Decision Making in Infertility
INDEX
A
Abortion
incomplete 43
missed 43
Acid-fast bacilli 100, 101, 103
Adenomyosis 94
Adhesions 43
severity of 44
Adnexal mass 248
Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital 17, 60, 61, 218
Advanced sperm preparation 204
techniques 204
Agglutination 116
Alcohol 267
Amenorrhea
primary 10
secondary 12
American Fertility Society 43, 84
American Society for Reproductive Medicine 37, 38, 112, 150
American Urological Association 112
Androgens 74
Andrology, gynecologist's view 111
Androstenedione 73
Anejaculation 124
anorgasmic 124
orgasmic 124
situational 124
Antiandrogens 123
Antibody
antinuclear 234
antiphospholipid 235
Anticardiolipin antibodies 234
Anti-Müllerian hormone 10, 11, 18, 19, 27, 70, 107, 146, 147, 160164, 168, 169, 174, 175, 188, 189, 200, 228, 260, 267, 269
Antioxidant supplements 268
Antithyroid drug 59
Anti-tubercular therapy 101, 102, 237
Antral follicle 18
count 18, 23, 107, 141, 147, 160164, 168, 175, 189, 228
Anxiety, impact of 4
Applebaum uterine scoring system 144
Aromatase inhibitors 71
Artificial insemination 202
donor 150
Ascitic fluid, aspiration of 190
Asherman syndrome 43
management of 44
Aspirin 74
Assisted hatching 211
indications 21
technique 210
methods 210
Assisted reproductive technique 6, 11, 22, 26, 40, 52, 58, 7072, 81, 8489, 92, 94, 102, 103, 106, 109, 116, 121, 124, 125, 128, 129, 136, 144, 157160, 164, 166, 168, 169, 174, 177, 185, 187, 188, 192, 193, 196, 198, 222, 240, 260, 268, 269
bank 198
cycle 162, 175, 214, 270
sperm preparation for 202
stimulation 168
treatments 267
Assisted reproductive therapy 18
Asthenozoospermia 272
Autosomal dominant 218
Autosomal recessive 218
diseases 150
Azoospermia 121
clinical varieties of 121
evaluation 121
histopathological types of 122
obstructive 207
B
Basal antral follicle count 18
Basal follicle-stimulating hormone 18
Batch in vitro fertilization 192
Batching embryo transfer, cycle preparation for 193
Becker muscular dystrophy 218
Beta human chorionic gonadotropin 196, 197, 250
Beta thalassemia 150, 218
Biopsy, endometrial 101
Body mass index 4, 57, 61, 68, 72, 130, 134, 146, 147, 164, 169, 174, 175, 189, 272
C
Caffeine 267
Cell
2 gonadotropin theory 173
phone, impact of 4
Center for Disease Control and Prevention 267
Charcot-Marie-tooth disease 218
Chemical hatching 210
Chest X-ray 100
Chlamydia antibody test 48
Chlamydia trachomatis 4, 34
Clinical pregnancy rate 152, 211
Clomiphene citrate 56, 57, 6873, 134, 135, 158, 163, 170, 171, 262
challenge test 19
Coenzyme Q10 109
Cognitive behavioral therapy 257
Coital frequency and timing 3
Color flow Doppler imaging 130
Comparative genomic hybridization 218
Complete blood count 27, 100
Computed tomography 81, 100
Conjugated estrogen 44
Contraception, previous methods of 3
Controlled ovarian stimulation 40, 72, 86, 162, 168, 172, 173
Conventional sperm preparation techniques 202
Corifollitropin alfa 71
Corpus luteum 153
Craniopharyngioma 62
Crown rump length 253
Cryopreservation 151
Cryptorchidism 123
Cumulus-oocyte complex 177
Cushing's disease 61
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 173
Cyclical intestinal cramps 82
Cyclooxygenase 186
Cyproterone acetate 60
Cystic fibrosis 218
transmembrane conductance regulator 160, 161
Cytomegalovirus 150
D
Deep dyspareunia 82
Deep vein thrombosis 191
Dehydroepiandrosterone 74, 75, 108, 109, 173
sulfate 60, 61, 72, 73
Density-gradient centrifugation 202, 204
Deoxyribonucleic acid 128, 129, 151, 161, 202, 204, 227, 228, 273
damage, majority of 128
fragmentation
index 113, 129, 149, 207, 230
test 207
Diabetes 150
mellitus, gestational 73
Diarrhea 250
Dichorionic diamniotic twins 253
Diethylstilbestrol 37
Dihydrotestosterone 60
Direct swim up 204
Distal hydrosalpinx and block 46
Distal tubal block 28
Donor
insemination, clinical indications for 150
profile 150
screening 150
selection, criteria for 198
sourcing of 198
Dopamine agonists 64
Doppler flow 40
Duchenne Muscular dystrophy 218
