion of 412
Gastrointestinal complications 97
Gene therapy 474
Genetic
and health 468
counseling 468
diseases 470
disorder in blood 470
predisposition, role of 474
preventive 468
health promotive measures 468
specific protection 469
treatment 469
Genital
carrier 78
itching 180
warts 140
presence of 180
Genu valgum 266
Geriatric population 224
Germ theory of disease 8
Global Alliance for Rabies Control 145
Global Hunger Index 23
Global warming
causes 416
effects of 416
God and goddess, worth of 279
Gomez’ classification 232
Gonorrhea 140
Gram panchayat 45
Gram sabha 45
Granuloma inguinale 140
Greenhouse
effect 415
gases 415
Grit and dust measurement 415
Group discussion 456
effective 454f
Growth chart 252
for boy 252f
for girl 253f
use of 253, 254
Growth monitoring 255
uses of 255
Guillain-Barre syndrome 121
H
Haemophilus influenzae type B 166
Halves, rules of 194, 222, 222f
Hardy-Weinberg law 472
Haterosexuals, unprotected 180
Hazard analysis and critical control point 269
Health adjusted life expectancy 5
Health, age specific indicator of 18
Health and disease 283
concept of 1
cultural factors 279
Health care 11
beneficiaries, tracking of 35
criteria for 32
delivery
different levels of 42
functions of 33, 39
indicator 3
system 26, 40
third tier system of 26
in rural areas 28
primary 12
definition of 12
delivery of 13
determinants of 14
elements of 13
principles of 1214, 28
providers 418
quality of 317
services, various types of 36
setting 442
systems in India 31
waste, general 434
waste, hazardous 434
Health Center: primary 21, 30
difference 30
functions of 40
staff 37
essential drugs in 418
Health checkup and referral service 237
Health communication
channels of 449
essentials of good communication 448
feedback 449
good message for 448
Health, definition of 1
Health, determinants of 1
Health, dimensions of 23
Health, direct indicators of 4
Health education 452, 456
and community participation 123
approach to 453
communication, methods of 455
contents of 453
methods of 453
principles of 453
Health hazards of 410, 414
agricultural occupation 388
health care waste 441
Health, indicator of 2, 3, 10
Health information system 447, 448
sources of health 448
Health Insurance Scheme 394
Health management
methods of 422
quantitative methods of 422
Health needs assessment 99
Health officials and frontline workers 490
Health personnel, training of 122
Health planning
and management 418
feedback 431
important step 431
Health policy, indicators 3
Health promotion 7, 15
phase 24
Health promotive measures 468
Health propaganda 456
Health protective measures 300
Health services 2
equitable distribution of 14
Health situation, community diagnosis of 420
Health worker
functions of 46
job description 46
Healthy
aging 18
lifestyle 18
role of 9
Helminths 401
Hemophiliacs 180
Hepatitis B 165
clinical presentations 166
control of 165
epidemiology 165
immunoglobulin 166
infection 187
presence of 193
mode of transmission 166
prevention and control 166
serological marker of 192
vaccine 103, 114, 166
in infants 114
Herpes progenitalis 140
Histogram 484, 485f, 523
Hormonal contraceptives 372
Hormone 198
releasing 375
Hospital-acquired infection 73
prevention of 73
Hospital based management, principles of 505
Hospital records, list uses of 45
Hospital wastes, for disposing 439
Human blood index 169
Human development index 18
Human excreta, disposal of 279
Human genome project 472
Human immunodeficiency virus 176
common signs and symptoms of 143
counseling in controlling 142
high risk behavior of 143
positive 144
risk factors of 180
sentinel surveillance 142
transmission of 179, 180
Human papilloma virus 180
Human rabies
immunoglobulin 147
measures for minimizing 148
prevention of 148
Human reservoir 68
infection 70
Human resource, development 201, 502
Human tetanus immunoglobulin 308
Humidity 394
Humoral antibodies 115
Hydrogen sulfide 400
Hypertension 198
complication 196
dietary approach to stop 222
epidemiology of 194
modifiable risk factor 194
non-modifiable risk factors 194
prevalence of 196
prevention of 222
primary 195
secondary 195
tertiary 196
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy 348
Hypochlorite high test 410
Hypopigmented patches 183
Hypothermia, prevention of 313, 320, 345
Hypothesis, formulation of 53, 54, 65, 96, 197
I
Ice packs 100
Iceberg of disease 17f
Iceberg phenomenon 17
Ice-lined refrigerators 100
Illness
long-term 224
prevalent, type of 15
ILO, headquarter of 515
Immune response 101, 102
Immune system 177
Immunity
herd 101
passive 516
types of 100
active immunity 100
passive immunity 101
Immunization 9395, 237
block area task force for 491
district task force for 491
drop 95
hazards of 110
newborn 320
purposes 84
rate 93
routine 500
schedule 94
services 293, 300, 319
coverage of 323
Incubation period 83, 84, 84f
Index case 68, 79, 84
Indian Academy of Pediatric classification 232
Indian Council of Medical Research 240
Indian Factories Act, 1948 384
Indian Public Health Standard 26, 35, 36
Indian Red Cross 463
armed force 463
family planning 463
maternal and child welfare services 463
milk and medical supplies 463
relief work 463
Indian reference adult
man 259
women 259
Indoor residual spray 172
Industrial workers 275
Industrialization, problems of 394
Industries 414
Infant mortality rate 295
definition of 316
Infant parasite rate 169
Infected blood, use of 177
Infection
contact 84
opportunistic 81
source of 84
Infectious
diseases 363
materials 163
Infective agent, presence of 398
Influenza
B 95
pandemics 189
vaccine 121
virus A 189
Information
concept of 450
methods to delivered 450
various sources of 451
Injectable contraceptives 373
combined 374
Injectable drug users 178
Injectable polio vaccine 117
Injection
reaction 95, 110
safety 85, 108
Inorganic lead poisoning
control of 391
diagnosis 391
prevention of 391
Insecticide 445
Insecticide treated bed nets 131
Institutional delivery, proportion of 329
Integrated Childhood Development Services 242
Integrated Counseling and Testing Centers 142
types of 142
Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme 32, 168, 501
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness 504
Integrated vector management 122, 123
Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative 333, 507
Intensified Pulse Polio Immunization 116, 500
Intensified Research and Innovation 497
Interferon gamma release assay 162
Internal medicine 6
International Classification of Diseases 22
International Color Code System of Triage 446
International Diabetic Federation 211
International Health Agencies Functioning 460
International Health Organizations 460
International Health Regulation 464, 467, 460
International Quarantine 466
International Red Cross, activities of 463
International Secretariat: Geneva, Switzerland 462
Interpersonal communication 458
Intersectoral coordination 323
Intervention
in specific protection 93
levels of prevention 164
modes of 6, 164
types of 508
Intestinal carrier 78
Intranatal care 37, 47
Intrauterine contraceptive device 288
Intrauterine device
advantages of 376
contraindications of 376
ideal candidate for 376
mechanism of action of 375
parts of 375f
time of insertion 375
types of 374
Iodine 410
Iodine deficiency 503
Iodine deficiency disorders 44, 242, 503
broadspectrum of 243
control programme 32
Iron 401
Iron supplementation 508
Isolation 466
J
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram 27, 300, 319, 323, 504
Janani Suraksha Yojana 27, 326, 329, 352, 510
Japanese encephalitis 69, 104, 136
clinical features of 136, 137
control of 136, 138
epidemiology of 136, 137
vaccines 44, 107f
Jaundice, cases of 64
Juvenile delinquency 349
K
Kala-azar
control of vector for 172
epidemiological aspects of 130
for control of 173
integrated vector management 131
resurgence of 171
treatment 131
Kangaroo mother care 313, 348
Kaposi's sarcoma 181
Kartar Singh Committee 50
Kayakalp Scheme 417
Kenamycin 157
Keratomalacia 244
Killed vaccines 121
Kishori Shakti Yojana 247, 524
Koplik's spot 110
Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Scale, modified 276t
Kuppuswamy's socioeconomic
classification 276
status 277
Kwashiorkor 255
L
Lamivudine 182
Landfilling 438
Lepra reaction 185
Lepromin test 184
Lepromin test, value of 185
Leprosy 148, 183
cases 184, 494
classification 149
control methods 150
deformities in 184
diagnosis 149
different presentation of 183
elimination of 152
epidemiology of 148
eradication 184
incubation period of 517
investigation 149
levels of prevention 150
multi-drug therapy 151
prevalence of 184
primary prevention of 150
secondary prevention of 151
steps for elimination of 494
treatment of 150
Levofloxacin 157
Levonorgestrel 371
Life cycle
approach 302
stages of 242
Life expectancy 19
Lifestyle and healthy aging 18
Lifestyle factor
promoting health 9
causing disease 9
Link ART centers 181
Live and killed vaccine, difference 113
Live attenuated vaccines 93, 121
Loose stool, passage of 340
Lung cancer 74
death 76
incidence of 482t
Lymphatic filariasis 132
Lymphogranuloma venereum 140
M
Macacus rhesus 174
Maccus sinicus 174
Magnitude of problem, measurement of 93
Mala-D 371
Mala-N 371
Malaria 124, 173
active surveillance of 168
border 170
cases of 128, 485
chemoprophylaxis of 127, 128
clinical feature 127
comment on 173
control of malignant 129
epidemiology of 126
eradication 491
for control of urban 173
forest 170
in project areas 170
integrated vector management 130
major epidemiological types of 169
management of uncomplicated 125
mode of transmission 127
parasite 515
development of 516
passive surveillance of 168
persistence of 126
prevalence rate of 168
resurgence of 170
rural area 170
surveillance of 168
treatment of suspected 124
tribal 169
urban area 170
Malariometric measures 168
Male homosexuals 180
Malignant malaria, cases 129
Malnutrition 231
cases, large numbers of 242
epidemiology of 231
important indicators of 231
Management Information System, importance of 424
Manganese 401
Manipulation 60
Mantoux test 109
Marasmus 255
Mastitis 245
Maternal and child health care 37
Maternal death
common causes of 324
importance of 310
in rural community 296
prevent and control 325
reviews 310
surveillance cycle 310
Maternal fetal transmission 177
Maternal health care 36
Maternal mortality 295, 325, 348
factors related to 295
medical causes of 295
rate 294, 316
ratio 294, 315, 316
Maternity benefit 390
Maximum allowable sweat rate 394
Measles
and rubella vaccine campaign 99
clinical feature of 110
epidemiologically 112
in children 97
infection 261
mumps-rubella 112
natural history of 110
prevention and control of 97
surveillance 32
vaccine 97, 103, 111
Median
characteristics of 486
incubation period 84
Medical audit 46
Medical care 11, 37
Medical colleges and hospitals 44
Medical education, re-orientation of 51
Medical management 42
Medical Officer, functions of 41
Medical science, contribution to 25
Medical social worker 285
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 378
Medicine
and social sciences 272
de-professionalization of 47
in India, indigenous systems of 47
Melogale moschata 145
Membrane filtration technique 402
Memory 56
cells 101
Mendelian diseases 471
Meningococcal meningitis 517
vaccine for 121
Mental disorders 474
Mental health
poor, warning signs of 228
problems 394
Mental illness 17
Metformin 215
Microfilaria rate 175
Micronutrient supplementation 505
Mid-day meal programme 247
Milk borne disease 267
classification 267
Milk borne epidemics, feature of 268
Millennium development goals 426
health related 428
Miltefosine 131
Minimum dietary diversity 246, 342
Minister of Health and Family Welfare 490
Mission Indradhanush 490
Mitigate hazards 445
Mitsuda reaction 184
Modern health care 46f
Molluscum contagiosum 141
Moniliasis 140
Morbidity
indicators 3, 30
measurement of 11
Mores 280, 281
Morphological index 150
Mortality
indicators 3, 30
rate, proportional 20
Mosquito
and sandfly 171
borne diseases 172
density 169
Mosquitoe 174, 516
Mother and child protection card 253
Motion sickness, acute 416
Mountain sickness 416
Mudaliar Committee 50
Multibacillary leprosy 149, 183, 151
Multicenter growth reference study 254
Multifactorial disorders 471
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 81, 154
Myelitis, transverse 499
N
Nalgonda technique 266, 408
Nasal carrier 78
Natal period, danger signals 301
Nateglinide 215
National AIDS Control Organization 139, 492
National Anti-malaria Programme 130
National Drug Policy, 2014, for malaria 124
National Filariasis Control Programme 36
National Health Programs 36, 38, 490, 511
National Immunization Schedule. 105
National Iron Plus Initiatives 247
National Kala-azar Control Programme 36
National Leprosy Eradication Program 32, 34, 150, 493
National Malaria Control Programme 36, 491
National Planning Commission 48
