Index

Differential Diagnosis and Medical Therapeutics—A Treatise on Clinical Medicine / P Siva Rama Krishna Rao

CHAPTER 1:Abnormal Involuntary Movements
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 2:Acute Abdominal Pain
- CAUSES OF ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN
  - Immediate Management
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 3:Bleeding Disorders
- NORMAL HAEMOSTASIS
- CLASSIFICATION OF HAEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT OF BLEEDING DISORDERS
- SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 4:Chest Pain
- CAUSES OF CHEST PAIN
- CHEST
  - Cardiac
- PULMONARY
  - Pulmonary Embolism (Acute Cor Pulmonale)
- MEDIASTINAL (CHEST)
  - New Growths
    - Mediastinal Emphysema
- OESOPHAGEAL (CHEST)
- MUSCULOSKELETAL
  - Costochondritis (Tietze's Syndrome)
- NEUROVASCULAR (CHEST)
  - Herpes Zoster
- ABDOMEN (ALIMENTARY AFFECTIONS)
  - Acute Indigestion
- ENDOCRINAL
- PSYCHOGENIC
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - History
  - Physical Examination
  - Investigations
- TREATMENT OF CHEST PAIN
  - Symptomatic Relief
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC CAUSES
  - Cardiac Causes
- PROGNOSTIC STRATIFICATION
- PROGNOSIS
- PULMONARY CAUSES
- MEDIASTINAL CAUSES
- OESOPHAGEAL CAUSES
- MUSCULOSKELETAL CAUSES
- NEUROVASCULAR CAUSES
- ABDOMINAL
- ENDOCRINAL
- PSYCHOGENIC
  - Acute Anxiety
  - Chronic Anxiety (Da Costa's Syndrome)
CHAPTER 5:Chronic Diarrhoea
- PHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- AETIOLOGY (CAUSES)
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DIARRHOEA
  - Symptomatic Therapy
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 6:Coma
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Structural
  - Metabolic
- GRADING OF COMA
- PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE
- BRAIN DEATH
- CAUSES OF COMA
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF COMA
  - Specific Measures for Specific Causes
    - Neurological
    - Metabolic
  - Endocrinal
CHAPTER 7:Cyanosis
- CENTRAL CYANOSIS
- PERIPHERAL CYANOSIS
- OTHER CLINICAL TYPES OF CYANOSIS
- ORTHOCYANOSIS
- MECHANISM OF CYANOSIS
- CAUSES OF CYANOSIS
  - Central Cyanosis
  - Peripheral Cyanosis
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- TREATMENT OF CYANOSIS
  - Oxygen Therapy
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
  - Pulmonary Causes
CHAPTER 8:Dementia
- ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF DEMENTIA
  - Cognitive Aspects
  - Memory Aspects
- CLASSIFICATION OF DEMENTIA
  - Demented Patient
- CAUSES OF DEMENTIA
  - Primary Degenerative Dementias—Neural
  - Primary Degeneration Dementia—Vascular
    - Vascular Dementia
    - Secondary Dementias (Secondary Causes are Listed Above)
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF DEMENTIA
- HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
- PRION DISEASE
- VASCULAR DEMENTIAS
- SECONDARY DEMENTIAS
CHAPTER 9:Dyspepsia
- CLASSIFICATION
- ACUTE DYSPEPSIA
- CHRONIC DYSPEPSIA
  - Causes of Chronic Dyspepsia
- ALIMENTARY
- EXTRA-ALIMENTARY
- NON-ORGANIC
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - History
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - General Survey
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT OF DYSPEPSIA
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
- EXTRA-ALIMENTARY (CONSEQUENT TO SYSTEMIC DISEASES)
- NON-ORGANIC
  - Non-ulcer Dyspepsia (Functional or Nervous Dyspepsia)
  - Irritable Bowel Syndrome
CHAPTER 10:Dysphagia
- ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- CAUSES OF DYSPHAGIA
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Special Investigations
- TREATMENT OF DYSPHAGIA
- SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 11:Dyspnoea
- MECHANISMS OF DYSPNOEA
- CAUSES OF DYSPNOEA (TABLE 11.1)
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Further Investigations
- TREATMENT OF DYSPNOEA
- SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
- METABOLIC
  - Metabolic Acidosis
    - Acute
    - Chronic
  - Psychogenic
    - Acute
    - Chronic
CHAPTER 12:Epileptic Seizures
- AETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
  - Symptomatic
CHAPTER 13:Erectile Dysfunction
- ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
- CAUSES OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
  - Symptomatic Treatment
  - Specific Treatment
    - Psychogenic or Situational Factors
    - Organic Causes
CHAPTER 14:Fatigue
- MECHANISM OF FATIGUE
- CAUSES OF FATIGUE
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF FATIGUE
  - Symptomatic Treatment
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 15:Goitre
- THYROID FUNCTION
  - Synthesis and Storage
    - Secretion
    - Regulatory Mechanism
- CAUSES OF GOITRE
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF GOITRE
CHAPTER 16:Gynaecomastia
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CAUSES OF GYNAECOMASTIA
  - Physiological Gynaecomastia
- PATHOLOGICAL GYNAECOMASTIA
  - Decreased Androgen Secretion
  - Pharmacological (Drugs)
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF GYNAECOMASTIA
  - Symptomatic Treatment
  - Specific Treatment for Specific Causes
CHAPTER 17:Haematemesis and Melaena
- CAUSES OF HAEMATEMESIS AND MELAENA
- TREATMENT OF HAEMATEMESIS AND MELAENA
  - Symptomatic Treatment
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES
  - Haematemesis
CHAPTER 18:Haematuria
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CAUSES OF HAEMATURIA
- BEGINNING OF MICTURITION
  - Local Urinary Tract Diseases
    - Urethral Causes
    - Prostatic Causes
- END OF MICTURITION
  - Vesical Causes
    - Cystitis
    - Tumours
- INTIMATELY MIXED THROUGHOUT MICTURITION
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF HAEMATURIA
- NEPHRITIC SYNDROME
CHAPTER 19:Haemoptysis
- PATHOGENESIS OF HAEMOPTYSIS
- CAUSES OF HAEMOPTYSIS
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - Physical Examination
    - General Examination
    - Systemic Examination
  - Investigations
- TREATMENT OF HAEMOPTYSIS
CHAPTER 20:Headache
- MECHANISM OF HEADACHE
  - Main Factors Responsible for the Headache
- CAUSES OF HEADACHE
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF HEADACHE
  - Symptomatic Treatment (Before Establishing Clinical Diagnosis)
  - Specific Treatment of Specific Diseases
CHAPTER 21:Incontinence
- URINARY INCONTINENCE
  - Anatomy and Physiology
- BLADDER INNERVATION (FIG. 21.1)
  - Act of Micturition
- DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF URINARY INCONTINENCE
- URGE INCONTINENCE (DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY)
- STRESS INCONTINENCE (URETHRAL INCOMPETENCE)
- OVERFLOW/FALSE INCONTINENCE (DETRUSOR UNDERACTIVITY)
- REFLUX INCONTINENCE
- POST MICTURITION DRIBBLING
- GROSS TOTAL INCONTINENCE
- FUNCTIONAL INCONTINENCE
- CAUSES OF URINARY INCONTINENCE IN GENERAL
  - Neurogogical
  - Non-neurological
- BLADDER DYSFUNCTION
- NEUROPATHIC INCONTINENCE
  - Neurogenic (Neuropathic) Bladder
  - Bladder Dysfunction
  - Bladder Outlet Dysfunction
  - Dysfunction of Both
- TYPES OF NEUROGENIC BLADDER AND ASSOCIATED DIFFERENT TYPES OF INCONTINENCE
- COMPLICATIONS OF URINARY INCONTINENCE
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF URINARY INCONTINENCE
- OVERFLOW INCONTINENCE DUE TO OVER DISTENDED BLADDER DUE TO ATONIA
- NEUROPATHIC INCONTINENCE
- NEUROGENIC (NEUROPATHIC) BLADDER
- NEUROGENIC BLADDER DUE TO NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE
- SPASTIC BLADDER
- FLACCID BLADDER
- NEUROGENIC BLADDER DUE TO BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
- PREVENTION
- FAECAL INCONTINENCE AND RECTAL DYSFUNCTION
- CAUSES
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF ANORECTUM AND PERINEUM AND ALSO CONFIRMING AN INTACT ANO CUTANEOUS REFLEX
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 22:Jaundice
- METABOLISM OF BILIRUBIN
  - Formation of Bilirubin from Breakdown of Haemoglobin (In Reticuloendothelial System)
- CLASSIFICATION AND CAUSES OF JAUNDICE
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF JAUNDICE
  - Supportive/Symptomatic Treatment
  - Treatment of Specific Types of Jaundice
CHAPTER 23:Low Backache
- CAUSES OF BACKACHE
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF LOW BACKACHE
CHAPTER 24:Obesity
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CAUSES OF OBESITY
- COMPLICATIONS (DISEASES/DISORDERS)
  - Syndrome X (Reaven's Syndrome/Insulin Resistance Syndrome/Metabolic Syndrome)
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF OBESITY
  - Symptomatic Treatment
    - Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
    - Non-pharmacological
- PHARMACOTHERAPY
  - Bariatric Surgery
  - Treatment of Insulin Resistance Syndrome
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR SPECIFIC UNDERLYING CAUSES
CHAPTER 25:Oedema
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CAUSES OF OEDEMA
  - Pathological Oedema
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF OEDEMA
  - Symptomatic Relief
  - Specific Treatment for Specific Diseases
CHAPTER 26:Oliguria
- RENAL FUNCTIONS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY)
  - Subdivision
  - Acute-on-Chronic Renal Failure
- CAUSES OF OLIGURIA
  - Clinical Essence/Features
  - Clinical Discussion
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF OLIGURIA
  - Prerenal Failure
CHAPTER 27:Pain in the Extremities
- CAUSES OF PAIN (TABLE 27.1)
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF PAIN IN THE EXTREMITIES
CHAPTER 28:Palpitations
- CAUSES OF PALPITATIONS
- PATHOLOGICAL
  - Cardiac
    - Cardiac Arrhythmias
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF PALPITATIONS
  - Cardiac Origin
  - Non-cardiac Origin
CHAPTER 29:Paraplegia
- CAUSES OF PARAPLEGIA
- SPASTIC PARAPLEGIAS
- FLACCID PARAPLEGIAS OF ACUTE ONSET
  - Flaccid Paraplegia of Gradual Onset
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF PARAPLEGIAS
  - General Measures
  - Specific Treatment for Specific Disease
CHAPTER 30:Polyarthritis
- MECHANISM OF ARTHRITIC PAIN
- PATHOGENESIS OF SWOLLEN JOINTS
- CAUSES OF OLIGO AND POLYARTHRITIS
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF POLYARTHRITIS
CHAPTER 31:Polyuria
- PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION
- MECHANISM OF POLYURIA
- CAUSES OF POLYURIA
- POLYUREA WITH HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- POLYURIA WITH LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF POLYURIA
  - Symptomatic Relief
    - Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance
    - Drugs
  - Specific Treatment for Specific Diseases
CHAPTER 32:Pruritus
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PRURITUS
- CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE
- CAUSES OF PRURITUS (TABLE 32.1)
  - Itching Dermatosis with Obvious Skin Lesions
    - Climatic Effects
  - Itching Dermatoses (Without Obvious Skin Lesions—Generalised)
- CLINICAL APPROACH
CHAPTER 33:Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO)
- PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
- CAUSES OF PYREXIA OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - Physical Examination
  - Investigations
- TREATMENT OF PYREXIA OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
  - Symptomatic/Supportive Treatment
  - Specific Treatment for Specific Diseases
CHAPTER 34:Rashes
- TERMINOLOGY
  - Primary Skin Lesions
  - Secondary Lesions
- PATHOGENESIS
- CAUSES OF RASHES (GENERALISED ERUPTIONS) TABLE 34.1
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ERUPTIONS
- TREATMENT OF RASHES
CHAPTER 35:Shock
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SHOCK
  - Pathogenesis
- CLASSIFICATION AND CAUSES
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF SHOCK
- SPECIFIC TYPES OF SHOCK
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - Physical Examination
- TREATMENT OF SHOCK
- CIRCULATORY DEVICES
- DESIRED TARGETS
CHAPTER 36:Sleep Disorders
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- SLEEP AND AWAKE CENTRES
  - Mechanism of Sleep
- DISORDERS OF SLEEP
- INSOMNIA (DYSSOMNIAS)
  - Pathophysiology
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF INSOMNIA
  - Consequences of Insomnia
- HYPERSOMNIA
- IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNIA
  - Kleine–Levin Syndrome
- NARCOLEPSY
  - Catalepsy
- PARASOMNIA
- SLEEP APNOEA SYNDROMES
  - Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)
    - Clinical Features
  - Central Sleep Apnoea
  - Mixed Sleep Apnoea
- CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDERS
  - Jet Lag
  - Shift Work Sleep Disorder
  - Sleep Wake Phase Syndromes
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - History
  - Physical Examination
    - General Examination
    - Systemic Examination
  - Investigation
- MANAGMENT
  - Insomnia
- HYPERSOMNIA
- NARCOLEPSY
- CATAPLEXY, SLEEP PARALYSIS AND HYPNAGOGIC HALLUCINATIONS
- NARCOLEPSY WITH CATAPLEXY
- PARASOMNIA
- SLEEP APNOEA SYNDROMES
- CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDERS
CHAPTER 37:Syncope
- AETIOPATHOGENESIS
- TYPES OF SYNCOPE
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - Investigations
- TREATMENT OF SYNCOPE
CHAPTER 38:Vertigo and Dizziness
- CLINICAL APPROACH
  - Physical Examination
  - Investigations
    - Special Investigations
- TREATMENT OF VERTIGO AND DIZZINESS
CHAPTER 39:Vomiting
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CAUSES OF VOMITING
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF VOMITING
  - Symptomatic Treatment
  - Specific Treatment for Specific Diseases
    - Central Causes
    - Reflex Causes
CHAPTER 40:Weight Loss
- BASIC PRINCIPLES
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- TREATMENT OF WEIGHT LOSS
  - Symptomatic Measures
  - Specific Treatment of Underlying Causes
APPENDIX I:APPENDICES: Essentials of Electrocardiography
- INTRODUCTION
- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF ECG
- ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH AND ITS LEAD SYSTEM
- ECG PAPER
- PREREQUISITES FOR A GOOD ECG TRACING
- COMPONENTS OF NORMAL ECG AND ITS GENESIS (FIG. APPENDIX I.1)
- INTERPRETATION OF ECG
- ABNORMAL ECG PATTERNS
APPENDIX II:HIV/AIDS
- BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
APPENDIX III:Toxicology (Specific Poisons/Overdoses)
APPENDIX IV:Laboratory Reference Values
- NORMAL HAEMATOLOGICAL VALUES
- BONE MARROW (CONTAINS ALL NUCLEATED CELLS)
- NORMAL BLOOD CHEMISTRIES
- NORMAL URINARY CHEMISTRIES
- NORMAL FAECES
- NORMAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
- NORMAL SEMINAL FLUID
- BODY FLUIDS
- BLOOD VOLUME
APPENDIX V:Function Tests of Diverse Organs
- CARDIOVAS CULAR
- ENDOCRINAL
- GASTROINTESTINAL
- HEPATOBILIARY AND PANCREATIC (EXOCRINE)
- PANCREAS (ENDOCRINAL)—VIDE SUPRA
- NEUROLOGICAL
- PULMONARY
- RENAL
Suggested Reading
- GENERAL TEXT
- TEXT OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES
- TEXT OF OTHER CLINICAL SPECIALITIES

Chapter Notes