Drugs in Diabetes Romesh Khardori, Ved V Gossain
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Adenosine monophosphate protein kinase 45, 46
Albiglutide 178
Albuminuria 179, 185
Alcohol
abuse 187
consumption, level of 159
All-cause mortality 32
Allylamine hydrochloride 135
Alogliptin 53, 54t, 56, 6365, 68, 70t
American Diabetes Association 23, 178
Amitriptyline 194
Anagliptin 54t
Anemia 179
Angiotensin receptor blockers 176t
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 66, 175
inhibitors 107, 176t, 193
Antidiabetes mellitus drugs 136, 139f
Antifungal agents 146
Antioxidant treatment 29
Antitumor effects 47
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal 187
Apolipoprotein 137
B 155
E 156
Aspirin therapy 179
Asthenia 165
risk of 66
Asthma 117
Atazanavir 67
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 1, 13, 154, 172, 179, 191
prevention 179
Autonomic neuropathy 194
B
Bariatric surgery 167
Benazepril 176t
Benzamido moiety 26
Besides hypertension 192
Beta-cell
apoptosis 29
dedifferentiation 29
Biguanides 44, 90
Bile acid 136f
influence 135
pool 135
sequestrants 165
Bladder cancer 95
risk of 97
Blood glucose
assessment of 119
self-monitoring of 122
Blood pressure 100, 105, 172
diastolic 83, 173
systolic 147, 173
targets and monitoring 173
Body mass index 80, 187
Body weight 105
Bone fracture 109
risk of 109
Bromocriptine 10, 144, 146
metabolism of 146
safety of 146
Bromocriptine-QR 147149
administration of 150
benefit of 148
dosage of 147
Buformin 44
C
Calcium 39
channel blocker 176t
Canagliflozin 14, 100, 107, 110, 178
administration of 108
Candesartan 176t
Captopril 176t
Cardiovascular complications, risk for 186
Cardiovascular disease 4, 134, 154, 172
risk for 83
Cardiovascular effects 92
Cardiovascular events, major 93
Cardiovascular outcomes, examination of 68
Cardiovascular safety 31, 67
Central nervous system 91, 145
Cerebrovascular accident 155
Chloroquine 128
effect of 130
lowering effect of 128
therapy 128
Chlorothiazide 176t
Chlorthalidone 176t
Cholesterol 105, 135, 154
ester 157
metabolism 164
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein 157
Cholestyramine 134
Chronic kidney disease 1, 65, 70t, 110, 172
Chylomicron 156
Clarithromycin 67
Colesevelam 134, 136, 142
adverse effects 138, 141t
clinical effects of 140t
hydrochloride 134
chemical structure of 135f
indications of use 138
limitations of use 138
usage of 138
Combination therapy 175
Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid, segment of 101
Congestive heart failure 186
Constipation 146
Continuous glucose monitoring 114
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion 115, 120
Coronary artery
bypass surgery 84t
disease 11t, 31
Creatine phosphokinase 163
Cushing's syndrome 173
Cutaneous reactions 66
Cytochrome P450
isoenzyme 67
system 41
D
Dapagliflozin 14, 15, 57, 60t, 100, 109, 110, 178
beneficial effects 10
Dehydration 108
Deoxyribonucleic acid 91, 114
Diabetes 1, 131, 154, 188
action in 9
agents 38
complications of 185
control of 190
diagnosis of 185t
duration of 188
in elderly 183
diagnosis of 184
pharmacological treatment of 190
lipidus 154
management 134, 186, 191
integral part of 6
pathogenesis of 2
treatment of 187
early 77f, 79
type 2 79
trial, type 2 68
type of neuropathy in 193
uncontrolled 56
Diabetes mellitus 67, 121, 172
diagnosis of 46
gestational 47
management of 22, 128
pregnancy 47
statin-induced 162
symptoms of 44
treatment of 128
type 1 39, 105, 114, 150, 155, 175, 183
treatment for 22
type 2 1, 43, 75, 90, 103, 105, 114, 121, 128, 129, 134, 136, 139f, 140t, 141t, 154, 156t, 157, 157f, 183
development of 157
etiopathogenesis of 37
management of 1, 57, 144
treatment of 22, 44, 45, 80, 81, 97, 100
Diabetes Prevention Program 6
Diabetic dyslipidemia 155
management of 154
Diabetic gastroparesis 115
Diabetic ketoacidosis 150
treatment of 105
Diabetic microvascular complications 193
Diabetic nephropathy 106, 172, 193
Diabetic neuropathy 193
treatment for 194
Diabetic retinopathy 193
Diabetic therapy 149
Dihydropyridine 176t
calcium channel blockers 175
Dipeptidyl peptidase 12t, 76, 91
inhibitors 53, 65, 67, 68
Dizziness 146
Dopamine-D2 receptor agonists 144
Dulaglutide 14, 15, 77t, 80, 178
Duloxetine 194
Dysbetalipoproteinemia 165
Dyslipidemia 134, 139, 145, 154, 179
management of 138
Dyspepsia 165
E
Efficacy data 55
Electrolyte imbalances 108
Empagliflozin 14, 15, 61t, 100, 106, 109, 110, 178
Enalapril 176t
Ertugliflozin 100, 104, 110, 178
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 7, 12
Euglycemic ketoacidosis 110
Exenatide 76, 77t
LAR 77t
QW 78
Exercise 189
Extrapancreatic effects 28
Ezetimibe 164
F
Familial renal glucosuria 100, 102
Fasting plasma glucose 137, 185
Fatigue 146
Fatty acid
chain 118
nonesterified 157
Fluid retention 94
Food and Drug Administration 54t
Free fatty acids 155
G
Gabapentin 194
Gastritis 165
Gastrointestinal bleeding, history of 179
Gastrointestinal side effects 48, 55
Genitourinary infection 108
Gestational diabetes mellitus 46
Ghrelin 145
Glargine 119
Glibenclamide 24t, 26, 30
Gliclazide 24t, 26, 27, 29, 33
Glimepiride 24t, 26, 31, 33, 64t, 68
potential of 27
Glipizide 24t, 33
Gliptins 52, 53, 54t, 58t
combination treatment with 56
efficacy of 55
in diabetes management 65
in elderly patients 69
role of 57
Glitazar 165
Glomerular filtration rate 185
Glomerular hyperfiltration 106
Glucagon-like peptide 2, 12, 46, 52, 77t, 79, 178
receptor agonists 75
cardiovascular safety of 83
Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia, treatment of 117
Glucose 100
dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 52
homeostasis, kidneys’ role in 101
levels of 148
lowering
agents 6
effect 128
therapies 178
therapy 13b
metabolism 136fc
monitoring 121, 123
toxicity 187
transporter type 4 28, 91
Glucosuria 111, 121
develop 104
severe 102
Glutamic acid 117
Glyburide 56, 63t
Glycated hemoglobin 12, 79, 103, 130, 136, 139, 149, 184
levels 38
lower 3
reduction 79f, 81, 140t
Glycemic control 6, 92, 105, 160
Glycemic efficacy 27
Glycemic status, evaluation of 7
Glycemic target 3
Glycosuria 57
diuretic effect of 107
Glycosylated hemoglobin 185
Gut microbiome, effect on 45
Gut microbiota, role of 45
H
Headache 146
Heart failure 1, 12, 13, 94, 97, 191
Hepatic function 68
Hepatic impairment, dose in 41
Hepatic insufficiency, moderate-to-severe 41
Hepatic insulin sensitizing substance 130
Hepatotoxicity 95
and myopathy, risk of 163
Heterozygotes 102
Hormones 145
Hydrochloride 137
Hydrochlorothiazide 176t
Hydrogen peroxide 122
Hydroxychloroquine 128, 134
mechanism of action of 129f
treatment 130
Hyperglycemia 102, 111, 123, 134
absence of 109
control of 190
in elderly, pathophysiology of 183
model for age-related 184fc
progression of 33
risk of 122
Hyperinsulinemia 47, 172
Hyperkalemia 108, 175
Hyperlipidemia 167, 192
management of 192
Hyperprolactinemia 144
Hypertension 134, 172, 180
and diabetes, prevalence of 172
cause of 172
control of 180
development of 172
management of 191
secondary 173
treatment for 185
Hypertriglyceridemia 142, 157f
moderate-to-severe 165
Hypoalbuminemia 80
Hypoglycemia 25, 27, 30, 57, 91, 108, 117, 120, 142, 190
developing 104
less nocturnal 78
lower risk of 75
rate 120
risk of 11, 66, 82, 122
severe 5
severe 190
side effects of 7
Hypotension 108
Hypovolemia, development of 108
I
Immune dysfunction 53
Incretin
agents 8
hormones 75
Indinavir 67
Individualizing drug choices 12
Insulin 2, 57, 59t, 60t, 63t, 65, 114, 128, 145
activity profiles 116t
amount of 121
analogs
long-acting 118
rapid-acting 117
and glucagon 121
and metformin 47
aspart 115, 117
combination with 137
degludec 118
degrading enzymes 129
detemir 115, 118
faster-acting 117
glargine 115, 118
independent glucose disposal 48
intermediate 117
levels of 148
like growth factor 46
lispro 115
peptide, modifications of 123
regimen 122
regular 115, 116
resistance 90, 103
secretagogs 37
mechanism of action of 39f
secretion 102
sensitivity index 130
sensitizers 90
clinical use 96
dosing and monitoring 96
glycemic efficacy 91
mechanism of action 90
property thereby 92
safety 92
types of supplemental 115
use of 114, 120
Insulinotropic polypeptide 52
Intensive glycemic control 3
Ischemia, silent 194
Ischemic heart disease 186
Ischemic preconditioning 32
Itraconazole 67
K
Ketoacidosis 109
development of 109
Ketoconazole 67
Kidney and renal disease 70t
L
Labetalol 180
Lactic acidosis 49
metformin
associated 49
induced 49
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase 157
Leptin 145
Leukocyte
activation 131
migration 131
Lifestyle management 188
Ligandosome 129
Linagliptin 31, 5355, 57, 60t, 61t, 65, 70t
Lipid
abnormalities 157f
effect on 92
lowering effect 131
modulating drugs 167
Lipoprotein
high-density 105, 156, 157
intermediate-density 157
lipase 155, 157
low-density 156
metabolism 156t
very low-density 156, 157
Liraglutide 14, 15, 7779, 84t, 178
dose of 80
effect 9, 77f
Lisinopril 176t
Liver
apoprotein production 155
effects on 92
Lixisenatide 77t, 81
evaluation of 84t
Losartan 176t
Low-density lipoprotein 85, 131, 135, 154, 157, 179
cholesterol 10, 93, 139, 140t, 191
receptor 164
Lung cancer, history of 117
M
Macrolide antibiotics 146
Macrovascular complications 27
Macular edema 95
Masked hypertension 174
Medial basal hypothalamus 145
Medical nutrition therapy 159
Meglitinides 38
molecular structure of 38f
pharmacological profile of 42t
Metabolic surgery 167
Metformin 2, 7, 44, 45, 5658, 60t, 6264t, 82, 91, 103, 151
adverse effects 48
combination with 136
contraindications 48
diabetes prevention 46
mechanism of action 44
monotherapy 56
multifaceted action of 46f
predominantly acts 45
role 49
sulfonylurea 56
Methotrexate 130
Methyldopa 180
Microalbuminuria 103, 193
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein 168
Microvascular complications 27, 193
Miscarriages 47
Moderate-intensity statin dosage 160
Monotherapy 55, 56
Muscle toxicity 162
Myalgias, statin-induced 162
Myocardial infarction 3, 4, 146, 154, 190
acute 32
nonfatal 83, 107
risk of 93
thrombolysis in 67
Myotoxicity, statin-induced 163
N
Nateglinide 37, 38, 41, 42
contraindications 41
dosing (adults) 41
indications and usage 41
mechanism of action 41
Nausea 139, 146
Nefazodone 67
Nelfinavir 67
Nephropathy, development of 106
Neutral protamine
aspart 117
lispro 117
hagedorn 12, 13, 114
Niacin 166
Nifedipine 180
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 8
development of 92
placebo for 92
Nondiabetes mellitus uses 47
Noninsulin diabetes medications 75
Nonsulfonylurea
glinides 37
insulin secretagogs 39
Nuclear factor-kappa B 46
Nuclear receptors 136f
Nutrition 188
O
Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 117
Olmesartan 176t
Ominous octet 37
Oral antidiabetic drugs 25, 155
Oral antihyperglycemic medications 119
Oral glucose 52
Oral hypoglycemic regimens 148
Oral phlorizin 103
Organic cation transporter 1 45
Osmotic diuresis 100
P
Pancreatic adverse effects 66
Pancreatic β-cells 37
Pancreatitis 9
acute 66
risk for developing 85
Parkinson's disease 144, 147
Patient-centered care 2
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty 92
Peripheral arterial disease 134
Pharmacologic management 174
Pharmacological therapy 3
Phenformin 44
Pheochromocytoma 173
Pioglitazone 8, 63t, 64t, 92, 93, 9597, 131, 151, 160
effect of 92
treatment 93
Plasma
glucose determinations 31
potassium 175
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 48
Postprandial glucose 78
Postprandial hyperglycemia 116
Postprandial lipemia 155
Postsynaptic dopamine receptor 144
Postural dizziness 108
Potassium 39
Potential β-cell protection 85
Prediabetes
diagnosis of 185t
management of 186
Pregabalin 194
Pregnancy, disorders of 179
Proinflammatory milieu 155
Proinsulin
fasting 55
to insulin, conversion of 37
Proliferator-activated receptors 90
Proprotein convertase subtilisin 164
Prostaglandin synthesis 131
Protease inhibitors 146
Proteinuria 173
Proximal renal tubules 101
Pyrexia 165
Q
Q-mediated adenosine triphosphate 162
Qualitative and kinetic abnormalities 157f
Quinapril 176t
R
Ramipril 176t
Randomized controlled trial 64t
Rapamycin, mammalian target of 46
Regular human insulin 115
Remogliflozin 103
Renal disease, end-stage 70t, 186
Renal excretion, drugs targeting 100
Renal function 68, 79
Renal impairment, dosing adjustment in 40t
Renal insufficiency 11
Renal outcomes 106
Renal transplantation, history of 78
Renal tubular dysfunction 104
Renal tubule 101
Repaglinide 3740, 42
contraindications 39
dosing (adults) 40
drug-drug interactions 40
indications and usage 39
mechanism of action 39
Retinopathy
nephropathy 187
neuropathy 187
Rhabdomyolysis 163, 166
Rheumatoid arthritis 128
Ritonavir 67
Rosiglitazone 91, 92, 95
S
Saquinavir 67
Sarcopenia 162
Saroglitazar 165
Saxagliptin 53, 54t, 56, 57, 59t, 60t, 67, 70t
combination of 56
monotherapy 55
Semaglutide 14, 15, 77t, 81, 82, 84t, 178
unabated sustainability 79
Sergliflozin 103
Serum lipids 105
Sitagliptin 53, 54t, 56, 58t, 60t, 61t, 64t, 65, 70t
monotherapy 55
Skeletal effects, pathophysiology of 94
Skeletal fractures 94
Skin reactions 53
Smoking 179
Sodium 39
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 12, 64t, 100, 101, 134, 151
inhibitors 100, 111
utilization of 103
Spironolactone 180
Statins 160
Stimulate insulin secretion 75
Stroke 97, 190
Sulfonylurea 2, 3, 22, 23, 25, 30, 37, 39, 41, 56, 57, 64t, 82, 91, 103, 138
binding site 38
classification of 23t
combination with 137
first-generation 23
mechanism of action of 26f
molecular structure of 38f
place of second-generation 33
receptor 26
second-generation 22, 23, 24t, 29
stimulate insulin secretion 25
therapy 149
Syncope 108
Systemic lupus erythematosus 128
T
Telithromycin 67
Telmisartan 176t
Teneligliptin 54t
Thiazide diuretic 176t
Thiazolidinedione 2, 8, 56, 58t, 59t, 61t, 62t, 90, 96
therapy 149
Thyroid dysfunction 173
Tight glycemic control 4
Tolbutamide 22, 26
Transmembrane domains, arrangement of 101
Trigger insulin 23
Triglyceride 105, 154, 157f
levels of 148
Troglitazone 95
Tumor necrosis factor-α 131
U
Upper respiratory tract 142
Urinary tract infection, severe 103
V
Valsartan 176t
Ventricular arrhythmias 190
Ventricular dysfunction diabetes 68
Vildagliptin 5355, 62t, 63t, 65, 66, 68, 70t
Vitamin
B12 deficiency 49
D, deficiency of 37, 164
E 92
Vomiting 146
W
Weakness 146
Weight gain 25, 30, 94
Weight loss 77f
Z
Zonotrichia albicollis 144
×
Chapter Notes

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DRUGS IN DIABETES
DRUGS IN DIABETES
Editors Romesh Khardori MD PhD FRCP(C) FACP Professor of Medicine: Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Virginia, United States Ved V Gossain MD FRCP(C) MACP FACE Swartz Professor of Medicine Chief Division of Endocrinology (Emeritus Active) Michigan State University Michigan, United States
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Drugs in Diabetes/Romesh Khardori, Ved V Gossain
First Edition: 2021
9789389188356
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Contributors
Editors
Contributing Authors
Preface
With ever-expanding availability of drugs to effectively treat diabetes mellitus, a need was felt to consolidate the arma mentarium in a format that would be a readily available resource for medical professionals to choose appropriate drugs. It was felt that a handbook that can be easily carried should serve this purpose. We purposefully stayed away from replicating an abridged pharmacology textbook since that would be unnecessary given the availability of several outstanding textbooks both in print and online. Instead, we chose to offer a catalog that covers the categories of the current available and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications. We felt that there was no desire to replicate data from any studies since FDA performs a thorough review of studies before a committee votes on approval drugs (majority vote). This was a conscious decision to rely on approval process that is thorough and rigorous.
We believe that we have given our best shot and the product should serve the purpose intended of being a user-friendly reckoner.
This product would not have been possible without the tireless effort of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers who kept at it despite many changes of hands at the publishing house. Besides, for almost one year, COVID-19 has created its own difficulties.
While we have tried to observe complete accuracy while writing the book, constructive criticism would be greatly appreciated. We are highly grateful to our contributors for their chapters.
We have taken extreme care to avoid duplication of text. If an inadvertent error or omission has occurred, no responsibility rests with the editors and/or the publishers.
Romesh Khardori MD PhD FRCP(C) FACP
Ved V Gossain MD FRCP(C) MACP FACE