National Program for Control of Blindness 34, 37
National Program on Control of Tuberculosis in India 495
National Programme for Health Care 224
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer 203, 204
National Programs under BPHC 34
National Vector Borne Disease Control Program 32, 34, 122, 123
Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram 314, 504
Neonatal and childhood illness 290, 291
Neonatal care 345
Neonatal death
causes of 298
investigation format 307
measure to prevent 298
Neonatal, integrated management of 351
Neonatal mortality 319, 320
rate 294
Neonatal tetanus 306
prevention of 307
strategies for 308
standard case definition of 308
Net protein utilization 257
Net reproduction rate 368, 362
Network analysis 423, 424f
Neurolathyrism 249
Neurological complication 97
Nevirapine 179
Newborn care 37, 179
corner 304
different levels of health facility 304
emergency 290, 291, 299, 322
essential 290, 291
facilities for 291
home based 299, 303
unit 305
Newborn, resuscitation of 313, 320
Newborn stabilization unit 304
Night blood examination 176
Nightblindness 243
No scalpel vasectomy 377
Noise, control of 392
Noncommunicable disease 194, 197, 203, 217
Nongonococcal urethritis 140
Non-government organization 460
Normal curve, uses of 480
Nosocomial infection 73, 81
Nutrition 2
and health education 237
and school health 231
rehabilitation center 254
services 38
Nutritional anemia, effects of 333
Nutritional assessment
children of school 241
in urban slum community 238
pre-school children 238
Nutritional problems in community 241
Nutritional Rehabilitation Center 300, 319, 323, 504
Nutritional status 238, 252
assessment 238
indicators 3
surveillance of 231
O
Obesity 53
and overweight 248
assessment of 248
hazards of 248
prevention and control of 249
Obstetric care 308
emergency 292, 323, 324
Obstetrician and gynecologist 302
Occupation 2
Occupational cancer 396
bladder cancer 396
characteristics 396
lung cancer 396
skin cancer 396
steps for prevention of 397
Occupational diseases 382
engineering measures 384
medical measures 382
prevention of 389
Occupational environment 382
Occupational hazards 382
of agricultural workers 388
Occupational health 380
Odds ratio, interpretation of 74
Oral cancer
epidemiology of 204, 205
primary prevention of 205
secondary prevention 205
tertiary prevention 206
Oral contraceptive, noncontraceptive benefits of 372
Oral contraceptive pill 361
contraindication of 357
demerits of 357, 371
merits of 357, 371
types of 371
Oral polio vaccine 103, 118, 163
Oral rehydration
solutions 346
therapy 337, 346
Organic constituents 402
Organo-gram of health care delivery 31
Oseltamivir 167
Outbreak
control measures 96
response immunization 115
Overcrowding 404, 410
hazards of 411
Overweight 53, 248
and obesity 54, 197
prevalence of 53
Oxfam 461
Oxygen, dissolved 401
Ozonation 399
P
Panchayati Raj Institute 45
Pandemic 73, 81
Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 167
Panel discussion 457
Pap smear examination 89
Pap test 89
Paracetamol 96
Paradigm shift 344
Parasite density index 168
Parasites 202
propagation of 125
Parasitism 192
Passing watery stool, history of 340
Pasteurization 266
different methods of 267
tests of 267
Paucibacillary leprosy 149, 151
Pearl index 377
Pediculosis pubis 140
Pellagra 518
Pentavalent vaccine 103
Perinatal
and infant period 320f
mortality 321
rate 294, 321
prevention and control of 321
Periodical examination 389
Peripheral Health Institution 155, 498
Person distribution 72
pH 400
Phosphate buffer solution 119
Physical
activity, insufficient 197
inactivity 198
quality of life index 17
Pie diagram 484
Pills, administer 371
Pioglitazone 215
Plague, control of
cases 152
fleas 153
rodents 153
Plague health education 153
Plague vaccination 153
Planning cycle 421f
management 420
steps 420
target and goals 420
Planning in health education
purpose of 98
steps in 98, 99f
Planning-Programming-Budgeting System 424
Plasmodium vivax 126
Plastic bags, thickness of 442
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 106
Pneumoconiosis 380
prevention of 381
Pneumocystis carinii 81
Pneumonia, classification of 341
Podophyllin 141
Polio confirmed, case of 500
Polio Endgame Plan 116
Polio vaccine, inactivated 106, 117, 118
Polio virus, type 2 116
Poliomyelitis 163, 499
epidemiological factors 163
epidemiology of 163
provocative 188
tertiary prevention 165
Population
aging of 2
attributable risk 76
explosion hazards of 366
explosion, control of 366
genetics 472
health, concept of 22
of community 54
per physician 484f
stabilization 366
Postexposure prophylaxis 182
Post-measles stage 110
Postnatal care 37, 47
community level 330, 331
home based 292
Postnatal check-up 309
Postnatal, complications 330
Postnatal period, danger signals 301
Postneonatal, mortality rate 295
Postpartum
hemorrhage 327
permanganate 410
Poverty line 48
Prasad's classification, modified 275
Prasad's social classification 276t
Predictive value of
negative test 88
positive test 88
Pregnancy
detection of high risk 309
early registration of 309
failure rate 377
Pregnant women 296
anemia 297
strategies for prevention 333
tracking of 35
Premarital genetic counseling 473
Prenatal Diagnostic Technique Act 378
Preschool education, non-formal 237
Presumptive coliform test 402
Preterm babies, causes of 313
Prevention
genetic disorder 468
genetics early diagnosis 469
levels of 15
primary 5, 15, 16
primordial 5, 15, 16
principle of 15
secondary 5, 15
tertiary 6, 15
Primary Health Centre 288, 311, 439
Primed cells 101
Primordial prevention, concept of 5
Private health sector 32
Prodromal stage 110
Program evaluation review technique 423
Programming and implementation 421
Prophylactic measures 182
Protein assessment of 257
Protein energy malnutrition
causes of 232
classification of 232
different strategies in terms of 233
levels of prevention 233
Protein energy ratio 257
Protein, quality of 257
Protein, quantity 257
Protozoa 401
Psychological illness 283
Psychosis 268
Public Education Program 445
Public health 24
activities 32
diseases of 123
father of 515
important for 367
phases of 24
practice 61
sector 31
Public private partnership 27
Pulmonary edema, high altitude 416
Pulmonary tuberculosis
cases, distribution of 484f
diagnosis of 159
diagnostic algorithm for 156fc
levels of prevention 158
sputum positive 162
Pulse polio immunization 116
Pyrazinamide 157
Q
Qualitative data 482
Quality of life 17
indicator of 3
Quantitative data 482
Quarantine 466
and isolation 467
types of 466
R
Rabies 145
epidemiological factors 145
epidemiology 145
immunoglobulin 147
for passive immunization 185
prevention of 145
WHO categories of 146
Radiation
hazards of 392
health effect of 392
hygiene 393
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram 506
Random blinded re-checking of routine slides 499
Randomized control trial, basic steps of 59
Rapid diagnostic kit 124
Rapid diagnostic molecular test 160
Rapid diagnostic test 125
Rapid response team 128
Rapid sand filter 399
advantages of 399
disadvantages of 399
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana 394
Recall bias 56
Record linkage 34, 35, 46
Recycling 438
Reference protein, meaning of 257
Registration
of vital events 447
procedures for 447
responsibility of 447
Rehabilitation 8, 10
medical 11
psychological 11
social 11
types of 9
vocational 11
Relative risk 75
Reliability of screening test 88
Renal failure, end stage 159
Repaglinide 215
Reporting of events, responsibility of 447
Reproductive and child health 288, 310
community need assessment 291
components 288
implementation 288
important component of 293
package of services for pregnant lady 292
Reproductive and Child Health Programme 32
Reservoir 79
controlling, methods of 70
elimination of 73
in nonliving thing 68, 69
of infection 163
types of 68
Respirable dust 391
Respiratory
complications 97
infections 411
Retro-orbital pain 136
Retrospective genetic counseling 469
Reverse cold chain 118
Revised National Immunization Schedule of India 104
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme 32, 157, 186, 497
Revised per capita income per month limits 275t
Rheumatic fever 521
Ridley's logarithmic scale 149
Rifampicin resistance 157
Ring immunization 120
Road to health 252
Road traffic accident]
causes 210
epidemiology of 209
implementation 210
prevention and control 209
Rockefeller Foundation 461, 464
Roland Ross (plasmodium) 25
Rotavirus vaccine 103, 105, 340
Rubella 98, 100
S
Sabin vaccine 118
Safe abortion services 33, 39
Safe disposal 108
Safe water 398
Saheli 373
Salk and Sabin vaccine, difference 117
Salmonella japonicum 81
Salt and quality control mechanism 503
Salt sugar solution 346
Sample registration system 451
Sampling
advantages of 475
cluster 476
different types 475
methods of 475
multistage 476
types of 475
Sand fly, life span of 516
Sanitary barrier 412, 413
Sanitary landfill 413
area method 413
ramp method 413
trench method 413
Sanitary latrine 404
different types of 404
Sarcoptes scabiei 525
Scabies 140, 175
Scalpel vasectomy 355
School eye screening programme 502
School health 38
School Health Program 34, 234
components 234
different aspects 234
essentials of 234
mid-day meal programme 235
nutritional program associated 235
Screening 87
and diagnostic test 90
for disease 87, 92
criteria of 88
high-risk 87
lead time in 92, 92f
mass screening 87
multi-phasic screening 87
types of 87
Screening procedure 89
plan of action for 89
Screening test 88, 90
criteria for validity of 88
different measures 88
false positive 91
interpretation of false negatives 91
predictivity of 88
Screening, uses of 87
Screw feed technology 437
Secular trends 71
Selection of
cases 54, 55
controls 54, 55
Senior Tuberculosis Laboratory Supervisor 498
Sensation, loss of 183
Sensitivity and specificity 91
Sentinel surveillance of disease 90
Septic tank 404
principles of 405
Serial interval 84
Serological tests 162
Sewage
biological treatment of 413
disposal 394
Sex
and marriage 280
composition of population 364
linked diseases 470
ratio 364
separation 404
with men 179
Sexual partners, multiple 180
Sexually transmitted diseases
complication of 180
control 140
prevention 140
syndromic management of 141
Sexually transmitted infections, contact tracing in 181
Shake test 109
Shrivastav Committee 51
Sick children
assessment 341
classification 341
Sickle cell disease 473
Sickle cell, positive 473
Sickness absenteeism 395
Silicosis 380, 523
cases of 387
epidemiology of 387
prevention of 388
Simple bar diagram 483f
Skilled birth attendants 326
Slide positivity rate 169
Small family norm 370
Smallpox eradication 44
Smoking, passive 226
Snake bite 220
clinical features of 221
epidemiology 220
first-aid 221
Soakage pit 414
Social
anatomy 272
and mental health, indicator of 3
assistance 277
control mechanism 287
defence 286
engineering phase 24
insurance 277, 284
marketing programs 284
medicine 272
mobilization 286
efforts 490
pathology 272, 282
physiology 272
security 277
measures 284
systems 277
stress 282
therapeutics measures 287
therapy 272
Socialized medicine 24
Socio-cultural conditions 1
Socio-demographic goals 365
Socioeconomic
and cultural life 143
condition 1, 2, 30
indicators 3
Socratic method 449
Sodium 401
Sodium carbonate, addition of 409
Soiling index 415
Solid waste disposal, methods of 439
Specialized services 42
Specificity 92
Spermicides 359
advantages 359
disadvantages 359
Sporadic 73
Sporozoite rate 169
Spot map 72f
Sputum Microscopy Centres, three-tier 498
Sputum smear
examination 186
microscopy 160
Standard deviation 487
Standard normal curve 481, 482
features of 481
Standardized death
rate 84
ratio 85
Standardized mortality ratio 19
advantage of 19
calculation of 19t
for coal workers 19t
Statistical
average 486
data, methods of 482
Statistics, basics 475
Sterilization 86
Stomach poison 525
Street virus 185
Stress 194, 197, 198
Stroke 203
measure at community level 200
natural history of 199
Sulfate 401
Sulfonylureas 215
Sulfur dioxide 415
Sullivan's index 5
Super chlorination 410
disadvantages 410
indications 410
significance 410
Suraksha clinic 176
Surveillance 82
medical officer 115, 500
of adverse events 96
Survival rate 21
Sustainable development goals 429
Sustainable development goals, health related 430
Swachh Bharat Mission 512
gramin 512
urban 512
Swajaldhara 417
Swedish International Development Agency 461
Swine flu 167
clinical features 167
diagnosis 167
epidemiology 167
managememt 167
prevention and control of 167
SWOT analysis 425
opportunity 425
strength 425
threat 425
weakness 425
Symposium 458
Syndrome identification 64
Synonymous 82, 86
Syphilis 140
T
Tamiflu 167
Target
and goal 431
disease 201
organ 70
Temperature 414
inequality of 411
Terminal disinfection 86
Test vial 109
Tetanus 103, 119
Tetanus toxoid 147, 446
Thermal indices comfort 394
Tobacco 197
Tobacco control legislation 393
Toluene 402
TORCH agents 178
Toxic shock syndrome 112
Toxoplasma 81
data form 190
safe strategy for 190
Transient ischemic attack 199
Transmission
breaking channel of 73
mode of 69
of diseases, modes of 67
Triage, concept of 446
Tribal block 96
Trichloro acetic acid 141
Trichomoniasis 140
Trypanosoma cruzi 81
Tubectomy
advantages of 358
disadvantages of 358
Tuberculin skin test 162
Tuberculosis 153
collection of sputum sample 186
components of DOTS strategy 154
diagnostic process 155
different drugs 157
dose schedule for adults 160
environment 154
epidemiology of 153
free world 496
multi-drug-resistant 157
passive surveillance in 186
pedriatic anti-tubercular drugs 161
retreatment case 161
tertiary prevention of 161
treatment for 156
short course chemotherapy 154
unit 497
Turner's syndrome 471
Typhoid
cases 66
fever 78, 79
Mary 78
U
Ulcer and discharge, presence of 180
Ultra low volume malathion spraying 135
Ultraviolet
irradiation 410
rays 399
Undernutrition, anthropometric indicator of 239
UNICEF
child health 462
education (formal and non-formal) 462
family and child welfare 462
headquarter of 515
nutrition of mother and child 462
Unifactorial diseases 471
United States Agency for International Development 461
Universal eye health 201
Universal Immunization Programme 102
Universal precaution 182
Urinary carrier 78
Uterine fundal height 292f
V
Vaccination
campaign measles 98
campaign of measles 100
in disaster 446
of international travelers 467
Vaccine 25, 93
17D 119, 517
carriers 100
combined 97
increased supply of 94
preventable diseases 44
reaction 95, 110
type of 106, 107
under UIP 104
uniform distribution of 94
vial monitor 114, 115f
Vaginal disinfection 179
Vasectomy, advantages of 358
Vector 79
Vector borne disease 79, 122
transmission, different modes of 125
Vector control programme, principle of 123
Vectors, types of 79
Ventilation
exhaust 412
mechanical 412
natural 411
plenum 412
types of 411
Village Health and Nutrition Day 26, 256, 419
Virological aspects 401
Viruses 202
Visual inspection 89, 209
Vital
events 38
statistics 239, 447, 452
statistics of India 447
Vitamin A deficiency
extraocular manifestations of 244
manifestations of 243
treatment 244
Vitamin A, oil supplementation 260
Vitamin A prophylaxis 44
schedule 244
Vitamin A supplementation 244, 261
reasons of 261
short-term high dose 260
Vitamin C prophylaxis 250
Vitamin deficiency 268
Vivax malaria, radical treatment for 170
Voglobose 215
Voluntary health agencies, functions of 460
Voluntary organization, support to 502
Vulpes vulpes 145
W
Waist circumference and waist 248, 259
Walk-in cooler 100
Waste
assessment 441
characteristics of 437
collection of 436
disposal of 279, 441
management 434
newer technologies 438
recycling 441
reduction and management 440
safe disposal of 436
tracking, importance of 434, 438
Water 398
borne diseases 398, 444
chlorination of 403, 405
defluoridation of 265
distribution of 399
filtration 410
fluoridation of 409
hardness of 408
harvesting 406
pollution 394
purification of 399, 409
quality
and sanitation, promotion of 38
criteria and standards 400
surveillance 400
seal latrine 404
source 398
protection of 445
Weaning 246
definition of 246
Web causation 22f
of disease 22
Welcome's classification 232
Wet thermal treatment 437
Window period 181
Wipe baby's body 179
Women's health benefit 362
Work sampling 424
additional applications of 480
characteristics of 480
observations needed in 480
steps in conducting 480
World Bank 463
World Health Organization 461
bio-medical research 461
cooperation with other organization 462
development of health system 461
environmental development 461
family health 461
headquarter of 515
health literature and information 462
health statistics 461
prevention and control of diseases 461
World population 484f
X
Xerophthalmia 241, 243
for prevention of 260
XO constitution 527
XYY chromosome 350
XYY syndrome 471
Y
Yellow fever 69, 119
prevent entry of 174
receptive area 174
Z
Zearalenone 251
Zero budget approach 432
Zidovudine 179, 182
Zilla parishad 45
Zinc 401
therapy 348
Zoonoanthroposes 81
Zoonosis 81
classification of 81
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Chapter Notes

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