A Textbook of Cardiology
A Textbook of Cardiology
Editors
HK Chopra
Chairman, National CSI Affairs Advisory Committee National President, IAE, 2016–17 National President, CSI, 2015 Chairman, World Wellness Foundation Country Head, American Heart Association Sr Consultant Cardiologist, Moolchand Medcity
New Delhi, India
GS Wander
‘Dr BC Roy’ Awardee President, API Chief Coordinator and Head Department of Cardiology Hero DMC Heart Institute Unit of DMC and Hospital
Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Praveen Chandra
‘Padma Shri’ Awardee Chairman, Interventional Cardiology Medanta–The Medicity
Gurugram, Haryana, India
Viveka Kumar
Director, Cath Lab Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiologist and Electrophysiologist Max Super Speciality Hospital
New Delhi, India
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Atrial Fibrillation Update: A Textbook of Cardiology
First Edition: 2017
9789386261953
fm5Co-Editors
AK Pancholia Chief Cardiologist Gokuldas Heart Center Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Satyendra Tiwari Professor Department of Cardiology SGPGIMS Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
J Shiv Kumar Director and Head Department of Cardiology Apollo Hospital Secunderabad, Telangana, India
S Shanmugasundaram Emeritus Professor of Cardiology Tamil Nadu Medical University Billroth Hospitals Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Sameer Shrivastava Director and Head Non-invasive Cardiology Fortis Escorts Heart Institute New Delhi, India
Sandeep Bansal Professor and Head Department of Cardiology VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi, India
CG Bahuleyan Chairman and Senior Consultant Cardiologist Cardiovascular Center Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute Trivandrum, Keralas, India
NN Khanna Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiology and Vascular Interventions Apollo Group of Hospitals New Delhi, India
Ajay Kumar Sinha Consultant Interventional Cardiologist Suraksha Cardiac Care Paras-HMRI Hospital Patna, Bihar, India
JPS Sawhney Chairman Department of Cardiology Sir Ganga Ram Hospital New Delhi, India
B Ramesh Babu Senior Consultant Cardiologist Medwin Hospitals Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Vidyut Jain Senior Consultant Cardiologist Choithram Hospital and Research Center Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Aditya Kapoor Professor Department of Cardiology Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
S Ramakrishnan Additional Professor Department of Cardiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, Indiafm6
fm7Dedicated to
Cardiological Society of India, our parents, our teachers, all the members of CSI, our colleagues, patients, students and our families.fm8
fm9Contributors
- Abhijeet Palshikar
- Head, Department of Cardiology
- Sahyadri Hospital
- Director, Cath Lab
- SDH Hospital
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Abhilash SP
- Assistant Professor
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical
- Sciences and Technology
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Abhinit Gupta
- Associate Consultant
- Intervention Cardiology and
- Electrophysiology
- Max Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Aditya Batra
- Chief Interventional Cardiologist
- Holy Heart Advanced Cardiac Care and
- Research Center
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Aditya Kapoor
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Ajay Kumar Sinha
- Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
- Suraksha Cardiac Care
- Paras–HMRI Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Ajit S Mullasari
- Director
- Department of Cardiology
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- AK Pancholia
- Chief Cardiologist
- Gokuldas Heart Center
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Alexandra Ferre
- Lumen Foundation
- Miami, USA
- Alok Mandliya
- MGM Medical College
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Amir Ahmadi
- Icahn School of Medicine
- Mount Sinai Hospital
- New York, USA
- Amirtha Ganesh
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and
- Research Institute
- Puducherry, India
- Amit Handa
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate
- Medical Education and Research
- Puducherry, India
- AM Karthigesan
- Consultant Cardiologist and
- Electrophysiologist
- Apollo Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Anand Gopal
- Associate Consultant
- Paras–HMRI Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Anil Dhall
- Director
- Cardiovascular Sciences
- Venkateshwar Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Anjan Lal Dutta
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Vivekanand Institute of Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Ankit Gupta
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- PGIMER and Dr RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ankit Roy
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Ankur Jhavar
- Department of Cardiology
- DY Patil Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Anuj Sangal
- Max Superspeciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Anunay Gupta
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Anurag Arora
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Sec (CSI–Haryana), Ex–Sec (API–Haryana)
- Director, Tulip Multispeciality Hospital
- Pvt Ltd
- Haryana, India
- Anwar Hussain Ansari
- Department of Cardiology
- VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Aparna Jaswal
- Associate Director
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology
- and Pacing
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute and
- Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Apoorva Pauranik
- Senior Consultant, Neurophysician
- MGM Medical College
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Apoorv Mittal
- Consultant Interventional Cardiology
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Department of Cardiology
- NRS Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Arindam Pande
- Consultant Cardiologist and
- Academic Coordinator
- DNB Cardiology and PGDCC Training
- Apollo Gleneagles Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Arti Shah
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine
- New York, USA
- Arun Sharma
- Senior Resident
- Cardiac Radiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Arvind Singh
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Department of Cardiology
- Seth GS Medical College and
