Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes: Seizures, Syndromes, Approach and Management Ashalatha Radhakrishnan
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart and t refer to table, respectively.
A
Acidemia, methylmalonic 204
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 110
Adult familial myoclonic epilepsy, benign 154
Aicardi syndrome 107
Alpers disease 204
Alpers syndrome 127
Amaurosis 76
American Academy of Neurology 189, 205, 259
Amygdalohippocampectomy 19
Anesthesia, general 214
Angioma 233, 273
Anoxia 185
Antiepileptic
drugs 5, 14, 47, 84, 106, 150, 185, 188, 194, 202, 230, 250, 258
use of 194
therapy, duration of 185
Aphasia, transient 176
Arteriovenous malformations 223
Astrocytic tumors, low grade 219
Astrocytoma, low grade 226f, 238f
Ataxia 176
Atonic seizure 153-155, 163
isolated 155
Atrophy 237
hemispheric 243
Autosomal dominant
cortical myoclonus 154
epilepsy 273
familial focal epilepsy syndromes 166
inheritance 158
nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy 8, 166, 273
Azathioprine 178
B
Benzodiazepine 133, 150, 206, 209
Blood glucose level 204
Brain 169
abscess 182
injury, traumatic 182
Brivaracetam 196, 198, 199
Bromides 115
C
Cannabidiol 199
Carbamazepine 6, 133, 134, 159, 161, 198
Cardiac rhythm disorders 4
Cardiomyopathy 120
Carnitine deficiency 204
Cataplexy 155
Catastrophic status epilepticus, acute 128
Caudate atrophy 243f
Cavernous angiomas 222
Central nervous system 84, 182
vessels of 173
Cerebral
palsy 155
tuberculoma, treatment of 182
venous thrombosis 187
Cerebrospinal fluid 112, 128, 173, 176, 179, 214
Cerebrovascular disease 90
Chemoradiotherapy 238f
Childhood epilepsy, benign 63
Chromosomal syndromes 90
Cingulate gyrus 4
Clobazam 6, 133, 134, 195, 196, 199
Clonazepam 6, 115, 159
Clonic seizures 86
Complex partial seizures 16, 250
Corpus callosum, agenesis of 107
Cortical synaptogenesis, period of 145
Creatine defect disorders 111
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 177
Cyclophosphamide 178
D
Déjà vu phenomenon 169
Dentato-rubral-pallidoluysian atrophy 159
Depression 17, 175
Digital subtraction angiography 224
Diplopia 198
Disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute 173
Doose syndrome 59, 133, 154, 155, 160, 163
Dorsal thalamic nucleus 145
Dorsolateral cortex 4
Down syndrome 140
Dravet syndrome 127, 131-133, 133f, 134, 154, 195, 196
Drop attacks 155
Dysconjugate eye movements 111
Dyselectrolytemias 90
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor 16, 219, 237, 259
Dyskinesia, paroxysmal exercise-induced 177
Dysplasia, cortical 250, 259
Dyspnea 4
E
Electrical status epilepticus 72, 144, 149, 150
Electroencephalography 40, 132, 152, 164, 177, 179, 213
Encephalitis
autoimmune 173, 176, 178t, 179, 179fc, 216
limbic 174, 176
syndromes 174
Encephalopathies, nonprogressive 47, 154
Epilepsia partialis continua 176, 224, 242
Epilepsy 25, 51, 72, 84, 154, 159, 160, 233t, 237, 261, 268, 273, 278
atypical benign partial 71
benign 63, 273
classification of 269t, 276, 277f
diagnosis of 189, 203, 278
focal 171
hypothalamic 155
localization related 155, 164t
musicogenic 38
partial 166
pyridoxine-dependent 112
severe 154
myoclonic 28, 131, 154, 155
severity of 261
startle 38, 250
surgery 32, 261, 262
syndrome 126, 128, 154, 155, 161t, 189, 192, 233t, 268, 274t, 278
