Donald School Textbook: Current Status of Clinical Use of 3D/4D Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Asim Kurjak, Eberhard Merz
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table.
A
Abortions 229
Achondroplasia 210, 211f, 301, 313f
Acoustic shadowing 218, 219, 339
Acquisition, technique of 274
Adenomyoma 232, 234f
Adenomyosis
diagnosis of 229
leads 229
Adequate therapeutic regime 135
Adnexa 247f
Adnexal lesions 225, 235
Adnexal masses 1
Agnathia 308
Aicardi syndrome 305
Ambiguous motion 92
American Fertility Society 169
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 271
American Society for Reproductive Medicine 176, 186, 240
classification 171
Amiel-Tison neurological assessment 199, 205
Amniotic
band syndrome 301, 313
fluid 221f, 269
sac 46
Amputation artifact 220, 220f
Anal canal 101
Anal incontinence 94
mild 107f
Anal sphincter 102
injuries 94
Anencephalus 210f
Anencephaly 210, 301
Aneuploid fetuses 276
Angular pregnancy, left 247f
Anomalous pulmonary venous connection 334
Anophthalmia 212, 310
Anorectum 95, 101
Anterior abdominal wall, abnormalities of 314
Anterior compartment
pathology 97
prolapse 97
Antral follicle 20, 21f, 23f, 240
calculation 35f
count 22f, 242
number of 242
Anxiety, reduction of 266
Aorta 137141, 145149, 325f, 335, 335f337f
Align ascending and descending 128f
ascending 72f, 335f
descending 128, 128f, 138149, 325, 328
postductal coarctation of 330f
Aortic arch 128f, 137149, 324, 324f, 332
right 145, 336, 338f
Aortic atresia 328f
Aortic root 69f, 82
Aortic valve 69f
Apert's syndrome 211, 212, 261f, 304, 311, 311f
Appropriate-for-gestational-age 13
Arcuate uterus 173, 178f
normal 177f
Arterial trunks 336
Artifacts, types of 218b
Artificial vagina 89
Assisted reproduction technology 19
Atretic follicles 22f
Atria 334
Atrioventricular junction 334
Atrioventricular septal defect 334, 335, 335f
Atrioventricular valves 326
Atrium
left 139, 140, 142145, 147
right 72, 82, 123, 138141, 143, 144149
Automated multiplanar imaging 331
Automatic volume calculation 19, 31
mode 33f
Autosomal dominant disease 313
Avulsion 112
right-sided complete 114
Azygos continuation 335f
Azygos vein 146, 328f, 335, 335f
B
Baby's tongue, part of 81f
Bagel sign 155
B-flow 323
Bicorporeal septate 181f
Bicorporeal uterus 173, 180f
two cavities 170f
Bilobate placenta, shape of 134f
Biplane display 68
Bird's nest appearance 235
Bladder 58f, 59, 100, 101, 102f
abnormalities of 314
descent of 114f
neck 98
descent 97
determination of 98f
mobility 97
sling, large 108
uterovaginal anastomoses 57
uterus-vagina system 59f
wall 97
interruption of 55
posterior 108
Blake's pouch cyst 298
Blood vessels
arrangement of 234f
distribution of 228f
Body mass index 185, 207
Body movement 79
Bossing, moderate frontal 210
Brachiocephalic artery 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147
Brachiocephalic trunk 324, 324f
Brain
development, structural and functional 281
hemispheres 254
human 72
Brainstem 283, 296, 298f
Bridging vessels 55
Bulking agents 94
C
Calcific degeneration 190f
Calibers, large variations of 133
Carcinoma, endometrial 235f
Cardiac output 332
Carotid artery 325
left 328
common 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147
right 328
Carpenter syndrome 312
Cataract 212, 213f
Cavum septi pellucidi 256f
Cebocephaly 305
Celiac artery 325
Central nervous system 45, 310
development of 281
Central obstetric tool 263
Cerebellar
anatomy 297
hypoplasia 314
vermis 297
volume 14
Cerebellum 296
Cerebral
artery, middle 205
atrophy 313
secondary 314
cortex 286
hemisphere hypoplasia 310
Cerebro-ocular muscle dystrophy 212
Cerebrospinal fluid 211
cyst 298
Cerebrum 291
Cervical
anomaly, coexistent subclass 173
canal 225
ectopic pregnancy 158, 163f, 164f
pregnancy 158, 159, 246, 248f
Cervix 173t
displaced intrauterine device in 229f
Cesarean
deliveries 54
scar ectopic pregnancy 157, 163f
diagnosis of 161f
section, lower segment 157
Chaotic distribution 3f
Chemotherapy 152