Dye, intravasation of 46
Dysmenorrhea 80, 82
Dyspareunia 80
E
Ectopic pregnancy 48, 184, 249
management of 249, 250
previous 49
surgical management 248
Ejaculatory duct obstruction 121
Electroejaculation 124
Electrophoretic system 204
Embryo transfer 7, 22, 23, 86, 87, 164, 169, 181, 183, 192, 231, 237, 238
catheter 184
history of 39
Embryo, time-lapse imaging of 222
Empty follicle syndrome 240, 241
Endometrial microbiome metagenomic analysis 33
Endometrial receptivity
array 33, 214, 215
factors affecting 227
Endometrial thickness 138, 237
impact of 238
Endometrioma 106
Endometriosis 49, 79, 84, 86, 88
deep infiltrating 158
diagnosis of 80
early 86
fertility index 84, 87
score 84
staging 84
laparoscopy staging 82
role of endoscopy 88
Endometritis 34, 35
acute 34
chronic 34
Endometrium
Doppler of 145
evaluation, Doppler in 144
progesterone receptors in 152
thin 237
trilaminar 24, 145
Enterobacteriaceae 34
Enterococcus faecalis 34
Epididymis 122
Epitestosterone 273
Erectile dysfunction 257
diagnosis of 256
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 100, 262
Estradiol 17, 138, 164, 169, 175, 189, 195, 269
in controlled ovarian stimulation, role of 168
Ethambutol 102
Ethinyl estradiol 73
European Society for Gynecological Endoscopy 37
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 37, 38, 106, 110, 234
Exercise 268
F
Fallopian tube 52
Familial adenomatous polyposis coli 218
Fatigue 82
Fatty acid, polyunsaturated 268
Ferriman-Gallwey score 60
Fertility
low 19
role of ultrasonography in 22
Fetal reduction 252
Fibroids 92
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 218
Folic acid 268
Follicle-stimulating hormone 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 26, 64, 7072, 74, 75, 107, 108, 116119, 122, 123, 136, 149, 164, 168, 169, 171174, 185, 192, 200, 206, 210, 211, 228, 240, 260262, 269
ovarian response test, exogenous 19
receptor 106
polymorphism 260
Follicular Doppler 143
Follicular monitoring 140, 148
Doppler in 142
Follicular output rate 106
Folliculogenesis 240
Fragile X syndrome 218
Free thyroxine 59
Free triiodothyronine 59
Freezing sperm 151
Freezing technique 150
Fresh embryo transfer 238
Frozen donor semen sample
advantage of 150
disadvantages of 150
Frozen embryo transfer 7, 73, 185, 193, 195, 196, 215, 239
endometrial preparation for 194, 196
Frozen semen sample, thawing method of 150
Frozen-thawed embryo transfer 87
Full blood count 250, 251
Fundal polyp 42
G
Galactorrhea 62, 63
evaluation of 63
treatment of 63
true 62
Gamete 227
Gardnerella vaginalis 34
Gene Xpert 101
Genital tuberculosis, female 102, 103
Georgetown Male Factor Infertility Study 128
Glands, endometrial 79
Glucose tolerance test 16
Goiter, multinodular 59
Gonadism, treatment of secondary 118
Gonadotropin 6, 11, 26, 56, 70, 73, 134, 136, 138, 141, 149, 163, 169, 260, 261, 269
agonist stimulation test 19
releasing hormone
agonist 10, 86, 90, 94, 146, 153, 164, 185
analogs 162
antagonist 231
stimulation 110
external supplementation of 70
high-dose 108
ovulation induction with 136
releasing hormone 11, 23, 74, 8789, 92, 95, 118, 119, 122, 148, 153, 164, 166, 167, 171, 174, 175, 179, 187189, 191, 240, 241, 260
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor 196, 197, 231, 235, 237, 239, 265
Gravid uterus 43
Growth hormone 108
use of 74
H
Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency 152
Hematocrit 189, 190
Hemoconcentration 190
Hemophilia 218
Hemorrhage, postpartum 43
Heparin, unfractionated 234
Hepatitis
B 150
surface antigen 151, 161
C 150
virus 8, 151, 160, 161
High antral follicle count 188
Hirsutism 60
causes of 60
drug-induced 61
Hormone
adrenocorticotropic 64
replacement therapy 196
cycle 194
history of 39
treatment 44
Human chorionic gonadotropin 6, 70, 71, 74, 75, 106, 108, 146149, 152, 153, 163, 172, 174, 175, 179, 186188, 194, 195, 200, 214, 234, 239241, 249251, 264, 265, 273
Human immunodeficiency virus 8, 100, 150, 151, 160, 161