diagnosis of 163t
types of 276
Epileptic
encephalopathy 106, 139, 279
early infantile 106
seizures, classification of 267t
spasms 277, 278
syndrome 55, 55t, 190, 268, 269t
Euphoria 17
European Stroke Organization 186
Eye closure 39
Eyelid
jerks 76
myoclonia 44, 46, 47, 60, 154, 162, 278
Ezogabine 196, 198, 199
F
Familial
autosomal dominant focal epilepsy 166
epileptic syndrome 51
focal epilepsy 166, 170
gene mutations 107
neonatal
convulsion, benign 91, 196, 198
seizures, benign 93
temporal lobe epilepsy 166, 168
Febrile
illness 164
seizures 51, 132, 133f, 169, 183
plus 51, 59, 154-156, 273
status epilepticus 203
Fluid attenuated inversion recovery 31, 213
Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography 252
Focal cortical dysplasia 18, 23, 29, 107, 212, 218, 232
Focal seizures 174, 196
Folinic acid 116
Frontal lobe epilepsy 1, 5
G
Gabapentin 6, 161
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 89, 196
Ganglia encephalitis, basal 174
Ganglioglioma 219, 220, 259
Gastroenteritis 182
Gaucher's disease 159
Gene test 158
Genetic 76
epilepsy 51, 59, 154-156, 273
syndromes 90
Gliosis 1, 259
abnormalities 216
focal 212
Gliotic sequelae 236
Glucose transporter 127
Glutamatergic neurons 145
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 174
Glycine encephalopathy 127
Gustatory 267
H
Haemophilus influenzae 183
Hallucinations 175, 176
Hamartoma, hypothalamic 18f, 164, 222, 244, 245f, 259t, 273
Hashimoto's encephalopathy 176
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 174, 177
Head-retraction reflex 156
Hematoma, parenchymal 186
Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegiaepilepsy 241, 250, 251, 273
Hemifacial jerks 76
Hemiparesis, infantile 254fc, 256f
Hemispheric epilepsy surgery 253
Hemispherotomy 253
Hemorrhage 185
gastric 120
intracerebral 186
Hodgkin's lymphoma 174
Holocarboxylase synthetase 112
deficiency 111
Hot water epilepsy 38
Hydrocephalic attack 155
Hyperekplexia 153, 156
Hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic 112
Hyperintense rim, peripheral 226f
Hyperthermia 134
Hyperventilation 56
Hypocalcemia 204
Hypoglycemia 56
Hypometabolism 146
Hypoperfusion 147
Hypothesis generation 7
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy 90-92
Hypsarrhythmia 118, 120
I
Ictal hemianopia 17
Ictal nystagmus 17, 76
Idiopathic
childhood occipital epilepsy 80
focal epilepsy syndrome 194
generalized epilepsy 42, 51, 54, 55t,58, 160
occipital epilepsy 26, 27t, 47
photosensitive occipital epilepsy 26,32, 81
Infantile
epileptic encephalopathies 107t, 112t
spasms 118, 163t, 261t
Interictal epileptiform
abnormalities 14
discharges 167, 252
Intermittent photic stimulation 40, 161t
International League against Epilepsy 14, 38, 144, 182, 202, 212, 258, 265
Intracarotid sodium amytal test 252
Intracranial
monitoring 234f
tension 185
Intranasal midazolam 206
Intrauterine infections 90t
Intravenous immunoglobulin 150, 178t, 179, 251
J
Janz syndrome 57
Jaw 153
Jeavons syndrome 44, 61, 154, 162
Juvenile absence epilepsy 40, 47, 55, 57, 273
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 42, 47, 57, 154, 190, 273
syndrome 57
K
Ketamine 208
Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis 177
L
Lacosamide 195, 196t, 199, 207
Lafora body disease 154, 158
Lamotrigine 6, 133, 134, 159
Landau-Kleffner syndrome 70, 144, 147f, 148f, 269, 273
Lateral familial temporal lobeepilepsy 168, 170
Leigh disease 204
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 29, 72, 124, 136, 138f, 154, 155, 163, 196, 197
Lesionectomy 238f
Lethargy, complex syndrome of 176
Leucine rich inactivated glycoprotein 1 174
Leukoencephalitis 173
Levetiracetam 115, 133, 134, 159, 199, 207
Limb
hypertonia 111
musculature 153
Lorazepam 206
Lumbar puncture 184, 189
Lymphoblastic leukemia, acute 238f
M
Macular cherry-red spot 158
Magnetic resonance
imaging 1, 167, 173, 179, 189, 212, 216, 227, 231, 252, 262
spectroscopy 214
Magnetoencephalogram 148f
Malignant migrating partial seizures 113
Mammillary bodies, agenesis of 107
Maple syrup urine disease 111
Meningitis 90, 183
Meningoencephalitis 236
Menke's disease 111, 127
Mental retardation 134
Mesial temporal
lobe epilepsy 14, 169
sclerosis 18, 169, 212
Metabolic disease 108
Midazolam 208, 209
infusion 209
Migraine 28t
Migrating partial seizures 94, 126
Mitochondrial disorders 204
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency 127
Motor seizures 64
Movement disorder 176
Multiple independent spike foci 139
Mycophenolate mofetil 178
Myelitis 177
Myoclonic 272, 277, 278
astatic seizures 59
encephalopathy 110, 153, 155
epilepsy 42, 159
benign 41, 59, 154, 156
mobile game induced 44
epileptic encephalopathy 97f
jerks 46, 55, 76, 87, 132, 136, 157, 250
seizure 87, 153, 154
isolated 154
status 47
Myoclonus 153, 154, 158, 164, 176, 250
epilepsies 25, 154, 158
renal failure syndrome 158
N
N-acetylaspartate 215
Neck myoclonia 154, 162
Neonatal
convulsions, benign 91
epilepsy 84
benign 93
syndromes 93
epileptic encephalopathies 94
seizure 84, 90t, 91t, 103f, 153
pathophysiology of 89t
sepsis 90
sleep myoclonus, benign 153, 156
Neoplasms 216
epileptogenic 219
Neurocutaneous syndromes 239
Neurocysticercosis 185
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses 25, 157
Neuronal surface antibody syndrome 179
N-methyl-d-aspartate 89, 107
Nocturnal
paroxysmal dystonia 5
polysomnography 149
Nodular heterotopias 30f
Non-rapid eye movement 5, 73, 167
Nystagmus 28
O
Occipital
calcifications, bilateral 25
epilepsy syndromes, benign 75
gliosis, bilateral 31f
Ohtahara syndrome 98f, 106-109, 127
Olivary-Dentate dysplasia 107
Opsoclonus 174
myoclonus syndrome 174
Oral prednisolone 178
Oxcarbazepine 159, 161
P
Palpitations 5
Panayiotopoulos syndrome 26, 75, 76, 79f
Parasaggital parieto-occipitalpolymicrogyria, bilateral 30f
Parietal operculum 17
Parieto-temporo-occipital junction 17f
Partial motor seizures 146
Pediatric
epilepsy 212, 214, 227, 268, 274t
surgery 232f, 258, 260, 261f, 276
syndromes 194, 195, 230, 246fc, 265
intractable epilepsy 227
syndromes 212
posterior head region epilepsy 23
status epilepticus 204t
temporal lobe epilepsy 17t
Perinatal
hypoxia 25f, 31f
strokes 186
Perioral myoclonia 60, 146, 154, 162
Phenobarbitone 6, 207
Phenytoin 6, 133, 134, 159, 161, 209
Photosensitive epilepsy 40
Plasma exchange 179
Plasmapheresis 178
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 222
Polioencephalitis 173
Pontomedullary reticular formation 141
Positron emission tomography 169, 216
Postencephalitis 250
Posterior cortex epilepsies 23, 24t, 28t
Posthemispherotomy status 242f
Potassium channel, voltage-gated 173, 174
Progressive myoclonus epilepsy 25, 154, 155, 157, 159t, 164t, 196t, 273t
Propofol 208, 209
Pseudotemporal epilepsy 14, 16, 18
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 155
Psychomotor retardation, severe 108
Psychosis 175
Pulse intravenous methylprednisolone 178t
Putaminal hyperintensity 243f
Pyogenic meningitis 182
Pyridoxamine 5-phosphate oxidase 112
Pyridoxine 116
R
Randomized controlled trials 198
Rasmussen's encephalitis 174, 176, 224, 225f, 242, 251
Rasmussen's syndrome 250, 259, 273
Reflex epilepsy 38, 273
syndromes 38
types of 39t
Refractory epilepsy 30f, 250
phase, chronic 128
refractory 254fc
Refractory posterior cortex epilepsy 34f
Renin angiotensin system 73
Respiratory tract infections 182
Reticular thalamic neurons 73
Ring chromosome 127, 279
Rolandic epilepsy
atypical benign 140
autosomal dominant 166, 171
benign 63, 69, 71t, 155
Rufinamide 115, 142, 195, 197
S
Saxitoxin binding protein 107
Sclerosis, hippocampal 14, 215, 216, 217f, 236, 239, 259, 273
Sebaceous nevus syndrome 107
Sedation 214
Seizures 54, 176
acute 134
classification of 190, 274, 276
concomitant non-febrile 133
eating induced 48
electroencephalographic 87
freedom 20
frequency of 64
hemiclonic 164
partial 267
post-stroke 186
post-traumatic 185
semiology 26
startle induced 49
subtle 85, 86
susceptibility syndromes, benign 63
types 163
Sialidosis 159
Sialo-oligosaccharides 158
Simple partial seizures 152, 168, 267
Single photon emission computed tomography 141
Skin biopsy 158
Sodium
channels, voltage-gated 198
valproate 159
Somatosensory 28, 267
Spatial statistics, tract-based 215
Speech dyspraxia 166, 171
Spike-wave index 73
Static encephalopathy 155
Status epilepticus 87, 202, 203, 206, 207, 209
cause of 185, 204
management of 205
non-convulsive 7
Steroids 251
Stiripentol 115, 133, 134, 195-197
Streptococcus pneumoniae 183
Stress, post-traumatic 185
Stroke 259, 273
Sturge-Weber syndrome 26, 127, 213,240, 250, 255f, 273
Sulfite oxidase 112
Sunflower syndrome 47
Syncope 155
T
Tachycardia 5
Tassinari syndrome 59, 154, 160, 161
Tay-Sachs disease 159
Temporal lobe epilepsy 1, 14, 52, 239, 258
Temporal plus epilepsy syndrome 14, 17f
Temporo-parieto-occipital malformation 33f
Thermoregulation disorders 4
Thiopentone 208, 209
Thromobocytopenia 207
Thyroiditis 174
autoimmune 177
Tiagabine 159, 161
Todd's palsy 17
Tonic seizures 86, 136, 139, 141f, 163, 268
Tonic-clonic seizures 42, 45, 71, 85, 136, 160, 161, 183, 195, 244, 273, 278
Topiramate 6, 133, 134, 159, 207
Transmantle hyperintensity 233
Trauma 1, 24, 233, 250, 273
Truncal hypotonia 111
Tuberous sclerosis 213, 240
complex 120, 233, 259
Tumors 1, 24, 233, 273
epilepsy associated 212, 219, 237
U
Unilateral clonic seizures 136
Unverricht-Lundborg disease 25, 158
Upper respiratory tract infection 183
V
Vagus nerve stimulation 7, 110, 163
Valproate 133, 150
Valproic acid 186, 209
Vascular anomalies, developmental 237
Vasculitis 173
Video electroencephalography 231, 252
Video encephalography 167
Vigabatrin 6, 133, 134, 159, 161
Visual sensitive epilepsies 38, 40
Vomiting 198
W
West syndrome 28, 29, 118, 127, 136, 154, 155, 163
diagnosis 120
etiology of 119f
etiopathogenesis 118
late onset 155
treatment 119f, 120
Z
Zonisamide 133, 134, 159
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