Chiari malformation 299
Chin anomaly 215
Chlorhexidine digluconate 226
Chorionic villus sampling 276
Chromopertubation 238
Chromosomal abnormality 212, 213
risk for 214
Chromosome anomalies 212, 216
Cisterna magna 296
Cleft lip 214, 214f, 220f, 304, 307f
horizontal 219
paramedian 305f
unilateral 310
Cleft palate 214, 304, 307f
unilateral 310
Clitoris 90
Clomiphene 313
stimulation with 24
Cold 285
Color Doppler 187
Comet sign 154f
Complete septate and didelphys 179f
Complex vascular anastomotic system 58f
Computed tomography 152
Conotruncal anomalies 336
Cornelia de Lange syndrome 313
Cornual resection per laparotomy 160f
Cornual trophoblast flow 157f
Corona mortis 156
Corpus callosum 124f, 211, 252, 254, 256f258f, 260f, 261f, 262, 297f
abnormal 252, 262
agenesis 260f, 261f
prenatal diagnosis of 259
signs of 260
complete agenesis of 259
demonstration of 252, 253, 253f
disorders of 259
hyperplasia of 260, 261f
hypoplasia of 260, 261f
length 259f, 260
outer-outer 259
traced 259
lipoma 310
measurements of 259, 259f
missing of 260
multiplanar
demonstration of 255f
display of 255f
part of 259
partial agenesis of 260
pathologies of 259, 262
sonographic
appearance of 252
visualization of 252
Corpus luteum 25, 26, 28f, 29f, 154f, 161
cyst
hemorrhagic 27f, 155
ruptured 155
function 27
reticularis 28f
three-layered 25, 27f
typical 24
Corpus uteri 165f
Corticotropin-releasing hormone 290
Cough 94
Cranial sutures 201
Craniofacial anomalies 303
Craniosynostosis 211, 311, 312
Cri du chat syndrome 313
Crouzon syndrome 210, 212, 312
Crown-rump length 276
Cumulus oophorus 25f, 26f
visualization of 23, 24
Cyclopia 213, 213f, 305
Cystic degeneration 189
Cystic hygroma colli 304, 304f
Cystocele 97, 100f, 111
Cystoscopy, conventional 57
Cysts
lacrimal 213
multiple 314
perineal 94
Cytomegalovirus 300
D
Dacryocystocele 212, 213, 213f
Dandy-Walker malformation 297
sonographic demonstration of 298f
De Graaf follicle 23f
Deeper ultrasound transmission 83
Default mode network 282
Defecation proctography, colpocele on 98
Degenerated fibroid 233f
Delleman's syndrome 311
Detrusor hypertrophy 97, 97f
Diabetes mellitus 278
gestational 205
maternal 278
Diaphragm 139
Diaphragmatic hernia, congenital 10
Diencephalon 291
DiGeorge syndrome 309, 313
Digital casting 71, 323
Digital rectal examination 99
Dilated deep arteries 90f
Diverticulum of Kommerell 146
Doppler study 26
Douglas's sac 24
Down syndrome 301, 304
Ductus 149
arteriosus 137144, 146, 149, 338f
venosus 149, 325, 335, 335f
Dysfunction, symptoms of voiding 94
Dysmenorrhea 229
Dysmorphology 301
Dyspareunia 94, 229
Dysplasia 301
E
Ear
hypoplasia of 310
sign 229
Echogenicity 34
Eco-gray corpus luteum 26
Ectopic pregnancy 152, 153, 154f, 225, 246, 249f
abdominal 159, 165f, 166f
diagnosis of 152
interstitial 155, 156f, 157f, 158f, 167
subhepatic 166f
Edema, acute inflammatory 237f
Edwards syndrome 305, 316f
Ejaculatory ducts 225
Ejection fraction 332
Electronic scalpel 221, 221f
defects caused by 220
Embryo abnormalities 42
Emergency laparotomy situs 156f, 166f
Encephalocele 312f
frontal 211
frontoethmoidal 211
End-diastolic left ventricle volume 66
Endometrial
cavity 231
elements 229
epithelium, overgrowth of 227
lips, thickness of 246f
pattern 34
receptivity assessment 225
synechiae 247
thickness 34
vascularization 38
volume 34
Endometrioma 235, 236f
Endometriomyometrial junction 227
Endometriosis 235
Endometrium 227, 245f, 246f
B-mode color Doppler zoom of 153f
fundal 226f
sign of 230f
study of 34
Enterocele 100, 101, 111
Epignathus 215, 215f
Episiotomy 104f
Erectile dysfunction, high incidence of 89
Erectile information 90f
Estrogen receptors, development of 231
Ethmoidal encephalocele 212
European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy 176
classification 169
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 176, 182f, 240
classification 169
Eyes
antimongoloid inclination of 305f
blinking, isolated 201
malformation of 310
microphthalmia of 310
mongoloid inclination of 305f
normal position of 305f
of fetus, open 314f
F
Face 304
asymmetric hypoplasia of 310
defect 220
Facial alterations 201
and grimacing 200f
Facial angle, inferior 216, 310
Facial dysmorphism 309
postnatal 311f
typical 309f
Facial dysmorphology novel analysis 302
Facial hemangioma 212
Facial hypoplasia 305
bilateral symmetrical 311
Facial mesenchyme 309
Fallopian tube 155, 192f
Fat degeneration 189f
Feeding vessel, single 225
Fetal
alcohol syndrome 304, 309
anatomy, normal 219f
behavior over years, assessment of 198
brain 256f
anatomy 296
axial plane of 255f
coronal plane of 255f
median plane of 255f
volume measurements 12f
breathing artifacts 339f
cardiac
contraction 79
imaging 61
phases 76
scanning, application to 321
structures 88f, 89b
ventricular volumes 331
volume, evaluation of 13
cardiovascular system 123
development of 198
cerebellar volume, evaluation of 13
cerebellum volume measurement 12f
chest 70f
cognitive functions 281, 287
corpus callosum 256
abnormal 252
normal 252
echocardiography 321
face 120, 121f, 264, 305, 307f
anomalies of 210
front of 221f
normal 263f, 264f
profile 313f
sonographic assessment of 305t
visualization of 210
with opened eyelid, high definition three-dimensional ultrasound image of 287f
forehead left 220f
fractional thigh volume measurement 15f
growth
and nutrition, suboptimal 16
disorders, diagnosis of 16
restriction 10, 133f, 169, 274
retardation, prediction of 278
hand-to-face movement 284f
head 220
deformity of 219f
demonstration of 210
health 269
heart 63f, 83f, 84f, 128f, 321
examination 331
functional evaluation of 332
HDlive flow silhouette mode for 137
normal 138, 138f145f
right ventricle volume measurement 13f
screening examination of 331
structural variant of 145
intentional movements 283
karyotyping 214
kidneys, abnormalities of 314
learning 287, 291
limb volume 15
assessment of 15
evaluation of 14
magnetic resonance imaging 296
magnetoencephalography 281
malposition 169
measurements, several 213
memory 291
movement 218, 219
vertical 219
neurobehavior 198
assessment of 199f, 203
neurological thumb, high definition three-dimensional ultrasound image of 285f
neurosonography 314
organ 14
volume measurements 10, 16
palate 120
perception of stimuli 285
position 79, 253
posterior fossa 296, 297f
evaluation of 296
profile, abnormal 308f
skull, asymmetry of 313
spine 219
stress in cognitive development, role of 290
stroke volume 326
structures, visualization of 220
syndromes 300, 301
prenatal detection of 302
tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion 333
ultrasound scanning 321
Fetus 147, 270f
emotional development of 289
structures of 220
with moustache 222f
with trisomy 21 214f
Fibrin depositions 131
Fibroid 185, 225, 231, 233, 234f, 247
diameter 231
intracavitary 192f, 193f
intramural 188
Fibrous connective tissue 185
Fingers movements 202
Fistula 106f
Flat nose 213
Focal exophytic mass 55
Foley's catheter 226
Follicle 22
and endometrium, pretrigger evaluation of 243
growth 23
mature 23f, 24f
stimulating hormone 20
Follicular
cohort, recruitment of 20
maturity, assessment of 243
monitoring 242
number per ovary 240
volume, acquired 244f
Folliculogenesis 19, 21f, 22, 30
control 19, 21
in induced cycle 30
in natural cycle 22
monitoring 20f
Forceps delivery 105f
Fornix 256f
Four-chamber view 324
Four-dimensional
applications 321
pelvic floor ultrasound 94
power Doppler ultrasound 6
sonography 218
techniques 321
ultrasound 137, 281, 284f
in obstetrics, gynecology, and fetal echocardiography 61
technology 198
Fragile X syndrome 210
Frontal bone, enlargement of 210
Fronto-occipital plane 256
Functional magnetic resonance imaging 281
Fundal polyp, hyperechogenic 192f
Fusiform gyrus 304
G
Gastrointestinal system, malformations of 310
Gastroschisis 45f
Genetic syndromes 300
Genital organs, internal 89
Genu-rostrum, thick 261f
Gestalt perception 202
Gestation, reference limits for 276
Gestational age 15, 332
Gestational sac 152, 166f, 246
assessment of 46
