Index

Atrial Fibrillation Update: A Textbook of Cardiology Praveen Chandra, HK Chopra, GS Wander, Viveka Kumar

SECTION 1: CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 1: Atrial Fibrillation: An Overview
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 2: Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3: Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: How is It Different from Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation?
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION INMITRAL STENOSIS
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN OTHER VALVULAR HEART DISEASES
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION INPROSTHETIC HEART VALVES
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN BIOPROSTHETIC VALVES ANDVALVE REPAIR
- THE INDIAN SCENARIO
- NEWER TERMS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4: Homocysteine and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA ATRIAL THROMBUS
- HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AND VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND ORAL ANTICOAGULATION
- CULPRIT FACTORS FOR FAILURE OF ORAL ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY
- HOMOCYSTEINE AND CATHETER ABLATION
- HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AS A PREDICTIVE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION RECURRENCE
- STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRICAL REMODELING IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 5: Vitamin D Deficiency and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOLOGY: THE ‘ABC’ OF VITAMIN D
- VITAMIN D: BEYOND BONES
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY: DIAGNOSTIC RANGES
  - Biological Plausibility
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND AF: SHARED RISK FACTORS
  - Evidence: For and Against
- HYPE RELATED TO VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
- IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: THERAPEUTIC BOON, OR A BRIDGE TOO FAR…
CHAPTER 6: Electrolyte Imbalance and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOST FREQUENT UNDERLYING CAUSES OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 7: Anemia and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ANEMIA AND NEW ONSET ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 8: Sepsis and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN SEPSIS: A UNIQUE ENTITY
- UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF AF IN SEPSIS
- ANTICOAGULATION DURING CARDIOVERSION
- LONG-TERM ANTICOAGULATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9: Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AF IN OSA
- TREATMENT OF AF IN OSA PATIENTS
CHAPTER 10: Air Pollution and Atrial Fibrillation: Present Status and Future Directions
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?
- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND AIR POLLUTION
- MECHANISM OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
- AIR POLLUTION AND CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- AIR POLLUTION AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11: Predictors of Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- STROKE AND THROMBOEMBOLISM
- RISK FACTORS FOR STROKE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- RISK STRATIFICATION SCHEMES
- RISK FACTORS FOR BLEEDING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12: Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical Spectra
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER NONCARDIAC SURGERY
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PRE-EXCITATION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN HEART FAILURE
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PREGNANCY
- VAGOTONIC AND ADRENERGIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 13: Syncope and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF SYNCOPE IN PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE
- PERSISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- OTHER MECHANISMS: SYNCOPE IN AF
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: A BYSTANDER IN SYNCOPE
- SYNCOPE FROM DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF AF
- PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND BRUGADA SYNDROME
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14: Chronic Kidney Disease andAtrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- STAGING OF KIDNEY DISEASE
- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
- CKD AND AF PREVALENCE
  - Thromboembolic Risk in CKD with AF
    - Benefits and Risks of Oral Antithrombotic Therapy
- RECOMMENDATIONS AND MANAGEMENT PLAN (ACCORDING TO CKD STAGE AND EGFR)
CHAPTER 15: Hyperthyroidism and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- SUBCLINICAL HYPERTHYROIDISM AS A RISK FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN HYPERTHYROIDISM
  - Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Hyperthyroidism
  - Role of Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation with Hyperthyroidism
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16: Hypothyroidism and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID HORMONE ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEMODYNAMICS
- HYPOTHYROIDISM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17: Hypertension, Atrial Fibrillation and Other Cardiac Arrhythmias
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS IN HYPERTENSION
- VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN HYPERTENSION
- HYPERTENSION, CONDUCTION SYSTEM, AND ARRHYTHMOGENESIS
  - T-wave Morphology
  - Late Potentials
- ILLUSTRATION CASE OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS IN A PATIENT WITH HYPERTENSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18: Increased Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS
- HOW TO MEASURE CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 19: Nuclear Scan and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODOLOGY
- GATED SPECT
  - Data Analysis
- MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION
  - Myocardial Perfusion is Nonischemic Dilated Cardiography with and without Atrial Fibrillation
- PROTOCOL AND STUDY DESIGN
- HYPEREMIC FLOW AND FLOW RESERVE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 20: Women and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AF IN WOMEN
- CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN WOMEN WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- EFFECT OF GENDER ON ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TREATMENT
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 21: Risk Factors for Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ASSESSMENT OF RISK OF STROKE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- RISK STRATIFICATION SCORES IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ASSESSMENT OF RISK FOR BLEEDING WITH ANTICOAGULATION
  - Risk of Stroke in Silent Atrial Fibrillation
CHAPTER 22:Rheumatic Heart Disease and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- NATURAL HISTORY
- COMPLICATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- RATE-CONTROL DRUGS
- ANTICOAGULATION
- SURGERY
- ABLATION
  - Left Atrial Appendage Device Occlusion
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 23:Atrial Fibrillation in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETICS
- MECHANISM AND PATHOGENESIS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (FIG. 2)13–16
  - Possible Substrates for Pediatric Presentation of AF20–22
    - Congenital Heart Diseases—with or without Intervention
  - Valvular Heart Disease22–24
- DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY AND HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
- HYPERTHYROIDISM31–36
- MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TYPES OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- GOAL OF THERAPY (TABLE 3)
  - Complications
    - Prevention of Thromboembolism
    - AF Induced Cardiomyopathy
  - Treatment
- RATE CONTROL52, 53
- DIGOXIN IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION61, 62
  - Recurrence in Atrial Fibrillation in Children
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 24:Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Atrial Fibrillation
CHAPTER 25:Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 26:Histopathology of the Atria in Mitral Stenosis with Respect to the Underlying Rhythm: Implications for Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN NONVALVULAR AF
- HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN RHEUMATIC AF
- IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT
CHAPTER 27:Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- COMMON RISK FACTORS
- OTHER RISK FACTORS
- GENETIC RISK FACTORS AND AF
- GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH AF
- MECHANISMS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Diagnostic Evalution
  - Follow-up
    - Anticoagulation
- MANAGEMENT OF AF IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE
  - Effect on Cardiac Function
  - Correction of Reversible Causes of Heart Failure
- ACUTE MANAGEMENT
- NOVEL UPSTREAM THERAPIES TO PREVENT AF PERPETUATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 28:The Mind-Heart Connection and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM
- EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT
- SCREENING IN THE CARDIAC SETTING
- TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES
CHAPTER 29:Initiators, Triggers and Promotersof Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIATORS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Genetics
- TRIGGERS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Promoters of Atrial Fibrillation
CHAPTER 30:Pregnancy and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- MECHANISM OF ARRHYTHMOGENESIS
- ONSET DURING PREGNANCY
- ETIOLOGY
- PREDICTORS FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION/ATRIAL FLUTTER
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- THERAPEUTICS
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE EPISODES
  - Rhythm Control versus Rate Control
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31:Cardiac Infiltrating Disorders andAtrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN INFILTRATING CARDIAC DISORDERS3–5
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 32:Marfan's Syndrome andAtrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND OTHER ARRHYTHMIAS IN MARFAN'S SYNDROME
- DISCUSSION
  - Electrophysiological Abnormality Leading to AF
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 33:Mitral Valve Prolapse and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS OF MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
- NATURAL HISTORY AND ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS IN MVP
- MECHANISMS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN MVP
- CLINICAL COURSE AND MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 34:Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathywith Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- IMPACT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ON DCM
- PRECIPITATION OF HEART FAILURE
- THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATION
CHAPTER 35:Dilated Cardiomyopathy andAtrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure: Association and Prevalence
- PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN HEART FAILURE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AF AND HF
  - How Would You Assess a Patient with AF and Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)?
- MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION (HFrEF)
- CLINICAL TRIALS
  - Pharmacologic Rhythm Control
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 36:Atrial Fibrillation andHypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- AF PREVALENCE AND DETECTION
  - LA Remodeling and AF in HCM
  - Clinical Outcomes Associated in AF with HCM
- MANAGEMENT OF AF WITH HCM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 37: Atrial Fibrillation in TropicalEndomyocardial Fibrosis
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Hemodynamics in Atrial Fibrillation
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 38:Chronic Obstructive PulmonaryDisease and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- COPD AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: INTERTWISTING TALE
- ECG ABNORMALITIES IN COPD
- COPD AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AF): ARRHYTHMOGENIC MECHANISMS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 39:Obesity and Prognosis in Atrial Fibrillation: With orwithout Oral Anticoagulants
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATION BETWEEN OBESITY AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Autonomic Dysfunction and AF
- BIOCHEMICAL CORRELATION BETWEEN OBESITY AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- OBESITY: A PROTHROMBOTIC STATE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 40:Takotsubo Mimicking Acute MyocardialInfarction and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Preventing Thromboembolism
- PROGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 41:Atrial Fibrillation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- PRESENTATION
- MECHANISM
- TREATMENT
- RESTORATION OF SINUS RHYTHM
- ROLE OF ANTIARRHYTHMICS
- ANTICOAGULATION
SECTION 2: DIAGNOSIS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 42: ECG Profile in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITH VENTRICULAR ECTOPY
  - A Note on Ashman Phenomenon
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITH COMPLETE HEART BLOCK
- ATRIAL ECTOPICS PRECIPITATING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITHWOLFF–PARKINSON–WHITE SYNDROME
  - Note on Concertina Effect
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (Fig. 12)
CHAPTER 43: Three-dimensional Mapping in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF MAPPING
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESOF 3D MAPPING
- 3D MAPPING SYSTEMS
  - The CartoTM System
    - Limitations of the Carto System
- ENSITETMNAVX SYSTEM
  - Rhythmia System
- IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF LEFT ATRIUM ANATOMY
- HOW TO ACQUIRE A 3DMAP: PRACTICAL ASPECTS?
- FUTURE OF MAPPING
CHAPTER 44: External Loop Recorder and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- EXTERNAL LOOP RECORDER
- DETECTION OF SUBCLINICAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN CRYPTOGENIC STROKE
- RATIONALE FOR USE OF EXTERNAL LOOP RECORDER IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CURRENT INDICATIONS OF EXTERNAL LOOP RECORDER
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 45: Implantable Loop Recorder in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPLANTABLE LOOPRECORDER DEVICE
  - Implantable Loop Recorders in Management of Atrial Fibrillation
  - Guiding Anticoagulation Therapy and Stroke Prevention in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 46: Echocardiography in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ECHO EVALUATION OF INTERATRIAL SEPTUM, RIGHT AND LEFT ATRIA
  - Steps Involved in Viewing of theInteratrial Septum
- 3D EVALUATION OF LEFT ATRIUM
- 3D EVALUATION OF LEFTATRIAL APPENDAGE
- ASSESSMENT OF MITRALVALVULAR FUNCTION
- ASSESSMENT OF LEFTVENTRICULAR FUNCTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47: Atrial Fibrillation, Left Atrial Size and Volume Evaluation in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- LEFT ATRIAL ASSESSMENT
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 48: Monitoring Devices in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPACT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- THE NEED FOR MONITORING DEVICES
- EVOLUTION OF DETECTION METHODS
- NONINVASIVE MONITORING
- INVASIVE MONITORING
  - Clinical Implications of Remote Monitoring
  - Advantages in Remote Monitoring
- STUDIES COMPARING DIFFERENT METHODS
- LIMITATIONS OF REMOTE MONITORING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 49: Role of Echo and Doppler in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 50: Superiority of Three-dimensionalEchocardiography in Atrial Fibrillation Evaluation
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
- CURRENT PRACTICE ANDFUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 51: Atrial Fibrillation: Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography
- INTRODUCTION
  - Atrial Fibrillation
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY INATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHO
- PREDICTORS OF THROMBOEMBOLISM IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - TEE-guided Cardioversion
  - Radiofrequency Ablation ofAtrial Fibrillation
- LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE—THE ISSUE IS CLOSED!
  - Review of Anatomy and Physiology
  - The Issue of Closure
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 52: Evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- SIGNIFICANCE OF DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
- HEMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS OF DIASTOLE
- WHAT IS DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION?
  - Echocardiographic Techniques to Evaluate Diastolic Dysfunction in Sinus Rhythm
- ASSESSMENT OF DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Basic Principles of Diastolic Function Assessment in AF
  - Suggested Variables for Assessment of Diastolic Dysfunction in AF
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 53: Emergency Echocardiography and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL PROBLEMS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- INDICATIONS FOR EMERGENCYECHO IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (BOX 1)
- TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Assessment of AF Etiology
  - Assessment of Cardiac Structure and Function in AF
- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  - Identification of LA/LAA Thrombus
  - TEE-Guided Early Cardioversion inAtrial Fibrillation
CHAPTER 54: Strain and Strain Rate Imaging and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- STRAIN AND STRAIN RATE IMAGING
CHAPTER 55: Incremental Value of Left Atrial Strain in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS MYOCARDIAL STRAIN?
- HOW IS LEFT ATRIALSTRAIN MEASURED?
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF LEFT ATRIAL STRAIN
- ROLE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 56: Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- DOBUTAMINE AND OTHER STRESSORS
- ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
- METHODOLOGY
- INTERPRETATIONS
  - Protocol Concerns during DSEin Patients with AF
  - Integration of Innovative Techniques, During DSE in Patients with AF
    - Speckle-tracking Echocardiography
    - 3D Echocardiography
- CASE SCENARIO 1
- CASE SCENARIO 2
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 57: Multimodality Cardiac Imaging in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF PATIENT WITHATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHICASSESSMENT OF LEFT ATRIAL
- LEFT ATRIAL EJECTION FRACTION
- ASSESSMENT OF LA FUNCTION
- SPECTRAL DOPPLER INASSESSMENT OF LA FUNCTION
- ASSESSMENT OF LV DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH AF
- LA FUNCTION ASSESSMENT BY MITRAL ANNULAR TISSUE DOPPLER VELOCITIES
- ASSESSMENT OF SEGMENTAL LA FUNCTION BY TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING
- SPECKLE TRACKING: LA STRAIN AND STRAIN RATE IMAGING
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF RIGHT ATRIUM
  - Checklist for Echocardiographic Evaluation of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
  - LA Appendage
- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CHECKLIST FOR TEE IN EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH AF
  - Additional Noninvasive Modalities in Evaluation of Patients with AF
  - Role of MDCT Imaging in Patients with AF
- CHECKLIST FOR MDCT IMAGING IN PATIENS WITH AF
- CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
  - Impact of Preablation LGECMR on AF Recurrence
- ROLE OF CMR IN VALUATING THE EFFICACY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION AND GUIDING REPEAT PROCEDURES
- CHECKLIST FOR CMR IMAGING INPATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- INTRACARDIAC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CHECKLIST FOR INTRACARDIAC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IMAGING DURING CATHETER ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- NOVEL IMAGING MODALITIES USEDDURING CATHETER ABLATION
- FUSION OF IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- ROLE OF LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE CLOSURE IN AF
- IMAGING FOR LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE CLOSURE
- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
- CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 58: Cardiac MRI and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CHAMBER QUANTIFICATION AND CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE
- CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUES/LATE GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT
- ARRHYTHMIA RECURRENCE
- CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE THROMBUS
- ROLE OF CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN LEFT ATRIAL IMAGING
- CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION
- NOVEL CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUES: TISSUE TRACKING AND STRAIN
- 4-DIMENSIONAL FLOW MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
CHAPTER 59: Cardiac MRI and Atrial Fibrillation: An Indian Perspective
- INTRODUCTION
- CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND LEFT ATRIAL REMODELING
- DELAYED ENHANCED CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND ATRIAL FIBROSIS
- DELAYED ENHANCED CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ACQUISITION
  - Role of Postablation Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
- CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND STROKE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 60: Cardiac CT and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CARDIAC CT IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CARDIAC CT ACQUISITION
  - CT Coronary Angiography
  - CT for Pulmonary Venous Anatomy
- ADVANTAGES OF CT OVEROTHER MODALITIES
- LIMITATIONS OF CT IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CARE BEFORE CT
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 3: MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 61:Yoga and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS YOGA?
- ROLE OF YOGA IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Mechanism of Beneficial Effects of Yoga in Atrial Fibrillation
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 62: Atrial Fibrillation in Acute STEMI and ACS
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- PREDICTORS OF AF IN STEMI AND IMPACT OF PRIMARY PCI
- HEMODYNAMIC AND ARRHYTHMOGENIC EFFECTS OF AF
- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DEVELOPMENT OF AF IN AMI
- MORTALITY TRENDS
- DEVELOPMENT OF MI IN PATIENTS WITH AF
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 63: Atrial Fibrillation and Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: Impact in Selecting Antithrombotic Events
- INTRODUCTION
- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
- DRUGS, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
- MANAGING ANTICOAGULATION DURING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS
- LONG-TERM ANTITHROMBOTIC STRATEGY IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, WHO RECEIVE PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 64: AF Management Strategies in Medically Managed ACS
- INTRODUCTION
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 65: Atrial Fibrillation Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (TABLE 1)
- CLINICAL VARIABLES AND PREDICTORS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DEVELOPMENT
- CAUSES AND HEMODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES OF AF8
- PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS OF AF IN AMI (TABLE 2)13
- TREATMENT OF AF COMPLICATING AMI
  - Oral Anticoagulation Plus Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (Triple Therapy) after Primary PCI11
  - Oral Anticoagulant Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndrome in Atrial Fibrillation Patients
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 66:STEMI with Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DEVELOPMENT OF AF IN AMI
- MANAGEMENT OF AF IN AMI
- MANAGEMENT OF STEMI IN PATIENTS WITH UNDERLYING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Triple Therapy: Oral Anticoagulation Plus Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Primary PCI
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 67:Tenecteplase, STEMI and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF AF IN AMI
  - INCIDENCE AND PREDICTORS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN STEMI PATIENTS
- PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS
  - Specific Question of Effect of Thrombolytics (Especially Tenecteplase) Atrial Fibrillation in AMI
- TREATMENT OF AF COMPLICATING AMI
  - Recommended Guidelines of AF Complicating Acute Coronary Syndromes41
    - Class I
    - Class IIb
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 68:Oral Anticoagulants in the Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN ACS
- MANAGEMENT
- VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS OR NOACs IN ACS AND AF-EVIDENCE
- CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS8
- EXCEPTIONS TO THE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NONVALVAR AF PATIENTS8
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 69:Atrial Fibrillation and cute Coronary Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS AND PREVALENCE
  - Mechanisms of Initiation of AF
    - Hemodynamic Problems with AF in ACS
- MANAGEMENT OF AF DURING ACS
- CONCLUSION
- ADDENDUM
CHAPTER 70:Paroxysmal Recurrent AF in ACS: Management Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF NEW-ONSET AF IN ACS
- MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
  - Anticoagulation Management
  - Rate Control vs Rhythm Control
- CATHETAR ABLATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 71: Telemedicine and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- INTERNET OF THINGS IN HEALTHCARE
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DESCRIPTION AND SCREENING AND EVALUATION
  - Occult Atrial Fibrillation
- MODES AND METHODS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DETECTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION—EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT (TABLE 1)
- IOT BASED MEDICAL DEVICES
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 72:CHA2DS2-VASc Score andAtrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION FOR PREVENTION OF THROMBOEMBOLIC COMPLICATION
- CHADS2 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR STROKE PREVENTION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CHA2DS2-VASC SCORE
- ASPIRIN AND OTHER ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY
  - Bleeding Risk with Antithrombotic Therapy
  - Use of HAS-BLED to Assess Bleeding Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Patients
CHAPTER 73:NSTEMI and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN NSTEMI
  - Clinical Variables Associated with the Development of Atrial Fibrillation in NSTEMI
- SIGNIFICANCE OF AF DEVELOPING LATE AFTER MI
- PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS
  - In-hospital Mortality
  - Mortality during Follow-up
- RICO STUDY
- IMPACT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ON STROKE
- ANTICOAGULATION
  - Consensus Recommendations
    - General Considerations
- MODERATE-TO-HIGH RISK NSTEMI
- BLEEDING RISK
- DURATION
- TREATMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN NSTEMI
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 74:Atrial Fibrillation in Critically III Patients
- INTRODUCTION
- OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH NEW ONSET AF IN CRITICALLY ILL
- PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF NEW ONSET ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Algorithm for Treatment of New Onset Atrial Fibrillation
- RATE V/S RHYTHM MANAGEMENT
- STROKE RISK PREVENTION
- SCHEMA FOR BEGINNING ANTICOAGULATION
- HAS-BLED SCORING SYSTEM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 75:Atrial Fibrillation with Fast Ventricular Rate
- INTRODUCTION
- AF WITH FAST VENTRICULAR RESPONSE OR RATE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- LIMITATIONS OF NEWER AGENTS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- HEPARIN
- MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- PHARMACOLOGICAL/ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION
  - Electrical Cardioversion
- RHYTHM CONTROL
- NONPHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
- AF IN SPECIFIC CLINICAL SITUATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 76:Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PREDICTORS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- RATE CONTROL OR RHYTHM CONTROL?
  - Rate Control
  - Rhythm Control
- ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY
CHAPTER 77:AF in Patients withCardiogenic Shock and on IABP
- INTRODUCTION AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
CHAPTER 78:Beta-blockers and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF BETA-BLOCKERS
- BETA-BLOCKERS IN ACUTE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ROLE OF BETA BLOCKERS ONCE SINUS RHYTHM IS RESTORED
- BETA BLOCKERS IN CHRONIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Rate Control
  - Rhythm Control
- NONPHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN AF
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 79:Calcium Channel Blockers andAtrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
  - Pharmacology of Calcium Channel Blockers
  - Electrophysiologic Properties of Calcium Channel Blockers
- CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS FOR RATE CONTROL IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS FOR RHYTHM CONTROL
  - General Side Effects/Precautions
  - Specific Clinical Cautions with use in Atrial Fibrillation
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 80:Selection of Anti-arrhythmic Drugs in Management of Atrial Fibrillation: Role of Propafenone
- INTRODUCTION
- PROPAFENONE: PHARMACOKINETICS
- β-BLOCKING EFFECT
- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
- HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS
- EFFECTS OF PROPAFENONE ON ISCHEMIC TISSUES
- DOSAGE
- PROPAFENONE CLINICAL EFFICACY
  - Acute Treatment:Conversion to Sinus Rhythm
  - Chronic Treatment: Sinus Rhythm Maintenance and Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrences
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- USE IN SPECIFIC PATIENT POPULATIONS
  - Use in Children
  - Use in Pregnancy
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 81: Amiodarone in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF AMIODARONE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- INDICATIONS OF AMIODARONE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ADVERSE EFFECTS
- UNCERTAINTIES OF AMIODARONE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- PRECAUTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 82:Amiodarone in AF with Heart Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- AMIODARONE
- AMIODARONE IN MANAGEMENT OF AF WITH HF
CHAPTER 83:Amiodarone versus Propafenone in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PROPAFENONE VERSUS AMIODARONE
- TREATMENT OF RECENT ONSET ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- TERMINATION OF CHRONIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND PREVENT RECURRENCE
  - Adverse Effects
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 84: Ivabradine and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- IVABRADINE AND OCCURRENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- IVABRADINE IN PERMANENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 85:Recurrent Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Management Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOMARKERS FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- NATURAL PROGRESSION (FIG. 1)13
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (FIGS 2A TO C)
- MANAGEMENT OF NEW-ONSET AF
  - Hemodynamically Unstable Patients
  - Long-term Management (Maintain Sinus Rhythm)
- ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS (TABLE 2)40
  - Guidelines for Drug Selection
  - ESC Guidelines
- UPSTREAM THERAPY47
- THROMBOEMBOLISM AND AF
- CATHETER ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Catheter Ablation to Maintain Sinus Rhythm
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 86:Acenocoumarol in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ACENOCOUMAROL—MECHANISM OF ACTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 87: Role of Vitamin K Antagonist in Prevention of Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
  - Factors Affecting the Anticoagulant Effect of VKAs
- VITAMIN K-ANTAGONIST METABOLISM
- HALF-LIVES OF DIFFERENT VKAS6
- APPROACH TO ANTICOAGULATION
- DECIDE ON ANTICOAGULATION7–9
- SELECT AN ANTICOAGULANT
- INITIATE ANTICOAGULANT
- COMPLICATIONS15–18
- REVERSAL OF ANTICOAGULANT EFFECT OF WARFARIN19–22
CHAPTER 88: Apixaban and Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- NEWER ORAL ANTICOAGULANT: APIXABAN
  - Pharmacokinetics
    - Dose
- COMPARISON WITH OTHER ORAL DRUGS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 89: Dabigatran and Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
  - Nonvitamin K Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs)
- STROKE RISK ASSESSMENT
- DABIGATRAN
  - Dabigatran in Clinical Use
- RE-LY TRIAL
  - Antidote for Dabigatran
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 90: Rivaroxaban: The Most Promising NOAC in Stroke Prevention in NVAF—Challenges in India and in the Real World
- INTRODUCTION
- GUIDELINES FOR STROKE PREVENTION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Rivaroxaban: A Once-daily Oral Anticoagulant
  - Rivaroxaban in Atrial Fibrillation: the ROCKET AF Trial
- REAL-WORLD EXPERIENCE
- PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 91: Oral Anticoagulant in Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke Prevention: Old is Gold
- INTRODUCTION
- NOVEL ORAL ANTICOAGULANT
- LIMITATIONS WITH THE USE OF NOVAL ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
- THE FUTURE AHEAD
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 92: NOAC in DVT and PE with or without Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
- GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM WITH NOACS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 93: Superiority of Novel Oral Anticoagulants over Vitamin K Antagonists
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 94: Peripheral Vascular Disease, Atrial Fibrillation and New Oral Anticoagulants
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE OF AF IN VASCULAR DISEASE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- COMPLICATIONS OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
  - New Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) in Peripheral Vascular Disease and Atrial Fibrillation
- DISADVANTAGES OF NEW ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
- PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE AND NOACS
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND NOACS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 95: Oral Anticoagulants andDrug Interaction
- INTRODUCTION
- BASICS OF METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT OF XENOBIOTICS
  - Permeability Glycoprotein (P-GP)
  - Cytochromes P450 System
- BASIC PHARMACOLOGY OF VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS
  - Mechanisms of Drug Interaction of VKAs
  - Clinically Significant Interactions of VKAs
- BASIC PHARMACOLOGY OF NEW ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
  - Clinically Significant Drug Interactions of NOACs (Tables 5 and 6)
- CONCOMITANT USE WITH ANTIPLATELET AGENTS
CHAPTER 96: Atrial Fibrillation: The Journey andSuccess Achieved
- INTRODUCTION
- EVIDENCES AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIST PERSPECTIVE
- REMOTE-CONTROLLED ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION
- NEW HORIZONS AND TECHNOLOGY
  - Remote Magnetic Navigation
  - Balloon-based Pulmonary Vein Isolation
- CONCLUSION
  - Ten Commandments and My Viewpoints
CHAPTER 97:Fondaparinux and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- FONDAPARINUX:SAME GLASS NEW WINE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 98:Heparin in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- USE OF HEPARIN AND LMWH IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 99:Pulmonary Embolism, Atrial Fibrillationand Tenecteplase
- INTRODUCTION
- PULMONARY EMBOLISM
  - Tenecteplase
  - Pulmonary Embolism and Atrial Fibrillation
    - Management Issues
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 100:Pulmonary Embolism andAtrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 101: Hypercoagulable State, Atrial Fibrillation and Role of Anticoagulation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- PREVALENCE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ORAL ANTICOAGULATION
- WARFARIN
- COMBINATION THERAPY WITH ASPIRIN AND WARFARIN16
- DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE17
- RIVAROXABAN18
- APIXABAN19
- LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARIN
CHAPTER 102: Rosuvastatin and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM
- CLINICAL EVIDENCE
- SPECIAL ISSUES WITH ROSUVASTATIN
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 103: Bisoprolol and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARMACOLOGY
- PHARMACODYNAMICS
- PHARMACOKINETICS AND DRUG INTERACTIONS
- DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- USAGE IN PREGNANCY
- EFFICACY OF BISOPROLOL IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 104: Prasugrel in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF ANTIPLATELET DRUGS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- SUMMARY
  - Practical Tips before Deciding Choice of Antithrombotic or Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with AF
  - Knowledge Gaps
CHAPTER 105: Ticagrelor and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK OF STROKE AND CHOICE OF ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY FOR AF: OAC VS ANTIPLATELET
  - Stent Thrombosis (ST): Importance of DAPT and Its Duration
  - Major Bleeding: Determinants
CHAPTER 106: Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Atrial Fibrillation Prevention
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOBIOLOGY
  - Pathophysiological Basis and Mechanism of Omega-3 PUFA Effect on AF
  - Impact of Dietary n-3 PUFA Intake on AF Burden
    - Association between PUFA and Prevention of AF
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 107: The Combo of Atrial Fibrillation and Stenting in ACS: Triple Therapy or Dual Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- TRIPLE THERAPY AND BLEEDING RISK
  - What are the Options We have in Patients of AF Undergoing PCI and Stenting?
- FUTURE AREAS OF RESEARCH
  - Triple Antithrombotic Therapy with Newer Antiplatelets
  - Triple Antithrombotic Therapy with Non-VKA Oral Anticoagulants
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 108: Atrial Fibrillation in Critical Care: Current Management Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- HEMODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION
- MANAGEMENT OF HEMODYNAMICALLY STABLE PATIENTS
- RATE VERSUS RHYTHM CONTROL
  - Rate Control Strategy
  - Rhythm Control Strategy
- STROKE RISK AND ANTICOAGULATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 109: Atrial Fibrillation in Emergency in Patients with Sepsis: Management Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
- STROKE INCIDENCE
  - Assessment of Stroke (CHA2DS2-VASc) and Bleeding Risk (HAS-BLED) in Atrial Fibrillation Patients11
  - Current Recommendations for Antithrombotic Therapy
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 110: Natural History and Management of‘Lone Atrial Fibrillation’
- WHAT IS “LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION”?
- NATURAL HISTORY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- MANAGEMENT
- GENETIC TESTING
- ANTITHROMBOTIC STRATEGY IN LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 111: Lone Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- PREVALENCE OF “LONE AF”
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ‘LONE’ ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Diagnostic and Treatment Implications
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 112: Risk of Thromboembolism after Cardioversion in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- KEEP THE CHECKLIST READY
- THROMBOEMBOLISM AFTER CARDIOVERSION
- RATIONALE
- ATRIAL FLUTTER AND THROMBOEMBOLISM
- TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE OF THROMBOEMBOLISM AFTER CARDIOVERSION
- METHODOLOGIES
  - AF >48 Hours: Conventional Oral Anticoagulant Approach
  - AF >48 Hours: TEE-guided Approach
- LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN VERSUS UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN
- STEPS TO FOLLOW AND POINTS TO REMEMBER
CHAPTER 113: Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke
- INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE OF AF AND STROKE
- BIOMARKERS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Biochemical Marker
  - Morphological Biomarkers
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF STROKE IN AF
- STROKE RISK STRATIFICATION
  - BLEEDING RISK STRATIFICATION
- DIAGNOSING AF IN CRYPTOGENIC STROKE
- PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF STROKE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - Rate Control vs Rhythm Control
- ANTICOAGULATION
- BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS
  - Public Tool: Technology Made Easy
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
  - Beyond Stroke: Atrial Fibrillation and Cognitive Decline
  - Economics
CHAPTER 114: Embolic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEMOGRAPHY
- ASSOCIATION OF EMBOLIC STROKE WITH PAROXYSMAL, PERSISTENT AND PERMANENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- RISK STRATIFICATION FOR STROKE AND BLEEDING FOR PRIMARY PREVENTION
  - Clinical Scores for Risk Stratification of Stroke and Systemic Embolism
  - Clinical Risk Scores for Bleeding
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- NONPHARMACOLOGICAL MEASURES
CHAPTER 115: Hemorrhagic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation: A Double Jeopardy
- INTRODUCTION
- STROKE: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- STROKE PREVENTION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: A NOVEL CONCEPT5–7
- ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION:A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD11
  - Review of Literature
- MANAGEMENT ISSUES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 116: Refractory Atrial Fibrillation Postradiofrequency Ablation: Modern Management Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS AND RECURRENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- SUCCESS RATES FOR RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
- RECURRENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- MANAGEMENT
  - Pulmonary Vein Isolation and AF Triggers
    - Right Atrium
    - Left Atrium
  - Non-PV Sources and Recurrent AF
- RECURRENCE AFTER MULTIPLE PROCEDURES
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 117: Radiofrequency Ablation versus Drug Therapy for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 118: Ethical and Medicolegal Issues and Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA ETHICS
SECTION 4: OTHER ARRHYTHMIAS AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 119: Medical Management versusRF Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARMACOTHERAPY VERSUS RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 120: Management of Atrial Fibrillation with Left Bundle Branch Block
- INTRODUCTION
- EVIDENCE BASED DATA ON CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE COMPLICATED BY ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK
- LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITHOUT HEART FAILURE
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITH LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK WITH HEART FAILURE
- CATHETER ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILATION
  - Evidence Based Role of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Management of Atrial Fibrillation with Left Bundle Branch Block and Left Ventricular Dysfunction
CHAPTER 121:Best Strategy for Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISMS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- STRATEGIES FOR ABLATION
- AUTONOMIC MODULATION
- THE DATA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 122:Atrial Fibrillation and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPORTANCE OF AF IN PATIENTS WHO UNDERGO CRT
- OPTIMIZING DELIVERY OF BIVENTRICULAR PACING IN AF
- SUMMARY
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 5: INTERVENTIONS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 123:Radiofrequency Ablation in AF: Present Status and Future Directions
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 124:Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION (PVI)
- SUBSTRATE-BASED ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- ARRHYTHMIAS RECURRENCE AFTER ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 125:Atrial Fibrillation: InterventionalManagement Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL THEORIES OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION MECHANISM
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF AF
- PERCUTANEOUS CATHETER ABLATION FOR AF
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 126:Ablate and Pace in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CHALLENGES OF ABLATING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- PATIENT SELECTION FOR CATHETER ABLATION
- PACEMAKERS FOR THE PREVENTION OF AF
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 127:Complications of Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPLICATIONS
- CARDIAC TAMPONADE
  - Esophageal Injury/Atrial-Esophageal Fistula
  - Death
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 128:Left Atrial Appendage Closure and Atrial Fibrillation—Challenges Ahead: Indian Scenario
- INTRODUCTION
- STROKE PREVENTION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND GUIDELINES
- RATIONALE FOR LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE OCCLUSION
- METHODS OF LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE EXCLUSION/OCCLUSION
- LARIAT SYSTEM
- WHERE ARE WE IN THE WORLD SCENARIO?
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 129:Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Devices and Complications during/after Implantation
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND NEED FOR LAA OCCLUSION
- INDICATIONS AND RATIONALE FOR ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS (OAC)
- RELATIONSHIP OF LAA AND THROMBUS IN AF
- ROLE OF LAA IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
- MORPHOLOGY OF LAA AND INCIDENCE OF THROMBOEMBOLISM IN AF
- CURRENT DEVICES FOR PERCUTANEOUS LAA OCCLUSION (TABLE 2)
- COMPLICATIONS OF LAA CLOSURE DEVICE IMPLANTATION AND MANAGEMENT
  - Long-term Potential Complications (Table 1)
- PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF LATE COMPLICATIONS (TABLE 2)
- CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
CHAPTER 130:Atrial Fibrillation after PCI in STEMI: Management Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN STEMI
- DEVELOPMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY
- MORTALITY AT FOLLOW-UP
- ISCHEMIC STROKE AFTER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
- OTHER OUTCOMES FOLLOWING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND STEMI
- TREATMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN STEMI
  - Use of Digoxin
  - Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome: Triple Therapy Dilemma
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 131:Atrial Fibrillation andFlutter after Cardiac Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- RISK FACTORS
- INCIDENCE AND TIME COURSE
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
- ADVERSE OUTCOMES FOLLOWING AF
- PREVENTION OF AF AND COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 132:Atrial Fibrillation duringCoronary Intervention:Management Strategy
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RELEVANT CLINICAL SCENARIOS
- ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION UNDERGOING PCI
- EVIDENCE
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS ON ORAL ANTICOAGULATION WITH ACS AND/OR UNDERGOING PCI
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 133:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND ECMO
- AIIMS OF ECMO
- TYPES OF ECMO
  - VA and VV ECMO
  - Management Strategies
- CENTRAL VS PERIPHERAL ECMO
- USES OF ECMO
  - ECMO in Cardiogenic Shock
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND ECMO
  - Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Increased Incidence of Stroke
  - Stroke in Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients on ECMO
- STROKE RISK MANAGEMENT IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  - ECMO without Heparin and Other Anticoagulant Drugs
  - Mortality Associated with ECMO
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 134:Optimal Antithrombotic Therapy after Drug-eluting Stent Implantation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- TRIPLE THERAPY AND DUAL THERAPY INCLUDING VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS
- NOVEL P2Y12 INHIBITORS
- COMBINATIONS INCLUDING NONVITAMIN K ANTAGONIST ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
- ONGOING TRIALS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENT WITH EITHER RECENT MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OR PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
- CURRENT GUIDANCE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 135:Coronary Embolism in Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF CE
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 136:Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 137:Role of Devices in Heart Failurewith Atrial Fibrillation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 6: CARDIAC SURGERY AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 138:Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation during Concomitant Cardiac Procedures
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY CONCOMITANT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION SHOULD BE TREATED?
- CLASSIFICATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- HOW TO TREAT CONCOMITANT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 139:Atrial Fibrillation and Cardiac Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION WITH CONCOMITANT CARDIAC SURGERY
- TECHNIQUE
- RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
- POSTOPERATIVE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION FOLLOWING CARDIAC SURGERY
- PATHOGENESIS
- PRESENTATION
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 140:Surgical AF Ablation
- INTRODUCTION
- AHA/ACC GUIDELINES
  - Maze Procedure: Recommendations
    - Class IIa
    - Class IIb
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
- MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL PVI AND GPA
SECTION 7: FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
CHAPTER 141:LAA Occlusion and Atrial Fibrillation: Is It an Alternative to NOAC?
- INTRODUCTION
- LAAC: IS IT AN ALTERNATIVE TO NOACS?
CHAPTER 142:Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: How to Choose an NOAC, Which One, When and for How Long?
- INTRODUCTION
- NONVALVULAR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- NEED FOR NEW ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
- NEW ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS AND CARDIOVERSION
  - Management of Bleeding
- FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS (TABLE 7)
CHAPTER 143: Oral Anticoagulant Clinic in Atrial Fibrillation or Home Monitoring: Is There a Need?
- INTRODUCTION
- DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
  - Bleeding
  - Monitoring8
- ORAL ANTICOAGULANT CLINIC
  - Home Monitoring
    - Advice to the Patients
  - Literature Review
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 144: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement and Atrial Fibrillation: How to Manage?
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AF IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TAVR
- INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF AF IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TAVR
- MANAGEMENT
  - Anticoagulation
  - Rate vs Rhythm Control
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 145: Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardiac Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- RISK FACTORS (FIG. 1)
- MECHANISM
- PREVENTION
- TREATMENT
- ANTICOAGULATION
- RATE CONTROL STRATEGY (TABLE 1)
- RHYTHM CONTROL (TABLE 2)
- ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 146: Need for National AtrialFibrillation Registry in India
- INTRODUCTION
- REGISTRY DATA AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
- SUMMARY

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes