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Comprehensive Approach to NCLEX-RN, HAAD and DHA Examinations
Renjith Augustine
CHAPTER 1:
Nursing Fundamentals
INTRODUCTION
NURSING
NURSING PROFESSION
NURSING PROCESS
Steps in Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
ISSUES IN NURSING
Ethical Issues
Ethics
ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses
Nurses and People
Nurses and Practice
Nurses and Co-workers
Nurses and the Profession
Key Principles of Ethics in Healthcare System
Common Ethical Issues
Legal Issues
Legal Liability in Nursing
Legal Issues
ACID-BASE IMBALANCES
Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
NUTRITION
Carbohydrate-Rich Foods
Protein-Rich Diets
Indications of High-Protein Diet
Indications of Low-Protein Diet
Fat-Rich Diets
Total Parenteral Nutrition
Nursing Care
VITAMINS
Vitamin A
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B3
Vitamin B6
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
MINERALS
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sulfur
Iron
Iodine
Potassium
Types of Diet on the Basis of Consumption
Clear Liquid Diet
Full Liquid Diet
Soft Diet
Bland Diet
LABORATORY VALUES
POSITIONS
CALCULATIONS AND PROBLEMS
Formulas
Young's Formula
Clark's Formula
Other Formulas
Drop Factor
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 2:
Integral Aspects
MODES OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY
Methods of Patient Assignment
Primary Nursing (One Nurse to One Patient or 24 Hours’ Nursing Care)
Functional Nursing (Based on Function)
Team Nursing (A Group of Nurses)
Modular Nursing (Based on Area or Small Group)
Case Method (Based on Case)
NURSING INNOVATIONS
Purpose of Innovation
Role of a Nurse
TELENURSING AND TELEMEDICINE
Telemedicine
Telehealth
Telenursing
Purposes of Telenursing
Drawbacks
ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD
Purposes
NURSING RESEARCH
Purposes
Kinds of Research
Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research
Applied Research and Basic Research
Exploratory and Confirmatory
Scope of Nursing Research
Problems in Conducting Research in Nursing
Roles of a Nurse in Research
Principal Investigator
Member of Research Team
Identifier of Research Problem
Evaluator of Research Finding
User of Research Findings
As a Client Advocate during the Studies
As a Subject in Studies
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
Importance
Role of a Nurse
Step I: Asking the Questions
Step II: Locating the Resources
Step III: Critically Appraising the Evidence
Step IV: Integrating Information to Implement a Decision
Step V: Evaluating the Outcome
DISASTER NURSING
Definition
Disaster
Types of Disasters
Phases of Disaster
Phases of Disaster Management
Role of a Nurse in Disaster Management
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Response
Disaster Recovery
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
Importance of Performance Appraisal
DECISION-MAKING
Steps in Decision-making
DELEGATION
Purposes of Delegation
Role of a Nurse Manager
RECRUITMENT
Purposes of Recruitment
Sources of Recruitment
Methods of Recruitment
Direct Method
Indirect Method
Third-party Method
LEADERSHIP
BARRIER NURSING
General Precautions
Methods
CRISIS INTERVENTION
Crisis
Manifestations of Stress
Nursing Care
Assessment
Planning and Implementation
Evaluation
Techniques of Crisis Intervention
GERIATRICS
Geriatric Nursing
Purpose of Geriatric Nursing
Changes in Elderly
Role of a Nurse in Geriatrics
END-OF-LIFE CARE
Palliative Care
Preparation at the End of Life
Advanced Directives
Hospice Care
CHAPTER 3:
Neurological System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
ANATOMY
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Central Nervous System
BRAIN
Functions of Brain
Anatomy of Brain (Fig. 2)
Three Parts
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Cerebral Cortex
Diencephalon
Meninges (Fig. 3)
Neurons (Fig. 4)
Spinal Cord (Fig. 5)
NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Assessment of Cranial Nerves
Assessment of the Level of Consciousness
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
DISORDERS
Increased ICP
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Stroke
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Myasthenia Gravis
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Tensilon Test (Fig. 6)
Myasthenic Crisis
Cholinergic Crisis
Parkinsonism
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Spinal Cord Injury
Common Sites
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Spinal Shock
Meningitis
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Seizures
Types
Nursing Care
Head Injury
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Cerebral Aneurysm
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Bell's Palsy
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 4:
Respiratory System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
INTRODUCTION
Primary Functions
Secondary Functions
ANATOMY
What is Yawning?