over scar 248f
volume 49f
Glass-body
rendering mode 137f, 138
technique 56
Glossoptosis 301
Goldenhar syndrome 304, 308f, 309f, 310, 310t
Gonadotropin 33f
greater number of 20
releasing hormone agonist 186
Graaf follicle 24
Granulosa 26f
layer 24
sheet, part of 23f
uncoupling of 24
visualization of uncoupling of 24
Great arteries 336
transposition of 147, 148f, 329f, 336, 337f
Great vessels 325f
parallel 336f
Gymnast swinging 122f
H
Hallermann-Streiff syndrome 311
Hand movement, isolated 202
Hand to face movements 202
Head
anteflexion, isolated 201
circumference 201
Heart
anomaly, congenital 147
defect, congenital 310, 335
disease, congenital 333
external borders of 80f
normal 325f
Hemivertebrae 310
Hemorrhage 156
Hemorrhoidectomy 107f
Hemorrhoids 106f
Hepatic vein 139145, 147149
Herpes simplex 300
Heterogeneous syndromes 308
Hiatal distensibility 116
Holoprosencephaly 212
Homogeneity 34
Homogeneous areas, large 131
Hormone, adrenocorticotropic 290
Hourglass uterus 248f
Huge subserous fibroid, cystic degeneration of 190f
Human chorionic gonadotropin 19, 154f, 186, 244
Human menopausal gonadotropin 24
Hurler syndrome 210
Hydronephrosis 310
Hydrosalpinx 235, 237f
diagnosis of 236
Hydroxyethylcellulose 227
Hygroma colli 316f
Hyperactivity disorder 290
Hyperechogenic contrast medium 238
Hyperechoic
disk 213f
dots 229
endometrium 225
fleck in wall 236f
Hyperinsulinemia 240
Hyperplasia 260
endometrial 227, 228f
Hyperstimulation 35f
Hypertelorism 212
Hypertension
gestational 274
in pregnancy 287
Hypertrophy, ventricular 314
Hypervascularity, intraplacental 55
Hypoechogenic intracavitary fibroid 192f
Hypoechoic space, loss of 59
Hypoplasia
cranioskeletal 311
hemifacial 308f, 309f
orbital 212, 212f
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 147, 149f
Hypotelorism 212
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 186
Hysterosalpingography 169
Hysteroscopic fibroid resection 231
Hysterotomy scar 161f
I
Iliac internal artery 58
In vitro fertilization 22, 153, 186
pregnancies from 278
treatment 242
Incomplete septate 179f
Indirect volume scan 64, 66, 72, 75, 77
Infant feeding 92
Infant tongue study 92
Infantile, dysmorphic 177f
Infarctions 131, 235
Inferior vena cava 139145, 148, 149, 324, 324f, 325
Infertility 169, 185, 225, 229
Inflammation
acute 235
chronic 235
Innominate vein 137139, 141, 143, 145
Insonation, original angle of 339
Interhemispheric fissure 254f
Internal fundal indentation bicorporeal septate 173f
International Ovarian Tumor Analysis 6
International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 61, 331
International Urogynecological Association 94
Interventricular septum, normal 328f
Intervillous trophoblast flow, early 153f
Intracavitary lesions 226
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 22
procedure 186
Intramural fibroid, transabdominal ultrasound image of 190f
Intraparenchymal calcification 314
Intrauterine
device 229f
placement 229
growth restriction 200, 205, 287
pathology 225
pregnancy, early 246
Isoechoic mass 247f
Isovolumetric
contraction 63
relaxation 63
Isthmus 149
J
Jaw index 216, 309
Jerky movies 63
K
Kidneys
dysplastic 314
hydronephrotic 10
Kurjak's antenatal neurodevelopmental test 198, 199, 200, 201t, 203t, 205, 208, 285, 300, 314, 314f
application of 203t
parameters of 200f
L
Lasmar's score 231
Leg movement, isolated 202
Leiomyoma 187
embolization, minimally invasive techniques of 195
Leiomyosarcoma neovascularization 191
Lens, right 213f
Lethal syndrome 312f
Leukocytosis 189
Levator ani muscle 94, 112
Levator-urethra gap 113
Lidocaine hydrochloride 226
Light 285
Limb
amputation 220
bones 219
malposition of 301
Lips, endometrial 246f
Luteinized follicles, unruptured 27
Luteinized granulosa-theca 29
Luteinizing hormone 20, 185
M
Macroglossia 215
in fetus 216f
Magnetic resonance imaging 152, 171
Malignancy index, risk of 4
Mandible
external ear deformity hemihypoplasia of 309f
hypoplysia of 307f
Mandibular anomalies 308
Mandibular hypoplasia 310
Maneuvers 94
Marfan syndrome 210
Masses 94
Maternal abdominal wall 79
Maternal antenatal attachment score 266
Maternal blood 131
Maternal gallbladder 166f
Maternal smoking 277
Maternal stress 268
Maternal-fetal bonding 263, 265
in mothers 265
process 265
Matrix-array transducer 69f, 82
Maxilla, hypoplasia of 304
Meckel syndrome 212
Meckel-Gruber syndrome 312f, 315, 315f
Megacisterna magna 298
Megacystic bladder 317f
Memory 287
Meningocele 211
frontal 211f
Menorrhagia 229
Menstrual period, last 41
Mesenteric artery, superior 325
Mesh repair, posterior 102f
Methotrexate 152, 313
Methyl hydroxybenzoate 226
Metopic suture
abnormal 211
development of 44f
narrow 211
wide 211
Metrorrhagia 193f
Mickey mouse face 210
Microcephaly 212, 313
Micrognathia 215, 216, 304, 308, 309
Microphthalmia 212, 307f309f, 310
Microsomy, hemifacial 310
Migration disorders, mixture of 309
Miller syndrome 311
Mimic fetal anomaly 219
Minimal invasive laparoscopic surgery 152
Miscarriage 169
Mitral valve 69f
Monoclonal tumors, benign 185
Mother's respiration 79
Motion artefact 77f, 218, 219
Mouth
abnormalities of 214
opening 201
Mucinous cystadenoma 2f
Müllerian abnormalities 225
Müllerian anomalies 123, 169, 171
diagnosis of 123
Müllerian maldevelopment 171
morphological 173t
Multicystic dysplastic kidney 312f, 314, 314f
Multidimensional imaging modalities 75
Multiplanar imaging 298f
Multiplanar method 11, 11f, 14
Multiplanar mode 45, 213
Multiplanar reconstruction 324, 326
Multiplanar reformatting 66
Multiplanar technique 131f
Multiplane display 68
Multiple calcifications 130
Multislice display 66
Multislice reformatting 66
Muscular tissue 231
Muscularis layer 112, 234
Myometrial thinning 55
Myometrium 59, 188, 229
anterior 235f
N
Nabothian follicles 98
Nager's syndrome 311
Nasal bone 47f
absent 214, 214f
adequate visualization of 45
Nasolacrimal cyst 212
National Institute of Health 38
Nausea 189
Negative surface display 71
Neoangiogenesis 154f
Neurological impairment 203t
Nonerectile tissues 91f
Nonprogressive labor 169
Nonrhythmic motion artifacts 80
Noonan syndrome 304
Normal fetal heart, glass-body rendering mode image of 137f
Normal heart, b-flow image of 324f
Nose abnormalities 213
Nuchal translucency 45, 304
Nulliparous patient 103
O
Obstetric anal sphincter
injury 102
tears 119
Obstetric perineal injuries 94
Obstructed defecation 94
Oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome 310
Old arcuate uterus 177f
Omphalocele 166f, 315f, 316f
Orofacial clefts, typical 214
Orthogonal planes 66, 120f
Otomandibular dysplasia, bilateral symmetric 309f
Ovarian artery 157f
Ovarian benign tumor 3f
Ovarian cancer 3f
Ovarian ectopic pregnancy 154
Ovarian endocrinologic pathologies 38
Ovarian follicular monitoring 225
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 240
Ovarian medullaris, double niche section of 40f
Ovarian pregnancy 155
Ovarian reserve
assessment of 242
image, low 32f
low 32f
Ovarian response, predictors of 242
Ovarian section, normal 22f
Ovarian stromal area, total 242
Ovarian tumor 4f, 5f, 7f
assessment of 1
Ovarian volume 240, 242f
Ovary 240f
cortical part of 32f
hyperstimulated 36f
inverse mode of 34f, 35f
Ovulation 24
induction of 19
P
Pain 285
Palatoschisis 301
Panoramic view 149
Papillary muscle in right ventricle 69f
Patau syndrome 305, 307, 307f
Paternal bonding 267
Pediatric cardiac studies 92
Pelvic floor
muscle contraction 94, 103, 114f
structures 94
surgery, bleeding after 94
ultrasound 94, 94b
Pelvic inflammatory disease 153
Pelvic organ
hernia of 115
prolapse 94
symptoms of 94
Pelvic pain
acute 189, 189f
after pelvic floor surgery 94
Pelvis, topographic center of 152
Penile erection 90f
Penile vasculogenic impotence 89
Penis and erectile dysfunction 89
Pericallosal artery 253f
Peripheral and intralesional vascularity 233f
Periventricular calcification 314
Persistent dysuria 94
Pfeiffer syndrome 210, 312
Pharyngeal arch 309
Phenylalanine 313
Pierre-Robin sequence 301, 309, 310
Placenta 131, 131f, 132, 133f
accreta 54, 132, 133
accreta spectrum 54
disorders 54
evaluation of 54
different sizes 275f
in first trimester
normal 133f
telly-like 132f
increta 54, 132
jelly-like 131, 132f
normal 131
percreta 54
retained 169
role of 132
Placental bed vessels 132
power Doppler of 134f
Placental blood flow 276
Placental bulge 55
Placental intrauterine growth 132
Placental lacunae 59
Placental thickness 130
Placental tissue, normal 131
Placental vascular
indices, significance of 276
lacunae 55
Placental volume 130, 276f
crown-rump length of 276f
first trimester 131, 274
measurement of 130f
measuring 130
Polycystic ovarian
morphology 240
syndrome 31, 38, 39f, 240
typical 39f
Polycystic ovary 22f, 38, 225, 240, 241
syndrome 240
Polymerase chain reaction 313
Polyp 225
adenomyomatous 231f
endometrial 225, 225f, 226f
in coronal section, multiple 227f
Polypoid adenomyosis 230
Posterior fossa 298f
malformations 296
Potential confusions 62
Pouch of Douglas 160
Power flow Doppler 325
Preeclampsia 205, 274
prediction of 277
woman developed 133f
Pregnancy
abdominal 166f
associated plasma protein A 278
complications, placenta-related 279
first trimester of 41, 42t, 305t
high maternal cortisol in 291
high-risk 265
interstitial 247f
normal 132
of unknown location 152
pathologic 132
second trimester of 131
supraisthmic 164f
test 152
unexplained positive 163
third trimester of 310t
women in
high-risk 265
low-risk 265
Prenatal bonding, lower levels of 268
Prenatal diagnosis 310
Prenatal neuromotor development 283
Prenatal neurosensory development 285
Preovulatory follicle 23f, 29f
Preterm delivery 169, 205
Preterm labor 169
Preterm premature rupture of membrane 205
Primary imaging method 94
Proboscis 213, 213f
Progesterone-induced vasodilatation 154f
Prolapse, symptoms of 116
Propyl hydroxybenzoate 226
Prosencephalon 282
Protuberant forehead 210
Prune belly syndrome 317f
Pseudocapsule 187f
Pseudosac 159, 161
Pubic rami, inferior 112
Puborectalis 115f
muscle, tomographic representation of 114f
Pulmonary artery 128f, 137, 138149, 329f, 330f, 335, 335f337f
left 138, 139, 141, 142144, 148, 149
main 337f, 338f
poststenotic dilatation of 338f
right 138, 139, 145, 146, 148, 149
Pulmonary stenosis, severe 338f
Pulmonary trunk 72f
Pulmonary valve stenosis 147, 149f
Pulmonary vein 142, 147149, 325
Pulsatility index 152, 190
Pulse repetition frequency, low 161
Pulsed wave Doppler 154f
Q
Quadrigeminal plate 256f
R
Rectal ampulla 100, 101, 102f
Rectocele
repair, defect-specific 101
true 101
women with 101
Rectovaginal fistula 104
small 106f
Rectovaginal septum 100
defect of 102f
Reflection and displayable resolution 83
Region of interest 66, 119, 152
movement of 120
Renal cystic dysplasia 312f
Renal transplantation recipients 89
Reproductive tract 115
Residual defect 103
Residual urine 97
Resistance index 190
Reticular pattern 26
Retina right, detachment of 212f
Retrognathia 215, 301, 308
Retronasal triangle 48f
Rhizomelic shortening of extremities 313
Rhombencephalon 282
Richardson technique 101
Rosebush thorns 26f
appearance of 24
Rosenmuller valve 213
Rotterdam classification 22f
Routine ultrasound 265
examination 252
Rubella 300
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome 210
Rudimentary horn, unicornuate with 181f
Russell-Silver syndrome 210
S
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome 312
Saline infusion sonography 185, 189, 192f, 238
Salpingectomy 153
Salt and pepper appearance 229f
Scanning room 65
Seminal vesicles 225
Septal defect, ventricular 72f, 333, 335
Septate uterus 169, 173
Septate, two cavities 170f
Serous
borderline cystadenoma 2f
cystadenofibroma 2f
cystadenoma 2f
Serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 152
Silhouette modes 32
Simulate fetal anomaly 222f
Skull, abnormal shape of 311f
Sliding sign 152, 154, 158
Sling-pubis gap 107
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome 212
Smoking 267
drugs 265
Social support and harmful behaviors, lack of 267
Sodium lactate 226
Soft tissue 91
hyperplasia of 309f
Sonographic pitfalls 222
Sonographic virtual cystoscopy 57
Sonography-based automated volume count 10, 11, 42, 49, 50f
follicle 49f
method 13f
Sonohysterography
hysterocontrast 238, 239f
small polyp on 227f
technique 226
Sound 285
Spatial resolution 81
sufficient 75
types of 81
Spatial three-vessel 141
view 149
Spatiotemporal image correlation 51f, 328, 328f, 335, 335f, 339f
technique 6
Sphincter defects 103
Spinal cord 285
Spinal dysraphism 299
Spine 139, 140, 145
Spontaneous folliculogenesis 21f
Stenotic valve 335f
Stickler syndrome 301, 309
Stomach 139, 141, 142, 144
nontrophoblastic neoplasms of 163
Stress inducing barriers 270
Stress urinary incontinence 97
anatomy of 97
Stromal abundance 241
Stromal echogenicity 241
Stromal flow 242
Subchorionic hematomas 131
Subclavian artery
aberrant left 146
aberrant right 328
left 140, 141, 143, 144, 324, 324f, 328
Subendometrial blood flow 245
Subendometrial indices 245
Submucous fibroid 188, 191f, 192f, 231, 231f, 234f
Subplacental hypervascularity 55
Subserous fibroids 188
Suburethral sling, typical 107f
Subvolume-reconstructed four dimensional approach 62
Succenturiate placentas 132
Superior vena cava, persistent left 145, 147f
Symphysis pubis 100, 101, 102f, 112, 114f
appearance of 115f
Symptomatic hemorrhoid 104, 106f
Synthetic implant 104
visualization 94
Systolic velocity 243
T
Tachycardia, supraventricular 339
Tear drop-shaped ventricles 259
Telemedicine 51
Temporal aliasing artifact 75
Temporal and spatial resolution 80
Temporal resolution 78t
Tessier facial clefts 214
Tetralogy of Fallot 330f, 336, 337f
Theoretical axial resolution 83
Thorax, part of 80f
Three dimensional
acquisition, slice-reconstruction 82
applications 321
artifacts 218
caused 218
color depiction 132f
color Doppler ultrasound 131
examination of placenta 130
grayscale ultrasound 1
hysterocontrast sonosalpingography 238f
advantages of 238
technique of 238
images of
embryos 42f
normal fetus 43f, 44f
manipulation 123
multiplanar imaging of interstitial ectopic pregnancy 158f
pelvic floor ultrasound 94
placental vessel 131f
power Doppler 54, 55
angiography 2
image of complex uterine mass 194f
of heart and major vessels 325f
ultrasound 2
reconstruction 3f
rendering 227, 326, 340
of abnormal vessel distribution 133
of placenta 130
scans
real-time 81
slice-reconstruction 81
sonography 132, 300
surface rendering of
multilocular ovarian cyst 2f
ovarian cyst 2f
unilocular ovarian cyst 2f
techniques 321
tomographic imaging 158f, 159
ultrasonographic evaluation 296
ultrasonography 54, 55
ultrasound 1, 10, 119, 137, 185, 189, 218, 223, 225, 243f, 252, 263, 281, 284f, 300, 302
advantages of 252, 253
advent of 94
and maternal bonding 263
artifacts in 218
fetal face 263f
image of corpus callosum 283f
imaging 152
in obstetrics, gynecology, and fetal echocardiography 61
negative aspects of 269
pitfalls in 218
real-time 325
scanning techniques with 253
technology 119, 198
technology, advantages of 213
use of 123
vascularization 274
volume 132
Three-orthogonal
display 68
planes 66
Tissue discrimination 113
Tomographic display 66
Tomographic ultrasonographic imaging 42
Tomographic ultrasound 329f
imaging 45, 155, 189, 218, 322, 326, 327, 337f, 338f
Tongue 92
expulsion 201
protruding enlarged 216f
Total anomalous pulmonary venous 334
connection 334
Touch 285
Townes-Brocks syndrome 311
Trachea 328
Transabdominal
approach 161
scan 161
ultrasonography 296
Transducer placement on perineum 95f
Transvaginal
axial scan 59f
color Doppler image 189
of fibroid 189f
of solitary intramural fibroid 187f
high-frequency two-dimensional ultrasound 164
high-resolution ultrasonography 154f
probes, high-resolution 41
sagittal lateral scan 59f
scan 225
sonography
imaging 152
visualization of interstitial line 156f
three-dimensional ultrasound 152, 191f
ultrasound 154f, 155f
of hydrosalpinx 3f
of hypoechoic fibroid 188f
Trauma, signal hidden 112