Human menopausal gonadotropin 10, 70, 71, 121, 159, 163, 169173, 200, 264, 273
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 199
Huntington's disease 218
Hyaluronic acid binding sites 204
Hydrosalpinx 54
Hyperprolactinemia 16, 6264
idiopathic 64
Hypertension 150
Hypogonadism
hypergonadotropic 121
idiopathic hypogonadotropic 119
male 118
primary 118
secondary 118
Hypomenorrhea 43
Hypo-osmotic swelling 116
Hyporesponders 172
Hypospermatogenesis 122
Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography 8, 23
Hysterosalpingogram 26, 27, 48, 235
Hysterosalpingography 8, 28, 29, 33, 3639, 43, 45, 51, 101
Hysteroscopic resection 38
Hysteroscopic transcervical resectoscopic myomectomy 28
Hysteroscopy 43, 93, 101
diagnostic 33
indications of 28
role in infertility 28
Hysterosonography, three-dimensional 33
I
Immunoglobulin, intravenous 235
In vitro activation 110
In vitro fertilization 6, 7, 40, 5052, 56, 57, 74, 86, 95, 101, 106, 108, 122, 128, 129, 147, 149, 155, 163, 177, 181, 188, 192, 196, 202, 203, 211, 218, 222, 227, 267, 269271, 273
clinic 198
cycle 146
female factor 158
history of 39
male factor 157
In vitro maturation 56, 57
Indian Council of Medical Research 151
Infections 122, 123
Infertile couple, history taking for 3
Infertility 43, 56, 92, 94
causes of 79
diet and lifestyle in 267
duration of 3
epidemiology of 1
etiology of 79
evaluation of 8, 112
male 130
psychological 264
thyroid disorders in 58, 59
unexplained 159
Intensive care unit 191
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection 117, 205
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 51, 56, 57, 95, 116, 117, 122, 123, 128, 129, 157, 202, 203, 218, 224, 273, 274
physiological 204, 205
technique 206
Intrauterine adhesions 28, 43
Intrauterine contraceptive device 29, 43
Intrauterine device 43
postoperative 38
Intrauterine growth restriction 252
Intrauterine insemination 6, 7, 11, 22, 23, 26, 27, 40, 50, 6971, 8589, 95, 116, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138, 146149, 152, 153, 157159, 237, 270, 271, 273, 274
cycle, trigger in 147
endometritis during 114
history of 39
ovulation
induction in 134, 136
trigger in 146
Intrauterine procedure 43
Isoniazid 102
J
Jaundice, unexplained 150
K
Kallmann syndrome 119, 122
Klinefelter syndrome 123
L
Laparoscopic ovarian
drilling 26
surgery 56, 57
Laparoscopy 26, 48, 50, 80, 82, 101
role in infertility 26
Laptop use, impact of 4
Laser hatching 211
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 218
Letrozole 68, 134
inhibits 68
Lippes loop 44
Liquefaction time 114
Live birth rate 238
Liver function test 250, 251
Low molecular weight heparin 187, 191, 239
Löwenstein-Jensen medium 100
Lupus anticoagulant 234
Luteal phase
defect 152, 235
deficiency 185
support 152, 153, 185, 186
Luteinized unruptured follicle 265
syndrome 264
Luteinizing hormone 1013, 16, 17, 22, 26, 27, 64, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 108, 109, 117119, 140, 142, 149, 164, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 189, 194196, 214, 230, 241, 261, 264, 265
endogenous 162, 164
premature 148
preovulatory 146, 174
recombinant 74, 169, 173
role of 172
stimulation 260
addition of 108
Lymphadenopathy, disseminated 150
M
MacKler's chamber 116
Macroadenomas 64
Magnetic resonance imaging 36, 37, 80, 81, 92, 93, 100, 234
Magnetic-activated cell sorting 129, 202, 204
procedure 129
Male sexual dysfunction 258
Mantoux test 100
Marfan syndrome 218
Mature endometrium, features of 140
Mature follicle, features of 140
Medroxyprogesterone acetate 13, 44
Meningitis 122
Menses, normal 43
Menstrual cycle 169
Menstrual disturbances 43
Messenger ribonucleic acid 188
Methotrexate 250, 251
Microadenomas 64
Microdissection testicular sperm extraction 206
Microfluidics 129
Micronized progesterone, oral administration of 185
Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration 206, 207
Microsurgical testicular sperm extraction 206
Miscarriage rate 152
Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid 110
Mitochondrion activation, autologous 110
Monochorionic pair 252
Motile sperm organelle morphology examination 202, 205
Müllerian duct 36
anomalies 36
Multifetal pregnancy reduction 252, 253
Multiple pregnancy loss 126
Mycobacterium growth inhibitor tube 100
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 34, 100, 101
Mycoplasma 34
Myomas, submucous 28
Myotonic dystrophy 218
N
Natural killer cells 234, 270
Nausea 250
Needle aspiration biopsy 206, 207
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 34
Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet 28
Neonatal intensive care unit 253
Neural tube defect 268, 269
Nonapoptotic sperm, selection of 204
Nonobstructive azoospermia 206
causes of 123
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 250, 264, 265
Nuchal translucency 253
Nuclear transfer 110
Nucleic acid amplification test, cartridge-based 101
Nutrition, effects of 4
O
Obesity 4, 267
Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia 157, 272273, 274
medical management of 272
Oligozoospermia 272
Oocyte
donor 198
controlled ovarian stimulation 200
recruitment protocol 198
functional capacity of 142
pickup 6, 18, 22, 40, 86, 87, 171, 177, 187, 189, 192, 193, 241
history of 39
set up 176
sharing 198
Optimal ovarian stimulation protocol 134
Oral contraceptive 164, 200
pill 23, 60, 61, 72, 88, 168, 193, 261
combined 61, 73, 192
Oral glucose
challenge test 8
tolerance test 8
Oral ovulogens 68, 134
Ovarian baseline scan 140
Ovarian endometrioma, endoscopy for 90
Ovarian fertility potential 19
Ovarian hyperstimulation 188
syndrome 23, 57, 70, 86, 134, 136, 146, 158, 162, 163, 170, 174, 188, 191, 198, 260
diagnosis of 188
management of 190
prevention of 166
Ovarian reserve testing 18
Ovarian stimulation
mild 108, 170
triggers for 174
Ovarian volume 19
Ovulation disorders 16
Ovulation induction 26, 27, 68, 70, 72, 74, 148, 164, 166
adjuvants in 73, 74
Ovulation trigger 146, 174
Ovulatory dysfunction 56, 158
Ovulatory follicle 142
Ovulogen 6
Ovum capture inhibitor 79
Oxidative stress 4
P
Pain, anticipatory 256
Peak systolic velocity 143
Pelvic
factor 79
inflammatory disease 48, 49, 51, 53, 100, 158
pain
chronic 80, 82
cyclic 43
tuberculosis
diagnosis 100
management 102
Penile vibratory stimulation 124
Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration 116, 122, 123, 125, 206208
Perineal muscles 256
Photosensitivity 250
Pituitary adenoma 62
Platelet rich plasma 44, 110, 196, 197, 239
autologous 237
Polycystic ovarian
disease 185
syndrome 8, 56, 72, 134, 135, 149, 153, 162, 168, 172, 189, 227, 235, 240, 260, 268, 269
Polymerase chain reaction 100, 101, 103
Polyp
endometrial 28, 40
feeding vessels of 42
Polypectomy, hysteroscopic 40
Poor ovarian reserve 74, 106, 108
Poor ovarian response 105, 110
diagnosis 106
medical management 108
Poor sperm movement 272
Positron emission tomography 100
Potassium chloride 252, 253
Pouch of Douglas 80, 82, 84, 141, 179
Preantral follicles 18
Pregnancy
probability of 144
safety in 102
Pre-human chorionic gonadotropin scan 140
Preimplantation genetic
diagnosis 159, 218, 220, 235
screening 159, 230, 235
testing 218, 219
Pre-in vitro fertilization evaluation 160
Primordial follicles 18
Progesterone 169, 183, 195
intramuscular preparation 185
Prolactin 12, 16, 64
level 17, 62
Prophylactic dose heparin 234
Propylthiouracil 58
Prostaglandins 265
Prostate, transurethral resection of 122, 123
Proximal tubal block 28, 50
Pulsatility index 141, 142, 145
Pyrazinamide 102
R
Radioactive iodine 58, 59
Random blood sugar 27
Randomized controlled trials 26, 270
Reactive oxygen species 128, 129, 151, 272
Real-time polymerase chain reaction 34
Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone 163, 173, 273
Recurrent implantation failure 93, 227, 228, 230
etiology for 227
evaluation for 228
Recurrent pregnancy loss 43, 93, 112, 126, 234
management 234
Renal function test 250
Renal hypoperfusion 190
Resistive index 141
Reversible liver impairment 250
Rifampicin 102, 103
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 49
S
Saline infusion sonography 33, 39, 40, 43, 45, 48, 92, 93
history of 39
Salpingostomy 248
Sarcoidosis 122
Scrotal ultrasonography 130
Selective estrogen receptor modulator 68, 69
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor 258
Semen
analysis 112, 114, 130, 160
interpretation of 114, 116
collection 202
volume 272
Seminal plasma 151
Sertoli only cell syndrome 122
Serum anti-müllerian hormone 16
Serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin 248
Serum follicle-stimulating hormone 121, 130
Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone 58
Sex hormone-binding globulin 61, 258
Sexual violence 4
history of 4
Sexually transmitted
disease 150
infections 4
Sickle cell anemia 218
Sildenafil citrate 124
Single cell gel electrophoresis assay 128
Single gene mutations 122
Single nucleotide polymorphism, types of 260
Single seminiferous tubule biopsy 206, 208
Sonohysterography 28
Sonosalpingography 48, 51
Sperm 128
absence of 206
apoptotic 204
birefringence 205
chromatin
dispersion test 128, 129
structure assay 128, 129
concentration 272
deoxyribonucleic acid 235
damage, etiology of 128
fragmentation values 129
membrane maturity, selection based on 204
parameters 148
preparation techniques 202
retrieval techniques 206, 207
slow 204
surface 204
Spermatogenesis, normal 122
Spinal muscular atrophy 218
Spiral artery power Doppler 140
Steelma-Pohley in vivo assay 70
Stem cell
bone marrow-derived 110, 238
ovarian transplant, autologous 110
treatment 44
Steroidogenesis 240
Stomatitis 250
Stress, impact of 4
Surrogate human chorionic gonadotropin, administration of 142
Syphilis 150
T
Tamoxifen 68, 238
Tay-Sachs disease 150, 218
Teratozoospermia 272
Testes 122
Testicular atrophy 122
Testicular failure 118
Testicular sperm
aspiration 122, 123, 125, 206208
extraction 116, 122, 206, 207
Testosterone 108, 122, 273
replacement therapy 118
Thrombophilias 234
Thumb rest 184
Thyroid
disorders 58
peroxidase 59, 234
stimulating hormone 12, 13, 16, 17, 27, 59, 6264, 234, 235
Thyrotropin
receptor antibody 59
releasing hormone 59
Total motile sperm count 148
Transabdominal sonography 81
Transabdominal ultrasound 183
Transcervical uterine incision 28, 29
Transrectal ultrasound 123
Transvaginal sonography 28, 33, 40, 81, 94, 95, 169, 234
three-dimensional 94, 95
Transvaginal ultrasound, history of 39
Trauma 122
Tubal adhesion 82
Tubal assessment 49
Tubal disease 50
Tubal disorders 158
Tubal evaluation 48
Tubal patency test 50
Tubal re-anastomosis 52
Tubal surgery, role of 50, 52
Tuberculosis 27, 100, 123
Tumor 122
adrenal 61
necrosis factor 79, 231
Turner syndrome 10
U
Ultrasonography 12, 19, 29, 39, 22, 38, 40, 50, 56, 86, 88, 89, 113, 126, 131, 160, 175, 189, 196, 197, 200
history of 39
Ultrasound 92, 103, 113
Unconsummated marriage 256
Unruptured follicular syndrome 264, 265
Ureaplasma urealyticum 34
Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone 71
Urinary tract infection 115
Urine pregnancy test 12, 17, 241
Uterine
anomalies 36, 38
artery Doppler 140
biophysical profile 144
factor 31, 33, 158
fibroids 92
polyps 40
Uterus
arcuate 46
baseline scan of 140
bicornuate 32
normal 24, 32
septate 28, 32, 38, 46
three-D imaging of 32
unicornuate 28, 46
V
Vaginal route of administration 185
Valsalva maneuver 130
Varicocele 130
clinical grades of 130
Vas deferens 115, 122
Vasal aplasia 121
Vascular endothelial growth factor 188, 189, 239
Venereal disease research laboratory 160
Viagra 124
Viral orchitis 123
Vitamin
B 268
D 268
D3 109
Vomiting 250
Vulval pain 256
Vulvodynia 256
W
Water-soluble preparation 185
White blood cell 189
World Health Organization 102
Worms, bag of 130
Y
Y chromosome deletions 123
Z
Zeta potential 204
method 204
Zona pellucida 210
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Chapter Notes

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