- KEM Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Asha Moorthy
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- GG Heart Institute
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ashokan Nambiar
- Senior Consultant and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Baby Memorial Hospital
- Kozhikode, Kerala, India
- Ashok Seth
- ‘Padma Bhushan’ and
- ‘Padma Shri’ Awardee Chairman
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- Chairman
- Cardiology Council
- Fortis Group of Hospitals
- Past President, CSI
- Vice President, APSC
- New Delhi, India
- Aslam M Khan
- Department of Cardiology
- Electrophysiologist, Arrhythmia Center
- Apollo Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Auriom Kar
- Department of Cardiology
- NRS Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Avani Jain
- Clinical Assistant
- Intensive Care Unit
- Choithram Hospital and Research Center
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Avi Kumar
- Senior Consultant Pulmonologist
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Avinash Verma
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Balaji Lohiya
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- IMS, BHU
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Balbir Singh
- Chairman
- Department of Cardiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Bappaditya Kumar
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Benjo J Vazhappilly
- Westfort Hitech Hospital
- Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Bharat Kantharia
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine
- New York, USA
- Bhupendra Sihag
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- IMS, BHU
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- B Hygriv Rao
- Director
- Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology
- KIMS Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Binoy John
- Director and Head
- Department of Cardiology and
- Interventional Cardiology
- MIOT International
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Biswajit Paul
- Jaypee Hospital
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Biswaranjan Mishra
- Chief Consultant Cardiologist
- Max Diagnostic Centre
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- BP Singh
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- IGIMS
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Brian Pinto
- Chief Cardiologist
- Holy Family Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- B Vogel
- Mount Sinai Medical Center
- New York, USA
- CG Bahuleyan
- Chairman and Senior Consultant
- Cardiologist
- Cardiovascular Center
- Ananthapuri Hospitals and
- Research Institute
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Chance M Witt
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA
- Chandramukhi Modi
- Department of Cardiac Imaging
- CARE Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Chetan P Shah
- Director
- Cath Lab, Kohinoor Hospital
- Heart Rhythm Clinic
- Consultant
- Lilavati Hospital, Fortis Hospital,
- Godrej Memorial Hospital and
- Zynova Heart Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- CK Ponde
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC
- Hinduja Healthcare Surgical
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- C Narasimhan
- Chief of Cardiac Electrophysiology
- CARE Hospital
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- CN Manjunath
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Director
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular
- Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CP Roy
- Director
- Medical Education (Cardiology)
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Administrative Coordinator
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- C Venkata S Ram
- Director
- Apollo Institute for Blood Pressure
- Management
- Apollo Blood Pressure Clinics
- World Hypertension League/South Asia
- Office
- Apollo Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Texas Blood Pressure Institute
- Dallas Nephrology Associates
- University of Texas Southwestern
- Medical Center
- Texas, USA
- Daniela Parra
- Lumen Foundation
- Miami, USA
- Daniel Rodriguez
- Lumen Foundation
- Miami, USA
- David R Holmes
- Professor of Medicine
- Mayo Clinic
- Minnesota, USA
- Dayasagar Rao
- Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
- Secunderabad, Telangana, India
- DB Pahlajani
- Head
- Department of Interventional Cardiology
- Breach Candy Hospital and
- Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Deepak Nandan
- Interventional Cardiologist
- Mother Hospital
- Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Deepak Tiwari
- VMCC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Deep Chandh Raja
- Senior Resident
- Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Deepti Kailath
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Dharam Prakash
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- King George Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Dharmendra Jain
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- IMS, BHU
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Dinanath
- Paras–HMRI Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Eddie I Murgasen
- University of South
- Florida Florida, USA
- Emmanuel Auchi Edafe
- Clinical Associate
- Interventional Cardiology and
- Vascular Interventions
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Estefania Oliveros
- Lumen Foundation
- Miami, USA
- G Anitha Sathishkumar
- Department of Cardiac
- Electrophysiology
- and Pacing
- Arrhythmia–Heart Failure Academy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Madras Medical Mission
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Gaurav Chaudhary
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- King George Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Gaurav Mohan
- Assistant Professor
- Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical
- Sciences and Research
- Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Gautam Sharma
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Cardiothoracic Center
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
- Geetha Subramanian
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- IMS, BHU
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Geevar Zachariah
- Senior Cardiologist
- Mother Hospital
- Thrissur, Kerala, India
- George Koshy
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences
- Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
- Icahn School of Medicine
- Mount Sinai Hospital
- New York, USA
- GN Mahapatra
- Senior Consultant and Head
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET–CT
- and SPECT– CT
- Seven Hills Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- GR Kane
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- DY Patil Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- G Sengottuvelu
- Senior Consultant and Interventional
- Cardiologist
- Apollo Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- GS Sainani
- Emeritus Director
- Department of Medicine
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- GS Wander
- ‘Dr BC Roy’ Awardee
- President, API
- Chief Coordinator and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Unit of DMC and Hospital
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- G Vijayaraghavan
- Dean
- Postgraduate Medical Studies
- Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Hamed Bashir
- Max Heart and Vascular Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Hanumanth K Reddy
- Medical Director
- Heart and Vascular Institute of
- Southern Missouri
- Clinical Adjunct Professor of Medicine
- St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Harmeet Singh
- Head
- Department of Emergency and
- Urgent Care
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Harsh Wardhan
- Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Primus Super Specialty Hospital
- Former Professor,
- Consultant and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- PGIMER and Dr RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- HK Chopra
- Chairman
- National CSI Affairs Advisory Committee
- National President, IAE, 2016–17
- National President, CSI, 2015
- Chairman
- World Wellness Foundation
- Country Head
- American Heart Association
- Sr Consultant Cardiologist
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- IB Vijayalakshmi
- Professor
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- IVMR Thammiraju
- KIMS Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Jabir Abdullakutty
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Lisie Hospital
- Cochin, Kerala, India
- Jagat Narula
- Philip J and Harriet L Goodhart
- Chair in Cardiology
- Chairman
- Department of Cardiology
- Mount Sinai West and St Lukes Hospitals
- Associate Dean
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health at
- Mount Sinai
- Professor of Medicine and Radiology
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai
- Director, Cardiovascular Imaging
- Mount Sinai Health System
- New York, USA
- Jagdish S Hiremath
- Director
- Cath Lab
- Ruby Hall Clinic
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Jaideep Rajebahadur
- Department of Cardiology
- DY Patil Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Jain T Kallarakkal
- Interventional Cardiologist
- St Mary's Hospital
- Thodupuzha, Kerala, India
- Jaishankar Krishnamoorthy
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist and
- Electrophysiologist
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Madras Medical Mission
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Jamshed J Dalal
- Director
- Centre for Cardiac Sciences
- Kokilaben Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Jayakeerthi Y Rao
- Director
- Electrophysiology and Pacing
- Heart Failure Specialist
- Max Cure Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Johnson Francis
- Senior Consultant Interventional
- Cardiologist
- Baby Memorial Hospital
- Kozhikode, Kerala, India
- Joseph Brent Muhlestein
- Professor of Medicine
- University of Utah
- Co–Director of Cardiology Research
- Intermountain Heart Institute
- Utah, USA
- Joy M Thomas
- Chief Cardiologist (Adult Cardiology) and
- Chief Electrophysiologist
- Frontier Lifeline Hospitals
- Dr KM Cherian Heart Foundation
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Chairman
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- J Shiv Kumar
- Director and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Apollo Hospitals
- Secunderabad, Telangana, India
- Julian Jhon Thottian
- Westfort Hitech Hospital
- Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Kajal Ganguly
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- NRS Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Kartikeya Bhargava
- Senior Consultant Cardiology
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology
- Medanta Heart Institute
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Kaushal Gandhi
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Kaushik Sheth
- Ruby Hall Clinic
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- KK Aggarwal
- ‘Padma Shri’ and ‘Dr BC Roy’ Awardee
- Senior Physician and Cardiologist
- Moolchand Medcity
- Honorary Secretary General
- Indian Medical Association
- President
- Heart Care Foundation of India
- New Delhi, India
- KK Kapur
- Senior Cardiologist
- Chief, Non–invasive Lab
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Krishna CK
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Krishna Kancharla
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Mayo Clinic
- Minnesota, USA
- Kushal Madan
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Lekha Adik Pathak
- Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Balabhai Nanavati Hospital Heart Institute
- Past President
- National CSI
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Mahmoud Elsayed
- Division of Medicine and
- Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Birmingham, USA
- Manish Bansal
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Manish Ruhela
- Department of Cardiology
- Danashivam Heart and Superspeciality
- Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Manotosh Panja
- Past President
- National CSI
- Director
- Interventional Cardiologist
- Belle Vue Clinic and AMRI Hospital
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- BM Birla Heart and Research Centre
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Marco Castillo
- Lumen Foundation
- Miami, USA
- Mary Anne Joseph
- Junior Consultant
- Nuclear Medicine, PET–CT and SPECT–CT
- Seven Hills Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Maulik Parekh
- Associate Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- PD Hinduja National Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Mayank Singhal
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- PGI
- Chandigarh, Punjab, India
- Meghna Gupta
- Intern, AIMSR
- Bathinda, Punjab, India
- Milan Bhardwaj
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Smart Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Mitendra Singh Yadav
- Max Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Mitul Shah
- Fortis Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Mohammad Jibran
- Lifeline Multispeciality Hospital and
- Heart Center
- Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mohan Bhargava
- Senior Consultant Interventional
- Cardiology
- Max Heart and Vascular Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Mohan Nair
- Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Holy Family Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Professor of Medicine
- Senior Consultant and Physician
- RML Hospital
- Physician to the President of India
- New Delhi, India
- Mona Bhatia
- Head
- Department of Radiology and Imaging
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Mridu Sinha
- University of California
- San Diego, USA
- Mrinal Kanti Das
- Consultant and Senior Interventional
- Cardiologist
- BM Birla Heart Research Centre
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- M Shifas Babu
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Cardiovascular Centre
- Ananthapuri Hospitals and
- Research Institute
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- M Sitaram
- Department of Cardiology
- Apollo Hospitals
- Secunderabad, Telangana, India
- Nagender S Chouhan
- Senior Consultant
- Interventional Cardiology and
- Electrophysiology
- Medanta Heart Institute
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Narayanan Namboodiri
- Additional Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical
- Sciences and Technology
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Naresh Trehan
- Chairman and Managing Director
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Naveen Garg
- Non–invasive Cardiologist BK Hospital
- Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Navin C Nanda
- Professor
- Division of Medicine and
- Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- President, ISCU
- Chairman, Board of Directors, AACIO
- Editor–in–Chief
- Echocardiography Journal
- Birmingham, USA
- NC Krishnamani
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Fortis Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Neelam Bisht
- Consultant Intensivist
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Neeraj Bhalla
- Director and Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- BLK Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Neeraj Pandit
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- PGIMER and Dr RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Nikhil Bhat
- Associate Consultant
- Intensive Care Unit
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Nirav Kumar
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- IGIMS
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Nishant Tripathy
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- IGIMS
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Niteen V Deshpande
- Director
- Cath Lab
- Spandan Heart Institute and
- Research Center
- Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
- Niti Chadha
- Consultant
- Department of Cardiology and
- Electrophysiology
- Metro Heart Institute with Multispeciality
- Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Nitin Aggarwal
- Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
- Shri Balaji Action Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Nitin J Burkule
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Jupiter Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Nitin Kumar
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Venkateshwar Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Nitish Naik
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- NK Chopra
- Clinical Professor
- Faculty of Medicine
- Clinical Campus
- Hospital Sibu
- SEGI University
- Sarawak, Malaysia
- NK Mohanty
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- SCB Medical College
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- NN Khanna
- Senior Consultant
- Interventional Cardiology and Vascular
- Interventions
- Apollo Group of Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Clinical Associate
- Department of Interventional Cardiology
- and Vascular Interventions
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals New Delhi, India
- Olga Reynbakh
- Lumen Foundation
- Miami, USA
- OP Yadava
- CEO and Chief Cardiac Surgeon
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Pablo J Yepez Bracamonte
- Lumen Foundation
- Miami, USA
- Pankaj Kumar
- Senior Consultant
- Critical Care Unit
- Fortis Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Pankaj Manoria
- Manoria Heart and Critical Care Hospital
- Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Parag Rahatekar
- Spandan Heart Institute and
- Research Center
- Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
- Parneesh Arora
- Senior Consultant
- Fortis Hospital
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Pawan K Sharma
- Medical Director
- Cardiac Cath Lab
- St Mark's Hospital
- Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- PB Jayagopal
- Director and Senior Interventional
- Cardiologist
- Lakshmi Hospital
- Palakkad, Kerala, India
- PC Manoria
- Director
- Manoria Heart and Critical Care Hospital
- Past National President
- API, CSI, ICC, ISE, ISCPT, GSI, IACM,
- IFUMB, HSI
- Madhya Pradesh, India
- Peeyush Jain
- Director
- Non–invasive Cardiology
- Fortis–Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Pervez Ahmed Khan
- Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon
- Batra Hospital and Medical
- Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Peter Dodo Yakubu
- Clinical Associate
- Department of Interventional Cardiology
- and Vascular Interventions
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Piyush Manoria
- Manoria Heart and Critical Care Hospital
- Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- P Krishnam Raju
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- CARE Hospital
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Poonam Malhotra Kapoor
- Professor
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesia
- Cardiothoracic Centre (CTC)
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- PP Mohanan
- Director and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Westfort Hitech Hospital
- Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Prachal Bhargava
- Aster Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Pradip Ghoshal
- Department of Cardiology
- NRS Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Prafulla G Kerkar
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Department of Cardiology
- Seth GS Medical College and
- KEM Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Praloy Chakraborty
- Department of Cardiology
- VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Pramod Kumar
- Paras–HMRI Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Pratik Raval
- Max Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Praveen Chandra
- ‘Padma Shri’ Awardee
- Chairman, Interventional Cardiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Praveen Jain
- Emeritus Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Maharani Laxmibai Medical College
- Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Pritam Pal
- Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Priya Jagia
- Additional Professor
- Department of Cardiac Radiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Rabin Chakraborty
- Senior Consultant,
- Interventional Cardiologist and
- Electrophysiologist
- Chief of Cardiology
- Director of Cath Lab
- Director and Head
- Apollo Gleneagles Heart Institute
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Medical Director
- Fresenius Dialysis Unit
- President
- Society of Interventional Nephrology
- South East Missouri
- Chief
- Department of Nephrology
- Poplar Bluff Medical Center
- Missouri, USA
- Raja Selvaraj
- Cardiac Electrophysiologist
- Associate Professor of Cardiology
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate
- Medical Education and Research
- Puducherry, India
- Rajeev Agarwala
- Senior Consultant Interventional
- Cardiologist
- Jaswant Rai Speciality Hospital
- Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Cardiology
- Eternal Heart Care Centre and
- Research Institute
- Mount Sinai New York Affiliate
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Rajeev Kumar Rajput
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist and
- Interventionist
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Rajendra Kumar Agarwal
- Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Fellow in Cardiac Electrophysiology
- Max Heart and Vascular Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Rajendrakumar Patel
- Division of Medicine and
- Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, USA
- Rajesh Sainani
- Consultant
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Rajiv K Sharma
- University of South Florida
- Florida, USA
- Rajneesh Malhotra
- Chief Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgeon
- Max Superspeciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Rajnish Sardana
- Chief of Cardiology
- Pacing and Electrophysiology
- Jaypee Hospital
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rakesh Gupta
- Director and Chief Cardiologist
- JROP Healthcare
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Max Super Speciality Hospital
- Past President, CSI–DB
- Past President, IAE
- New Delhi, India
- Rakesh K Sharma
- Clinical Professor of Cardiology
- University of South Florida
- Florida
- Adjunct Clinical Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
- Arkansas, USA
- Rakesh Varma
- Professor and Consultant
- Additional Medical Superintendent
- VMCC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ramesh Hotchandani
- Director and Head
- Department of Nephrology
- Dialysis and Kidney Transplant
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Ranjit Kumar Nath
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- RML Hospital and PGIMER
- New Delhi, India
- Ratna Malika
- Consultant
- Max Superspeciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ratnesh Rokade
- Peerless Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Ravi Komatireddy
- Co–Founder and Chief Medical Officer
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
- UCSD Medical Center
- San Diego, USA
- Ravinder S Rao
- Department of Cardiology
- Eternal Heart Care Centre and
- Research Institute
- Mount Sinai New York Affiliate
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Ravi R Kasliwal
- Chairman
- Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Past President
- Indian Academy of Echocardiography
- President
- South Asian Society on Atherosclerosis
- and Thrombosis
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Ravi Vishnu Prasad
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- IGIMS
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Rekha Mishra
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Rick Levy
- Chair Professor
- Mind–Body Medicine and Human
- Excellence
- Amity University
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Chairman and President
- Levy Centers for Mind–Body
- Medicine and Human Potential
- Washington DC, USA
- Rini Pramesti
- Clinical Associate
- Department of Interventional Cardiology
- and Vascular Interventions
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences
- and Research Center
- Director
- Pushpagiri Heart Institute
- Past President, National CSI
- Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
- RK Saran
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- King George Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rohit Goel
- Medanta Heart Institute
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Ronak Ruparelia
- Cardiologist
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- RR Mantri
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- RS Sambi
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- RVA Ananth
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Jayalakshmi Heart Center
- Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Sajan Ahmad Z
- Assistant Professor in Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Medical College
- Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
- Sajit Pavitran
- Department of Cardiology
- Apollo Hospitals
- Secunderabad, Telangana, India
- Salil Shirodkar
- Cardiologist
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Salil Vaidya
- Cath Lab, Ruby Hall
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Sameer Mehta
- Chairman
- Lumen Foundation
- Director
- Lumen Global and Latin
- Voluntary Associate Clinical Professor
- University of Miami
- Miami, USA
- Sameer Shrivastava
- Director and Head
- Non–invasive Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Samin K Sharma
- Director
- Clinical and Interventional Cardiology
- President
- Mount Sinai Heart Network
- Dean
- International Clinical Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Medical Center
- New York, USA
- Chairman
- EHCC, Eternal Heart Care Centre and
- Research Institute Pvt. Ltd.
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Samuel J Asirvatham
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Mayo Clinic
- Minnesota, USA
- Sandeep Bansal
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sanjeev Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Sanjeev Kumar Jha
- Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon
- Moolchand Hospital and Batra Hospital
- and Medical Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Sanjib K Patra
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sanjiv Sharma
- Department of Cardiology
- Batra Hospital and Medical
- Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Santanu De
- Department of Cardiology
- NRS Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Santanu Guha
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Medical College
- President
- Cardiological Society of India
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Sarat Chandra
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Indo–US Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Sarita Gulati
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Satish Govind
- Senior Consultant
- Non–invasive Cardiology
- Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Satish K Parashar
- Director, Non–invasive Cardiac Laboratory
- Metro Hospitals and Heart Institute
- Past President, National CSI
- Past President, National IAE
- New Delhi, India
- Satyajeet Suryawanshi
- Cath Lab, Ruby Hall
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- SGPGIMS
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Saumitra Ray
- Department of Cardiology
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Saurabh Arora
- Clinical Cardiologist
- Holy Heart Advanced Cardiac Care and
- Research Center
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Saurabh Bagga
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Saurabh Mehrotra
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- PGIMER
- Chandigarh, Punjab, India
- SC Manchanda
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- SG Prasad
- Department of Telemedicine
- CARE Foundation
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Shaheen Ahmad
- Paras–HMRI Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Shashank R Joshi
- Endocrinologist
- Joshi Clinic, Lilavati and Bhatia Hospital
- President
- Endocrine Society of India
- President
- Indian Academy of Diabetes
- Association of Physicians of India (API)
- (2014–15)
- Past President
- Research Society for the Study of Diabetes
- in India, 2011
- All India Association of Advancement for
- Research in Obesity
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Shenthar Jayaprakash
- Electrophysiology Unit
- Department of Cardiology
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular
- Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Shirish (MS) Hiremath
- Director
- Cath Lab, Ruby Hall
- President–Elect, CSI
- Chairman Scientific Committee
- Annual Conference of CSI, 2016
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Shishu Shankar Mishra
- Professor and Director
- Department of Cardiology
- Hi–Tech Medical College
- Director and Senior Consultant
- Cardiologist
- Med ‘N’ Heart Clinic
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Shomu Bohora
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- UN Mehta ICRC
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Shreesha Maiya
- Consultant Electrophysiologist
- Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Siddhartha Mani
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Rabindranath Tagore Institute of
- Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Simran Sawhney
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Smita Mishra
- Associate Director
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology
- Jaypee Hospital
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- S Nagendra Boopathy
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Apollo Specialty Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- SN Routray
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- SCB Medical College
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Sonia Arora
- Consultant Diet and Nutrition
- Kishori Ram Hospital and
- Diabetes Care Centre
- Bhatinda, Punjab, India
- Soumitra Kumar
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- S Ramakrishnan
- Additional Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Sridevi C
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology
- CARE Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- S Shanmugasundaram
- Emeritus Professor of Cardiology
- Tamil Nadu Medical University
- Billroth Hospitals
- Vice President
- Indian College of Cardiology
- President–Elect
- Indian Academy of Echocardiography
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- SS Iyengar
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Manipal Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Sujit Sawadatkar
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sukriti
- National Heart Institute
- New Delh, India
- Chairman and Chief
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sundeep Mishra
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Sunil Kumar
- Chief Interventional Cardiologist
- MCSI
- Danashivam Heart and Superspeciality
- Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Suparna Rao
- Clinical Associate
- Department of Interventional Cardiology
- and Vascular Interventions
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Surabhi Awasthi
- Head and Consultant
- Critical Care Medicine
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Surendra Chutani
- Senior Consultant Electrophysiologist
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine
- New York, USA
- Syed Asrar Qadri
- Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Tanu Satija
- HCL Healthcare
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Thachathodiyl Rajesh
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- School of Medicine
- Kochi, Kerala, India
- Tushar Bhatti
- Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
- Secunderabad, Telangana, India
- U Baber
- Mount Sinai Medical Center
- New York, USA
- U Ilayaraja
- Billroth Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ulhas M Pandurangi
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology
- and Pacing
- Arrhythmia–Heart Failure Academy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Madras Medical Mission
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Umesh C Samal
- Ex–Professor of Cardiology and Head
- Department of Medicine, PMCH
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Upendra Kaul
- Executive Director and Dean
- Fortis Health Care
- Past President, CSI
- New Delhi, India
- V Amuthan
- Emeritus Professor of Cardiology
- Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University
- Former Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Madurai Medical College
- Director
- 4D Echo Lab
- Jayalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Vadamalayan Hospital
- Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Varsha Koul
- Department of Cardiology
- Batra Hospital and Medical
- Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Varun Gupta
- Department of Cardiology
- Batra Hospital and Medical
- Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Vasudha Jain
- Junior Consultant
- Cosmopolitan Hospital
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Venugopal K
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences
- Past President, CSI
- Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
- Vidyut Jain
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Choithram Hospital and Research Center
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Vihang Shah
- Holy Family Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Vijay Bohra
- Senior Resident
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Vijay Kumar
- Senior Consultant Interventional
- Cardiologist
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Vikas Kataria
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Holy Family Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vikas Singh
- Paras–HMRI Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Viney Jetley
- Associate Director
- Invasive Cardiology
- Fortis–Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Vinod Sharma
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Vitull K Gupta
- Health and Human Rights Activist
- Consultant
- Kishori Ram Hospital and
- Diabetes Care Centre
- Bhatinda, Punjab, India
- Director, Cath Lab
- Senior Consultant Interventional
- Cardiologist and Electrophysiologist
- Max Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vivek Kumar
- Consultant
- Department of Interventional Cardiology
- Max Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vivek Muthukumaraswamy
- Department of Cardiology
- Frontier Lifeline Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Yatin Mehta
- Chairman
- Medanta Institute of Critical Care and
- Anesthesiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Yugal K Mishra
- Director
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
- Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
We are honored and have a great pleasure to write the Foreword for the state-of-the-art Atrial Fibrillation Update: A Textbook of Cardiology. The textbook on atrial fibrillation was long due considering the wealth of data and the new strategies to treat the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. It is one of the most needed, comprehensive, illustrative, well-structured book published for the ‘first-time ever’ from India and presented to cardiology community all over the world.
The management of atrial fibrillation has evolved rapidly over the last 100 years. The enormous benefits are shown by non-pharmacological, pharmacological, radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (SPAF) in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and, recently, the data on device closure of left atrial appendage. For the management of atrial fibrillation, an atrial fibrillation team involves partnership of physicians, clinical cardiologists, echocardiologists, intensivists, radiologists, interventional cardiologists, electrophysiologists, cardiac surgeons and rehabilitative cardiologists.
This book is an excellent and superior educational initiative, by the joint efforts of 4 editors, 14 co-editors and over 250 contributing authors. This book comprises seven sections, namely clinical spectrum of atrial fibrillation, diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, management strategies of atrial fibrillation, other arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation, interventions in atrial fibrillation, cardiac surgery and atrial fibrillation, future directions in atrial fibrillation, including a total of 146 chapters. Each chapter addresses a separate and distinct issue of clinical relevance. The chapters are well outlined, organized, well written and referenced. The writing style of every chapter is vivid, concise and practical. There are excellent graphics, tables and figures that present the relevant information. The printing and binding is of excellent quality. This book will represent a milestone for atrial fibrillation management strategies in the world.
We congratulate the editors Drs HK Chopra, GS Wander, Praveen Chandra, Viveka Kumar, all the co-editors, and the contributors, for accomplishing this prodigious achievement of great clinical relevance in cardiology practice today.
M Khalilullah Director and Senior Consultant Cardiologist, The Heart Centre Past President, National CSI New Delhi, India
DB Pahlajani Chief Interventional Cardiologist Breach Candy Hospital, Past President, National CSI Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Amal Kumar Banerjee Past President, National CSI Past President, API Past President, SAARC CS Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Ashok Seth ‘Padma Bhushan’ and ‘Padma Shri’ Awardee Chairman, Fortis Escorts Heart Institute Past President, National CSI Vice President, APSC New Delhi, India
C Venkata S Ram Director, Apollo Institute for Blood Pressure Management World Hypertension League/South Asia Office Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Texas Blood Pressure Institute, Dallas Nephrology Associates University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
PK Deb Formerly Chief Cardiologist ESI PG Institute of Medical Sciences Past President, National CSI Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Santanu Guha Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology Medical College President, National CSI Kolkata, West Bengal, India
fm22fm23Preface
110 Years of Historical Revolution in Atrial Fibrillation
The chaotic irregularity of arterial pulse was clearly acknowledged by most of the physicians of the ancient China, Egypt and Greece. William Harvey (1578–1657), who first described the circulatory system appropriately was probably the first to describe fibrillation of the auricles in animals in 1628. The French ‘clinical pathologist’, Jean Baptist de Sénac (1693–1770), was the first, who assumed a correlation between ‘rebellious palpitation’ and stenosis of the mitral valve. Robert Adams (1791–1875) also reported in 1827 the association of irregular pulses and mitral stenosis. The discovery of digitalis leaf in 1785 by William Withering (1741–1799) brought relief to patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and congestive heart failure, by reducing the ventricular rate. From an analysis of simultaneously recorded arterial and venous pressure curves, the Scottish, Sir James Mackenzie (1853–1925), demonstrated that a presystolic wave cannot be seen during ‘pulsus irregularis perpetuus’, a term very first used by Heinrich Ewald Hering (1866–1948). Arthur Cushny (1866–1926) noted the similarity between pulse curves in clinical ‘delirium cordis’ and those in dogs with atrial fibrillation.
The first human ECG depicting atrial fibrillation was published by Willem Einthoven in 1906 and subsequently by Sir Thomas Lewis brought atrial fibrillation ‘on the world map’. The proof of a direct connection between absolute arrhythmia and atrial fibrillation was established by two Viennese physicians, Carl Julius Rothberger and Heinrich Winterberg, in 1909. Sir Thomas Lewis (1881–1945), the Father of Modern Electrocardiography, studied electrophysiological characteristics of atrial fibrillation and showed that its basic perpetuating mechanism is circus movement of electrical impulse (re-entry). After him, the major discoveries relating to the pathophysiology and clinical features of atrial fibrillation in the 20th century came from Karel Frederick Wenckebach (1864–1940), Gordon Moe (1915–1989), Bernhard Lown and Maurits Allessie. The recent explosion of literature on atrial fibrillation in the last 16 years is very impressive as evident by almost 1,02,00,000 publications in AF (2000–2016), awareness has increased in the prevalence of AF. It is a major public problem with high prevalence of hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. Its prevalence is 2% at the age of 40 years and increases as the age advances with associated comorbidity, 4% at the age of 50 years, 6% at the age of 60 years, 8% at the age of 70 years and more than 10% at the age of 80 years. About 50% of AF-related stroke die within a year. It has been estimated that there are 14 crore patients of AF in the world. The advances in echocardiography, including 2D echo, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 3D echo, conventional Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), 2D echo speckle tracking, strain and strain rate, left ventricular (LV) torsion, left atrial (LA) stiffness index, have revolutionized AF evaluation. The therapeutic approach from rate versus rhythm control by antiarrhythmic drugs to transcatheter radiofrequency and cryoablation of non-valvular atrial fibrillation and the battle against formation of intraatrial thrombi for preventing cerebral thromboembolism is also undergoing tremendous advances. Recently, the development of oral anticoagulants (OAC); vitamin-K antagonists in 1954, to new oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including direct thrombin antagonists, such as debigatran in 2009, factor Xa antagonist, including rivaroxaban, apixban and edoxaban in 2010, 2011 and 2013, respectively, has revolutionized stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (SPAF) in nonvalvular AF (NVAF) management strategies.
We are sure that advances in antiarrhythmic drugs, NOACs, radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation and device closure of left atrial appendage with enormous incremental data, will definitely help in reducing AF-inflicted morbidity and mortality in the future.
HK Chopra, GS Wander
Praveen Chandra, Viveka Kumar
fm24fm25The scientific committee of Atrial Fibrillation Update: A Textbook of Cardiology express their gratitude and thanks to
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For rendering unrestricted education grant, which made this book possible in its current enhanced form as ‘Global Education Initiative’.