Treacher Collins syndrome 304, 305f, 309f, 311
Tricuspid stenosis 335f
Tricuspid valve 69f
stenosis 334
Triplanar displays 66
Triplane 68
display 68
Trisomy 13 305, 307
Trisomy 18 305
primarily 216
Trisomy 21 301
Trophoblastic neoplasia, gestational 163
Tubal ectopic pregnancy 153, 155f
Tubal patency assessment 225, 238
Tubal pregnancy, treatment of 153
Tumor
benign 231
nodes metastases classification 169
Tunica albuginea 90f
Turner syndrome 304
Two-dimensional
grayscale ultrasound 1
power Doppler ultrasound 6
sonography 218
ultrasound 10, 187, 198, 252, 265, 266, 300
negative aspects of 270
U
Ultrasonography 54
Ultrasound 19, 189
acquisition system 63
in obstetrical and perinatal care 263
in obstetrics and gynecology 61, 61t
machines 119
penetrability, reduced 85
sign of imminent ovulation 23f
technology, background of 263
therapy, high-intensity focused 195
Umbilical artery pulsatility index 339
Umbilical cord 221f
Umbilical vein 325
Urethra 97, 98, 109f
irregularity of 97
Urethral diverticula 97, 99f
Urethral kinking 98
Urinary incontinence 94
Urinary tract
infections, recurrent 94
lower 115
Urodynamic detrusor overactivity 97f
Uropean Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy 182f
Uterine abnormalities 225
Uterine anomalies, congenital 174t
Uterine artery
embolization 152
occlusion 195
pulsatility index 279
segmental 245
Uterine cavity 123, 191f, 192f
shape 174
Uterine congenital anomalies, assessment of 225
Uterine descent 98
Uterine ectopic pregnancy 155
Uterine fibroids 185
and infertility 185
and pregnancy 186
diagnosis of 187
sonographic assessment of 187
Uterine leiomyosarcoma 190
Uterine lesion, malignant 194f
Uterine malformations adnexal masses 119
Uterine prolapse dorsal 111
Uterine smooth muscle cells 185
Uterovesical hypervascularity 55
Uterus 58f, 59, 98, 100, 154f, 173t, 226, 231f
abnormalities of 225
adenomyotic 230f
categories, new 174f
classification 171
dysfused 173
dysmorphic 169, 173
internal configuration of 71f
normal 173
on valsalva 114f
third ultrasound of 230f
T-shaped 169
unicornuate 182f
unilaterally formed 173
with adenomyosis 229f
V
Vagina 58f, 89, 101, 101, 173t
vascularity of 59f
Vaginal anomaly 173
Vaginal childbirth, consequence of 104
Vaginal compartment, posterior 102f
Vaginal cyst 94
Vaginal discharge 94
Vaginal fornix 59f
Vaginal laxity 116
Vaginal pain after pelvic floor surgery 94
Vaginal skin 112
Vaginal wall
anterior 97
posterior 99
Valsalva 94
in women suffering 97
maneuver 97
submaximal 112f
Valve of Hasner 213
Vampire teeth 222
van Der Woude syndrome 304, 308
Vascular communications 234f
Vascular indices
crown-rump length of 277f
quantification of 276f
Veins 334
superficial 90f
Velocardiofacial syndrome 309
Vena cava, superior 123, 128, 138141, 143, 144147, 148, 335, 335f
Ventricle 335
left 137, 138145, 147, 149
right 138145, 147
Ventricular outflow tract
abnormal left 326
left 337f
right 332
Ventriculoarterial junctions 336
Vermian-cerebellar hypoplasia 297
Vertebrae, anomaly of 310
Vessels 328
chaotic distribution of 3f
irregular
arrangement of 234f
branching of 194f
Viking helmet sign 260
Virtual casting 71
Virtual cystoscopy 57, 57f
Virtual organ computer-aided analysis 10, 11, 19, 31, 39f, 42, 46, 49f, 328
extended imaging 11
method 12f
mode 22f, 37f
of normal uterus 38f
Vision, persistence of 63
Visual casting 72
Visual experience, unique 218
Vital organ systems 115
Vocal technique 130f
Volume contrast imaging 218, 227
mode 298f
Volume of interest 75
of organ 84
Volume scan
direct 64, 66, 72, 75, 75t, 77, 89
indirect 75t
Volumetric analysis method 11
Volumetric pulsatility index 6
Vomiting 189
W
Wagon-wheel effect illusion 75
Walker-Warburg syndrome 212
Wall thickness
coronal 171f
longitudinal 171f
Williams syndrome 304
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome 313
Wrist contracture 316f
Y
Yawning 201
fetus with cleft palate 215f
Yolk sac 42f
Z
Zika 300, 313
congenital syndrome 313
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear