Index

Signs and Symptoms in Clinical Practice Devendra Richhariya, Jesus Daniel López Tapia, Khusrav Bajan, Bhawana Sharma

CHAPTER 1:Abdominal Pain (Adult)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE CONDITION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2:Abdominal Pain (Acute) in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ABDOMINAL PAIN
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- EVALUATION
  - History Taking
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 3:Abdominal Pain (Chronic) in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4:Anal Fissure
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Nonsurgical
  - Surgical Management
CHAPTER 5:Anemia
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANEMIA
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ANEMIA
- APPROACH TO ANEMIA
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 6:Ankle Sprain
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION: HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management and Rehabilitation
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7:Ascites
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES (TABLE 1)
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ASCITES
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
  - Imaging
  - Ascites Fluid Analysis
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 8:Bleeding Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - History of Bleeding Patient
    - Patient is Underlying Diagnosed Bleeding Disorder
    - Patient with New Presentation of Noninjury-related Bleeding
  - Physical Examination of Bleeding Patient
    - Red Flags
- INVESTIGATIONS
- APPROACH TO PATIENT WITH POSSIBLE BLEEDING DISORDER IN ED
- TREATMENT
- PITFALLS ABOUT SPECIFIC BLEEDING DISORDERS IN ED
- PREPARING YOUR ED FOR THE BLEEDING DISORDERS PATIENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 9:Bell's Palsy
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 10:Breast Problems
- INTRODUCTION
- BREAST PAIN (MASTALGIA)
  - Evaluation of Breast Pain
  - Management
- NIPPLE DISCHARGE
  - Evaluation
  - Pathological Discharge
- BREAST MASS (LUMP)
- GYNECOMASTIA
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 11:Bowel Obstruction
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Laboratory Studies
  - Imaging Studies
- TREATMENT
  - Small Bowel Obstruction
  - Large Bowel Obstruction
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 12:Cervical Sprain (Whiplash Injury)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION: HISTORY, PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS AND INTERPRETATION
  - NEXUS Criteria
  - Canadian C-Spine Rule
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 13:Chest Pain
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF CHEST PAIN
- EVALUATION OF CHEST PAIN: HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- NONINVASIVE IMAGING
- APPROACH TO CHEST PAIN
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:Clubbing
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Various Signs of Clubbing
  - RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT (FLOWCHART 1)
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 15:Clavicle Fracture
- INTRODUCTION
- APPLIED ANATOMY
- CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAG (NEED URGENT SURGICAL OR ORTHOPEDIC CONSULTATION)
- EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 16:Concussion
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
- EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS
- OBSERVATION AND TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 17:Coma
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
  - History
  - General Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- TREATMENT (FLOWCHART 1)
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 18:Constipation in Adult
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES
  - Primary
  - Secondary
- SYMPTOMS
- RED FLAGS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Examination
  - Investigations
- COMPLICATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 19:Convulsions in Adults
- INTRODUCTION
  - What is a seizure?
  - Epilepsy
- CLASSIFICATION OF SEIZURE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - History
    - Risk Factors
    - Seizures Precipitants (Provokers)
  - Physical Examination
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS (TABLE 1)
- PSYCHIATRIC FEATURES SEEN IN TRUE SEIZURES
- DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
- APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH SEIZURE IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT (FLOWCHART 1)
  - Drug Management
- STATUS EPILEPTICUS
  - Protocol for Treatment of Status Epilepticus
- SPECIAL SITUATION
CHAPTER 20:Convulsion in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- DISPOSITION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 21:Cough in Adult
- INTRODUCTION
  - What is cough?
- CONSEQUENCES OF INEFFECTIVE COUGH
- CHARACTERISTICS OF COUGH
- ETIOLOGY OF COUGH
- MECHANISM OF COUGH (FLOWCHART 1)
- CHARACTERISTICS OF COUGH IN SPECIFIC ETIOLOGIES
- COMPLICATIONS OF COUGH
- ALGORITHM FOR THE EVALUATION OF CHRONIC COUGH IN ADULTS
CHAPTER 22:Cough in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 23:Crying in Infant and Children
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION FOR EXCESSIVE CRYING
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PREHOSPITAL CARE
- EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT EVALUATION OF AN INFANT WITH EXCESSIVE CRYING
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF EXCESSIVE CRYING IN INFANT AND CHILDREN (FLOWCHART 1)
  - Investigations
  - Serial Examinations
- TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DISPOSITION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 24:Cyanosis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE CONDITION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 25:Deafness
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Red Flags
- EVALUATION
  - History of Present Illness
  - Past Medical History
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- TUNING FORK TEST
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 26:Dental Problems
- TOOTHACHE
- TEETHING PAIN
- CARIES
  - Reversible Pulpitis
  - Irreversible Pulpitis
- PAIN DUE TO TRAUMA
- PAIN DUE TO ABSCESS
- PAIN DUE TO WISDOM TOOTH ERUPTION
- REFERRED PAIN
- PERIODONTAL PAIN
- PAIN IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
- NEURALGIA
- DENTAL TRAUMA
- TYPES OF DENTAL TRAUMAS
- DENTAL ABSCESS
- BLEEDING AFTER DENTAL SURGERY
CHAPTER 27:Diarrhea in Adult and Travelers
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CAUSES
- APPROACH TO ACUTE DIARRHEA
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - Investigations
- TREATMENT
- TRAVELER'S DIARRHEA
  - Prevention
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 28:Diarrhea in Children
- BACKGROUND
- DEFINITION AND ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 29:Dysmenorrhea
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Types
- VARIETIES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical Therapy
  - Surgery
CHAPTER 30:Dyspepsia
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
  - Investigations
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 31:Dysphagia
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CATEGORIES
- DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Barium Swallow versus Endoscopy
  - High-resolution Impedance Manometry
- SPECIFIC DISORDERS CAUSING DYSPHAGIA
CHAPTER 32:Dyspnea
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF DYSPNEA
- DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
- ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN DYSPNEIC PATIENTS
- MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 33:Earache
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Disease-related Primary to the Ear
  - Disease in Head and Neck Causing Referred Pain in Ear
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
- OTITIS EXTERNA (SWIMMER'S EAR)
- OTITIS MEDIA
- PERFORATED TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
- WAX IMPACTION
CHAPTER 34:Ear Discharge
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY (TABLE 1)
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
    - History of Present Illness
  - Physical Examination
    - Ear Nose Throat (ENT) Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
- INVESTIGATION
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 35:Epistaxis
- INTRODUCTION
- APPLIED ANATOMY
- ETIOLOGY
  - Local Causes
  - Systemic Causes
- EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT OF EPISTAXIS (FLOWCHART 1)
- EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DISPOSITION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 36:Eye Problems
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF OCULAR EMERGENCIES
  - Holi
  - Dussehra
- OCULAR TRAUMA SCORE (KUHN ET AL., 1996)
  - Anatomy
- PRESENTATIONS, CAUSES, INVESTIGATIONS AND TREATMENT
CHAPTER 37:Emergency Contraception
- INTRODUCTION
- EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN INDIA
- EVALUATION FOR EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE USE
- TYPE OF EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS
  - Side Effects
- FOLLOW-UP AFTER THE USE OF EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 38:Facial Swelling
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Localized
  - Generalized
- EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 39:Fatigue
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - General Approach
  - Specific Treatment for Sleep Disorders and Medical Causes
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 40:Fever
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF FEVER
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Fever with Chills and Rigors
- EVALUATION
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 41:Fever in Infants and Children
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION (FLOWCHART 1)
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Nonpharmacological Antipyresis
  - Pharmacological Antipyresis
CHAPTER 42:Fingers and Nail Problems
- FINGER DISLOCATION (PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT)
- FINGER/TOE NAIL AVULSION
- NAIL ROOT DISLOCATION, SUBUNGUAL ECCHYMOSIS, SUBUNGUAL HEMATOMA, AND NAIL BED INJURY
- FOREIGN BODY UNDERNEATH NAIL
CHAPTER 43:Gait Abnormalities
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF GAIT DISORDERS
- TYPES OF GAIT ABNORMALITIES
- EXAMINATION FOR GAIT ABNORMALITIES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 44:Goiter
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 45:Gum Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- RED FLAGS
- CLASSIFICATION
CHAPTER 46:Heat Illness
- INTRODUCTION
- SYMPTOMS OF HEAT ILLNESS
- RISK FACTORS AND INVESTIGATIONS FOR HEAT ILLNESSES
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAT ILLNESS
- DRUGS CONTRIBUTING TO HEAT ILLNESS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 47:Heel Pain
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES
- RISK FACTORS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Examination
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 48:Hematemesis
- INTRODUCTION
- APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH HEMATEMESIS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 49:Hematuria
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
  - Glomerular versus Nonglomerular Hematuria
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 50:Hemoptysis
- INTRODUCTION
- PREDICTORS OF MORTALITY
- BAD PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
- ETIOLOGY OF HEMOPTYSIS
- EVALUATION OF PATIENT WITH HEMOPTYSIS
- SPECIFIC MEDICAL THERAPY
- BRONCHIAL ARTERY EMBOLIZATION
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- RADIATION THERAPY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 51:Hemorrhoids
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND RELATED ANATOMY
- CLASSIFICATION OF HEMORRHOIDS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 52:Headache
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE CONDITION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION (A: HISTORY; B: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION)
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 53:Hiccups
- INTRODUCTION
  - What are Hiccups?
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- EVALUATION
- LABORATORY TESTS
- TREATMENT
  - Pharmacologic Therapy
  - Surgery
CHAPTER 54:Hyperventilation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- CAUSE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPERVENTILATION
- SYMPTOMS OF HYPERVENTILATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 55:Inflight Medical Problems
- INTRODUCTION
- OTITIC BAROTRAUMA
  - Earache
- DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
- HYPOXIA
- TEMPERATURE
- VIBRATION AND UNUSUAL MOTIONS
- PSYCHOLOGICAL
- DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS AND PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM
  - Connection between Deep Vein Thrombosis
CHAPTER 56:Immunization for Adults and Travelers
- INTRODUCTION
- INFLUENZA
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Investigations
  - Vaccine/Treatment
    - Vaccine
    - Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations
  - Vaccine/Treatment
    - Vaccine
    - Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- PERTUSSIS
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigation (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
    - Vaccine
    - Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- DIPHTHERIA
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- TETANUS
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
    - Vaccine
    - Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- PNEUMOCOCCUS
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- MENINGOCOCCUS
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
    - Vaccines
    - Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- HERPES ZOSTER (VARICELLA)
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
    - Vaccine
    - Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- TUBERCULOSIS (BACILLUS CALMETTE–GUÉRIN)
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- MEASLES/MUMPS/RUBELLA
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- CHICKENPOX
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- HEPATITIS A
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- HEPATITIS B
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- YELLOW FEVER
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- POLIO
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- TYPHOID
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- RABIES
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- SMALLPOX
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
- ANTHRAX
  - Etiology/Causes
  - Clinical Presentation (History and Physical Examination)
  - Investigations (Suspected Laboratory Abnormalities)
  - Vaccine/Treatment
  - Special Considerations
CHAPTER 57:Immunization in Pregnancy and Children
- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
- HISTORICAL ASPECT OF VACCINATION
- BRIEF HISTORY OF VACCINATION
- VACCINATION IN PREGNANCY
- VACCINATION FOR PREGNANT WOMEN AS PER NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
  - Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine
- VACCINATION FOR PREGNANT WOMEN UNDER SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
- VACCINATION IN CHILDREN
- VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN AS PER NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
- VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN UNDER SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES (TABLES 1 AND 2)
- COLD CHAIN
- ADVERSE EVENTS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION
CHAPTER 58:Insect Bite (Arthropods: Bites, Stings, and Other Contacts)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Commonly Encountered Arthropods
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Locally
  - Systemic
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Local
  - Systemic
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
    - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Prevention
  - After Exposure
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 59:Jaundice in Adult
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 60:Jaw Dislocation
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 61:Joint Pain
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- EVALUATION OF JOINT PAIN
  - Laboratory Tests
  - Synovial Fluid Analysis (Table 5)
- IMAGINGS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 62:Knee Problems
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY OF KNEE JOINT
- KNEE STABILITY
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF KNEE JOINT
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- KNEE DISLOCATION
- THE LOCKED KNEE
- PATELLAR DISLOCATION
- PATELLAR FRACTURE
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 63:Lower Extremity Pain, Edema, and Ulcers
- INTRODUCTION
- LOWER EXTREMITY PAIN AND EDEMA
- LOWER EXTREMITY ULCERS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 64:Low Back Pain
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES
- EVALUATION OF LOW BACK PAIN
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- LABORATORY TESTS
- DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
- MANAGEMENT OF SIMPLE BACK PAIN
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 65:Lymphadenopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 66:Melena
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- RED FLAGS
- INITIAL EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 67:Muscle Cramps
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 68:Muscle Wasting
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 69:Multiple Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIAL RESUSCITATION IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
- PRIMARY SURVEY
- SECONDARY SURVEY
  - Diagnostic Tests and Additional Imaging
- SPECIFIC INJURY MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 70:Oral Problems (Oral Candidiasis, Oral Herpes Simplex)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- CLASSIFICATION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE CONDITION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Conservative Measures
  - Pharmacological Treatment—Topical and Systemic
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Preventive Measures
  - Pharmacological Therapy
    - Topical
    - Oral
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 71:Palpitations
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Arrhythmias
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 72:Pedal Edema
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- RED FLAGS
- GRADING OF EDEMA
- AN APPROACH TO THE PEDAL EDEMA
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT OF PEDAL EDEMA
  - Nonpharmacological
  - Pharmacological
CHAPTER 73:Penile Problems
- PHIMOSIS
- PARAPHIMOSIS
- PENILE FRACTURE
CHAPTER 74:Procedural Sedation and Analgesia
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK ASSESSMENT
  - Patient Assessment
  - Airway Assessment Procedures for Sedation and Analgesia
- CURRENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- EQUIPMENT
- MONITORING
- TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
- FOLLOW-UP AND PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS
CHAPTER 75:Rabies Prophylaxis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- HOST FACTORS
- MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Furious Rabies (80–90% Cases)
  - Paralytic Rabies (10–20% Cases)
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION OF RABIES
  - Postexposure Prophylaxis
  - Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
    - Note
CHAPTER 76:Rashes in Newborn and Infants
- HIGH-YIELD FACTS
- TERMINOLOGY OF PRIMARY LESIONS
- BENIGN NEONATAL SKIN LESIONS
  - Infantile Scabies
- DISORDERS OF PIGMENTATION
- VASCULAR LESIONS OF INFANCY
CHAPTER 77:Rib Fractures
- INTRODUCTION
- APPLIED ANATOMY
- CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAG SIGNS
- EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 78:Scrotum (Acute)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE ACUTE SCROTUM
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 79:Shoulder Dislocation
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF SHOULDER DISLOCATION
- MECHANISM OF INJURY
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- RADIOLOGIC STUDIES
- NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
  - Kocher's Leverage Technique
  - Milch Technique
- POST REDUCTION CARE
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 80:Skin Problems
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - History
  - Clinical Features
  - Commonly Implicated Allergens
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - History
  - Clinical Features
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- MANAGEMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - Clinical Features
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - Clinical Features
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - History
  - Clinical Features
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - History
  - Clinical Features
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- MANAGEMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- CAUSES OF URTICARIA
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PHYSICAL URTICARIA
- URTICARIAL VASCULITIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 81:Smoke Inhalation
- INTRODUCTION
- ASPHYXIATING GASES
- IRRITATING GASES
- TOXICITY OF FIRE SMOKE
- CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Treatment
    - Normobaric Oxygen Therapy
    - Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
- CYANIDE TOXICITY MECHANISM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 82:Sore Throat (Pharyngitis)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE CONDITION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF FINDING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 83:Stridor
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CAUSES
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 84:Tetanus Prophylaxis
- INTRODUCTION
- TETANUS-PRONE WOUNDS
- TETANUS PROPHYLAXIS IN TETANUS PRONE WOUND
CHAPTER 85:Torticollis (Wryneck)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CAUSES
  - Dystonic Torticollis
  - Nondystonic Torticollis
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Primary Torticollis
  - Secondary Torticollis
    - Factors differentiating Primary from Secondary
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - Congenital Torticollis
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Medications
  - Deep Brain Stimulation
- PHYSICAL THERAPY
  - Surgical Intervention
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 86:Tremor
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Phenomenological Classification
  - Etiological Classification
- EVALUATION OF TREMOR
- TREATMENT
  - Drugs Useful in Essential Tremor
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 87:Vertigo (Dizziness)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Imaging and Ancillary Tests
    - Radiologic Imaging
- MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 88:Voice Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 89:Vomiting in Adults
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 90:Weight Gain (Obesity)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND COMPLICATIONS
- RED FLAGS
- EVALUATION: HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 91:Weight Loss
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURE AND INTERPRETATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- APPROACH TO WEIGHT LOSS IN ELDERLY
- RED FLAG SIGNS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION

INDEX

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.

Abdomen 177

acute 4, 16t

computed tomography of 15

red flags of acute 15t

surgical causes of acute 13

ultrasonography of 15

ultrasound 16, 297

Abdominal anatomy 1, 11

Abdominal examination 444

ultrasound 10

Abdominal pain, 1, 8, 9t, 12fc, 13, 14, 18, 86, 138

acute 13, 17t

causes of acute 13t

chronic 18

diffuse 2

localized 20

lower 14

mild-moderate 11

pathophysiology of 13

presence of 86

recurrent 18

signs in 3t

symptoms in 3t

Abdominal surgery 86

previous 9

Abdominal symptoms 355

Abdominal X-ray, role of 10

Abetalipoproteinemia 28

ABG analysis 187

Abortions, recurrent 58

Abscess 280

brain 375

deep 117

dental 203

intra-abdominal 3

lactation 80

lung 112, 117, 357

pain to 193, 196

parotid 74

perirectal 9

peritoneal 19

peritonsillar 177, 628, 637

retropharyngeal 628, 637

spinal epidural 483

subphrenic 375

Absorptive function, loss of 85

Acarus scabiei 573

Acetaminophen 372

Acetyl choline, release of 26

Achalasia 234

cardia 233

Achilles tendon 38

injury 41

Acid

injuries 271

reflux 22

suppression 497

Acid-fast bacilli 360, 394, 462

Acidosis 183

Acne, neonatal 571, 571f

Acoustic neuroma 242

Acquired asplenia 412

Acquired bleeding disorders 56, 61, 64, 71

Acquired genetic defects 28

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 231

Acropustulosis, infantile 572, 572f

Acute coronary syndrome 105, 236, 238

Acute scrotum 584, 592

diagnostic evaluation 586

differential diagnosis of 588

epidemiology 585

etiology 584

history taking in 587

pathophysiology 586

physical examination of 587

sifferential diagnosis of 588t

ultrasound 587

Acyclovir 529

ADAMTS13 enzyme 69

Adenoid hypertrophy 631

Adenoma, bronchial 357, 363

Adenosine triphosphate 128, 441

Adequate hydration, maintenance of 172

Adequate renal function 89

Adrenal crisis 19

Advanced airway management equipment 559

Advanced trauma life support 120

guidelines 133

Aedes aegypti 437

Aerobic culture 360

Afebrile seizures 154

Agranulocytosis 332

Air fluid levels, multiple 17

Airway 161, 235, 241

breathing and circulation 338, 359, 450

maintain 158

management 496

equipment, basic 559

reflex, protective 169

resistance, level of 162

secretions, presence of 169

secure 158

Albumin 544

Alcohol 104, 129, 143

withdrawal 143

seizure 151

Alcoholic hepatitis 49

Alcoholism 318, 444, 680

Aldehydes 619

Aldolase 505

Alendronate 231

Aleukemic leukemia 295

Alkali burns 271

Allergen

exposure 170

implicated 597

Allergic contact dermatitis 596

clinical features 596

etiopathogenesis 596

treatment 597

Allergic disorders, suspected 171

Allergic reaction 68

Allergic rhinitis 172, 626

Allergic vasculitis 295

Allergy 155, 245, 247

Allopurinol 598

Alpha-adrenergic agonists 340

Alpha-methyldopa 375

Aluminum 414

containing antacids 137

phosphate 414

Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, elevated 240

Amantadine 378

Amebiasis 295

American National Athletic Trainers 41

American Society of Anesthesiologists 557

Aminoglycosides 388

Aminotransferases 505

Amiodarone 181–183

Amnesia 95, 124

Amniotic fluid embolism 236

Amoxicillin 475, 630

clavulanate combination 475

Amphotericin B 524

Ampicillin 475

sulbactam combination 475

Amylase 88

Amyloidosis 138, 442

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 657

Anal fissure 24

chronic 24

differential diagnosis of 9

management of chronic 26

Anal injury 24

Anal rectal muscle function, evaluation of 139

Analgesia 461

airway assessment procedures for 557

procedural 556

Anaphylactic shock, history of 11

Anaphylaxis 236, 282, 636

Anasarca 281

Ancillary tests 654

Androgen receptor molecules, selective 507

Anemia 20, 27, 27t, 69, 237, 282, 433

approach to 31

causes of 33fc

classification of 27

differential diagnosis of 32t

of chronic

disease 29, 32

disorder 29

pathophysiology of 31

signs of 57

to blood loss, treatment of 33fc

types of 29t

Anesthesia, general 310

Aneurysms, diagnosis of 479

Angina 100, 102

abdominis 5

unstable 100

Angioedema 279

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 164, 166, 276, 626

inhibitors 170

Angle closure glaucoma 273

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 300

Anidulafungin 524

Ankle anterior drawer test 38

Ankle joint, level of 38

movements of 43

Ankle sprain 36, 37, 43, 44fc

diagnosis of 38, 40

isolated simple 43

management of 42

recurrent 43

symptoms of 37

treatment of chronic 41

Ankylosing spondylitis 295

Anomalous 141

Anorectal manometry 139

Anorexia 19

Antalgic gait 321, 322

Anterior drawer test 38, 39f

Antiaggregants 126

Antiallergic drugs 279

Antiarrhythmic agent 183

Antibiotic therapy 5, 475

Antibody 54

detection 567

mediated destruction 28

Anticancer treatment 665

Anticoagulant 261

therapy 56

use of 515

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 460

Anti-D antibody 68

Antidepressant 137, 378, 380, 665

tricyclic 151, 665

Antidiuretic hormone 361

Antiepileptic drug 147, 148, 160

noncompliance with 144

Antigen detection 567

testing, rapid 628

Anti-hepatitis A virus, detection of 397

Antihistamine agents 287, 437, 445, 668

Antihistaminic therapy 172

Antihypertensive drug ACE inhibitors 164

Anti-inflammatory drugs 343

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody 505

Antinuclear antibody 276, 297, 460, 505

Antiphospholipid syndrome 295

Antiplatelet 126

agents 474

therapy 261

Antipyresis, pharmacological 306

Antipyretics 172

Antirheumatic drugs, disease-modifying 298

Anti-rheumatic drugs

modifying 413

start disease-modifying 462

Antitetanus 437

Antithrombin III deficiency 477

Antithrombotic agents 474

Antithyroid drugs 328

Antitussives 173

role of 172

Antiviral drugs 75

Anxiety 238

cause of 442

history of 652

Anxious state 530

Aortic aneurysm 2, 9

abdominal 1, 9

leaking 363

Aortic dissection 9, 102, 109, 110, 237

acute 101

Aortic stenosis 144

Aortic syndrome, diagnosis of 11

Aplastic anemia 29, 32

Appendicitis 16, 17, 592

acute 1, 4, 13

diagnostic of 16

harbinger of acute 13

Appendix

epididymidis 590

testicularis 590

Appetite, loss of 396

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 626

Arch support 343

Arcus senilis 105

Argatroban 61

Argemone alkaloid-contaminated cooking 358

Argon plasma coagulation 361

Arnold-Chiari malformation 642

Arrhythmia 134, 183, 184, 236, 237, 538, 539

acute 539

cardiac 177, 382

respiratory 623

Arrhythmogenic causes of palpitations 531

Arterial blood

gas 88, 120, 133, 135, 185, 239, 241, 360, 380, 667

analysis 239

pressure 31, 470

specimen, heparinized 185

Arterial embolism, peripheral 470

Arterial hypertension 73

Arterial hypoxemia 185

detecting 184

Arterial oxygenation, decreased 182

Arterial ulcers 478

treatment of 479

Arteriovenous malformation 33, 183, 360

Artery disease, peripheral 469, 478

Arthritic cause 342

Arthritis

in women 395

infective 455

inflammatory 463

post-traumatic 122

Arthropod 423

types of 423f

Asbestosis 112

Ascites 45

cardiac 45

causes of 46t

etiology of 46t

evaluation of 50fc

fluid

analysis 48

cell count of 48

malignant 46

nonhepatic 51

pathophysiology of 47

Ascorbic acid 231

Asperger's syndrome 75

Aspergillus niger 245

Asphyxiating gases 618

Aspiration

acute 236

recurrent 164

Aspirin 474

Asplenia, anatomic 412

Asterixis 132

Asthma 163, 238

acute 236

bronchial 104, 237

Ataxia 133

telangiectasia 318

Ataxic dysarthria 318

Ataxic gait 318, 322

Atelectasis 162

Atmospheric pressure 382

Atonia 153

Atopic dermatitis 570

Atresia, congenital 84

Atrial fibrillation 535f, 538

Atrial myxoma 112, 117

Atrial natriuretic peptide 46

Aubergine sign 553

Auditory canal, external 243, 252, 253

Aura 142

Autism 75

Autoimmune 282, 324

conditions 295

disease 68, 73, 455

disorders 28

thrombocytopenia 56

Autonomic cephalalgias, trigeminal 370

Autonomic dysfunction 132

Autonomic function 141, 153

Avil 279

Axillary nerve injury 593

Axillary node 80

Axonal injury, diffuse 129

Azithromycin 389, 630

Babesiosis 28

Bacillus anthracis 405

Bacillus calmette-guérin vaccine 394, 409, 413, 417

Bacillus cereus 665

Back pain 20

management of simple 483

nonpharmacological modalities simple 483

pharmacological therapy simple 483

Bacteremia 388

Bacterial cultures 171

Bacterial endocarditis 679

Bacterial fermentation, translocation of 85

Bacterial hydrolysis 441

Bacterial infection 184, 625f

secondary 168

suspected 171

Bacterial labyrinthitis, acute 655

Bacteroides 4

Baker's cyst 471

Balance error scoring system 125

Balanitis xerotica obliterans 545

Ball and socket joint 593

Barbiturates 318

short-acting 375

Bariatric surgery 673

Barium swallow 232

Barotrauma 242

Barr virus 297

Barrett's esophagus 234

Bartonella quintana 437

Basal cell cancer 436

Basal ganglia diseases 321

Baylor bleeding score 345

Becker's muscular dystrophy 320

Bedside glucose

measurement 133

testing 176

Bedside testing 231

Behçet's disease 300

Bell's disease 76

clinical suspicion of 76

Bell's palsy 72, 73, 75

cause of 72

diagnosis 75

confirmation of 76

differential diagnosis for 74b

pathogenesis of 73

Bell-Clapper deformity 586

Benzocaine 182

Benzodiazepine 147, 148, 151, 287, 380

Benzyl benzoate 609

Beriberi 282

Berlin edema 270

Bernard-Soulier syndrome 54, 56

Beta-haemolytic streptococci, group A 247

Bethesda system 327t

Bevacizumab treatment 358

Bicuspid aortic valve 101

Biliary cirrhosis 112, 114

Biliary obstruction 442

Bilirubin, metabolism of 442f

Biopsy

image-guided 79

vacuum-assisted 79

Biphasic fever 300

Birmingham eye trauma terminology 262, 265b

Birth injury 74

Bisacodyl 22

Bitot spots 443

Bivalirudin 61

Bladder obstruction, presence of 11

Bladder trauma 519

Bleeding

history of 55

managing active 63

mild-to-moderate 70

noninjury-related 56

sources of 345b

Bleeding disorders 52, 54, 56, 57, 59t, 62, 63, 70, 71

classification of 52t, 55fc

congenital 61

diagnosed 55

etiology of 52

inherited 56, 71

laboratory investigation of 60fc

mucocutaneous manifestation of 57

screening 60b

Blood

alcohol content 284

and urine tests 133

counts, differential 491

cultures 88, 297

gases 283

glucose 158

investigations 171

malignancies 282

massive transfusion of stored 52

stained discharge 79

sugar regulation 479

tests 139, 353

traces of 79

urea nitrogen 88, 347, 496

Blood loss 28

acute 28, 31t

chronic 28

Blood pressure 259

low 183

Blood products

administration of 61

components derivation 64fc

transfusion

complications of 68

pitfalls 66

principles of 63

Blood smear 62

peripheral 31, 491

Blood transfusion 35, 443, 496

guidelines 34

effect of 34

Blood-brain barrier 667

Blumberg's sign 4, 8

Blunt injuries 264, 276

Blunt trauma 591

chest 358

Body mass index 670

interpretation of 677t

Body's equilibrium, maintenance of 650

Boerhaave syndrome 101

Bone

deformity of 37

fracture 202, 470

lesions, malignant 473

marrow transplantation 358

pains 326

tissues 474

trauma, evidence of 133

Bony crepitus, presence of 177

Bony tenderness, absence of 40

Bordetella pertussis 388

Borrelia recurrentis 437

Borrelia vincentii 332

Bothersome symptoms 167

Botulinum toxin 26, 645

use of 76

Bowel gangrene 15

Bowel gas, paucity of 17

Bowel obstruction 5, 14, 49, 83, 91fc, 92, 175

causes

of large 84b

of small 84b

Bowel perforation 17

Brachial plexus injury 119

Bradycardia 132, 283

relative 295

symptomatic 539

Bradycardic heart rate 8

Bradykinin 18

Brain

computed tomography of 157

development, disorders of 152

functions, maintain core 128

infarcts, bilateral 317

injury, traumatic 123, 517

malformations 156

natriuretic peptide 48, 107

stimulation, deep 645

tumor 129, 156, 296, 317

Brainstem

infarct, upper 129

neoplasms 375

reflexes 132

absent 134

Breast

biopsy 81

cancer 45

varies, frequency of 77

contralateral 80

disease 77

disorders 77

fatty enlargement of 82

inspection of 80

lesions, vast majority of 77

lump, feeling of 79

mass 79

evaluation of 80

management of 81

mild tenderness in 278

pain 77

evaluation of 77

problems 77

skin, redness of 77

tissue, examination of 177

ultrasonography 78

ultrasound 79

Breathing 134, 158, 161

and circulation, assess 158

exercise 381

holding spells 156

rapid 380

shortness of 380

sounds, bronchial 105

Breathlessness 382

Brincidofovir 404

Bronchial artery 362

embolization 362

Bronchial hyper-reactivity 168

Bronchiectasis 112, 164, 165, 168, 170, 357

Bronchoalveolar lavage 360

Bronchodilator

role of 172

therapy 172

Bronchogenic carcinoma 165, 357

Bronchopneumonia 165

Bronchoscopy

diagnostic 168

flexible 172

Bronchospasm 162

Brucella serology 297

Brucellosis 286, 295, 303

Buck's fascia 553

Budd-Chiari syndrome 48, 441

Bullous emphysema 357

Bullous impetigo, clinical features of 608f

Bupivacaine 314

Burns 175

Burrow's solution 614

Butyraldehyde 619

Bystander 143

Cachexia 282

metabolic syndrome 674

Caffeine, avoidance of 78

Calcaneofibular ligament injury 37

Calcium 500

channel blockers 25, 137, 340, 469

Calcium-binding protein B antibody 125

Caliber esophagus, small 233

Canadian C-spine rule 96

Cancer, diagnosis of 77, 79

Candida 572, 573

albicans 520, 573

skin 570

Candidal diaper rash 574f

Candidal stomatitis 525fc

Candidiasis, pathophysiology of 521fc

Cannulas, common 514t

Capillary hemangiomas, simple 578

Carbamazepine 318, 598

Carbon dioxide, pressure of 134

Carbon monoxide 129, 371

poisoning 236, 237, 537, 620

Carboxyhemoglobin 185, 620

Carboxyhemoglobinemia 181

Cardiac abnormalities 168

Cardiac arrest 134, 382

Cardiac disease, structural 539

Cardiac disorders 282

Cardiac examination 144

Cardiac failure 501

Cardiac output 31

Cardiac tamponade 236

Cardiac traumatic hemolysis 28

Cardiac troponin 106

Cardiac valves, defective 28

Cardiocirculatory arrest 620

Cardiopulmonary compromise 557

Cardiopulmonary diseases 162, 182

Cardiopulmonary illness 184

Cardiorespiratory arrest 132

Cardiovascular abnormalities 234

Cardiovascular collapse 149

Cardiovascular diseases, chronic 412

Cardiovascular disorders 620

Cardiovascular system 543

Carnett sign 21

Carotene 181

Caspofungin 524

Catamenial hemoptysis 358

Catheter thrombolytic therapy 474

Cat-scratch disease 486

Causes of death, injury-related 508f

Cefazolin 476

Cefuroxime 476

Celiac disease 18, 20, 22, 112

Cell

area of network of 142

culture 528

Cellulitis 424, 470, 475, 540, 542, 603

clinical features 603

etiology 603

management 604

treatment 604

Central nervous system 69, 128, 129, 135, 152, 154, 164, 177, 283, 295, 374, 384

infection of 176

pathology, history of 143

Central retinal

artery occlusion 274, 276

vein occlusion 274, 276

Central venous pressure 31

Cephalexin 476, 630

Cephalosporins 475, 607, 630

Cerebellar ataxia 318

Cerebellar disease

bilateral 318

unilateral 318

Cerebellopontine angle tumors 74

removal of 74

Cerebral cortex 170

Cerebral hemispheres 128

Cerebral lacerations 129

Cerebral palsy 317, 321

Cerebral pathologies 141

Cerebral perfusion pressure 130

Cerebral vein thrombosis 371

Cerebrospinal fluid 130, 135, 252, 253, 297, 305, 372, 391, 401

analysis 157

Cervical

disk disease 101, 103

spine 628

sprain 93, 98fc

Cetirizine 279

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 319, 320

Chest

computed tomography of 185

injuries 363

tightness 380

trauma 236

tube insertion 518

wall 235

X-ray 75, 110, 335, 360

Chest pain 99, 108fc, 109fc, 231, 362, 382

approach to 110

causes of 99, 100fc, 102t

evaluation of 103

life-threatning causes of 99f

Cheyne-Stokes respirations 132

Chickenpox 396

Chikungunya 437

Child abuse 93

Chlamydia 626

trachomatis 586

Chloride channel activators 140

Chlorpromazine 181, 182, 377

oxidation products of 183

Cholangitis 10, 442

ascending 442

Cholecystitis 10, 16, 442

Cholera

DTP 422

vaccine 420

Cholestasis 443

Cholesteatoma 248

Cholesterol 672

Chorda tympani 73

Choreiform gait 321

Chronic illness, signs of 57

Churg-Strauss syndrome 295

Cidofovir 404

Ciliary neurotrophic factor 300

Ciprofloxacin 246

Circadian rhythm 300

Cirrhosis 49

chronic complication of 51

Cirrhosis-portal hypertension 45, 282

Clarithromycin 389, 630

Clavicle fracture 118, 121fc

Clay-colored stools 442, 443

Clindamycin 231, 476

Clomiphene 82

Clopidogrel 474

Clostridial sepsis 28

Clostridium

botulinum 26

perfringens sepsis 442

tetani 390, 410

Clotrimazole 246, 612

troches 524

Clotting disorder 52

Coagulopathy, correct 69

Cobalamin 623

Cochlear implants 412

Cognitive behavioral therapy 380

Cold

compresses 279

feeling of 326

Coleoptera 423

Colitis 18

Collagen vascular diseases 674

Collateral ligaments 465

lateral 464

medial 464

Colloid cyst 324

Colon, diseases of 137

Colorectal cancer 84, 137

Colorectal resection 86

Coma 128

diagnostic algorithm for 135fc

etiology of 129t

medically induced 128

Combined pill 278

Common bile duct 443

Communicable disease symptom 162

Compartment syndrome 470, 540

Complete blood count 21, 32fc, 60, 88, 96, 120, 145, 259, 276, 335, 371, 460, 543, 628, 667

Concussion 123, 129, 202

standardized assessment of 124

Condylar fracture 449

Congenital disorders 176

Congestive heart failure 163, 175, 183, 184, 237, 357, 444, 469

Conjunctiva 184

Conjunctival tears 265

Conjunctivitis 272, 395, 598

Connective tissue

diseases 38, 455

disorders 487

Consciousness

impaired level of 136

level of 128

loss of 382

state of 128

Constipation 8, 13, 16, 18, 86, 87, 137, 139fc, 175

chronic 22, 137

experience occasional 137

in adult, management of 138fc

risk of 137

Constrictive pericarditis 282

Contraceptive, use of emergency 278fc

Contusion 265

injuries 267

Convulsive status epilepticus, generalized 150

Core biopsy, advanced form of 81

Core needle biopsy 79, 81

Corneal abrasion 268, 268f

Corneal injury, penetrating 266

Corneal reflexes 131

Coronary angiogram 185

Coronary artery disease 104, 237

Coronary heart disease 100

Corpus spongiosum 552

Cortical sensory testing 144

Corticospinal tracts 503

Corticosteroids 69, 494

use of 136

Corynebacterium diphtheriae 389

Costal cartilage 579

Costochondritis 103

Cough 162, 167

acute 167

characteristics of 163, 165t

chronic 168, 173

complications of 163

consequences of ineffective 162

development of 164fc

dry 163, 169

effectiveness of 162

etiologies of 163, 167, 169t

acute 172

evaluation

of chronic 164, 164b, 166fc

of pediatric 171t

management of 172

pediatric 167

mechanism of 163, 164fc

nonspecific 168

normal 168

pathophysiology of 169

productive 163

recurrent 168

sound of 169

traditional recognizable 169t

subacute 168, 173

treatment of acute 173

type of 168

variant asthma 168

wet 169

Cowpox 404

Cramp

severe 500

symptoms for 500

Craniotomy, decompressive 136

C-reactive protein 4, 21, 171, 304, 457, 472, 482, 491

Creatine kinase 335, 505

muscle-brain 107, 240

Creatinine 10, 88, 96, 667

Cresylate acetate 246

Crigler-Najjar syndrome 441

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 58

Crohn's disease 6, 21, 22, 24, 84, 230, 286

Crotamiton lotion 609

Croup 636

Cruciate ligament

anterior 464

posterior 464, 465

Crush injury 74

Crush trauma 471

Crying episodes, intensity of 176

Crying infant, management of excessively 179fc

Cryoprecipitate 63, 64, 74

Cushing's reflex 132

Cushing's syndrome 320, 670

Cushingoid 281

Cutaneous disease 389

Cutis marmorata 577, 577f

Cyanide toxicity mechanism 622

Cyanosis 105, 114, 181, 186fc, 621

causes of 182t, 187

central 183, 183

deep 183

detection of 184

diffuse 114

etiology of 185

peripheral 183

presence of 183

threshold of 182

treatment of 187

Cyanotic heart diseases, congenital 114

Cyclooxygenase 97, 112, 306

Cyclosporine A 600

Cystic fibrosis 112, 164, 168, 170, 357, 364

suspected 171

Cystic masses 80

Cytomegalovirus 295, 303, 487

Da Costa's syndrome 531

Dabigatran 61

Danazol 82

Dapsone 182

Darier sign 576f

Decongestants 172, 279

Deep vein thrombosis 385, 470, 474

Defecography 139

Dehydration 175, 334, 374

Demyelination 317

Dengue 295

Dense adhesions 90

Dental problems 193

Dental surgery, bleeding after 204

Dental trauma 201

types of 201

Deoxyhemoglobin 181, 182, 185, 186

levels of 184

Depression 680

history of 652

Dermal melanosis 574

Dermatitis 486

Dermatomyositis 320, 455

Desmopressin 66

Detoxification of cyanides, mechanism of 623

Dexamethasone 375

Dexogenation, clinical signs of 183

Dextromethorphan 172

Diabetes

mellitus 471, 475, 478, 669, 680

risk for 670

Diabetic foot ulcers 477, 478

treatment of 479

Diabetic ketoacidosis 19, 130, 666

Diaper dermatitis 570, 573, 601

etiopathogenesis 601

management 602

Diaper, type of 602

Diarrhea 20

chronic 19

Diazepam 149, 375, 500

Dicloxacillin 476

Dieulafoy's disease 357

Dieulafoy's lesion 347, 495

Dimorphic anemia 31

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride 655

Diphtheria toxoid 410, 414

Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis 407, 417

Diplegic gait 317

Diptera 423

Direct fluorescent antibody 402

method 528

testing 402

Disimpaction 22

Disk herniation 95

central 483

Dislocation without fracture, treatment of 309fc

Disseminated intravascular coagulation 28, 53, 54, 56, 69, 358

score 70t

Diuretic therapy 49

high doses of 49

intolerance to 49

Diverticular disease 5, 84

clinical suspicion of 5

Diverticulitis, acute 1, 5

Diverticulosis 5, 137

Dix-Hallpike maneuver 653

Dix-Hallpike position test 654f

Dizziness 58, 382, 650

Dolichocolon 5

Dorsal dislocation, treatment of 309fc

Dorsiflexion 36

Doxycycline 231

Drool rash 574f

Dropped head syndrome 502

Drug

abuse 128

antifungal 524

class of 11

fever 296

intoxication 130

overdose 130

reaction 236

toxicity 132

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 391

Dubin-Johnson syndrome 441

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 320

Duct

ectasia 78

inflammatory lesion of 78

localization of affected 79

Dysarthria 318

Dysdiadokokinesia 318

Dysfibrinogenemia 61

Dyslipidemia 104, 669

Dysmetria 318

Dysmnesic symptoms 145

Dysmorphic erythrocytes 349

Dyspepsia 22, 99

functional 19

Dysphagia 19, 229, 598

specific disorders causing 233

symptoms, evaluation of 232fc

transfer 230

Dyspnea 58, 183, 235, 282, 380

acute 241fc

causes

of acute onset 236b

of chronic 237b

etiologies of acute 238t

evaluation of 236

profile, multidimensional 235

Dysrhythmias 175

Dystonia 449

causes 667

reducing 645

Dystonic reaction 449

Dystonic torticollis 642

Ear

complete examination of 244

discharge 252, 254

causes of 253t

dry 246

fullness of 243

symptoms of 251

infection

external 242

middle 242

itching of 254

pain 243

plugs 245

pulling of 176

wax 242

Earache 242

Ecchymoses, location of 38

Ecchymosis 470, 471

Echocardiogram 185

Echocardiography 107

Ecstasy 129

Ectopic pregnancy 10

Eczema 245

infantile 574, 575f

Effort syndrome 531

Ehler-Danlos syndrome 54, 101, 456

Electrolyte 88, 96, 160, 335, 667

imbalance 12, 90

rich fluid, loss of 85

Elephantiasis 540

Emergency contraception 277

Emergency department, seizure in 147, 148fc

Emergency medical service 339, 510

Emergency medications 559

Emergency thoracotomy 518

Emotional stress 77

Emphysema 162

Empyema 112, 117, 388

Encephalitis 129, 152, 177, 296, 395, 565

Endemic fungi 164

Endocarditis, infective 112, 117

Endocrine

abnormalities, multiple 576

disorders 29, 137

Endocrinology disorders 675

Endogenous 53

Endolymph 651

Endometriosis 19, 84

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 445, 446

Endoscopic ultrasound 446

Endoscopy 497

Endothelial injury 53

Endothelin 46

Endotracheal tube 359

Enemas 22

Enteric fever 303

Enteric nervous system 19

Enteritis, regional 2

Enterocolitis, necrotizing 17

Enteroendocrine cells 665

Enzyme

deficiency 28

linked immunosorbent assay 460

Eosinophil 171

Eosinophilia 169

Eosinophilic esophagitis 18

Ephemeroptera 423

Epidermal necrolysis 600t

Epididymis 584

Epididymitis 351, 585, 591

Epidural hematoma 129

Epigastric artery, inferior 584

Epiglottitis 236, 388, 636

Epilepsy 141

recurrence 154

subsequent 154

Epistaxis 256, 355

management of 258, 258fc, 261

Epithelial cells, desquamated 246

Epitrochlear area, right 489

Epitrochlear lymphadenopathy 489

Epley's maneuver 653, 654f

Epstein-Barr virus 295

Erectile dysfunction 555

Erosive esophagitis 18

Erosive gastritis 495

Erysipelas 602

clinical features 603

etiopathogenesis 602

management 603

treatment 603

Erythema toxicum 572, 572f

Erythematous

itchy papules 574

lesions over gingiva 522f

swelling 245

Erythroblast maturation, defects affecting 28

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 21, 96, 276, 290, 297, 372, 457, 482, 491

Erythromycin 497

deficiency 29

Escherichia coli 4, 245, 247, 462

Esophageal cancer 233, 234

Esophageal dysphagia 230

Esophageal motility, ineffective 232

Esophageal reflux 103

Esophageal varices 495

Esophagitis, acute 230

Esophagus 122, 231

Ethambutol 394

Ethmoidal artery 260

anterior 256

Ethylene glycol 129

Eustachian tube 382

dysfunction 243

Exacerbate angina 105

Examiner's thumb 39

Excessive crying 174

common causes of 175

Exogenous inhibition 53

Extra-abdominal diseases 1, 9t

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy 344

Extractable nuclear antigen 297

Extraocular movements 131

Extraocular muscle involvement 270

Extrapyramidal symptoms 667

Extrasystoles 538

Eye

abnormalities 131

movement, rapid 285

problems 262

Facial artery 260

Facial muscle 504

Facial nerve

cells 526

neurinoma 74

palsy 72

pathophysiology of 72

prevalence of idiopathic 72

Facial paralysis, idiopathic 72

Facial swelling 279

Falciparum malaria 442

Famciclovir 529

Familial mediterranean fever 19

Fasciitis, necrotizing 475

Fat

embolism 236

necrosis, traumatic 80

Fatigability 146

Fatigue 27, 284

causes of 288t

Febrile convulsion 153

Febrile seizure

complex 154

simple 153

treatment of 158

Fecal impaction 138, 139

Femur fracture 513

Fentanyl 562

Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy 367

Ferrous sulfate 231

Fever 126, 152, 243, 244, 294

evaluation for 303fc

history of 155

pathophysiology of 296fc

relapsing 300

types of 294

without localizing signs 299

Fiber supplements 140

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy 361

Fibrin clot formation 53

Fibrinogen 62

degradation products 61

disorders 52

congenital 54

level, measurement of 61

Fibroadenoma 80

Fibula fracture, distal 41

Fibular compression test 39

Fine-needle

aspiration cytology 81, 327, 492

biopsy 328

Finger and nail problems 307

Finger dislocation 307

Finger nail 245

avulsion 310

Finsterer study table 73

Fire smoke, toxicity of 619

First aid 500

Fissure 20

Fissurectomy 26

Fissure-in-ano, etiology of 24

Fistula 20

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome 2

Flaccid blisters 598

Flail chest 512

Flexion 132

contracture 310

Fluconazole 524, 612

Fluctuation test 113

Fluid

administration 176

ascites, accumulation of 45

imbalance 12

restoration 89, 496

wave test 457

Flu-like syndrome 165

Fluorescent bulbs 184

Fluoroquinolones 388

Focal motor seizures 142

Focal myositis 502

Focal nonmotor seizure 142

Focal seizures 142

Foley's catheterization 352, 354

Folic acid deficiency 29

Follicular hyperplasia 486

Folliculitis 600

clinical features 600

deep 601

etiology 600

superficial 600

treatment 601

Food

allergy, mediated 19

borne infections 666

lodgment, long-term 194

types of 230

Football sign 17

Foreign body 236, 242, 253, 636

aspiration 164, 175

intraocular 265

suspected 171

underneath nail 313

Foreskin score, etractability of 546

Formaldehyde 619

Fosphenytoin 149

Fracture

Allman classification of 119f

mid-clavicle 121

of distal third 119

of medial third 119

Fresh frozen plasma 63, 64, 67, 362

indications for 65b

Friedreich's ataxia 318

Frostbite 605

clinical features 605

pathophysiology 605

risk factors 605

treatment 606

Functional disorders 19

Fungal debris 246

Fungal infection 165, 295

chronic 300

Fungus culture 360

Furious rabies, stages of 566

Fusobacterium 626

Gabapentin 469

Gait abnormalities 316, 321

types of 317

Gait disorders, classification of 316, 316t

Gallbladder

disease 18

palpable enlarged 444

Gallstone ileus 84

Gamma-aminobutyric acid 375

receptors 149

Gastric antral vascular ectasia 345

Gastric cancer, causes of advanced stage 46

Gastric varices 495

Gastritis, chemical 18

Gastroenteritis 13, 16, 18

Gastroesophageal reflux 156, 164, 175

disease 18, 165, 172, 237, 377, 626

symptoms of 165

Gastrointestinal bleeding 11

risk of 49

Gastrointestinal blood loss 19

Gastrointestinal conditions 101

Gastrointestinal diseases 674

Gastrointestinal reflux 163

Gastrointestinal system 543

Genetic

defects, inherited 28

disorders 176

syndromes 156

Genital trauma 519

Genitourinary injuries 519

Genitourinary tract symptoms 19

Giant cell arteritis 295

Gianturco steel coils 362

Gilbert's syndrome 441, 443

Gingiva 522

Gingivitis

catarrhalis 331

desquamative 333

fibromatosa 332

necroticans ulcerosa 332

Ginkgo biloba 182

Glans penis 549

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia 56

Glanzmann's thrombocytopenia 54

Glasgow coma

scale 123, 130, 131t, 134, 135

score 241f

Glaucoma emergencies 273

Glenohumeral joint 593

Glenoid fossa 595

Global vaccine action plan 407

Globe injury, closed 267

Globins, structurally abnormal 28

Glucagon 45

Glucocorticoids 668

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 445

deficiency 28

Glue n-butyl cyanoacrylate 361

Glutathione synthetase deficiency 28

Glycerin 22

Glycolytic enzyme deficiencies 28

Goiter 280, 323

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 362

Gonococcemia 455

Goodpasture's syndrome 358

Gout 455, 458

Gouty arthritis 455

Gram stain 360

Gram-positive bacillus 389

Granulation tissue 478

Granulomatous

disease 29

inflammation 486

thyroiditis 324

Graves’ disease 280, 324, 326, 327

Guaiac-positive stool 20

Guillain-Barré syndrome 74, 236, 237, 319, 320

Gum disorders 330

Gum hyperplasia 331

Gut brain 19

Gut obstruction 666

Gynecomastia 82, 496

Hair loss 326

Hallucination 146

Hampton's hump 106

Hand muscles, intrinsic 502

Hansen's disease 74

Hard palate 522f

Harlequin color change 577, 577f

Hartmann's procedure 92

Hashimoto's disease 324, 327

Head injury 152

evidence of 38

Head trauma 74, 129, 130, 156, 375, 517

Headache 19, 38, 130, 369, 387

disorders 370t

history, previous 371

mild 278

tension-type 370

Head-to-toe examination 180

Healthcare professionals 404, 406

Healthy sleep, rules of quality of 291f

Hearing 254

aid 245

loss 251, 254

Heart

beating 530

defects, congenital 357

disease 669

congenital 115, 117, 177, 183, 184

cyanotic congenital 112

failure 46, 105, 282, 478, 540

murmurs 114

rate, assess 259

Heartburn 8, 100

Heat cramps 334, 335

Heat edema 334, 336

Heat exhaustion 334, 337

Heat illness 334

drugs contributing to 340b

investigations for 335, 335b

risk factors for 335, 335b

symptoms of 334t

types of 334t, 335

Heat rash 334, 336

Heat syncope 334, 336

Heat tetany 334, 336

Heatstroke 334, 338

Hectic fever 300

Helicobacter pylori

infection 18

stool 21

Hemarthrosis 61

presence of 57

traumatic 449

Hematemesis 8, 15, 345, 355, 496

Hematochezia 15

Hematogenous pathway 46

Hematologic disease

spectrum of 52

symptoms of 586

Hematoma 21, 471

Hematopoietic neoplasms, primary 29

Hematuria 348

causes of 349t

evaluation of 353fc

glomerular 352

nonglomerular 352

Heme, types of 187

Hemiparesis 132

Hemiplegic gait 317

Hemiptera 423

Hemoconcentration 6

Hemoglobin 27, 33, 182, 346

abnormal 182, 185

classification on 31

deoxygenated 182

electrophoresis 31

greenish derivative of 182

H disease 32

levels 30t

synthesis, deficiencies affecting 28

Hemoglobinopathy 412

Hemolysis 443, 444

chemical 68

Hemolytic anemia 300

Hemolytic disease 28

Hemolytic reaction 68

Hemolytic uremic syndrome 13, 28, 62

Hemophilia 54, 204, 205, 257, 455

A 52, 61, 66, 69

B 52

Haemophilus influenzae 247, 305, 387, 409, 412

Hemoptysis 113, 168, 282, 355, 355t, 358, 362

etiology of 357

grading of 356t

minor 355

Hemorrhage 94, 129

cause of internal 511

external 513

intracranial 65, 66, 69, 151

intraocular 163

postpartum 33

subarachnoid 129, 131, 133, 371

Hemorrhagic shock 442

Hemorrhagic stroke 317

Hemorrhoidectomy

complications of 368

excisional 367

stapled 368

Hemorrhoids 139, 365, 368

classification of 365

external 365

internal 365

Hemosiderin 183

Hemostasis

defect mechanism, classification on 53t

disorders 52

primary 53

process, pathophysiology of 53

secondary 53

Hemothorax 119, 122

Hemotympanum 130

Henoch-Schönlein purpura 16, 302, 591

Heparin 52, 474

unfractionated 261

Hepatic encephalopathy 45, 132

Hepatic failure, fulminant 442

Hepatic jaundice 443

causes of 441t

Hepatic metastasis 49

Hepatic veins 45

Hepatitis 397

A 298, 396, 418

vaccine 411

virus 396

B 397, 409, 417, 418, 422, 505

immune globulin 398

surface antigen of 398

vaccine 411, 413, 414

vaccines, vaccination of 398t

virus 397

C serologies 505

chronic active 112

Hepatoblastoma 303

Hepatocellular dysfunction 441

Hepatocellular injury 447

Hepatocellular liver disease 29

severe 28

Hepatopulmonary syndrome 237

Hereditary afibrinogenemia 54

Hereditary bleeding disorders 53

Hereditary elliptocytosis 28

Hereditary spastic paraparesis 317

Hereditary spherocytosis 28, 32

Hernia 13, 21

strangulated 3, 6

Herpes labialis 527fc

causes of 526fc

pathophysiology of 527

Herpes simplex 73, 74

virus 24

Herpes skin test 528

Herpes zoster 74, 101, 103, 393, 606

clinical features 606

etiopathogenesis 606

management 607

ophthalmicus 606

oticus 606

rule out of 75

treatment 607

viruses 73

Hexokinase deficiency 28

Hiatal hernia 18

Hiccup 374

bout 374

Hinge joint 464

Hip muscles 502

Hirschsprung's disease 13, 15, 16, 17

Histamine 18

Histiocytosis 303

malignant 295

X 75

Hodgkin's disease 490

Hodgkin's lymphoma 289

Homan's test 471

positive 471

Homeostasis, abnormal 52

Homonymous hemianopia 131

Hormonal changes 330

Hormonal disorder 78

Hormonal influences 94

Hormone replacement therapy 80

Horn cells, anterior 503

Hot fluids 384

Human immunodeficiency virus 24, 163, 280, 286, 295, 300, 371, 411, 471, 487, 549, 586, 609

infection 74

Human papillomavirus 393, 410, 422, 549, 610

vaccine 419, 421

Human tetanus immunoglobulin, dose of 639

Human tissues, invasion of 433

Humoral intraosseous access 514f

Huntington's disease 321

Hydatid cyst 357, 363

Hydatid torsion 590

Hydration 136

status 14

Hydro-air levels, presence of 6

Hydrocephalus 129, 133, 152, 375

Hydrocortisone 602

Hydrogen

cyanide 618

sulfide 182

Hydrophobia 402, 565

Hydrotherapy 305

Hydroxocobalamin 621, 624

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 476, 621, 622

Hyperbilirubinemia

congenital 443

conjugated 441

unconjugated 441

Hypercalcemia 129, 494

Hypercapnia 129

Hypercarbia 582

Hyperfibrinolysis 56

Hyperglycemia 129

Hyperkalemia 494

Hypermobile joint syndrome, benign 456

Hypermotility syndrome 449

Hypernatremia 129

Hyperparathyroidism 502

Hyperphosphatemia 494

Hyperplastic candidiasis 522f

Hyperprothrombinemia 54

Hypersplenism 52, 56

Hypersynchronous discharges, uncontrolled 141

Hypertension 20, 104

portal 15, 45, 46, 444

Hypertensive encephalopathy 129

Hyperthermia 128, 129

exercise-induced 296

Hyperthyroidism 296, 320, 679

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 144

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy 112

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthritis 113

Hypertrophied papilla 24

Hyperuricemia 457

Hyperventilation 136, 379

cause of 379

physiological effects of 379

symptoms of 379, 380t

Hypoalbuminemia 540

Hypocalcemia 138, 494, 500

Hypochondrium pain

left 2

right 2

Hypoglycemia 129, 130, 144, 152

Hypogonadism

primary 82

secondary 82

Hypomagnesemic muscle 500

Hyponatremia 129

Hypoproteinemia 282, 469

Hypotension 101, 130, 302

cause 134

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis 325f

Hypothermia 129, 130, 183

Hypothyroidism 21, 78, 129, 137, 138, 320

Hypoventilation 582

syndromes 182

Hypovolemia 85

Hypovolemic shock 183

Hypoxia 112, 129, 130, 384

Hypoxic encephalopathy 132

Iatrogenic pulmonary rupture 363

Ibuprofen 306

Ice fomentation 462

Ichthyotic scales 578

Icterus 105

prolonged 114

Idiopathic scrotal edema, acute 591

Idiopathic syndrome 72

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, acute 68

Ileus

functional 8

paralytic 83, 89

Illiac fossa pain

left 2

right 2

Illicit drug 104

Illness symptoms, severe 479

Immersion injuries, suggestive of 178

Immune

hemolytic anemia 32

system disorder 74

thrombocytopenic purpura 54

Immune-deficiency syndromes 24

Immune-mediated injury 29

Immunization 152, 422

passive 568

pre-exposure 568

Immunodeficiency diseases 25, 248

Immunoglobulin E 19, 171

Immunohistochemistry tests 81

Immunosuppressive diseases 475

Impacted tooth 242

Imperforate hymen 19

Impetigo 607

clinical features 607

etiology 607

treatment 607

Implant

bleeding after 205

placement 204

Incisional biopsy 81

Incontinentia pigmenti 576, 576f

Infantile colic 16, 175

affects 177

diagnosing 180

Infection 154, 169, 470, 487, 591

anaerobic 169

cases of suspected 171

dermatophyte 612

enteroviral 300

extra-abdominal 14

illness, signs of 144

localized 174

mycobacterial 490

respiratory 176

symptoms of 155

unusual 295

viral 184, 240

Infectious disease, recent 73

Infectious mononucleosis 303, 625, 626f

Inferior vena cava 240, 241f

Inflammation

acute 490

signs of 456

chronic 455

low-grade of 455

Inflammatory bowel

disease 2, 16, 18, 22, 84, 86, 112, 114, 117, 138

family history of 19

Inflammatory diseases 300

Inflammatory joint disease 321

Inflammatory obstructive disease 163

Influenza 74, 387, 422

vaccine 410

inactivated 418

Inframammary crease 80

Inguinal hernia 586

large 591

obstructed 13, 15, 16

Inhalation, management of victims of 618

Initiate diuretic therapy 49

Insect bite 175, 423, 439fc

Insomnia 94, 375

Inspiratory stridor 632

Intensive care unit 134, 358, 438

pediatric 179

Intercostal muscle 162

Interdental gingiva 196

Intermittent fever 300

International League against Epilepsy 142, 142f

Interphalangeal dorsal dislocation, classification of proximal 308fc

Interphalangeal joint

distal 455

proximal 309fc

Interstitial fluid 45

Interstitial lung disease 112, 164, 172, 183, 237

severe 181

Intestinal Candida albicans 602

Intestinal ischemia 4, 9

Intestinal obstruction 1, 13, 15–17, 667

causes of 5

suspicion of 10, 12

Intestinal occlusion, causes of 6t

Intimal tears 362

Intra-abdominal

disorders 1

injuries 583

mass 14

pressure 163

Intracranial neoplasms 375

Intracranial pathway, longest 72

Intracranial pressure 130, 175

Intractable hiccups 374

causes of 375b

Intraductal papillomas 78

Intranasal instillation 149

Intranasal lidocaine 373

Intranasal steroids 172

Intraocular pressure 373

Intraocular steroids 279

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage 129

Intrapulmonary shunts 183

Intrathoracic injuries 122

Intravenous

access 176

diazepam 160

equipment 559

fluid 16, 500

fosphenytoin 160

immunoglobulins 600

ketamine 563

levetiracetam 160

lorazepam 159, 160

midazolam 159

narcotics 368

phenobarbital 160

phenytoin 159

secure 158

valproic acid 160

Invasive ductal carcinoma 79

Invasive mycetoma 357

Iodine

deficiency 324

radioactive 328

Ipsilateral pontine infarction 74

Iris injuries 269

Iron 675

binding capacity, total 31

defficiency anemia 34

deficiency 29

anemia 28, 32

sequestration, inflammation-mediated 29

supplements 137

Irrigation impairment, presence of 83

Irritability, general 193

Irritable bowel syndrome 2, 18, 19, 137

Irritant 245

diaper dermatitis 573f

Irritating gases 619

Irritation, chemical 170

Isabgol 366

Ischemia 6, 14, 83, 85, 87

and eventually necrosis 85

and subsequent necrosis 5

stimulate visceral pain fibers 14

Ischemic colitis 5, 84

Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate 362

Isolated axillary lymphadenopathy 77

Isoniazid 151, 394

Isoptera 423

Isotonic fluid 89

Itching 245

Itraconazole 612

Itraconazole solution 524

Janeway lesions 114

Japanese encephalitis 401, 409, 418

vaccine 411, 416

virus 401

Jaundice 114, 440, 496

causes of posthepatic 441t

differential diagnosis of 446fc

duration of 443

management of 446fc

mild 442

recurrent 443

types of 440f

Jaw dislocation 448

Jerky nystagmus, abnormal 653

Joint

capsule, shortened 36

complex 464

deformity of 37

disease, degenerative 466

hypermobility syndrome 456

instability, risk of 37

muscle-dependent 593

related conditions 38

structure 456

swelling 20, 456

Joint pain 453, 462, 471

acute 454

asymmetric 455

causes of 458t

chronic 454

clinical history 453

distribution of 455

evaluation of 457

examination of 456

involvement of number of 455

laboratory tests 457

location of 454, 455

past medical history 455

physical examination 456

role of surgery 463

symmetric 455

treatment 461

worsening factor 455

Jugular venous pressure 105

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 302, 455

Kala-azar 303

Kaposi sarcoma 312

Kawasaki disease 300, 302

Keratic precipitates 273

Ketamine 562, 563

intramuscular 563

Ketoconazole 281

Ketofol 562, 563

Kidney

disease, chronic 374, 499

function test 146

injury, acute 69

Klebsiella 357, 600

pneumoniae 586

Kleiger test 38–40

Knee

dislocation of 465

injuries 466

locked 466

stability 464

swelling 465

Knee joint 457, 466

clinical examination of 465

Knee problems 464

anatomy of 464

Kocher's leverage technique 594

Kyphoscoliosis 237

Lactate dehydrogenase 297, 491, 505

Lactulose 22

Lamellar laceration 265

Lamotrigine 598

Langerhans cell histiocytosis 300

Lansoprazole 22

Laparoscopic management 90

Laparoscopic surgeries 14

Laparotomy 90

Large bowel

obstruction, red flags of 86b

red flags of 86

Laryngeal edema 236

Laryngeal lesion, benign 661, 663

Laryngeal tumor, benign 657, 658, 660

Laryngitis 242, 657, 658, 659, 660, 662

Laryngomalacia 636

Laryngospasm 236

Laryngotracheitis 632

Laryngotracheomalacia 172

Larynx, surgery on 231

Lassar's paste 602

Laxatives 366

Lead poisoning 19, 28

Leduc technique 476

Leg pain, acute 468

Legionella 357

pneumonia 240

Legionellosis 295

Lemierre's syndrome 629

Lepidoptera 423

Lepirudin 61

Leprosy 74

Leptospirosis 295, 300

Lethal agents 618

Leukemia 24, 74, 295, 300, 303, 332, 609

acute 29, 490

inhibitory factor-m 300

Leukocytosis 5

Levetiracetam 149

Levine's sign 104, 105

Levodopa 675

Levothyroxine replacement 328

Lichen planus 230

Lid lacerations 265

Lidocaine 378

Life-threatening 68, 174

bleeding, locations of 513b

conditions 8

thoracic injuries 512t

Ligament

of treitz 496

previously injured 36

Lignocaine 314

Limb

asymmetry 144

coldness of affected 37

neurovascular damage of 38

Limb-girdle involvement 502

Lincosamides 630

Lindane cream 609

Linezolid 74, 475

Lip licking 142

Lipoprotein, high-density 672

Liquid albumin 48

Lithium 318

Live attenuated influenza vaccine 411

Liver

biopsy 445

cancer 397

cirrhosis 45, 397

disorders 441

failure 397

function test 10, 21, 133, 146, 297, 335, 376, 460

transplantation 49

Liver disease 54, 56, 62, 358, 496

advanced 45

chronic 29, 54, 57, 412, 469, 499

end-stage 443

progression of 46

sever 66

signs of 62

Lobar pneumonia 165

Local wound 424

care 436

Locoregional treatment 80

Lovibond's angle 113, 114

Low back pain 481, 483t, 484

causes of 481, 481t

diagnostic imaging 482

evaluation of 481

laboratory tests 482

management of 483

treatment for 483t

Low molecular weight heparin 61

Lower extremity pain 468

causes 468

clinical presentation 470

evaluation 470

pathophysiology 469

Lower extremity ulcers 476

causes 476

clinical presentation 478

evaluation 477

history 477

pathophysiology 477

treatment 479

Lower limb fracture 321

Lower lobe pneumonia 16

Lumbar pain

left 2

right 2

Lumbar puncture 65, 133, 135, 157, 372

Lumpiness 79

Lung

cancer 112

primary 164

carcinoma 114

chronic infections of 165

contusions 122

function test 172

injury, transfusion-related acute 68

point 240

sliding 240

varcinoma of 281

Lung disease

chronic obstructive 183

drug-induced 236

immunologic 358

occupational 237

severe chronic 171

suppurative 171

Lung elastic recoil 162

reduced 162

Lupus anticoagulants 59

Lupus erythematosus 295

Lupus like syndrome 456

Lyme disease 295

Lymph 45

drainage 476

Lymph node 488, 489

benign 493t

enlarged 486

group of 485

malignant 493t

regions 485f

retroauricular 489

Lymphadenitis, acute 486

Lymphadenopathy 105, 280, 443, 485, 491

causes of 487t

localized 488t

clinical evaluation 486

etiology 486

peripheral 491

treatment of 494

Lymphangitis 476, 604

clinical approach 604

etiology 604

management 605

treatment 605

Lymphatic capillaries 45

Lymphatic flow 45, 46

Lymphatic vascular system 45

Lymphatic vessels 46

Lymphedema 476, 540

Lymphoma 19, 45, 74, 112, 295, 300, 303, 490

Lymphoproliferative disorders 487

Macrolide 388, 389

therapy 172

Maculopapular skin rash 395

Magnesium 500

citrate 22

hydroxide 22

Malabsorption syndrome 680

Malaria 28, 295, 303

chronic 282

Malarial antigen 297

Malassezia furfur 571

Malignant cells, dissemination of 46

Malignant diseases, history of 73

Malingering 95

Malleolus, medial 40

Mallory-Weiss tear 101, 495

Malnutrition 332, 374

Malrotation 178

Mammography 79

Mandible fracture 449

Mantoux test 171

Markle's sign 4

Mass

malignant 79

parotid 75

Massive hemoptysis 356

management of 363fc

Massive hemothorax 512

Massive pleural effusion 236

Mastalgia 77

etiology of 77

management of 78

refractory cases of 78

Mastoiditis 74, 243

Maternal drug ingestion 175

Maternal tetanus 410

Maxilla, instability of 130

McCune-Albright syndrome 576

Mean arterial pressure 135

Mean corpuscular

hemoglobin 29

volume 32

Measles 395, 410

vaccine 415

Meatal stenosis 548

Mechanical causes 342

Mechanical injury, result of 36

Meclizine 655

Mediastinal tumors 165

Medical Research Council 235

Mefenamic acid 306

Megaloblastic anemia 32

Melanin 181

Melanoma 436

Melanotic pigment 183

Melena 3, 15, 289, 495, 496

causes 495

clinical features 495

initial evaluation 496

management 496

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome 75

Membrane lipid abnormalities 28

Meniere's disease 242

Meningeal signs 155

Meningismus 133

Meningitis 129, 152, 177

Meningococcal meningitis 392

Meningococcal vaccines 411

Meningococcemia 392

Meningococcus 392

Menometrorrhagia 61

Menorrhagia, history of 58

Menstrual cramps 19

Menstrual cycle 77

Mental deterioration 3

Mental status, altered 126

Mental stress 146

Mesenteric adenitis 13, 16

Mesenteric artery syndrome, superior 84

Mesenteric ischemia 1, 9

acute 5

chronic 4

Mesenteric lymphadenitis 16

Mesenteric vessels atherosclerosis 4

Metabolic acidosis 3, 236, 537

Metabolic alkalosis 85

Metabolic causes 666

Metabolic derangements 128

Metabolic disease 74

Metabolic disorders 132, 137, 143

diffuse 131

Metabolic disturbance 144

Metabolic storage disease 144, 487

Metabolism, inborn errors of 175

Metachlorpromide 79

Metastatic cancer 112, 357

Metastatic carcinoma 490

Metastatic epidural tumor 483

Metastatic infiltration 486

Metastatic neoplasms 29

Metformin 665, 675

Methanol 129

Methemalbumin 181, 182, 186

Methemoglobin 181, 185, 186, 623

Methemoglobinemia 181, 182, 184, 186, 237

Methicillin 475

resistant Staphylococcus aureus 476

Methylphenidate 378

Metoclopramide 182, 377, 497

Metronidazole 665

Metyrapone 281

Micafungin 524

Miconazole 612

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 28, 69

Microcalcification, form of 81

Microcytic hypochromic anemia 29

Micrognathia 558, 631

Microlaryngeal surgery 662

Microsporum canis 611

Microvascular thrombi 69

Micturition, painful 598

Midazolam 149, 150, 160, 378, 562, 563

buccal 160

intramuscular 160

Midgut

structures 14

volvulus 16, 17

Migraine, abdominal 19

Milch technique 595

Milia 571

Miliaria crystallina 571

Miliaria rubra 571, 571f

Miliary tuberculosis 442

Miller-Fisher syndrome 74

Milligan and Morgan hemorrhoidectomy 367

Minimally invasive therapy 551

Miscarriages 395

Mitotane 281

Mitral stenosis 357

Mittelschmerz 16, 19

Moebius syndrome 75

Molecular genetic techniques 492

Molecular weight heparin 474

Mondor's disease 554

Mongolian spots 570, 574, 575f

Monkeypox 404

Monospot test 628

Moraxella catarrhalis 247

Morbillivirus 395

Motor cortex 503

Motor dysfunction 132

variety of 132

Motor loss 470

Motor neuron disease 319

Motor vehicle

collision 96

traffic 123

Mucociliary function, enhances 169

Mucoid 252

Mucolytics 172, 173

Mucopurulent conjunctivitis 262

Mucosa 367

buccal 522

nasal 198

Mucosal ring 230

Mucous membrane 598

pale 57

Mucus production, excessive 169

Müllerian and Wolffian ducts 590

Multifocal myoclonus 132

Multinodular goiter 326

Multiple ribs, fracture of 579

Multiple trauma 508

management of 508

primary survey 510, 510b

secondary survey 515

treatment 517

Multisystem organ dysfunction 69

Mumps 395, 410

vaccine 416

Murmur 105

Muscle

atrophy, beneficial role in 507

biopsy 506

diagnosis of 473

diseases, progressive 504

disorders, primary 502

group wasting, individual 504

hematoma 61

pain 502

relaxants 368

spasm 95

tone 503

Muscle cramp 499, 502

causes of 499

clinical presentation 499

etiology 499

investigations 500

management 500

risk factors 499

Muscle wasting 501, 502

clinical evaluation 502

diseases 504

distal 504

field of 506

pathophysiology 501

proximal 504

treatment 506

types of 504t

Muscle weakness 505

localization of 505t

Muscular dystrophy 320

Musculoskeletal causes 101

Musculoskeletal injuries 42, 43, 519

Musculoskeletal syndromes 102

Mushroom poisoning 283

Mustard oil like urine 443

Myalgia 387

Myasthenia gravis 74, 231, 237, 502, 657

Myasthenic crisis 236

Mycobacterium 586

tuberculosis 394

Mycoplasma 626

pneumoniae 597

Myelodysplasia 29

Myelodysplastic syndrome 32, 295

Myelofibrosis 32

Myelopathy 95

Myeloproliferative disorders 29, 56

Myenteric plexus 83

Myocardial infarction 9, 104, 134, 184, 382

acute 9, 99, 102, 240

Myocarditis 184

Myoclonic jerking 153

Myopathic gait 320

Myostatin inhibition 507

Myotonia 502

Myotonic dystrophy 320

Myringotomy 248, 249

Myxedema 49, 469

N-acetylcysteine 590

Nafcillin 476

Nail

avulsion 311fc

of hands, clubbing of all 115f

root dislocation 311

Nail bed 184

ecchymosis 312

hematoma 312

injury 311

laceration 313

Naloxone 445

Nasal cavity 256

Nasal congestion 175

Nasal packing

anterior 260

posterior 260

Nasal secretions, clearing of 172

Nasal spray 387

Nasal vasoconstrictors 248

Nasogastric decompression 16

Nasogastric lavage 497

Nasogastric tube 6, 11, 89, 256

placement 90

Nasopharyngeal aspirate 171

Natriuretic peptide, B-type 46, 48, 239

Nausea 19, 126, 132, 146, 664

Neck

lymphadenopathy 79

muscle 504

pain of 243

space infection, deep 177

stiffness 95

trauma 517

zones of 517f

Necrotic tissue 478, 480

Necrotic venom 434

Negri bodies 565

Neisseria

gonorrhoeae 586, 626

meningitidis 392

Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet 361

Neomycin 246

Neonatal skin lesions, benign 571

Neoplasm 84, 143, 152, 230

Nephrolithiasis 2, 351

Nephrotic syndrome 49

Nerve

compression 499

conduction velocity, slowing of 506

diseases, peripheral 320

entrapment 321

ganglion, trigeminal 526

peripheral 503

Nervous stress 375

Nervous system 177

peripheral 505

Neuralgia 200

trigeminal 242

Neurinoma 74

Neuroblastoma 300

Neurocirculatory asthenia 531

Neurocutaneous syndrome 154

Neurodevelopmental disorders 171

Neurofibromas 576

Neurofibromatosis 574, 576f

Neurohormonal system, activity of 46

Neurologic cause 342

Neurologic disease 162, 657

Neurologic illnesses 675

Neurologic signs 371

Neurologic symptoms 371

Neurological complication 362

Neurological disorder 137, 565

Neurological dysfunction 147

Neurological examination 144

Neurological phase, acute 402

Neurological system 623

Neuromuscular diseases 233, 236

Neuromuscular innervation, transmission of 83

Neuromuscular junction 503

Neuro-ophthalmology emergencies 273

Neuropathic gait 319, 322

Neuropraxia, reversible 73

Neuropsychological assessment 157

Neurosyphilis 375

Neurotoxic venom 434

Neurotoxin 639

Neurovascular damage, distal 40

Neurovascular injuries 121

Nevirapine 598

Nevus flammeus 570, 578, 578f

Nevus simplex 577

New York Heart Association 235

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 182

Nifedipine 378

Night blindness 443

Night cramps 499

Nipple areola complex 82

Nipple discharge 78

Nipple retraction 77, 79

Nitrate-containing foods 182

Nitric oxide 25, 45

donor 25

Nitrogen dioxide toxicity 358

Nitroglycerine 25, 182

Nitroprusside 182

Nocturnal enuresis 286

Nodular thyroid disease 324

Nonabdominal diseases, attention to 7

Nonaccidental injuries 175, 178

Nonaccidental trauma 177

Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis 164

Nonbullous impetigo 608t

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus 148, 155

treatment of 160

Nonheme pigment 184, 187

suspect deposition of 186

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 490

Nonimmune disease 69

Non-neurologic complications 134

Non-noxious stimuli 131

Nonproductive cough 163

Nonreactive pupils 371

Nonserious causes 481

Nonspinal causes 481

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 11, 41, 84, 97, 126, 195, 231, 244, 298, 328, 368, 372, 461, 483, 496, 542, 547, 582, 617, 665, 675

use of 8, 49

Non-ST-segment myocardial infarction 109

Nontransfusion therapy 66

Nontraumatic causes 468

Nontraumatic ocular emergencies 264, 271

Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, treatment of 61

Normobaric oxygen therapy 621

Normocytic normochromic anemia 29

Nose 244

blockage 243

discharge from 243

Noxious stimuli 14, 131

Nucleic acid amplification test 398, 401

Nutritional anemia, pathophysiology of 30fc

Nutritional deficiencies 28, 31

Nystagmus 318

Nystatin 246

lozenges 524

suspension 524

Obesity 669

Obstipation 86, 87

Obstruction, type of 88

Occipital headache 133

Occlusion, diagnosis for 180

Octreotide 497

Ocular bobbing 131

Ocular congestion 279

Ocular dipping 131

Ocular emergencies, treatment of 275t

Ocular injury, penetrating 264

Ocular muscle 504

Ocular trauma

classification for 265b, 266t

new classification for 266

score 263

Oculocephalic reflex 131, 132

loss of 131

Oculovestibular reflex 131, 134

Odynophagia 229

Ofloxacin 246

Olanzapine 378

Open globe injury 267

Operation theater 283, 368

Opiates 129, 137

Opioid 287

Opsoclonus 131

Optic neuritis 274

Optic tract 273

Oral

anticoagulant therapy 52

anticoagulation, direct 261

antifungals 612

antihistaminics 248

contrast agent 4

hygiene, poor 330

infections 570

polio vaccine 399

poliovirus vaccine 409, 413

problems 520

thrush 525fc

ulcers 20

viscous lidocaine 378

Oral candidiasis 520, 523fc, 573, 573f

causes 520

classification of 520, 521t

clinical presentation 522

etiology 520

evaluation 523

investigations 523

oral herpes simplex 520

pathophysiology 520

primary 521

red flags 523

secondary 521

treatment 524

types of 522

Oral contraceptive 469, 665

dose of 80

pills 79

Oral herpes simplex 525, 528, 529fc

causes 526

clinical presentation 526

etiology 526

evaluation 527

investigations 528

pathophysiology 526

red flags 526

treatment 528

Orchiectomy 589

Orchitis 591

Organic disease 21

Organic disorders 18

Orifice, blockage of 424, 438

Oropharyngeal candidiasis, treatment of 524t

Oropharyngeal disorders 230

Oropharyngeal dysphagia 232t

Orthopnea 282

Orthopoxvirus 404

Orthoptera 423

Orthostatic hypotension 25, 322

Oscillation, high-frequency 644

Osmotic laxatives 140

Osteoarthritis 95, 321, 455, 458

post-traumatic 43

Osteomyelitis 470

Otitic barotrauma 382

Otitis 245

fungal external 245

malignant external 74

media, chronic suppurative 252, 253

mild external 246

Otitis externa 176, 245, 252, 253

malignant 253

Otitis media 74, 175, 176, 247, 249

acute 247, 248

acute suppurative 243, 252, 253

chronic 247–249

Otoscopic examination 177, 243, 244, 246, 248

Ottawa ankle rules 41

Ovarian cancer 45, 46

Ovarian cyst 19

Ovarian torsion 13, 16, 175

Overlap syndrome 231

Oxygen

administration 176

saturation 181, 183

supplementation 560

Oxyhemoglobin 181, 185

Pain

acute 265

analgesia to reduce 248

character of 103

colicky nature of 14

dental 243

duration of 20, 78

epigastric 2

heel 342, 343fc

hypogastric 2

in percussion 202

killer agents 373t

location of 20, 104

muscular 21

neuralgic 193

psychogenic 95

radiation of 104

referred 14, 193, 198

sciatic 482

severe 7, 236

teething 193

testicular 19

timing of 104

to caries 193

types of 77

umbilical 2

Palatine artery, greater 256

Palmar creases 443

Palmar erythema 496

Palpable solid masses 80

Palpable tender abdominal mass 15

Palpitation 58, 326, 530, 532

arrhythmic causes of 531

causes 530

chest pain 532

clinical presentation 532

continuous irregular 532

diarrhea 532

dyspnea 532

emergency department with 537fc

etiologies of 530, 531t

evaluation 536

intermittent 532

investigations 537

noncardiac causes of 531

pathophysiology 532

physical examination 536

polyuria 532

positional 532

red flags 536

sweating 532

syncope 532

treatment 538

Pancreatic cancer 444

Pancreatic dysfunction 66

Pancreatic mass 442

Pancreatitis 16, 18, 49

acute 442, 625

hepatitis myocartitis 14

severe acute 1

Panduroga 27

Panic attacks 238

Panic disorder 103

Panic syndrome 102

Pantoprazole 22

Papilledema 131, 273, 274

Paracetamol 306

Paracortical hyperplasia 486

Paragonimiasis 357

Paranasal sinuses 256

Paraneoplastic disease 319

Paraphimosis 549, 552

causes 550

clinical presentation 550

etiology 550

pathophysiology 550

treatment 550

Parasite 21

Parasitic worms 407

Parasomnias 286

Parenchymal inflammatory processes 165

Parenteral antibiotic treatment 474

Paresthesia 37, 94, 95, 380

absence of 36

Parietal pain 14

originates 14

Parietal peritoneum 14, 45, 51

Parkinson's disease 137, 233, 317, 647

Parkinson's syndrome 75

Parkinsonian gait 317, 322

Parotitis 74

Paroxysmal crying 176

Partial thromboplastin time, activated 58, 261

Parvovirus B19 303

infection 29

Patch

bluish discoloration 282

testing 597

Patellar dislocation 466

Patellar fracture 467

features in 467

Patellar tap test 457

Pectus excavatum 237

Pedal edema 443, 540

bilateral 543

causes of 540

classification of causes of 541fc

etiology 540

grading of 541t

investigations 543

management of 543

pathogenesis 540

red flags of 540, 541b

Pelvic inflammatory disease 11, 16, 19

Pelvic injury 518

Pelvic malignancy 540

Pelvic metastatic deposits 667

Pemberton's sign 326

Penetrate platysma 518f

Penicillin 475

G, intramuscular long-acting 630

V 630

Penicillinase inhibitors 607

Penile curvature 554

Penile fracture 552

causes 552

clinical presentation 553

epidemiology 552

etiology 552

investigations 554

treatment 554

Penile swelling 553

Pentavalent vaccine 414, 417

Pentobarbital coma 136

Peptic stricture 230

Peptic ulcer 18, 103

disease 19, 20, 101, 495

Percutaneous cholangiography 445

Perfusion, loss of 85

Perianal skin tag 20

Pericardial disease 237

Pericardial effusion 282

Pericardial rub 105

Pericarditis 102, 388

Periodic limb movement disorder 286

Periodontal pain 193, 198

Periorbital ecchymosis 130

Peristalsis 88

absence of 88

Peritoneal carcinomatosis 49

Peritoneal cavity 45, 51, 513

Peritoneal dialysis 164

Peritoneal irritation, indicative of 8

Peritoneal tuberculosis 49

Peritonitis, signs of 7

Periumbilical pain 14

severe 5

Permethrin 609

Pernicious anemia 29

Peroneal tendon syndromes 41

Persistent hiccups 374

Person's overall posture 95

Personal protective equipment 258, 339

Perth-Dundee technique 551

Pertussis 414

Petechiae, presence of 57

Petechial rashes 301

Peyronie's disease 554

Pharmacologic antagonists 559

Pharmacologic therapy 377

Pharyngitis 242, 625

chronic 625

management of 629fc

Pharynx 243

Phenazopyridine 182

Phenylbutazone 598

Phenytoin 149, 318, 598

Pheochromocytoma 237

Phimosis 545

causes 545

clinical presentation 546

etiology 545

evaluation 546

management of 547

pathological 545

physiological 545

secondary 548

techniques 548

treatment 547

Photophobia 19, 598

Phthiraptera 423

Phyllodes tumor 80

Physical activities, decreased 137

Physical hemolysis 68

Physiologic causes 286

Physiologic fatigue 284

Physiological discharge 78

Pierre-Robin syndrome 558

Pigmentation, disorders of 574

Pigments, types of 182t

Pioglitazone 469

Pituitary adenoma 78

Pityrosporum 572

Plantar fascia 343

Plantar flexion 36, 43

Plantar heel pain 344fc

Plasma 513, 519

enzymes 505

normal levels of 64

pooled 59

Plasmapheresis 69, 600

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 59

Plasmodium

falciparum 294

malariae 294

Platelet 63, 64, 513, 519

count 61, 62

normal 205

derived growth factor 111

disorder 56

congenital 54

dysfunction 54, 56

function disorders 66

plug, consolidation of 53

Pleural effusion 45, 184, 240

Pleuritic chest pain 101

Pleuritis 103, 237

Plummer-Vinson syndrome 231

Pneumatic balloon dilation 26

Pneumatosis intestinalis 15, 17

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 392

Pneumococcal disease 391

Pneumococcal pneumonia 298

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 392, 412, 418

Pneumococcal vaccine 414

Pneumococcus 391

Pneumonia 14, 16, 19, 103, 168, 183, 236, 238, 357, 388, 583

Pneumoperitoneum 15, 17, 89

Pneumothorax 119, 122, 175, 184, 236, 238

Polio 399

vaccine, inactivated 399

Poliomyelitis 300

Poliovirus

inactivated 422

vaccine

fractional inactivated 417

inactivated 409

Polyarteritis nodosa 19, 300

Polychondritis, relapsing 295

Polycystic ovary syndrome 670

Polycythemia 181, 183

Polyethylene glycol 22, 138

Polymerase chain reaction 72, 297, 393, 402, 404, 528

real-time 395

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte 472

Polymyalgia rheumatica 95

Polymyositis 295, 320

Polymyxin 246

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 576

Polyvinyl alcohol foam 362

Pons tumor 74

Pontine tegmental hemorrhage 74

Porphyria 19

Portal hypertension, initial phase of 47

Port-wine stain 570, 578

Posaconazole 524

Post-concussion

symptom scale 124

syndrome 126

Postextubation stridor 637

Post-laparotomy adhesions 6

Postmyringotomy tube 253

Postnasal drip 163

Postpartum hemorrhage, history of 58

Post-thrombolytic therapy 61

Pradaxa 61

Precise neurological examination 371

Preeclampsia 281

Pre-endoscopy barium esophagogram 232

Prefreeze 605

Pregabalin 469

Pregnancy

and children, immunization in 407

test 21

vaccination in 409

Prehepatic jaundice 443

Pressure ulcers, treatment of 480

Primary lump, extent of 80

Prinzmetal angina 100

Procalcitonin 171

Proctoscopy 25

Profile sign 113

Profound symptoms, absence of 184

Progestin-only pill 278

Projectile vomiting 666

Prolactinemia 78

Promethazine hydrochloride 655

Properdin 411

Prophylaxis

postexposure 402, 403, 403t, 405, 568

pre-exposure 403, 569

Propofol 160, 562, 563

Prostacyclins 45

Prostaglandin 18, 112

Prostatic hypertrophy 351

Prostatitis 351

Proteus mirabilis 586

Proteus vulgaris 245

Prothrombin complex concentrate 63, 66

Proton pump inhibitor 22, 346

Proven phyllodes tumors 81

Pruritic eruptions 175

Pruritus 114, 252

Pseudogout 458

Pseudogynecomastia 82

Pseudohemoptysis 355

Pseudo-locking, causes of 466

Pseudomonas

aeruginosa 245

species 604

Pseudoseizures 156

Psoas sign 21

Psoriasis 245

Psoriatic arthritis 455

Psychiatric causes 530

Psychiatric disorder, diagnosis of 530

Psychiatric features 145

Psychiatric origin 530

Psychiatry diseases 675

Psychogenic dysphagia 231

Psychogenic unresponsiveness 132

Psychological stress 100

Psyllium 25

Puberphonia 657, 659, 660

Pulmonary angiogram 185

Pulmonary arteriovenous 112

malformation 237, 357

Pulmonary artery

catheterization 358

pseudoaneurysm 357

Pulmonary conditions 101

Pulmonary contusion 239

Pulmonary disease 162

chronic obstructive 104, 236–238

Pulmonary edema 134, 238

Pulmonary embolism 102, 109, 110, 144, 184, 236, 238, 357

Pulmonary fibrosis 163

Pulmonary hemosiderosis, idiopathic 358

Pulmonary hypertension 101, 102, 357

Pulmonary infections 114

Pulmonary injuries 119

Pulmonary interstitial disease 168

Pulmonary renal syndrome 358

Pulmonary thromboembolism 385

chronic 237

Pulmonary tuberculosis 112, 164, 168, 679

Pulmonary tumors 237

Pulmonary vascular diseases 357

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease 357

Pulp 196

lacerations 313

Pulpitis

irreversible 195

reversible 194

Pulsatile mass 9

Pulse

oximeter measures 185

oximetry 133, 136, 239, 560

peripheral 105

Pupillary presentations 131

Pupillary responses 131

Purpura 443

Purpuric rash 130

Purulent 252

debris 245

expectoration, presence of 169

Pyelonephritis 2, 351

Pyloric stenosis 177

Pyrazinamide 394

Pyrexia 362

Pyruvate kinase deficiency 28

QT prolongation 667

Quadriceps muscle weakness 505

Quartan fever 294

Quinidine 231

Quinine 500

Rabies 565

dumb 402

encephalitic 402

exposure categories 568t

immunoglobulin 568

paralytic 402, 566

pathophysiology of 566, 566fc

prevention of 568

prophylaxis 565

etiology 565

host factors 565

vaccine 412, 421

virus 569

Radiculopathy 95

Rading system 37

Ramsay-Hunt syndrome 74, 607

Range of motion 36, 95, 456

Raynaud's disease 282

Raynaud's phenomenon 183

Rectal diazepam 160

Rectal examination, digital 25, 366

Rectal gas, paucity of 15, 17

Rectal prolapse 139

Rectorrhagia 3

Rectosigmoid tumors 84

Rectum 137

collapse of 163

lower, examination of 139

Recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis, benign 441, 443

Red blood cell 63, 205, 348, 513, 519, 620

packed 63, 67

Red cell

aplasia, pure 29

destruction 28, 32

indices 31

infections of 28

production, decreased 28

progenitors, infections of 29

total circulating 27

Red currant jelly stools 15

Red eye, acute 371

Red flag signs 180

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy 43

Reflux esophagitis 374

Refractory ascites 49

treatment of 49

Reiter's syndrome 454, 455

Remittent fever 300

Renal cell carcinoma 295

Renal colic, diagnosis of 10

Renal disease 52, 56, 82

signs of end-stage 57

Renal failure 29

acute 49, 494

chronic 237

Renal function test 145, 297, 376

Renal impairment, severe 11

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone 46

Respiration, normal 579

Respiratory distress syndrome, acute 236, 183, 238, 619

Respiratory examination 170

Respiratory failure 583

hypercarbia 537

Respiratory manifestations 399

Respiratory rate 477

Respiratory system 167, 543

specific 170

Respiratory tract infection

acute 168

upper 167

Respiratory viruses 171

Restlessness 126

Restrictive lung disease 163

Resuscitation, secondary survey with 516b

Reticular activating system 128

Reticulocyte count 31

Retinal injuries 270

Retinal vein occlusion, branch 274, 276

Retroareolar area 82

Retrognathia 558

Retroperitoneal injuries 518

Retroperitoneum 513

Reye's syndrome 306

Rhabdoviridae family virus 565

Rheumatoid arthritis 29, 295, 300, 455, 458

Rheumatoid factor 460

Rhinorrhea 130

Rhinoscopy, anterior 259

Rib fracture 119, 579

causes 579

clinical presentation 580

complications 582

evaluation and management 582fc

lower 579

management 581

multiple 579

right-sided 581f

pathophysiology 579

red flag signs 580

single 579

Ribonucleic acid 395, 565

mumps virus 395

Rickettsia prowazeki 437

Rickettsial diseases 303

Rickettsiosis 295

Rifampicin 445

Rifampin 394

Rifapentine 394

Rigler's sign 15, 17

Rituximab 69

Road traffic

accident 276

injuries 264

Rockall scoring 346b

Rolling sign 553

Romberg's sign 318

Rosiglitazone 469

Rotation test, external 38, 39, 40f

Rotatory nystagmus 653

Rotavirus 415, 422

vaccine 409, 415

Roth spots 114

Rotor's syndrome 441

Rubber band ligation 367

Rubella 395, 410

syndrome, congenital 416

vaccine 416

Rubivirus 395

Ruling out fracture 38

Runny nose 387

Rupture Baker's cyst 468

Saline 22

Saliva 565

Salmon patch 577

Salmonella

enterica 400

species 400

typhi 400, 420

Sarcoidosis 75, 164, 295, 302, 303, 442, 455, 679

Sarcopenia geriatric syndrome 674

Sarcoptes scabiei 438, 573

Scabies 608

clinical features 609

diagnosis 609

etiopathogenesis 608

infantile 573, 575f

treatment of 609, 609t

Schamroth's sign 113

Schistosoma haematobium 351

Scleroderma 138, 231, 303

Sclerosis, multiple 137, 231, 317, 318, 375, 657

Sclerotherapy 366

Scrotum

acute 584

anatomy of 585f

Scrub typhus 295

Seborrheic dermatitis 245, 572, 572f

Second-line therapy 160

Sedation

airway assessment procedures for 557

and analgesia, emergency equipment for 559b

completion of 561

management 561

pharmacologic agents for 562t

procedural 556

types of 557t

Sedative overdose 130

Sedoanalgesia 474

Seizure 95, 141, 147, 155, 161, 183

active 148t

attack 156

causes of drug-induced 151

classification of 141

differential diagnosis of 145t

episode of 141

family history of 143, 155

generalized 142

motor 142

nonmotor 143, 147

manifestations 157

neonatal 155

post-traumatic 151

precipitants 143

provoked 152t

stop 161

treatment of neonatal 158

types of 142f, 155

unprovoked 152t

worsening 157

Sensorium, altered 183

Sensory

ataxia 318

gait 320, 322

Sepsis 129

Septic arthritis 454, 455, 458, 463, 470, 474

Septic fever 300

Septic shock 15

Serial seizures 150

Serious life-threatening signs 14

Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines 411

Serological testing 445, 505, 628

Seronegative spondyloarthritis 455

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies 459

Serotonin 18

reuptake inhibitor, selective 665

Serous 252

Sertaconazole 612

Serum

amylase 376

ascites albumin gradient 48

differential diagnosis of 49t

biochemical tests 445, 628

blood sugar levels 146

calcium 146, 376, 667

electrolytes 146, 376

iron, determination of 31

lactate 88

magnesium 146

prolactin test 146

Sexually transmitted

disease 411

infections 24

Shallow breathing 380

Shallow mandibular fossa 449

Shock, signs of 7

Shoulder

girdle 502

joint 593

spica 595

Shoulder dislocation 593

anterior 593

inferior 593

mechanism of injury 593

nonoperative treatment 594

post reduction care 595

posterior 593

radiologic studies 594

signs 593

symptoms 593

types of 593

Shunt

anatomic 183

right-to-left 183

Sickle cell

anemia 32

beta thalassemia 32

crisis 16

disease 19, 28, 175, 412

trait 32

Sickness, decompression 383

Sideroblastic anemia 29, 32

Sigmoid colon, examination of 139

Sigmoid volvulus 84

Sigmoidoscopy 139

Sinus hyperplasia 486

Sinusitis 242, 279, 626

Siphonaptera 423

Sjögren's syndrome 74, 455, 457

Skin

and excreta, contact between 602

and mucosa, parts of 184

attachment 424

changes 20

clammy 31

color

evaluate 8

normal 181

coloration, blue 181

darkening 443

dry 326

examination 144

necrosis 555

pigmentation 442

problems 596

splitting 546

tests 171

thickening 79

Skinfold thickness 676, 677t

Sleep

apnea, obstructive 164, 237, 669

disturb 442

Sleep deprivation 670

and fatigue 143

Sleep disorders 284, 286

specific treatment for 292

Small bowel

obstruction 83, 85t, 89

red flags of 86b

red flags of 86

Smallpox 404

Smoke

inhalation of 618

poisoning 624

Smoking cessation 670

Snake

bites 283

venom 28

Sodium restriction 51

Sodium tetradecyl sulphate 366

Sodium valproate 149

Soft tissue traumas 474

Solbiati index 491, 492

Solitary nodule 324

Somnolence 126

Sorbitol 22

Sore throat 395, 625

causes 625

complications 628

etiology 625

investigations 628

red flags 627

treatment 629

Sounds, abnormal 105

Spasmodic dysphonia 657–659, 661, 663

Spasmodic jerks 644

Spasms 502

Spastic esophageal disease 231

Speech issues 146

Spermatic cord torsion 586

Sphenopalatine artery 256

Spherocytosis 300

Sphincter tone 15

Sphincterotomy

chemical 25, 26

partial 26

Spider angioma 496

Spinal cord injuries 137

Spinal infarct 317

Spinal nerve roots 503

Spinal spondylosis 317

Spinal stenosis 482

Spinal tumor 317

Spinocerebellar ataxia 318

Splanchnic vasodilation 47

Splenectomy 68, 412

Splenic dysfunction 412

Sporadic crying 176

Sport concussion assessment tool 125

Sport-related injuries 93

Sprain, symptoms for 500

Sputum 171

Squamous cell cancer 436

Squeeze test 38, 39, 40f

Stable angina 100

Stapedius muscle fibers 73

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 608

Staphylococcus 4, 357

aureus 245, 247, 416, 462, 474, 664

Status epilepticus 141, 150, 154

protocol of 150

treatment of 150, 159

Steatorrhea, cause of 66

Sternocleidomastoid 641

Steroids 279, 469

topical 547

Stevens-Johnson syndrome, risk of 598t

Stevens-Johnson syndrome 598, 599, 599t

clinical approach 597

etiopathogenesis 597

management 599

prognosis 599

treatment 599

Stiff neck 126

Stilbestrol 554

Stool guaiac test 21

Stool softeners 25, 366

Stork bite 577

Strain, symptoms for 500

Strawberry hemangioma 578f

Strenuous physical activity 43

Streptococcal pharyngitis 14, 172, 626f

Streptococcus 4, 462

pneumoniae 247, 305, 391

pyogenes 607, 627

Streptokinase 554

Stress 143

risk of 94

Stricturing diseases 233

Stridor 631, 638fc

acquired 633

causes of 633t

causes 632

congenital 633

causes of 633t

investigations 635

pathophysiology 631

treatment 636

types of 632t

Stroke 231, 647

diagnosis of 655

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 105, 109

Stye 280

Subclavian steal syndrome 652

Subconjunctival hemorrhage 268, 268f

Subdural hematoma 129

Subhyaloid hemorrhage 131

Submandibular glands autonomic system 73

Submucosal hemorrhoids 367

Subtalar joint, chronic instability of 42

Subungual ecchymosis 311

Subungual hematoma 311

Sulfadiazine 598

Sulfamethoxazole 475, 476

Sulfasalazine 182, 598

SulfHb

forms 182

produces cyanosis 183

Sulfhemoglobin 181, 186

Sulfhemoglobinemia 181, 184

Sulfonamides 182

Sumatriptan overdose 182

Superior vena cava syndrome 494

Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy 489

Supraclavicular node 80

Supraglottic growth 242

Suprapubic tenderness 20

Sweat test 171

Sweating, excessive 326

Swelling 37, 95

Swimmer's ear 245

Sydenham's chorea 321

Sympathetic nervous system 46

Symptomatology, complicated 90

Syncopal attack 25

Syncope 58, 101, 156, 163

Syndesmotic ligament 37

Synovial fluid analysis 460, 461t

Syphillis 74

Syringomyelia 317, 375

Systemic antibiotics 480

Systemic corticosteroids 600, 607

Systemic disease 138, 320, 371, 591

Systemic disorders 183, 502

Systemic embolization 362

Systemic fever 470

Systemic illness, signs of 144

Systemic infection 471

history of 143

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 88

Systemic lupus erythematosus 29, 54, 56, 74, 286, 300, 358, 455

Systemic neuromuscular diseases 162

Systemic toxic syndrome 5

Systemic toxicity of inhaled gases 620

Systolic dysfunction 106

T cell lymphoma 609

Tabes dorsalis 320

Tachycardia 666

bleeding causes 8

supraventricular 533f, 538

ventricular 534f, 538

Tachyphylaxis 25

Tachypnea 183

Taghaandan maneuver 552

Takayasu arteritis 295

Talar tilt test 38, 39f

Talofibular ligament

anterior 37

injury, posterior 37

Tamoxifen 82

Tardive dyskinesia 667

Tau protein 125

Tecovirimat 404

Temperature variation, normal 294

Temporomandibular joint 193, 448

Tendon reflexes, deep 132, 144

Tendonitis 41

Tensile limits 36

Tension 14

pneumothorax 512

Terbinafine 612

Terminal duct, excision of 79

Testicular artery 584

Testicular parenchyma 589

Testicular perfusion 588

Testicular torsion 13, 15, 16, 175, 588, 589

neonatal 590

pathophysiology of 586f

Testicular tumors hypothyroidism 82

Tetanospasmin 639

Tetanus 237, 390

boosters 640

high-risk 639

neonatal 410

prone wound 639, 640

prophylaxis 639, 640t

toxoid 410, 414, 417

vaccine 410

Tetracycline 231, 388, 475

Tetralogy of Fallot 184

Thalassemia 29, 204–206

syndromes 28

Theophylline 675

Therapeutic bronchoscopy 168

Therapeutic endoscopy 498

Therapeutic paracentesis 49

Thermoregulatory disorders 296

Thiacetazone 598

Thiazolidinediones 469

Third nerve palsy 371

Thoracic cavity 513

Thoracic trauma 518

Thorax 177

Throat

culture 628

pain 243

Thrombocytopenia 48, 53, 69, 257, 358

heparin-induced 63

Thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic 68

Thromboembolic occlusion, acute 5

Thrombogenic foams 260

Thrombolytic therapy 474

Thrombophlebitis 470

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 28, 54, 56, 62, 65, 68, 237

Thyroid

acropathy 112

autoantibodies 327

cytopathology 327t

disorders 237, 282, 499

dysfunction 342

gland 326

position of 323f

neoplasm 324

nodules, management of 329fc

nuclear scan 327

stimulating hormone 323

ultrasound 327

Thyroiditis 242

subacute 324

Thyroxine, free 21

Tibial arteries, posterior 41

Tibiofibular ligaments 39

Ticlopidine 474

Tinea corporis 611

clinical features 612

etiopathogenesis 611

management 612

treatment 612

Tinea cruris 612

clinical features 613

etiology 612

treatment 613

Tinea pedis 613, 614t

etiopathogenesis 613

Tinnitus 94, 249, 252, 254

Tissue

diagnosis 81, 492

Doppler 110

extraction 182

of oxygen 182

Tobacco 104

exposure 170

Todd's paralysis 144

Toe nail avulsion 310

Tongue 522

Tonic component 644

Tonic seizures 156

Tonic-clonic seizures 150

Tonsillar enlargement, chronic 164

Tonsillitis 242

Tonsils, inflamed 243

Tooth extraction, single 204

Toothache 193

Torsion 589

Torticollis 95, 641

acquired 643

causes 642

congenital 642, 643, 644

differential diagnosis 645

etiology 642

investigations 644

nondystonic 642

physical examination 644

physical therapy 645

primary 642, 643

secondary 642, 643

treatment of 645, 646fc

types of presentations of 641f

Toxic epidermal necrolysis 598

Toxic ingestion 154, 175

Toxic nodular goiter 326

Toxic substance ingestion 143

Toxicology screen 146, 160

Toxin 666

and drugs 144

Toxocarosis 74

Toxoplasmosis 303

Trachea 122

position of 105

Tracheitis 636

Tracheobronchial tree injury 512

Tracheobronchitis 165

Tracheomalacia 164

Traffic accident, neck injury after 511f

Tragal tenderness 245, 254

Tragulizers, large dose of 79

Tranexamic acid 66

Transbronchial lung biopsy 358

Transbronchial needle aspiration 358, 492

Transcoelomic spread 46

Transfusing platelet, indications for 65b

Transfusion reaction 28

symptoms 68

Transfusion therapy 66

Transient pustular melanosis 571, 572f

Transjugular intrahepatic shunt 49

Transthoracic needle aspiration 358

Transverse myelitis 317

Trauma 13, 16, 154, 174, 469, 481, 591

abdominal 518

crepitation, history of 471

deaths, timing distribution of 509f

history of 155

mechanical 28

pain to 193, 195

repetitive physical 28

Traumatic brain injury, mild 123

Traumatic injuries, evidence of 144

Tremor 647

classification 647

clinical features 647

drug-induced 648

drugs useful in essential 649

dystonic 648

epidemiology 647

essential 647, 649t

etiological classification 647

evaluation of 648

flapping 443

intention 647

intentional 318

kinetic 647

neurological cause of 648

neuropathic 648

orthostatic 648

Parkinson's 648

postural 647

psychogenic 648

resting 647

treatment 649

Wilson's 648

Trendelenburg's sign positive 320

Treponema pallidum 626

Trichophyton

mentagrophytes 611

rubrum 611

Tricuspid endocarditis 357

Triglyceride 297

Trimethoprim 475, 476

Trismus 449, 558

presence of 177

Troponin elevation, causes of 107f

Troponin, high-sensitivity 106

Trypsin 554

Tuberculin sensitivity 171

Tuberculin test 297

Tuberculosis 114, 165, 171, 286, 295, 300, 302, 303, 394

infection, latent 394

Tuberculous meningitis 74

Tumor 6

benign 78

diagnosis

of benign 473

of malignant 473

necrosis factor-α 300, 501, 590

Tunica albuginea 553, 584

Tympanic membrane 243

Typhoid 400

conjugate vaccine 420

fever 295

vaccination for 298

vaccine 419

Tzanck smear 528

Ubiquitin-proteasome system 501

Ulcer 468, 471

bacterial corneal 272

corneal 272

diabetic neuropathic 478

duodenal 374

gastric 104

multiple superficial 24

pressure 478

syphilitic 24

Unbound bilirubin 442f

Unknown origin, fever of 295, 299

Upper airway

cough syndrome 163, 164

viral infection of 163

Upper gastrointestinal

bleeding 345b, 497f

malignancy 495

Urate-lowering therapy 461

Urea 96, 335

breath test 21

Ureaplasma urealyticum 586

Uremia 129, 130, 666

Ureteral trauma 519

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 19, 351

Urethra 552

posterior 519

Urethral injury 553

Uric acid nephropathy 494

Uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 441

Urinary catheter 11

Urinary incontinence 139

Urinary retention 139

Urinary stool incontinence 470

Urinary symptoms 20

Urinary tract

anomalies, congenital 549

congenital 549

infection 10, 11, 14, 16, 178, 546, 591

symptoms, lower 591

Urine

analysis 146, 360

causes

of brown color 350t

of red color 350t

cola-colored 442, 443

culture 304

routine 297

Urolithiasis 19

Urticaria 614

acute 616

causes of 615, 615t

chronic 616

classification 614

clinical features 615

contact 617

ordinary spontaneous 614

physical 614, 615, 617

pigmentosa 576, 576f

treatment of 617, 617fc

types

of acute 616t

of chronic 616t

vasculitis 616, 617

Uveitis 272

Vaccination, historical aspect of 408

Vaccine

and immunization, global alliance for 409

inactivated 397

vial monitor 422

Vaccinia virus vaccine 404

Vagina, collapse of 163

Valacyclovir 529

Valsalva maneuver 231

Valvular heart disease 236, 237

Vancomycin 475

linezolid-tigecycline-colistin 280

Variceal hemorrhage 45

Varicella 393, 410

vaccine 421

zoster virus 303, 421

Varicoceles 585

Variola 404

Vascular abnormalities 53

Vascular ectasias 345

Vascular emergencies 274

Vascular endothelial growth factor 111

Vascular ischemia 73

Vascular malformations 577

Vascular stasis 605

Vasculitis 19

Vaso-occlusive crisis 175

Venous blood gas 135

Venous insufficiency 470

Venous thromboembolism 385

Venous ulcers, treatment of 479

Ventilation

monitoring 560

perfusion

mismatch 183

scan 241f

Ventricular extrasytolic bigeminism 533f

Vertigo 94, 254, 650

causes of 650t, 654, 656

central 652t

etiology 650

evaluation 651

management 655

pathophysiology 650

peripheral 652t

red flags 651

severe 132

Vessels bleeding, large 61

Vestibulo-ocular reflex 651

Veterinary surgeon 424, 438

Vibrio cholerae 420

Vigorous sexual intercourse 554

Viral arthritis 455

Viral conjunctivitis 262

Viral diseases 597

Viral fever 295

Viral hepatitis 295

Virchow's node 231, 489

Virus isolation 567

Viscera, abdominal 1

Visceral pain

fibers 14

occurs 14

Visceral peritoneum 45, 51

Visible injury 95

Visible internal sphincter muscles 24

Vision

blurred 371

doubling of 265

Visual disturbances 384

Visual field test 274

Vital signs 244

abnormal 3

assess 158

Vitamin

B complex 500

B12 291, 623, 673

E 500

supplements 78

K 66, 362, 445

antagonists 261

deficiency 52, 54, 56

malabsorption 62

Vitreous hemorrhage 270, 276

Vocal cord

carcinoma 658, 660, 661, 663

cyst 658f

dysfunction 237, 637

lesion, benign 657–660, 662

leukoplakia 659f

nodule 660

papilloma 659f

paralysis 636, 657–659, 661, 663

polyp 658f, 660

Vodder technique 476

Voice

hoarseness of 326, 627

professional 657, 659

Voice disorders 657

etiology 657

pathophysiology 657

red flags 660

treatment 662

Voice therapy

direct 662

indirect 662

Voluntary functions 128

Volvulus 178

Vomit, subjective feeling to 664

Vomiting 19, 38, 95, 126, 130, 664, 666

chronic 667

etiology of 664t

management of acute 667

Vomitus

old blood in 231

prevent aspiration of 17

von Willebrand

disease 52–54, 56, 204, 205, 358

factor 59

Voriconazole 524

Wakefulness, absence of 128

Wallerian degeneration 73

Warfarin 62, 474

ingestion 62

therapy 66

Warts 610

clinical approach 610

common 610

etiology 610

management 611

plantar 610

Wax

impaction 251

visualization of 251

Wegener's granulomatosis 358

Weight gain 669

behavior modification 672

complications 670

dietary therapy 672

drug therapy 672

etiology 669

investigations 671

pathophysiology 669

red flags 671

treatment 672

Weight loss 231, 375, 674, 679fc

assessment of 677

causes of 675t, 679t

clinical feature 676

drugs 675

etiology 674

investigations 678

involuntary 19

medications leading to 675b

pathophysiology 675

red flag signs 677

treatment 678

Wernicke encephalopathy 129, 130

Westermark's sign 106

Whiplash associated disorder 93, 97t

Whiplash injury 93, 94, 98fc

acute 94

chronic 94

subacute 94

Whirlpool sign 17, 89

White blood cell 4, 304, 436

White papules 233

Whitehead's hemorrhoidectomy 368

Wilms tumor 300

Wilson's disease 321, 441, 445

Wisdom tooth eruption, pain to 193, 197

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 56

World Health Organization 27, 262, 277, 325, 369, 407

Worm infestation 680

Worsening pain, rapidly 95

Wound

management of 568

types of 640t

Wrist pivot method 452f

Wryneck 641

Wuchereria bancrofti 604

Xanthoma 105, 443

Yellow fever 398, 437

vaccine 412

virus 398

Zenker's diverticulum 232, 233

Zika virus 437

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes