Ophthalmology Clinics-2 for Postgraduates: Basic Sciences, Instruments, Investigations, Imaging, Interpretation and Viva Voice Namrata Sharma, Prafulla Kumar Maharana
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYZ
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, and t refer to table.
A
Aberration 96, 97
analysis, uses of 92
corneal 83, 90f, 95f
lower-order 89f, 93
types of 97
Aberrometers 86
Abscess, sub-conjunctival 288
Acanthamoeba 307, 313
Accredited Social Health Activist 329
Acid-fast
bacilli 296
organism 310
stain 308, 310
Acinetobacter species 307
Acremonium species 307
Actinic keratosis 302
Actinomyces 307, 310
Acute angle branching 297f
Adaptive optics 199
retinal imaging systems 200
working principle of 199f
Adenocarcinoma 305
Adenoid cystic carcinoma 305, 305f
Adenoma, pleomorphic 19, 19f, 304, 305f
Adnexal infections 307
Age-related macular degeneration 175, 187, 194, 294
Allergic conjunctivitis 78
Allylamine 313
Alport syndrome 93f, 94f
Alternaria species 307
Alzheimer's disease 336
Amblyopia therapy 279
American Optical Keratometer, original 68
Amniotic membrane graft 103
AMO emerald intraocular lens injector and tip, modified 139
Amphotericin B 313
Amplitude 190
modulation scan 34
Amsler chart 204t
interpretation 204t
types of 203t
Amsler grid 202, 203
types of 203
Amyloid 296
deposits 60
Anaglyph principle 280
Anaphylaxis 169
Anderson's criteria 233, 242, 343
Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study 320, 325
Angina, unstable 170
Angiogram, venous phase 177f
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 25
Angle
alpha 279
determine occludability of 249
gamma 279
kappa 123, 279
importance of 129
pigmentation 216, 217
Spaeth grading of 218f
recess, angular width of 216
width, Spaeth grading of 217f
Angular width slit 217
Anis corneal marker 131
Antecubital vein 171f
Anterior chamber 72, 100
biometry 248
depth 81, 123, 141, 147
parameters 78f
Anterior cortical layer 60
Anterior segment
ischemia 288
optical coherence tomography 98, 99f, 101f–104f, 108f, 119, 120, 348, 359f, 350f
classification of keratoconus 105
indications of 99
interpretation of 348
surgeries 106
trauma 103
tumors 101
Antibiotics 313
Antibodies, immunohistochemistry 298t
Antifungals 313
classification of 313t
Antimetabolites 313
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing 312
Apoptosis 294
Applanation tonometry, principle of 227
Aqueous humor 110
Aqueous tap 295, 308
Aqueous-to-air relative intensity index 66
Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study 325
Arc, unit-second of 285
Argentaffin cells 296
Argon laser trabeculoplasty 213
Arm-to-retina circulation time 171
Arrhythmia 170
Arruga's capsule forceps method 161
Arruga's intracapsular forceps 158, 158f
Arruga's needle holder 44, 44f, 265, 265f
Artemis digital ultrasound 121
Artemis very high-frequency digital ultrasound 153
Arterial injection, inadvertent 169
Arterial phase 171
Arteriovenous phase 171
Artery
biopsy, temporal 295
forceps 44, 44f, 265, 265f, 287
posterior ciliary 171
Artificial anterior chamber 133, 136
A-scan 34, 37, 144, 145t, 149, 149f, 151
amplitude 34t
over IOLMaster, advantages of 153
pachymeter 118f
ultrasound 149, 150
Aschner phenomenon 47
Aschner-Dagnini reflex 47
Aspergillus
flavus 311f
fumigatus 311f
niger 311f
species 307, 313
Aspiration cannula 156, 156f
Astigmatic elevation map 125f
Astigmatism 95f, 96, 96f, 224, 227
corneal 79f, 93, 95f
total 70
Asymmetric bowtie with
inferior steepening 72
skewed radial axis 72
superior steepening 72
Atrophic rhinitis 53
Atrophy 294
geographical 175
Autofluorescence 172
Automated lamellar therapeutic keratoplasty 100, 121, 126, 137
Automated perimetry, standard 229
Automated positioning system 147
Axial computed tomography 19f
Axial contrast computed tomography 19f, 20f, 23f, 27f, 28f
Axial keratometry map 126
Axial length 6, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149, 153
measurement of 31
Axial noncontrast computed tomography 17f, 22f, 29f
Axial position 33
Axons 296
Azoles 313
B
Bacillus species 307
Backflush 208, 208f
Bacteria 307
filamentous 307
Balanced phaco tip, advantages of 161
Balanced salt solution 160
Barraquer eye speculum, self-retaining 286, 286f
Barraquer needle holder 265, 265f
Barron's vacuum punch 132, 132f
Basal cell carcinoma 300, 300f
microscopic variants of 301
Basic refractive surgery workup 78
Basic screening technique 32
Basophilic tumor cells 300f
Bausch and Lomb keratometer 67f, 68
Beard's rule 46
Belin/Ambrosio Enhanced Ectasia Display 76, 77f, 339f, 341f
Benzofuran, heterocyclic 313
Berke's ptosis clamp 44, 45f
Berke's rule 46
Best-corrected visual acuity 315, 320t
Best-fit sphere 74f, 75, 80
concept of 124f
Best-fit Toric ellipsoid 75, 80
Bicanalicular stent 53
Biconvex-shaped structure 42
Binocular fusion 277, 278f
Binocular indirect ophthalmoscope 163
Binocular reading 5
Binocular single vision 277f
grades of 277
second grade of 277
third grade of 277
Biochemical oxygen demand 312
Biomicroscopy 55
technique of 57
Biopsy 294
vitreous 308
Bipolar cell 188
layer 189
Bipolaris species 307
Bjerrum's scotoma 246f
Blade breaker 133, 133f
Bleeding
causes of 48
intraoperative 288
Blepharitis 307
Blepharoconjunctivitis, chronic 303
Blind
painful eye 49
spot 236f, 245
Blindness
and visual impairment, causes of 316
burden 315
childhood 318, 323
corneal 317, 318, 323
major causes of 317t
prevalence of 317t
prevention 315
rehabilitation 315
Blink reflex 307
Blood
agar 310
brain barrier 13
intracorneal 62
vessels 60, 65
normal 219
Blowout fracture 29, 30f, 268
Blumenthal's anterior chamber maintainer technique 162
Bone
lesions 15
window 30f
Bony orbit 7, 307
Borrelia 307
Botulinum toxin, injectable 47
Bowman's lacrimal probe 44, 45f
Bowman's membrane 60
Brain, routine normal magnetic resonance imaging sequences of 13f
Branching vascular network 187
Brightbill polytef cutting block 132
Brightness modulation scan 34
Broad tangential illumination 58
Brown's syndrome, Hess chart of 272f
Bruch's membrane 183
complex 181
B-scan 31, 34, 38
indications for 33
Buphthalmic eye 6
Busin glide 139, 139f
C
Calcium 296
Calibration 222
Canalicular stenosis 53
Candida species 307
Cannula 205, 208
Can-opener technique 160
Capillary nonperfusion areas 173
Capsular opacities, posterior 81
Capsular tension ring, size of 123
Capsule
holding forceps 158
posterior 60
Capsulorhexis
ideal size of 160
rescue technique 161
run out, causes of 160
Capsulotomy techniques 160
Carcinoma 27
sebaceous 303
Cardiorespiratory arrest 169
Caroticocavernous fistula 10, 27f
Carotid artery
cavernous 26
external 26
internal 26
Carotid-cavernous fistula 10, 15
direct 26t
indirect 26t
Caspofungin 313
Castroviejo caliper 266f
Castroviejo corneoscleral scissors 266, 266f
Castroviejo marking calipers 266
Castroviejo trephine 131, 131f
Cat's paw lacrimal wound retractor 46, 46f
Cataract 97, 114, 141, 294, 316, 319, 323
congenital 153
evaluation 81
hypermature 161
intumescent 161
pediatric 161
posterior subcapsular 60, 143
surgery 67, 159, 228
appliances in 154
applications in 103
instruments in 154
surgical
coverage 317
rate 316
services, rapid assessment of 325
Cell 60
boundaries 111
conformation 111
dropout, presence of 337
grading, classification of 66
Cellulitis 15
Central corneal
thickness 117, 143, 224
topography 147
Central field 245
static testing of 245
Central retinal vein occlusion 178f
Central serous
chorioretinopathy 180, 181f, 187
Smock stack pattern of 174f
choroidopathy 173, 336
retinopathy 180, 195
Centrocecal scotoma 247, 337f
Cerebral artery occlusion, posterior 336
Cerebrospinal fluid 12, 14
leakage 53
rhinorrhea 53
Cerebrovascular accident, recent 170
Ceruloplasmin 307
Chalazion 300, 300f
clamp 44, 45f
nonsurgical management of 50
scoop 44, 45f
Charge-coupled device 87
Charles flute
cannula 208
needle 208, 208f
Chiasmal lesion 203
Chicken suture 289
Chin rest-adjusting knobs 68
Chlamydia 307
trachomatis 313
Chocolate agar 312
Chopper 158, 158f
Chopping techniques 161
Choroid sclera junction 180
Choroidal detachment 33–36, 37f
hemorrhagic 37f
Choroidal neovascular membrane 175, 182, 184f, 185f
Choroidal phase 171
Ciliary body band 219
angle recession, abnormal widening of 219f
Clear corneal incision, types of 160
Clostridium species 307
Clotrimazole 313
Coats’ disease 22
Cobalt blue
filter 65
light after fluorescein staining 63f
Cobra tip 159
Coca-cola sign 26
Colibri forceps 135, 135f, 288, 288f
Colibri style 135
polack double corneal forceps 135
Collamer lens, implantable 103
Colloidal iron stain 297f
Coloboma, choroidal 42, 43f
Color coded macular thickness map 182f
Color scale 123
concept of 124f
Composite integrated information 129
Computed tomography 8, 9, 14, 16, 23, 29, 92, 94f
acquisition of 10
angiogram 10
coronal contrast-enhanced 28f
display 94f
interpretation of 10
scan 26
Cone photoreceptors 200f
Configuration, S-shaped 104
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 170, 178
optics of 257f
principle 257
Conjunctiva 295
columnar epithelium of 294
epithelial barrier of 307
palpebral 304
Conjunctival diseases 101
Conjunctivitis 307
Connective tissue 296
Contact A-scan, display of 150f
Contact lens 67, 120
fitting 81
induced corneal warpage 127
sensor 226, 226f
solution and case 308
wear 114
Contact specular microscope 110
Continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, concept of 160
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography 10, 29
imaging 10
scan 10
Cornea 55, 60, 67, 70, 295
anterior segment optical coherence tomography post-corneal cross-linking of 106
anterior surface irregularities of 60
asphericity of 76
epithelial barrier of 307
irregular 69
model 68
nonsphericity of 69
normal 338f
anterior elevation map of 125f
opacities, multiple stromal 99f
radius of curvature of 141
thinnest point of 123
thinning of 58f
Zernike analysis of 83, 85f
Corneal button, infected 308
Corneal collagen cross-linking 121, 127
Corneal curvature 224
Corneal disorders, color coding of 62t
Corneal dystrophy
classification 106
posterior polymorphous 114
Corneal endothelial
cells 61
punches 133
Corneal marking instruments 131
Corneal opacity 99, 227
faintest of 61
Corneal optical densitometry display 82, 83f
Corneal pachymetry
layered 121
map 75f
Corneal parameters 78f
Corneal physiology 69
Corneal power, posterior 70
Corneal refractive surgeries 123
Corneal resistance factor 225
Corneal rings 84f
Corneal scars 60
and infiltrates 60
Corneal scissors 134, 134f, 154, 155f
Corneal scraping 308
Corneal staining 65t
Corneal stroma 110, 297f
Corneal surface, irregular 224
Corneal surgery 128
Corneal thickness 101f, 117, 118, 147
measuring 113
progression analysis 76
spatial profile 76
Corneal thinning 79f
Corneal tomographers 71t
Corneal tomography 73f
Corneal topographers 71t
Corneal topographic analysis 92
Corneal topography 96f
Corneal type lens 214, 215
Corneal ulcer
color coding in 65
sequel of 108f
Corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology 225, 225f
Corneal wedge 218
formation 218f
Cortical basal ganglion degeneration 336
Cortical layer 60
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 307
Cottingham corneal punch 133
Crab claw 341
appearance 81f
Craniopharyngiomas 12
Crawford stent 53
Crescent blade 266, 266f
Crescent knife 137, 137f
Crigglers sac massage 54
Cryoextraction 161
Crystalline lens 59f, 60
Curpax-major amblyoscope 275
Curvature map 72, 126
Cyclodeviation, measurement of 277
Cyclodialysis 220
Cyst 42
conjunctival inclusion 288
Cysticercosis 10, 29, 299, 299f
extraocular muscle 41f
USG appearance of 41
Cysticercus cellulosae 299
Cysticercus larvae, body of 299f
Cystoid 174
macular edema 178, 180
Cystotome needle 156, 157f
Czapskiscope 56
D
D value 76
Dacryocystectomy 53
Dacryocystorhinostomy 51, 54
Daily living, activities of 322
Dastoor iris repositor 156, 156f, 267, 267f
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty 100, 115, 118, 121, 126
different techniques of 140
Deep intrastromal blood vessel 62
Deep superior sulcus 49
Demarcation line 106
Dense cataract measurement 147
Densitometry, corneal 84
Dermoid 15
cyst 17, 298, 299f
Descemet's folds 60, 62
Descemet's membrane 60, 252
detachment 160, 349f
endothelial keratoplasty 106, 113, 115, 139
instruments 139
Descemet's stripper 138
Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty 100, 113, 115, 121, 138, 154, 348
Busin forceps 139
instruments 138
scraper 138f
spatula 139
Desmarre's lamellar dissector 137
Deviation
angle of 276
objective angle of 276
subjective angle of 276
Diabetes 114, 116
Diabetic retinopathy
nonproliferative 173
proliferative 174
Diabetic vitrectomy surgery 211
Diamond dusted
membrane scraper 208, 209f
soft silicone tip cannula 208
Diamond knife 134, 134f
Diffusion-weighted images 13
Digital fundus camera 170, 170f
Digital subtraction angiography 27
Diplopia 288
Direct focal illumination 57, 60
Direct gonioscopy
advantages of 215
disadvantages of 215
Direct ophthalmoscope 165, 165f, 166t, 168, 168t
apertures of 165f
head of 165f
uses of 168
Direct slit illumination 58f
Disc
edema 168
neovascularization of 174
Distance stereoacuity, tests for 285
Diurnal phasing 226
Diurnal variations 69
Donor
dissection 138
glides 139
inserters 139
tissue insertion 140
Donut stent 53
Doppler ultrasound 34
Double corneal forceps 135
Double ended iris repositer 135f
Double layer sign 183
Drug, class of 313
Dry age-related macular degeneration 203
Dry eye 103
severe 294
Dual bore cannula 208
Dye, extravasation of 169
Dysfunctional lens index 91
Dysplasia 294
fibrous 20
Dystrophy, macular 297f
E
Echinocandins 313
Echogram, upper portion of 32
Econazole 313
Ectasia
corneal 120
progression of 78
Ectatic disorders
diagnosis of 79
screening of 79
Edema
corneal 224, 227
epithelial 61, 62
Elastic fibers 296
Electrode 191
active 191
common 191
ground 191
Electron microscopy 297
Electrooculogram 195
Electroretinogram 188
extinguishing 192f
factors affecting 191
full-field 190
leads 191f
machine 189f
normal 189f
physiology of 188
responses, abnormal 191
scotopic 190f
types of 190
Elevation map 74, 92, 124
findings on 80
front and back 75f
Elliot and Nankin procedure 289
modified 289
Ellipsoid zone 180
Enantiomorphism 74
Encephalomyopathy, mitochondrial 336
End grasping forceps 207f
Endoilluminator 140
Endoinjector 139
Endophthalmitis 15, 22, 23f, 38f, 49, 295, 307
postoperative 288
USG appearance of 37
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy
advantages of 52t
disadvantages of 52t
Endoserter 139
Endoshield 139
Endothelial cell
count
estimating 115
normal 114
density 111
loss, bi-exponential decay model for 114
morphology 337
shape 337
Endothelial keratoplasty 100, 113, 123, 349f, 350, 350f
Endothelial loss 114, 115t
phases of 114t
Endotheliitis, herpetic 120
Endothelium 59
corneal 110
monitoring of 112
research of 112
specular 59f
Enophthalmos 3, 6, 49
Enterococcus species 307
Enucleation 47, 48, 48t, 294, 295
complications of 48
scissors 44, 45f
specimen 295f
types of 48
Eosinophilic cytoplasm, abundant 293
Epidermis, basal layer of 300f
Epilation forceps 44, 44f
Epilepsy 336
Epiretinal membrane 153, 182, 184f, 195, 203
Epithelial appearance, normalization of 101
Epithelial basement membrane 60
Epithelial component 304
Epithelial defect 63, 63f
Epithelial layer 60
Epithelial microcysts 60
Epithelioid cell granuloma 300f
Epithelium 110
assessment of 113
Escherichia coli 307, 312
Ethmoid sinus, anterior 20f
Ethylene oxide 220
Eukaryotes 307
Evisceration 48, 48t, 49, 294
curette 44, 45f
types of 49
Exenteration 49, 294
types of 49t
Exophthalmometry 3, 4
reading, factors influencing 6
types of 3, 4
Exophthalmos 3, 6
Exorbitism 6
Expansile hyperattenuating lesion 20f
External limiting membrane 180
External mechanical devices 47
Extracapsular cataract extraction 115, 155
Extraconal lesions 17
Extraocular muscle 8, 27f, 28f, 34, 41
enlargement 15, 25
Extraocular spread 302
Extrusion instruments 208
Eye
aberrations, total 95f
bank 100, 113
cup 248f
drops, topical 47
fields 245
health survey 324
conduct of 325
Eyeball 294
Eyelashes 307
Eyelid 294, 307
lesions 251
retraction 289
F
Facial asymmetry 5, 6
Faden procedure 289
Fasanella-Servat procedure 46
Fascia lata 47
Fat 12
Fibromas 20
Fibrotic sac 53
Fibrovascular fonds, focal 41
Field defect, position of 335
Filaments 63
Fink's recession 289
First order Kernel 194
Fish hook technique 162
Fixation losses 231
Flared tip 159
Flat iris configuration 250f
Fleischer ring 65
Flieringa ring, uses of 140
Flow cytometry 298
Fluconazole 313
Flucytosine 313
Fluid clefts, multiple stromal 101f
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery 12, 13f, 14
imaging 23
Fluorescein
angiogram 175f, 177f
normal 172f
angiography 170
dye, intravenous injection of 171f
patterns, abnormal 171
staining 65
Food and Drug Administration 144
Foot-plates 4
Forced duction test 290
Foreign body
forceps 207, 207f
granuloma 288
intraorbital 29
multiple corneal 58f
Formalin 295
Forme fruste keratoconus 80, 124, 339f
Fornices, contraction of 49
Four maps refractive display 342f
Fourier domain 99f
Fourth nerve paresis 268
Foveal avascular zone 171
Foveal image 145f
Freer periosteal elevator 44, 45f
Fresh superior-temporal branch retinal vein occlusion 177f
Frisby-Davis distance
stereotest 285
test 285
Frisby-Davis stereoacuity test 286f
Frontalis muscle suspension using sling 46
Fruste keratoconus 79
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy 113–115, 120
Fundoscopy 63
Fundus
autofluorescence 170
camera 170, 200
film-based 170
fluorescein angiography 169, 177f, 178, 186f
advantages over 187
phases of 171
photography 199
Funduscopy 163
Fungal
growth 312f
hyphae 310f
infections 300
Fungi 307
Funnel retinal detachment, closed 35f
Fusarium 313
species 307, 311f
Fusion 276
Fusional amplitudes, determination of 278
G
Gadolinium 12, 13
enhanced magnetic resonance angiography 27
Galand letterbox technique 160
Galilei 84, 128
devices 119
Ganglion cell 200
analysis 256f
complex 254
layer 180, 181f
Gass retinal detachment hook 209, 209f
Gaussian-shaped spectrum 146
Gaze
monitoring 229
tracker 229
Geuder glass injector 139f
Giant cell 300f
arteritis 295
Giemsa stain 308
Gill's lamellar dissector 137
Glass injectors 139, 139f
Glaucoma 114, 120, 212, 248, 317–319, 323
advanced 226, 246f
applications in 103
congenital 120
drainage devices 104
end-stage 49
evaluation 81
Goldmann visual field of 246f, 247f
Hemifield test 231, 343
probability score 261, 262f
report 263f
screening 86
surgeries, instruments in 264
surgical intervention for 264
Glioma 15
Global indices 232
Globe holding forceps 265, 266f
Glucose transporter 1 298
Glutaraldehyde 295
Goldmann 1/2/3 mirror lens 214
Goldmann applanation 221
prism 227
tonometer 222, 224t, 227
housing of 223f
tonometry 65, 227
Goldmann mires, correct alignment of 223f
Goldmann perimetry 244f
Goldmann two mirror lens 64f, 214f
Goldmann type applanation tonometer, basic parts of 222f
Goldmann visual field 229, 242, 243t, 244, 245f–247f, 335, 335f, 335t, 336f, 337f
indications of 243, 247
interpretation of 335
normal 245
principle of 243
Gonio mirror 213f
Goniogram 220, 220f
Goniolens
applications of 215
direct 213
obliterates cornea-air interface 213f
prototype direct 213
types of 213
Gonioscopes, sterilization of 220
Gonioscopy 63, 212, 218
documentation of 220
father of 212
grading systems 216
indentation 214
indications of 213
manipulation 214
normal angle structures visible on 218
principle of 212
procedure 64f
Goniosynechiae 220
Gore-tex strips 47
Gorovoy irrigating stripper 138
Graft holder 132, 132f
Graft insertion 138, 139
Gram's stain 308
Gram-negative
bacilli 307
bacteria 309
cocci 307
coccobacilli 307
Gram-positive
bacilli 307
bacteria 309
cocci 307
Granular corneal dystrophy 99f
diffuse slit lamp corneal image of 99f
Granulomatous reaction 293
Graves disease 25
Gray scale 231
Green's hook 287, 287f
Grieshaber-Franceschetti trephine 131
Griseofulvin 313
Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver nitrate stain, modified 308
Grooved arc 4
Guarded diamond knife 137
Guillotine type cutters 206
Gullstand's illumination system 56
Guttae
corneal 337f
presence of 59f, 337
H
Haidinger brushes 276
Haigis-l formula 141
Haller's layer 180
Hang-back recession 289
Hanna trephine system 132
Haploscopic principle 268f, 280
Haptic size calculation 123
Hard exudates 173
multiple 175f
Hartmann-Shack aberrometer 86
Hasner valve 51
Heart disease 170
Heidelberg retina tomograph 3 257, 257f
principle of 264
print out, normal 259f
Heijl-Krakau method 229
Helmholtz doubling principle keratometer 68
Hemangioma 41
capillary 15, 18
cavernous 15, 16f
Hemangiopericytoma 15, 18
Hemianopia 335
complete bitemporal 239
homonymous 336f
Hemorrhage 9, 16f, 47, 49, 65
macula 177f
subacute 12
vitreous 37, 37f
Hemostasis 48
Hemostatic forceps 44, 44f, 265, 287, 287f
Henle's layer 180
Herbert's pits 57f
Hering's law 268, 274
Herpes simplex virus 313
Hertel's exophthalmometer 4, 4f
advantages of 5
disadvantages of 5
Hess chart 268, 269f–271f, 272, 272f, 273
original 273
Hess screen 268, 273
Hessburg-Barron trephine 131, 132f, 140
High positive vitreous pressure 160
Higher-order aberration 83, 89f
Hirschberg's test 276
Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson classification 233, 233t
Horizontal scissors 209
Horner's muscle 52
Hounsfield units 10
Hruby lens 64
Human immunodeficiency virus 306
Human papillomavirus 302
Humphrey's field analyzer 229f, 230f
exclusive gaze tracker of 229f
Humphrey's visual field 229, 231t, 232f, 234f–239f, 241f, 347f
components of 229
interpretation of 342
print out 242
Hyalosis, asteroid 37
Hydrodelineation 160
Hydrodissection 160
Hydrogen 11
peroxide 223
Hydrops, corneal 101f, 105, 107, 252
Hyperfluorescence 172, 173f
Hyperkeratosis 294
Hypermetropia 164
Hyperplasia 294
Hypertension, ocular 226
Hypertrophy 294
Hypofluorescence 171, 172f
Hypopyon 63
Hypothalamic involvement 23
Hypotropia 274
Hysteresis, corneal 225
I
Iatrogenic infection 306, 307
Illumination
bulb for 68
system 56, 165
Image test 278
Imbert-Fick's law 221, 222f
modification of 222, 222f
Imidazoles 313
Immersion A-scan, display of 152f
Immunoglobulin
A 307
G, monoclonal 313
Implant
calculate size of 49
migration of 49
types of 49, 50
In situ hybridization 298
In vivo confocal microscopy 313
Incision, corneal 155
Indian Council of Medical Research National Survey of Blindness 325
Indian Smith method 161
Indirect goniolenses 213
features of 215, 215t
Indirect gonioscopy 215
advantages of 215
disadvantages of 215
Indocyanine green 186, 187f
administration of 186
angiography 186
disadvantages of 187
dye 186t
phases of 186
Infarction 336
myocardial 170
Infections 47, 49
ocular 307t
parasitic 300
primary 306
secondary 306
Infiltrative diseases 15, 27
Inflammation
intraocular 114
lipogranulomatous 300f
Inflammatory disease, choroidal 187
Inflammatory inflammation, idiopathic 19
Infusion cannula 206, 206f
Inkblot pattern 173
Internal limiting membrane 180, 181f, 207
forceps 207, 207f
International Society of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision 188
Interpupillary distance 275
measurement 276
Intracapsular cataract extraction 115, 155, 161
Intracorneal ring segment implantation 83, 118
Intracytoplasmic lipids 304f
Intradermal nevus 299
Intraocular foreign body 29, 38f
USG appearance of 37
Intraocular lens 32, 91, 144, 145, 149, 157, 158f, 249, 308
dialer 158
holding forceps 158, 158f
injection cartridges, modified 139
master 141
interpretation of 142
placement 135
power calculation formula 141, 142f
Intraocular mass, polypoidal left 21f
Intraocular pressure 78f, 81, 100, 119, 208, 221
normal range of 227
power calculation 82
Intraocular tumors
common 40t
USG appearance of 39
Intraorbital schwannoma 17f
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities 173
Intrastromal corneal ring segment 121, 127
Intubation tubes, different types of 53
IOLMaster 143, 144t, 145t
IOLMaster 500 141, 141f, 144, 145t
IOLMaster 700 142f, 144, 144f, 145f
advantages of 143
IOLMaster, advantages over 149
Iowa PK press corneal punch 133
Iridociliary cleft, obliteration of 249f
Iridocorneal endothelial
cell 338, 338f
syndrome 114, 115
Iridodialysis 220
Iridotomy, peripheral 226
Iris
anterior insertion of 220
configuration 216
S-shaped 250f
cyst 251f
insertion
level of 216
site of 217f
posterior bowing of 107f
processes 219, 219f
root, insertion of 217
stop platform 157
Irisophake method 161
Iron 296
pigmentation 62
Ischemic diabetic maculopathy 175
Isopropyl alcohol 223
iTrace
aberrometer 87f
principle of 87
system 86
Itraconazole 313
J
Jaeger's lid spatula 44, 44f
Jameson's hook 287, 287f
Jameson's muscle forceps 288, 288f
Javal-Schiotz keratometer 67
Jones tube 53
Josephberg-Besser scleral depressor 165f
K
Kaneka lacriflow stent 53
Kaufmann corneal cutting block 132
Kelly's punch 266, 267f
Kelman's christmas tree approach 160
Kelman's tip 159
Kelman-McPherson forceps 267
Keratectomy
photorefractive 141
phototherapeutic 118
post-photorefractive 82
Keratitis 107
bacterial 306
infective 307
interface 100
mycotic 297f
Keratoacanthoma 302
Keratoconus 58f, 60, 71, 97, 114, 121, 127, 129t
diagnosis of 129
early 80t
detection of 105
eyes 100
Orbscan of 127, 127f
Keratomes 154, 154f
Keratometer 67, 68, 68f, 70, 136
disadvantages of 70
handheld 136
normal range of 70
parts of 68
principle of 67, 70
qualitative 136
types of 67
Keratometry 69, 147
abnormal 78
normal 69
performing 68
simulated 123
Keratopathy 47
band-shaped 60
Keratoplasty 155
post-lamellar 59f
postpenetrating 100
Keratotomy, astigmatic 118, 127
Kerrison bone punch 46, 46f
Ketoconazole 313
Kinetic perimetry 242, 247
King's clamp 137f
Kissing birds 72
Kissing choroids 37f
Kissing doves 341
Klebsiella species 307
Knapp procedure 290
Koeppe's lens 213, 213f
Koh mount 310f
Krumeich, Hanna, Olson, and Lieberman systems 133
L
Lacrimal drainage system 307
Lacrimal gland 13, 28f, 294
atrophy of 294
lesions 19
mass 15, 19f
tumor 304
Lacrimal pump 51
mechanism, muscles of 52
Lacrimal sac
dimensions and parts 51
dissector 46f
and currete 46
tuberculosis of 53
tumor 53
Lacrimal sinuses 308
Lacrimal sump syndrome 53
Lacrimal system, infections of 307
Lactoferrin 307
Lagophthalmos 47
Lamellar dissection
closed type of 140
open type of 140
Lamellar dissector 137
types of 140
Lamellar keratoplasty 83, 136, 295
anterior 100
Lamina cribrosa 200
Lamina papyracea 20f
Lang two-pencil test 284
Lang's stereotest 285f
Large continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis 161
Laser
assisted in situ keratomileusis 75, 103, 120, 126, 127, 141
Doppler interferometry 119
epithelial keratomileusis 141
patterns of 197f
peripheral iridotomy 228
photocoagulation 196
trabeculoplasty, selective 213
Lattice corneal dystrophy 60, 114, 297f
Leber's congenital amaurosis 192
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 178
Lees chart 272
Lees screen 268, 269, 270f, 273
Leiberman single point cutter 132
Leishmania brasiliensis 307
Lens 91, 295
assessment of 113
coupling fluid 110
density measurement 103
epithelium, metaplasia of 294
examination of 62
induced secondary angle closure glaucoma 107
opacity classification system III 103
spatula 155, 155f
thickness 143, 147
types of 215
Lenstar 143, 144t, 146
LS900 146, 146f
principle of 149
Lenticonus 93
anterior 93f, 94f
Lenticular opacities 60
Leptospira 307
Leukocytes, polymorphonuclear 293
Leukoma 108f
Levator advancement, transcutaneous 46
Levator function 46
Lid
clamp 44, 44f
contour abnormalities 47
crease and fold asymmetry 47
crutches, spectacle-based 47
height, intraoperative 46
infections of 307
lag 47
retraction 6
Lieberman gravity-action punch 133
Light
emitting diode 71
exposure hazard 168
reflex monitoring 229
sensitivity, differential 229
Lim's forceps 265, 265f, 288, 288f
Limbal dermoid 252
Linear cup/disc ratio 260
Liquid-crystal display 286
Lissamine green 65
Littmann-Galilean telescope principle 56
Loop tenotomy 289
Low coherence interferometry 179
principle of 98
Low vision 315, 323
functional 319
magnitude of 320
rehabilitation 319, 320
matrix, community-based 322
services 321
therapist 322
Lowenstein-Jensen medium 312
LS900, report of 148f
Luedde's exophthalmometer 5, 5f
over Hertel's, advantages of 5
Luminescence 169
Lung cancer, intraocular metastatic 20f
Lyle-major amblyoscope 275
Lymphangioma 15, 16f
Lymphocytes 293, 300f
Lymphoid tissue
conjunctiva-associated 307
mucosa-associated 25
Lymphoma 19, 25, 27
Lymphoproliferative
disease 15, 17, 25, 27
disorders 15
lesions 15
Lysozyme 307
M
Mackay-Marg, principle of 227
Macula 180
Macular branch retinal vein occlusion 178f
Macular corneal dystrophy 296
Macular degeneration 203, 336
Macular edema 336
diabetic 174, 176f, 181, 183f
Macular hole 181, 184f, 195, 203
Macular opacity 62
Macular scars 172
Macular thickness 254
map 256
total 254
Macular threshold test 240f
Maculopathy
diffuse diabetic 174
focal diabetic 174
Maddox test 276
Magnetic resonance 16, 27
imaging 8, 11, 13–15, 16f–18f, 20f–22f, 24f, 25f, 28f, 30f
contrast media 11
Magnets 209, 209f
Magnification 168
Littmann-Galilean telescope principle 56
Magnified disc 64f
Malformation
arteriovenous 9
cavernous 15
Malignancy, intraocular 47
Malignant glaucoma, features of 253
Malignant lacrimal gland tumor 305
Map, types of 338
Mapping technique 118
Masquerade syndrome 303
Mass
lesions 10
intraocular 20, 22f
Masson's trichrome stain 297f
Mast cells 293
McNeill-Goldman ring 131f
McPherson forceps 135, 135f, 157, 157f, 267f
Mean deviation 232
Mechanical support system 56
Medial canthal tendon 53
Meibomian glands 300
Meibomitis 307
Melanin 12, 296
Melanoma 15, 27, 302
choroidal 39, 41f
Melles stripper 138
Membranes, multiple 41
Meningioma 15
Mentor binocular visual acuity testing system 285
Metastasis 15, 20, 27, 294
choroidal 41
intraconal 17
intramuscular 27
Methemoglobin 12
Micafungin 313
Michelson interferometry, principle of 179
Miconazole 313
Microaneurysms 173
focal hyperfluorescent 175f
Microbiology 306
methods 308
ocular 306
Microcannula 206
Microcatheter 267, 267f
Microcysts 61, 104f
Microincision vitrectomy surgery 210
Microkeratome 138f
Microorganisms, classification of 307t
Microphthalmia, bilateral 22f
Microphthalmos 48
Microscopy 308
confocal 119
Microspherophakia 59f
Microsporidia 307
Microvectis technique 162
Microvitreoretinal blade 138, 154, 266, 266f
Mid-peripheral iris, posterior bowing of 250f
Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery 213
Mini-Monoka stent 53
Minimum inhibitory concentration 312
Mires, width of 224
Mobility assistive devices 321
Modulation transfer function 88
Mohs’ micrographic surgery 295
Molecular methods 312
Monocanalicular stents 53
Monofilament nylon 47
Moorfields regression analysis 260, 261f
Moorfields synoptophore 275
Moraxella species 307
Moutsouris sign 140
Mucocele 20
Mucopolysaccharides 296, 297f
Mucosal flaps during surgery, loss of 53
Mule's evisceration spatula 44, 45f
Müller cell 188, 194
membrane 189
Müller muscle
resection 46
stimulating 47
Multifocal electroretinogram 193, 194
Multispot laser 196
neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet 196
system 196
Muscle
bilateral extraocular 26f
fibers, splitting of 288
lost 288, 290
slipped 288
Myasthenia gravis 268
Mycobacteria 310
Mycobacterium 307
tuberculosis 312
Mycoplasma 307
Myectomy 289
Myelin 296
Myoconjunctival technique 48
Myocysticercus 15, 30f
Myoid zone 180
Myomatous stroma 305f
Myopia 97
unilateral high 6
Myotomy, marginal 289
N
Naffziger's view 6
Nagahara technique 161
Nasal cavity 308
Nasal transposition, anterior 289
Nasolacrimal duct
obstruction 53
probing 54
system 51
Natamycin 313
National Blindness Survey 325, 326, 328, 331f, 332
National Programme for Control of Blindness 315, 323, 324
National Trachoma Pilot Project Survey 325
National Trachoma Prevalence Survey 328
Naugle's exophthalmometer 5, 5f
over Hertel's, advantages of 5
Nausea 169
Near stereoacuity 281
tests for 280
Nebular opacity 62
Necrosis 294
Needle assisted technique 139
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 307
Neisseria infection 309
Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet 196
Neonatal intensive care units 318
Neoplasia 294, 335
Neoplasms, benign 19
Neovascularization
choroidal 187, 202
classic choroidal 175
polypoidal choroidal 182, 185f
Nerve fiber layer 180, 260
three-dimensional visualization of 200
Netherlands organization test 280, 280f
Nettleship's punctum dilator 44, 45f
Neuroblastoma 19
metastatic 19f
Neurofibromatosis 23
Neuromyelitis optica 24, 336
Neuro-ophthalmology 178, 268
Neuroretinal rim 256, 259
Neurosensory detachment 336
Neurosyphilis 336
Neusidl corneal inserter 139
Neutral density filter and gray filter 65
Nevus of Ota 299
Nevus
compound 299
congenital 299
junctional 299
NGENUITY 3 D visualization system 211f
Nocardia 307, 310
Noncontrast computed tomography 16
scan 10
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 27
Nontoothed forceps 135
Normal corneal endothelium, specular microscopy of 112f
Normal corneal thickness 116, 121
Normative stereometric parameter 260t
Nosocomial infection 306
Nuclear layer, inner 180, 181f
Nucleus 60
drop 42, 42f
Nutrient agar 310
Nylon 47
Nystatin 313
O
Observation system 55, 167
Occludable angle 215
Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid 294
Ocular diseases 55
Ocular media, clear 33
Ocular pathology 294
Ocular response analyzer 119, 225, 225f
Ocular surface
diseases, applications in 101
evaluate tumors of 251
keratinization of 294
squamous neoplasia 101
Oculocardiac reflex 47, 288, 289
Oculoplasty 3
Oil droplet reflex 60
Old retinal detachment 36f
Olson calibrated cornea trephine system 132
Onchocerca volvulus 307
Ondocyanine green images 170
Opacity, leucomatous 62
Open funnel retinal detachment 35f, 41
Ophthalmic imaging, perioperative 106
Ophthalmic ultrasound 31
Ophthalmic vein 27f
Ophthalmic viscosurgical device 160
Ophthalmitis, sympathetic 48
Ophthalmological surveys
conventional 325
uses of 325
Ophthalmology 298, 313
community 315
role of microbiology in 306
survey methods in 324
pattern-based approach to radiologic diagnosis in 15, 23
Ophthalmoscope 163
indirect 163, 163f, 168, 168t, 326
Ophthalmoscopy 163
distant direct 167
Optic chiasma lesion 247f
Optic disc 29f, 257
abnormalities 34
analysis 254, 255f
drusen 39, 40f
evaluation 257
stereometric analysis of 260
Optic foramen view 7f
Optic glioma 23
Optic nerve 13, 16f, 23, 24f, 25f, 295
glioma, postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging of 24f
head 39, 254
cupping 40f
infiltration 295f
parameters 254
pathologies, USG appearance of 39
sheath
complex 15, 23
meningioma 23
Optic neuritis 10, 15, 24, 247f, 336
bilateral 25f
Optic neuropathy 203
dystrophic 26
hereditary 336
nonarteritic anterior ischemic 178
Optic sheath meningioma 24f
Optical biometry 146f
method of 141
Optical coherence tomography 98, 106, 119, 141, 176f, 179–181, 181f, 182, 198–200, 254, 255f
angiography 180
interpretation of 180
intraoperative 100, 140
single 255f
swept source 146, 180
time-domain 179
types of 179
Optical element, adaptive 199
Optical low coherence
interferometry 119, 120
reflectometry 146
Optical pachymetry, manual 118
Optical principle 110, 167
Optical slit section 57
Optical techniques 118
Optimal optic nerve length 48
Orbicularis muscle tone 47
Orbit
anterior two-thirds of 34
blowout fracture of 29, 30f
disorders of 3
routine normal magnetic resonance imaging sequences of 12f
solitary fibrous tumor of 18
Orbital capillary hemangioma 18f
Orbital cellulitis 10, 28, 28f, 49, 307
Orbital computed tomography, normal 9f
Orbital extension 15
Orbital flow fracture, Hess chart of 272f
Orbital imaging 3
techniques 7
Orbital inflammation, idiopathic 15, 24, 26, 27, 28f
Orbital plexiform neurofibroma 28f
Orbital radiographs 7
Orbital rim fractures, lateral 6
Orbital schwannoma 17, 18
Orbital sinuses 308
Orbital trauma 29
Orbital ultrasound, normal 8f
Orbitopathy, thyroid-associated 15, 25, 26f
Orbscan 84, 85, 85f, 122, 128t, 129t
pachymetry over ultrasonic pachymeter, advantages of 129
quad map 126f, 127
Orthoptic exercises 279
Ostium, site of 53
Outer plexiform layer 180
Over bandage contact lens 224
P
Pachycam 119
Pachymeter probe 118f
Pachymetric measurements, technique of 118
Pachymetry 31f, 117, 129
abnormal 81
apex 338
map 79f, 126, 126f
methods of 118
technique of 118, 119
thinnest 338
Painful blind eye 47
Palmaris longus tendon 47
Panographic principle 280
Panophthalmitis 10, 307
Pan-stromal scar 105
Paraffin embedding 295
Parakeratosis 294
Parasites 307
Parks recession 289
Pars ciliaris 52
Pars lacrimalis 52
Partial coherence interferometry 119, 144
Pascal 577 nm laser 198
Pascal dynamic contour tonometer 225
Pascal laser
panretinal photocoagulation 197f
spots 197f
Pascal red laser 198
Pascal system 198
Paton spatula 132, 132f
Pattern electroretinogram 192
uses of 193
Pattern scanning laser 196
trabeculoplasty 198
Paufique's knife 137, 137f
Pellucid marginal degeneration 81f, 127
Penetrating keratoplasty 83, 100, 113, 114, 115, 127, 350
Penicillium species 307
Pentacam 70, 71, 71f, 84, 85, 85t, 119, 128, 128t
indications of 78
interpretation of 338
nucleus staging 81
parameters 83
quad map 81f
topography system 83
Peptostreptococcus species 307
Perfluorocarbon 153
liquid 208
Perimetric unit 229
Perimetry
combined 243
types of 242
Peripheral capillary nonperfusion areas 172f
Peripheral iris
configuration of 217
curvature, Spaeth grading of 217f
Perkins applanation tonometer 224, 224f
Persistent fetal vasculature 38f
USG appearance of 37
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous 8f, 9
Phaco needle tip 159, 159f
Phacoemulsification 115
Phacofracture technique 162
Phacosandwich technique 162
Phakic intraocular lens 81, 348, 349f
Phosphorescence 169
Photopic electroretinogram 190f
Photoreceptors 188
outer segment of 180
Phthisis bulbi 49
Pierse-Hoskins forceps 134, 135f
Pigment dispersion syndrome 104, 107, 107f, 249, 250f
Pigment epithelial detachment 172, 174f
Pigmentation 220
Pigtail stent 53
Pituitary adenoma 239f
Placido 128t
Plain curved scissors 287
Plain forceps 44f, 264, 264f
Plain straight scissors 287
Plasma cells 293, 300f
Plateau iris 249f
syndrome 104, 249
Platelet derived growth factor 196
Pleomorphism 112, 116
Plexiform layer, inner 180, 181f
Plexiform neurofibroma 15, 28
Point spread function 88
Polack double corneal forceps 135f
Polyenes 313
Polyester mesh 47
Polyfilament 47
Polymegathism 116
Polymerase chain reaction 297, 312
Polymethylmethacrylate 49, 151, 158
Polypropylene 47
Polyps, thumb-like 183
Polytetrafluoroethylene 47
Posaconazole 313
Positron emission tomography 14
Posner four mirror lenses 214, 214f
Post-anterior lamellar therapeutic keratoplasty 99f
Postenucleation socket syndrome 49
Posterior corneal surface
irregularities 60
power, accurate estimation of 70
Posterior elevation 338
map 126f, 129
Posterior scleritis 39f
USG appearance of 39
Posterior staphyloma 39f, 152, 153
USG appearance of 39
Posterior vitreous detachment 32, 34–36, 36f
Post-keratoplasty 120, 227
Post-laser peripheral iridotomy 104
Post-LASIK
ectasia 82f
eyes 227
Postseptal infection 15
Potassium hydroxide 309
wet mount 309
Power map 129
Prager scleral shell 152f
Pre-laser peripheral iridotomy 104
Premium intraocular lenses, optical alignment for 91
Primary angle-closure glaucoma 107f
Printout, interpretation of 258
Prism, cleaning of 223
Progression, high-risk of 226
Prokaryotes 307
Prolene 47
Proptosis 4, 6, 23
Proteins
complement 307
high 12
Pseudocolor image 259
Pseudoexfoliation 219
syndrome 57f, 160
Pseudofluorescence 169
Pseudogutta 116
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 65, 307
Pseudoplateau iris 253
Pseudoproptosis, causes of 6
Pterygium surgery 137
Ptosis 46, 49
amount of 46
aponeurotic 251
clamp, complications of 47
nonsurgical management of 47
residual 47
surgery, complications of 47
types of 46
Punctate keratopathy 60
Pupil diameter 123
Pupillary-optic disc portion 296
Purkinje reflex 91f
Putterman müllerectomy 46
Pyogenic granuloma 294
Q
Quad map 72
Quadrantanopia, right inferior 335f
R
Radial keratotomy marker 131
Random dot test 285
Randot stereotest 283, 283f, 284f
animal test interpretation of 284t
graded circle interpretation of 284t
Randot test, distance 285, 286
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram 318
Ray tracing aberrometer 86
advantages of 93
Rebound tonometer 225, 226f
Recti 289
muscles, normal insertions of 289
Red blood cells 180
Red-green spectacles 280f
Refractile materials 60
Refractive errors 317
rapid assessment method for 325
Refractive index 67
Refractive map 92
Refractive surgery 69, 79, 120
applications in 103
Rehabilitation
community-based 321
matrix, community-based 323
Residual corneal bed thickness 81
Resorcinol phthalein sodium 169
Resuscitation, cardiopulmonary 47
Retina 163
inner 254
temporal 172f
Retinal arterial phase 171
Retinal correspondence, anomalous 275
Retinal cyst 36f
Retinal detachment 9, 20f, 21, 34, 35, 35f, 40, 41
tractional 36f
Retinal imaging 199
Retinal nerve fiber layer 181f, 201f, 255f, 257
graph 259
optical coherence tomography interpretation 254
parameters 254
thickness 254
average 254
sectoral 254
Retinal pigment epithelium 173f, 181f, 188, 199
metaplasia of 294
Retinal spot diagram 87f, 88
Retinal thickness 147
map 182f
Retinal vein occlusion 178
Retinoblastoma 15, 21, 22f, 41, 42f, 47, 48, 295f, 301, 301f, 302
diffuse infiltrating 301
endophytic 301, 302
exophytic 301
intraocular 295f
Retinopathy of prematurity 22f, 178, 318, 319
USG appearance 41
Retinopathy, diabetic 173, 203, 317–319, 323
Retinoscope, automated 86
Retract upper lid 47
Retrobulbar fat 28f
Retrochiasmal lesions 336
Retroillumination 58, 59f, 60
Rhabdomyosarcoma 15, 18, 29
Rhinorrhea 53
Rhinosporidiosis 303, 304f
Rhinosporidium seeberi 303
Rickettsiae 307
Riolan, muscle of 52
Ritleng stent 53
Roennes nasal step 246f
Root mean square 88
Rose Bengal staining 65
Rosenmüller valve 51
Rosenwasser shovel 139
Rothman-Gilbard corneal punch 133
RPC classification 216
RPE-Bruch's complex 180
Ruit's technique 162
Ruler method 6
S
Sabouraud's dextrose agar 312, 312f
Sagittal curvature map 126
Sagittal map
anterior 73f, 74f
findings on 80
Salzmann's nodules 60
Sanders-Retzlaff-Kraff formula 151
Sarcoidosis 15, 25, 27, 300
Sattler's layer 180
Scale readings 5
Scanning electron microscope 295, 297
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 199, 200
Scanning slit
system 122
technology 119
Scar stretch 290
Scheimpflug camera 119
Scheimpflug devices 128
Scheimpflug imaging 128
Scheimpflug principle 71, 72f
Schepens scleral depressor 165f
Schiotz tonometer 221, 226f
Schlemm's canal 103
Schocket scleral depressor 209, 209f
Schwalbe's line 103, 218, 219
Schwannoma 15
Scleral bands, infected 308
Scleral indentation 164
Scleral perforation 288
Scleral scatter 58f
Scleral spur 103, 219
Scleral tonometry 227
Scleral type lens 215
Sclerotic scatter 58, 61
Scotoma 233, 242
bilateral central 336
central 336f
density of 335
Sebaceous cell carcinoma 303, 304f
Sebaceous glands 300, 303
Second order Kernel 194
Seizures 169
Senile keratosis 302
Sensory fusion 277
Serrated forceps 207, 207f
Serratia marcescens 307
Shaffer's angle width determination 216f
Shaffer's system 216, 216t
Shallow choroidal detachment after trauma 107f
Sheets glide 139
Sherrington's law 268, 274
Siedels scotoma 246f
Silicone brush tip cannula 208
Silicone expander lengthening 289
Silicone nonabsorbable sutures 47
Silicone oil-filled eye 151
Silver methenamine stain 296, 297f
Simcoe's irrigation 156
Sinoatrial node 47
Sinonasal masses 15
Sinskey hook 138, 158
reverse 138, 138f
Sinus pathology, cavernous 10
Sinusoidal configuration 104
Sixth nerve paresis 268
Skewed radial axis 74, 80
Skin
biopsy punches 132
taping 47
Slides, types of 275
Sling surgery, materials for 47
Slit beam 60, 61
Slit scanning 122, 128
technologies 128t
Slit-lamp 64, 65t, 66t
biomicroscopy 55, 61
dynamic 61, 61f
examination 64f
examination 60t, 78
method of 60, 61
handheld 140
illumination, basic principles of 57
optical principle of 56f
parts of 55, 55f
Slow flow venous malformation 15
Small-incision
cataract surgery 137, 156, 162
lenticule extraction 75
Smith's technique 155
Smock stack pattern 173, 174f
Snellen's entropion clamp 44, 44f
Snellen's letter 88, 90f, 94f
Socket contracture 49
Sodium
fluorescein 65, 169
hypochlorite 223
Soft calcium 12
Soft silicone tip cannula 208, 208f
Soft tissue
mass 28f
multicompartmental 28f
window 30f
Soft-shell 160
technique 160
Software system 199
Solar keratosis 302
Solid tumor 41
Sound, velocity of 32t
Spaeth grading 217f, 218f
Spaeth system 216, 217t
Spatulas 135
Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography parameters 179, 254
Specular microscope 109, 110f, 119
non-contact 110
types of 110
Specular microscopy 66, 112, 113f, 115, 116, 118
interpretation of 337
Specular reflection 59, 61, 110f
Sphenoid bone lesion 19f
Spheroidal degeneration, recurrence of 59f
Spirochetes 307
Split-tendon lengthening 289
Spot measurements 118
Squamous cell carcinoma 302, 303f
Squint 268
surgery 105
complications of 288
instruments for 286
S-stamp 140f
Staar microinjector 139
Staphylococcus
aureus 307
epidermidis 307
species 309f
Staphylomatous globe 49
Static perimetry 242, 247
Steep and flat axis, determination of 68f
Steinert Descemet stripper 138
Stereo butterfly test 283, 285
Stereoacuity tests 286
Stereopsis 168, 278, 278f, 279, 281f
grade of 285, 285t
physiologic basis of 279
tests for 279, 280
Steroid, intralesional 50
Stevens tenotomy scissors 44, 44f, 287, 287f
Stevens-Johnson syndrome 294
Stimuli 229
Stimulus 191, 193
color 230
size 230, 335
Stop and chop phaco 161
Strabismus 5, 289, 290
incomitant 273
types of 272
Stratified squamous epithelium 294, 297f
Streptococcus
pneumoniae 307, 309
pyogenes 307
viridans 307
Streptomyces 307
Stroma 60
conjunctival 304f
Stromal component 305
Stromal edema 61, 62
Subconjunctival ologen 105f
Subepithelial corneal infiltrate 102f
Subepithelial infiltrates 61
Sump syndrome 53
Superficial anterior lamellar keratoplasty 100
Superficial conjunctival blood vessels 62
Superior field defect 246f
Superior oblique
palsy, Hess chart of 271f
weakening procedures, types of 289
Superior rectus holding forceps 265, 265f, 288, 288f
Superotemporal quadrant 177f
Supraciliary effusion 107
Suprathreshold strategy 230
Surgery 113
filtering 249
long-term effect of 113
ocular 114
Surgical incisions, different types of 159
Swab, conjunctival 308
Swan Jacob lens 214f
Swedish interactive threshold algorithm 230, 231, 242, 342
Swiss cheese
appearance 305
pattern 231, 305f
Symmetric bowtie pattern 73f
Synoptophore 274, 275f, 276t, 279
principle of 279
T
Taenia solium 299
TAN endoglide 139
Tangential curvature map 92
Tear film
abnormalities 61
assessment 106
breakup 69
constituents 307
lipid layer 307
Tear meniscus 103f
Teflon block 133f
Temporalis fascia 47
Temporal-superior-nasal-inferior-temporal curves 254
Tenectomy 289
Tenon's capsule 289
violation of 289
Tenotomy 289
Tension glaucoma, normal 226
Terbinafine 313
Terrien marginal degeneration 79
Thick taut posterior hyaloid 181
Thickness map, findings on 80
Thioglycollate broth 312
Third nerve paresis 268
Thromboangiitis obliterans 26
Thrombophlebitis 169
Thyroid
ophthalmopathy 10, 268
orbitopathy 15
Tissue 14
plasminogen activator 210
preparation 295
specimen, histopathological examination of 293
Titmus fly test 285
Titmus stereotest 283
TNO test 285
Tonometer
indentation 225
non-contact 224, 224f
summarize different types of 227
transpalpebral 226
types of 224
Tonometry 221
types of 221
Tonopen 224, 224f
Tooke's knife 137, 137f
Toothed forceps 134
Topographic 3D response density plots 194
Topographical keratoconus classification 85
Topography
abnormal 81
baseline 78
systems 128
Toric intraocular lens 64, 92f
Torsion 278
Total internal reflection 58, 212, 212f
Toxic maculopathy 203
Toxoplasma 307
scar 336
Trabecular meshwork 103, 213, 219
Trabeculectomy 115
Trabeculotome 267, 267f
Trace array 193
Trachoma 318, 323
healed 57f
rapid assessment 325
Transcompartmental mass 18f
Transillumination 295
Transmission electron microscopy 295, 297
Trapdoor fracture 30
Trauma 47
Traumatic contusion 15
Traumatic injury, severe 49
Trephines
combination 132
conventional circular cutting 131
corneal 131, 140
noncontact 132
single point cutting 132
types of 131
Treponema pallidum 307
Triangulation 122
Triazoles 313
Tri-soft shell technique 160
Trocar 205, 205f
cannula 210, 210t
needle 206
Troutman corneal punch 133
Trypanosoma species 307
Tscherning's aberrometer 86
T-sign 39, 39f
Tuberculosis 53, 300
Tumbling technique 161
Tumors 34
benign 10
cells 300f
choroidal 188
cribriform appearance of 305f
malignant 10
neuroendocrine 27
pigmented 299
Twenty D lens 164f
U
Ultimate soft-shell 160
technique 160
Ultrahigh-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography 98, 99f
Ultrasonic pachymeter 117
Ultrasonic probe 150f
Ultrasonic techniques 118
Ultrasonography 31, 40t
display 31f
modes of 34
Ultrasound 8, 30f
biomicroscopy 9, 31, 98, 118, 119, 248, 248f
high-frequency 34
Uncorrected refractive error 315, 318, 319
Utrata capsulorhexis forceps 157, 157f
Uvea 20, 163
Uveal melanoma 21, 21f, 47
Uveitis
infectious 307
nomenclature, standardization of 66
V
Vacuoles 61
Vajpayee corneal marker 131
Valved small gauge cannulas, benefit of 210
Vannas scissors 155, 155f, 266, 266f
curved 134
Vascular endothelial growth factor 196
Vascular lesions 10
Vascular occlusion 177, 195
Vasculopathy, polypoidal choroidal 182, 187, 187f
Vasovagal attacks 169
Vectis technique, Irrigating 162
Vectographic principle 280
Veldman Venn technique 139
Venolymphatic malformation 15, 16f
Venous varix 15, 16
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis 78
Vertical axis 76
Vertical chopping involves 161
Vertical scissors 209
Visante anterior segment optical coherence tomography 98f, 106
Viscoexpression 162
Viscoject intraocular lens injector 139
Vision
2020 323
right to sight 323
cataract reporting blurring of 90f
fields of 320t
hill of 243f, 247
rehabilitation therapists 322
stereoscopic 276
Visual acuity 315
central 315
Visual aspects, qualitative 196
Visual disability certification 320
Visual field 203, 257
defect 23
frequency of 233
generalized constriction of 247f
index 232
modeling 231
normal 242
progression 233
Visual function analysis summary display 91
Visual impairment, rapid assessment of 325
Visual substitution devices 322
Visually evoked potentials 192
Vitrectomy 211, 295
cutter 206, 206f
speed of 211
mode 206
transconjunctival sutureless 210
various modes of 211
Vitreomacular adhesion 182
Vitreomacular traction 182, 184f, 185f
disorders 203
Vitreoretinal instruments 205
Vitreoretinal scissors 209, 209f
Vitreoretinal status 34
Vitreoretinal surgery
bimanual 211
digitally-assisted 211
father of 210
Vitreoretinal traction 182
Vitreoretinopathy
familial exudative 178
proliferative 294
Vitreous
anterior one-third of 60
precortical 180
tap 295, 308
Vitreretinopathy, anterior proliferative 252
Vitritis 42
V-lance blade 154
Vogt's technique 160
Vomiting 169
von Graefe's hook 288, 288f
von Graefe's knife 154, 154f
Voriconazole 313
W
Wavefront analysis 88
screens 91
Wavefront comparison map 92
Wavefront map total and higher-order aberrations 88
Wavefront sensor 199
Wavefront verification display 87f, 88, 89f, 93f
Wavelength lasers, longer 170
Weak zonules 160
Well's enucleation spoon 44, 45f
Westcott conjunctival scissors 267, 267f
White reflex, evaluation of 22
White-on-white stimuli, protocol of 229
White-to-white diameter 123, 141
importance of 128
Wide-field specular microscope 111
Wire speculum 264, 264f
Wire vectis 155, 155f
irrigating 156, 156f
method 161
technique 162
World Glaucoma Association Guidelines 226
World Health Organization 315
Worm's eye view 6
Wound dehiscence 49
Y
Yellow filter 65
Yoke muscle 268
Yttrium aluminum garnet capsulotomy 228
Z
Zeis glands 300
Zeiss four mirror lens 214, 214f
Zernike polynomials 89f, 90
bar graph 90
Ziehl-Neelsen stain 308, 310
Zoom system 56
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