Inspiration and Expiration
Breath Sounds
Normal Breath Sounds
Abnormal Breath Sounds (Adventitious)
OXYGEN THERAPY
SUCTIONING
Purposes
Nursing Care
Chest Tube Drainage and Water Seal System
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Indications
Types of Mechanical Ventilation
Types of Positive Pressure Ventilators
Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
Ventilator Settings
Nursing Care
Alarm System
Complications
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis
Indications of ABG
Nursing Care
Normal ABG Report
Acid-Base Imbalances
RO/ME
RESPIRATORY MEDICATIONS
Nursing Care
DISORDERS
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Asthma
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Pneumonia
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Pleural Effusion
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Empyema
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Tuberculosis (TB)
Causes
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Anti-TB Drugs
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Laryngeal Cancer
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Flail Chest
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Pneumothorax
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 5:
Cardiovascular System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
INTRODUCTION
CHAMBERS OF HEART
Layers of Heart
Pericardial Sac
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
SA Node
AV Node
Heart Block
First-Degree Heart Block (1st Degree)
Second-Degree Heart Block (2nd Degree)
Third-Degree Heart Block (3rd Degree)
What is Stokes-Adams Syndrome?
BLOOD SUPPLY TO HEART
HEART VALVES
HEART SOUNDS
Notes
BARORECEPTOR MECHANISMS IN CONTROLLING BLOOD PRESSURE
Renin Angiotensin Mechanism
ADH Mechanism (Antidiuretic Hormone)
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
Cardiac Enzymes
Homocysteine
CRP (C-reactive Protein)
Electrolytes Monitoring
Serum Lipids (Cholesterol)
Blood Studies
Cardiac Catheterization
Nursing Care (Preoperative)
Nursing Care (Postoperative)
Aortography
Coronary Arteriography
Echocardiogram
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Normal ECG
Calculation of Heart Rate
Method I
Method II
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS (DYSRHYTHMIAS)
Sinus Tachycardia
Causes
Signs and Symptoms (Fig. 7)
Management
Sinus Bradycardia
Causes
Signs and Symptoms (Fig. 8)
Management
Atrial Fibrillation
Causes
Signs and Symptoms (Fig. 9)
Management
Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Ventricular Tachycardia
Types of Ventricular Tachycardia
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Ventricular Fibrillation
Signs and Symptoms
Management
DEFIBRILLATION AND CARDIOVERSION
PACEMAKER
Types of Pacemaker
Modes of Pacemaker
Nursing Care
DISORDERS
Coronary Artery Disease
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
ANGINA
Causes
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Types of Angina
Nursing Care
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Causes
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Classification of Heparin
Client Teaching
Complications
Surgical Management
Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Nursing Care (Preoperative)
Nursing Care (Postoperative)
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Nursing Care (Preoperative)
Nursing Care (Postoperative)
Client Teaching
HEART FAILURE (CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE)
Left Side Heart Failure
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Right Side Heart Failure
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Management of Heart Failure
Medical Management
Mechanical Management
IABP (Intra-aortic Balloon Pump)
Surgical Management
Heart Transplantation
Nursing Management
PULMONARY EDEMA
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Management
CARDIAC ARREST
Signs and Symptoms
Management of Cardiac Arrest
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Drug Therapy
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF HEART
Endocarditis
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Pericarditis
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Cardiac Tamponade
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Management
VASCULAR DISORDERS
Hypertension
Types of Hypertension
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Classification of Antihypertensives
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Raynaud's Phenomenon
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Aneurysms
Classification
Types of Aneurysm
Pulmonary Embolism
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Management
How Fracture leads to Pulmonary Embolism
Varicose Vein
Common Sites
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Thrombophlebitis
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Signs and Symptoms
Venous Stasis Ulcer
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Amputation
Nursing Care (Preoperative)
Nursing Care (Postoperative)
CHAPTER 6:
Endocrine System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
INTRODUCTION
GLANDS
Endocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
PITUITARY GLAND
Hormones
DISORDERS OF PITUITARY GLAND
Hypopituitarism
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Hyperpituitarism
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Hypophysectomy
Diabetes Insipidus
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion)
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
THYROID GLAND
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid Medications
Administer Thyroid Medications throughout the Pregnancy
Diagnostic Measures
Thyroid Function Test (No Need for Fasting)
Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test (RAIU)
Thyroid Scan
DIOSRDERS OF THYROID GLAND
Goiter
Causes
Types
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Hypothyroidism
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Myxedema Coma
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease)
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Thyroid Storm
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
THYROIDECTOMY
Nursing Care (Pre-operative)
Nursing Care (Post-operative)
PARATHYROID GLAND
DISORDERS OF PARATHYROID GLAND
Hypoparathyroidism
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Hyperparathyroidism
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
ADRENAL GLAND
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLAND
Addison's Disease
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Addisonian Crisis
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Cushing's Syndrome
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Primary Aldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome)
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Pheochromocytoma
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
ADRENALECTOMY
Indications
Nursing Care (Pre-operative)
Nursing Care (Post-operative)
PANCREAS
DIABETES MELLITUS (DM)
Types
Type I DM
Type II DM
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Secondary Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnostic Measures
FBS & PPBS
Glycosylated Hemoglobin Count (HbA1c)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Management
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHA)
Classification of OHA
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Acute Complications
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
HHNS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-ketotic Syndrome)
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Chronic Complications of Diabetes
Nursing Care of Diabetes Mellitus
PANCREATITIS
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 7:
Gastrointestinal System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
ANATOMY
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Functions of Large Intestine
Regions of Abdomen
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
Blood Examination
Upper GI Series
Nursing Care
Lower GI Series or Barium Enema
Nursing Care
Endoscopy
Nursing Care
Colonoscopy
Nursing Care
Sigmoidoscopy
Nursing Care
Gastric Analysis
Nursing Care
Liver Biopsy
Nursing Care
Oral Cholecystogram or Cholecystography
Nursing Care
GAVAGE AND LAVAGE
Gastric Gavage (Feeding)
Indications
Types
Nasogastric Tube (NG Tube)
Nursing Care
Nasojejunal Tube (NJ Tube)
Gastrostomy Tube
Jejunostomy Tube
Gastric Lavage (Washing)
Nursing Care
ENEMA
Types of Enema
Cleansing Enema
Retention Enema
Nursing Care
DISORDERS
Cancer Mouth
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Cancer Esophagus
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Gastritis
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Peptic Ulcer
Causes
Gastric Ulcer
Clinical Manifestations
Esophageal Ulcer
Clinical Manifestation
Duodenal Ulcer
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Medical Management of Gastric Ulcer
Surgical Management of Gastric Ulcer
Cirrhosis of Liver
Liver
Functions of Liver
Portal Circulation
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Complications
Nursing Care
Esophageal Varices
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Hemorrhoids
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Cholecystitis
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISORDERS
Ulcerative Colitis
Causes
Clinical Manifestations
Crohn's Disease
Causes
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Intestinal Obstruction
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Diverticulum and Diverticulosis
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Colon Cancer
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
BOWEL SURGERIES
AP Resection (Abdominoperineal Resection)
Ileostomy
Kock Pouch
Colostomy
Nursing Care (Preoperative)
Nursing Care (Postoperative)
Teaching Points
CA STOMACH (STOMACH CANCER)
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
DUMPING SYNDROME
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
HEPATITIS
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Stages of Hepatitis
Pre-icteric Stage
Icteric Stage
Post-icteric Stage
Nursing Care
Teaching Point
HERNIA
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Types of Hernia (Fig. 8)
Nursing Care
HIATAL HERNIA
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 8:
Renal System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
ANATOMY OF URINARY SYSTEM
Kidney
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Structure and Function of the Nephron
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
DISORDERS
Acute Renal Failure
Causes
Pre-renal Cause
Intra-renal Cause
Post-renal Cause
Clinical Manifestation
Oliguric Phase
Diuretic Phase
Recovery Phase
Nursing Care
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF)
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
UREMIC SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPIES
HEMODIALYSIS
Principles
Nursing Care
Common Sites used for Hemodialysis
COMPLICATIONS OF HAEMODIALYSIS
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Principles
Contraindication
Procedure
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
Donor
Preoperative Nursing Care
Postoperative Nursing Care
Signs and Symptoms of Graft Rejection
CYSTITIS
Signs and Symptoms
Causes
Nursing Care
Client Education
RENAL CALCULI
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Surgical Management
PROSTITIS
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Signs and Symptoms
Management
PROSTATE CANCER
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 9:
Musculoskeletal System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
ANATOMY
Skeletal System
Functions
Bones
Types of Bone
Formation of a New Bone (Ossification)
Stages of Bone Healing
Four Stages of Bone Healing
Joints
Types of Joints
Muscles
Types of Muscles
Movement of Muscles (seen in following pictures)
Type of Exercise or Nursing Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
Assistive Devices for Walking
Canes
Nursing Care
Crutches
Nursing Care
Type of Crutch Gaits (www.walkeasy.com)
Representation of Crutch Gaits
Walker
Nursing Care
TRACTION
Types of Traction
Skin Traction
Types of Skin Traction
Skeletal Traction
Nursing Care
DISORDERS
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
OSTEOPOROSIS
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
OSTEOMYELITIS
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
OSTEOMALACIA
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
GOUT
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
FRACTURE
Causes
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
HIP FRACTURE
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Nursing Care of Total Hip Replacement (THR)
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC PROLAPSE (IVDP)
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Lumbar Region: Occurs in 80% of Cases
Cervical Region: 20% of Cases
Nursing Care
Surgical Correction
Chemonucleolysis
Nursing Care
Laminectomy
Spinal Fusion
CHAPTER 10:
Hematological System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
INTRODUCTION
BLOOD
Composition of Blood
Plasma
Cells
BONE MARROW
COAGULATION FACTORS
BLOOD GROUPS
HEMOLYSIS OR HEMOLYTIC REACTION
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Nursing Care (Important Points to Consider)
Nursing Care of Patient undergoing Iron Therapy
DISORDERS
Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Thalassemia
Polycythemia
Hemophilia
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Infectious Mononucleosis
CHAPTER 11:
Integumentary System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
INTRODUCTION
SKIN
Functions of Skin
Layers of Skin (Fig. 1)
HAIR
SWEAT GLANDS
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
DISORDERS
Dermatitis
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Acne
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Psoriasis
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Skin Cancer
Types
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Herpes Zoster
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Burns
Causes
Types of Burns
Rule of Nine (Fig. 2)
Stages of Burns
RACE PASS
Nursing Care
Type of Solutions
Body Compartments
Bed Sore
Stages of Bed Sore
Shock
Causes
Types of Shock
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 12:
Oncology
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
ONCOLOGY
Route of Metastasis
Warning Signs of Cancer
Grading of Cancer
Staging of Cancer
Treatment of Cancer
Chemotherapy
Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Complications of Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Types
CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICATIONS
TYPE OF CANCERS
Skin Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Multiple Myeloma
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Lung Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Laryngeal Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Prostate Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Gastric Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Pancreatic Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Breast Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Testicular Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Cervical Cancer
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Ovarian Cancer
Classical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Leukemia
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Wilms’ Tumor
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 13:
Eye and Ear
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
EYE
Layers of Eye
Cornea
Sclera
Ciliary Bodies
Choroid
Retina
Aqueous Humor
How Aqueous Humor Maintain IOP and How Glaucoma Occurs?
Vitreous Humor
Lens
Refraction
DISORDERS
Cataract
Causes
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
GLAUCOMA
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
EAR
Layers of Ear (see Fig. 2)
Ear Pinna
Tragus
External Auditory Canal
Ear Ossicles
Organ of Corti
Eustachian Tube
Hearing Loss
Tuning Fork Test
Rinne's Test
Weber's Test
DISORDERS
Otitis Media
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Otosclerosis
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Ménière's Disease
Causes
Clinical Manifestation (Triad Symptom)
Nursing Care
Foreign Body in Ear
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 14:
Immune System
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
INTRODUCTION
Classification of Immunity
Immune Response
Cellular Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Immunodeficiency
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
Skin Testing
CRP (C-reactive Protein)
ANA (Antinuclear Antibody Titer)
Anti-dsDNA Blood Test (Antidouble-stranded DNA)
DISORDERS
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Causes
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
AIDS
Cause
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Preventive Measures
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestation
CHAPTER 15:
Pediatric Nursing
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
INTRODUCTION
Principles of Growth and Development
THEORIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
FREUD'S PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage: Birth to 18 Months
Anal Stage: 18 Months to 3 Years
Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 Years
Latency Stage: 6 to 12 Years
Genital Stage: 13 to 20 Years
THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIKSON)
Trust vs Mistrust: Birth to 18 Months
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: 18 Months to 3 Years
Initiative vs Guilt: 3 to 6 Years
Industry vs Inferiority: 6 to 12 Years
Identity vs Role Confusion: 12 to 20 Years
Intimacy vs Isolation: 20 to 30 Years
Generative vs Stagnation or Self-absorption: 30 to 65 Years
Ego Integrity vs Despair: 65 Years to Death
Relevance to Nursing Practice
PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Preoperational Stage: 2–7 Years
Concrete Operational Stage: 7–11 Years
Formal Operational Stage: 11–16 Years
CARL JUNG THEORY
NEWBORN ASSESSMENT
Initial Assessment
APGAR SCORE
Score
Transitional Assessment (Period of Reactivity)
Assessment of Gestational Age
Physical Assessment
General Assessment
Vital Signs
General Appearance
Head
Ears
Eyes
Nose
Mouth and Throat
Neck
Chest
Abdomen
Genitalia
Back and Rectum
REFLEXES
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT
Growth
Development
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLER
Growth
Developments
At 18 Months
At Two Years
At 3 Years
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOLER
Growth
Developments
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL-AGE
Growth
Developments
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENCE
Growth
Developments
NEWBORN CONDITIONS (DISORDERS)
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME (MAS)
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS (RH INCOMPATIBILITY)
Clinical Manifestation
Pathology
Nursing Care
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
FETAL ALCOHOLIC SYNDROME (FAS)
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
ADDICTED NEWBORN
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
Clinical Manifestation
NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
Clinical Manifestation
PERIVENTRICULAR INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (PIVH)
Clinical Manifestation
NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM
HYDROCEPHALUS
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing care
REYE'S SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
SPINA BIFIDA
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CEREBRAL PALSY
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
TAY-SACHS DISEASE
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
TONSILLITIS
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
EPIGLOTTITIS
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CROUP SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
BRONCHIOLITIS
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ACYANOTIC HEART DISORDERS
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Coarctation of Aorta (COA)
Pulmonary Stenosis
Aortic Stenosis
Clinical Manifestation of Acyanotic Heart Disorders
Nursing Care
CYANOTIC HEART DISORDERS
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Clinical Manifestation of TOF
Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)
Truncus Arteriosus
Clinical Manifestations of Cyanotic Heart Disorders
Nursing Care
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Major Criteria
Minor Criteria
Nursing Care
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
VOMITING
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
DIARRHEA
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE
Nursing Care
CELIAC DISEASE
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
INTUSSUSCEPTION
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA OR TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA (TEF)
Types of TEF
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
PYLORIC STENOSIS
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
APPENDICITIS
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
Appendicectomy (Appendectomy)
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
RECTAL ATRESIA
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
ENURESIS
Nursing Care
HYPOSPADIAS AND EPISPADIAS
CRYPTORCHIDISM
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
BLADDER EXSTROPHY
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
CONGENITAL HIP DISLOCATION
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
TIBIAL TORSION
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
SCOLIOSIS
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Types and Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
CLUB FOOT
Nursing Care
CHAPTER 16:
Psychiatric Nursing
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
INTRODUCTION
MENTAL HEALTH
MENTAL ILLNESS
REVOLUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHIATRY
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Psychoanalytical Theory
Structure of Personality
Stages of Mind (Topology of Mind)
Dynamics of Personality
Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage (Birth–18 Months)
Anal Stage (18 Months–3 Years)
Phallic Stage (3–6 Years)
Latency Stage (6–12 Years)
Genital Stage (12–20 Years)
THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP
Phases of Therapeutic Relationship
Preinteraction Phase
Nurse's Task
Orientation or Introductory Phase
Nurse's Task
Working Phase
Nurse's Task
Termination Phase
THERAPEUTIC IMPASSES
Transference
Counter Transference
IMPAIRED NURSE SYNDROME
Signs and Symptoms
Management
HISTORY COLLECTION AND MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION (MSE)
Psychiatric History
Mental Status Examination
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques
COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH
Public Health Model
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
CRISIS INTERVENTION
Kubler-Ross Model
DEFENSE MECHANISM
TREATMENTS IN PSYCHIATRY
PSYCHOTHERAPY
Role of Nurse in Psychotherapy
Types of Psychotherapy
Individual Psychotherapy
Group Psychotherapy
Behavior Therapy
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Milieu Therapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Indication
Contraindication
Methods
Technique
Medication
Nursing Care
Before ECT
During ECT
After ECT
DISORDERS OF PERCEPTION
Role of Nurse
CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
ICD 10 Classification
DSM IV Classification
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Bleuler 4As
Types of Schizophrenia
Management
Antipsychotics
Side Effect
Nursing Care
MOOD DISORDERS
Mania
Causes
Stages of Mania
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Antimanic Drugs (Mood Stabilizers)
Nursing Care
Depression
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Antidepressants
Nursing Care
OTHER MOOD DISORDERS
ORGANIC PSYCHOSIS (ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS)
DELIRIUM
Incidence
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Management
DEMENTIA
Incidence
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Types
Alzheimer's Disease (Dementia of Alzheimer's Type, DAT)
Multi Infarct Dementia (MID)
Hypothyroidal Dementia
AIDS Dementia Complex
Lewy Body Dementia
NEUROSIS (NEUROTIC DISORDER)
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
Nursing Care
PHOBIA
Simple Phobia (Specific Phobia)
Examples
Social Phobia
Agoraphobia
Internal Stimuli
Illness Phobia (Nosophobia)
Nursing Care
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
SOMATOFORM DISORDER
Clinical Manifestation
Conversion Disorder
Hypochondriasis
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER
Clinical Manifestation
Types
Nursing Care
PERSONALITY DISORDER
Causes
Classification of Personality Disorders
According to DSM-IV
Nursing Care
EATING DISORDERS
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Clinical Manifestation
BULIMIA NERVOSA
Clinical Manifestation
Nursing Care
SUICIDE
Causes
Types
Methods of Committing Suicide
Recognition of Suicidal Ideas or Facts
Assessment of Suicide (SAD PERSONS Scale)
Points
Levels of Intervention
ALCOHOLISM
Complications
Clinical Manifestation
Acute Intoxication
Withdrawal Syndrome
Alcohol-induced Amnestic Disorders
Alcohol-induced Psychiatric Disorders
Agencies concerned with Alcohol-related Problems
Management
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDER
Acute Intoxication
Withdrawal State
Dependence Syndrome
Harmful use
Psychoactive Substances
Opioid Use Disorders
Management
Cannabis Use Disorders
Cocaine Use Disorders
Management
Amphetamine Use Disorders
LSD Use Disorders
Barbiturate Use Disorders
Nursing Management for Substance Use Disorders
SLEEP DISORDERS
Normal Sleep Requirements and Patterns
Normal Sleep Cycle
Causes of Sleep Disorders
Clinical Manifestation
Classification of Sleep Disorders
Dyssomnias
Parasomnias
Management
SEXUAL DISORDERS
Paraphilias
CHILDHOOD DISORDERS
MENTAL RETARDATION
Causes
Types
Management
AUTISM
Clinical Manifestation
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)
Incidence
Clinical Manifestation
CONDUCT DISORDER
Clinical Manifestation
Management
TIC DISORDER
Clinical Manifestation
Management
TOURETTE SYNDROME
CHAPTER 17:
Maternity Nursing
KEY TERMS
KEYNOTES
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Anatomy
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
External Structures
Internal Structures
PELVIS
BREAST
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Stage I: Menstruation
Stage II: Proliferative Phase or Follicular Phase
Stage III: Ovulation Phase
Stage IV: Secretory Phase or Luteal Phase
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
FERTILIZATION OR IMPLANTATION
Amniotic Fluid
Umbilical Cord
Placenta
Fetal Heart Rate
Fetal Circulation
Gestation
Gravidity or Parity
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY
Common Signs of Pregnancy
Presumptive Signs
Probable Signs
Positive Signs
Physiological Changes
Measurement of Fundal Height
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
Ultrasound
Genetic Screening
Glucose Tolerance Test
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Amniocentesis
Alpha-fetoprotein Screening (AFP)
ANTEPARTUM DISORDERS
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Nursing Care
ABORTION
Types
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
ANEMIA
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION (PIH)
Causes
Pre-eclampsia
Signs and Symptoms
Eclampsia
Signs and symptoms
Nursing Care
HYDATIDIFORM MOLE (GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISORDER)
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
ANTEPARTUM HEMORRHAGE (APH)
Placenta Previa
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
Abruptio Placentae
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
SUPINE HYPOTENSIVE SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestation
Management
UTERINE FIBROIDS
Clinical Manifestation
Management
BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
INTRAPARTUM PERIOD (LABOR)
4Ps of Labor
Lie of Fetus
Labor
Position
Mechanism of Labor
Bishop's Score (Prelabor Score or Cervical Score)
STAGES OF LABOR
Stage I: Onset of labor
Stage II: Expulsion of Fetus
Stage III: Placental Stage
Stage IV: Immediate Postpartum Period
Episiotomy
Nursing Care
Forceps Delivery
Nursing Care
Cesarean Section
Indications
Preoperative Nursing Care
Postoperative Nursing Care
DISORDERS IN INTRAPARTUM PERIOD
Preterm Delivery
Causes
Management
POST-TERM DELIVERY
Causes
Management
FETAL DISTRESS
Causes
Clinical Manifestations
Management
DYSTOCIA
Management
PRECIPITOUS LABOR
Causes
Management
AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM
Clinical Manifestation
Management
POSTPARTUM PERIOD
Changes in Postpartum Period
Involution of Uterus
Lochia
Cardiovascular Changes
Renal Changes
Breast Changes
Menstruation (Reappearance)
POSTPARTUM DISORDERS
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Types
Causes
Nursing Care
POSTPARTUM INFECTION
Causes
Nursing Care
MASTITIS
Management
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
SUBINVOLUTION OF UTERUS
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
Management
SHEEHAN'S SYNDROME
Causes
Clinical Manifestation
CONTRACEPTIVES
Nursing Care
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