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Practical Pathology
Harsh Mohan
SECTION ONE: TECHNIQUES IN PATHOLOGY
EXERCISE 1:
Microscopy
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Stand
Body
Optical System
Light/Illumination System
MAGNIFICATION AND RESOLVING POWER OF LIGHT MICROSCOPE
USE AND MAINTENANCE OF A LIGHT MICROSCOPE
NEWER APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Teaching Microscopes
Image Analysers and Morphometry
Telepathology
OTHER TYPES OF MICROSCOPY
Dark Ground Illumination (DGI)
Phase Contrast Microscopy
Polarising Microscope
Fluorescent Microscope
Electron Microscope (EM)
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
EXERCISE 2:
Routine Histopathology Techniques and Staining
FIXATION
TYPES OF FIXATIVES
1. Formalin
2. Glutaraldehyde
3. Bouin's Fluid (Picric Acid)
4. Carnoy's Fixative (Alcohol)
5. Osmium Tetraoxide
DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
IMPREGNATION
TISSUE PROCESSORS
Open (Hydraulic) Tissue Processor
Closed (Vacuum) Tissue Processor
EMBEDDING AND BLOCKING
SECTION CUTTING (MICROTOMY)
Procedure for Microtomy
ROUTINE STAINING (H & E)
Haematoxylin
Procedure for Staining
Results
EXERCISE 3:
Frozen Section and its Staining
FROZEN SECTION
Applications
Merits
Demerits
METHODS FOR FROZEN SECTIONS
Freezing Microtome Using CO2 Gas
Refrigerated Microtome (Cryostat)
STAINING OF FROZEN SECTIONS
Rapid H & E Staining
Toluidine Blue Staining
EXERCISE 4:
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
SPECIAL STAINS
Sudan Black/Oil Red O Stain
Result
van Gieson Stain
Result
Masson's Trichrome Stain
Result
Reticulin Stain
Result
Congo Red Stain
Result
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Stain
Result
Methyl Violet Stain
Result
Prussian Blue/Perl's Reaction Stain
Result
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINS
Technique of IHC
Interpretation
Applications of IHC
EXERCISE 5:
Surgical Pathology Request Form
DESIGN OF THE REQUEST FORM
SAMPLE REQUEST FORM
SECTION TWO: GENERAL PATHOLOGY
EXERCISE 6:
Degenerations
VACUOLAR NEPHROPATHY
HYALINE CHANGE IN LEIOMYOMA
MYXOID DEGENERATION IN GANGLION
EXERCISE 7:
Intracellular Accumulations
FATTY CHANGE LIVER
COMPOUND NAEVUS
ANTHRACOSIS LUNG
BROWN ATROPHY HEART
EXERCISE 8:
Amyloidosis
AMYLOIDOSIS KIDNEY
AMYLOIDOSIS SPLEEN
AMYLOIDOSIS LIVER
EXERCISE 9:
Types of Necrosis
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS (INFARCT) KIDNEY
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS (INFARCT) BRAIN
CASEOUS NECROSIS (TUBERCULOSIS) LYMPH NODE
ENZYMATIC FAT NECROSIS PANCREAS
EXERCISE 10:
Gangrene and Pathologic Calcification
WET GANGRENE BOWEL
DRY GANGRENE FOOT
MONCKEBERG'S ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
EXERCISE 11:
Derangements of Body Fluids
PULMONARY OEDEMA
CVC LUNG
CVC LIVER
CVC SPLEEN
EXERCISE 12:
Obstructive Circulatory Disturbances
THROMBUS ARTERY
PALE INFARCT SPLEEN
HAEMORRHAGIC INFARCT LUNG
EXERCISE 13:
Types of Inflammation
ABSCESS LUNG
CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY GRANULATION TISSUE
TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS
EXERCISE 14:
Tuberculous Granulomatous Inflammation
FIBROCASEOUS TUBERCULOSIS LUNG
MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS LUNG
TUBERCULOSIS INTESTINE
MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS SPLEEN
EXERCISE 15:
Other Examples of Granulomatous Inflammation
LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY
TUBERCULOID LEPROSY
SARCOIDOSIS LYMPH NODE
EXERCISE 16:
Common Fungal Infections
ORAL CANDIDIASIS
MADURA FOOT
ASPERGILLOSIS LUNG
RHINOSPORIDIOSIS NOSE
EXERCISE 17:
Actinomycosis and Parasitic Infections
ACTINOMYCOSIS SKIN
CYSTICERCOSIS SOFT TISSUE
HYDATID CYST LIVER
EXERCISE 18:
Adaptive Disorders of Growth
TESTICULAR ATROPHY
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
REACTIVE HYPERPLASIA LYMPH NODE
SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA CERVIX
EXERCISE 19:
Primary Epithelial Tumours
SQUAMOUS CELL PAPILLOMA
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
EXERCISE 20:
Mesenchymal and Metastatic Tumours
LIPOMA
PLEOMORPHIC SARCOMA
METASTATIC CARCINOMA LYMPH NODE
METASTATIC SARCOMA LUNG
SECTION THREE: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
EXERCISE 21:
Atherosclerosis and Vascular Tumours
ATHEROMA AORTA
CAPILLARY HAEMANGIOMA SKIN
CAVERNOUS HAEMANGIOMA LIVER
LYMPHANGIOMA TONGUE
EXERCISE 22:
Diseases of the Heart
BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
HEALED MYOCARDIAL INFARCT
CHRONIC ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
FIBRINOPURULENT PERICARDITIS
EXERCISE 23:
Pneumonias
LOBAR PNEUMONIA—ACUTE CONGESTION STAGE
LOBAR PNEUMONIA—RED HEPATISATION STAGE
LOBAR PNEUMONIA—GREY HEPATISATION STAGE
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
EXERCISE 24:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases and Lung Cancer
EMPHYSEMA
BRONCHIECTASIS
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA LUNG
SMALL CELL CARCINOMA LUNG
EXERCISE 25:
Cysts and Tumours of the Jaws and Salivary Glands
RADICULAR CYST
AMELOBLASTOMA
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
WARTHIN'S TUMOUR
EXERCISE 26:
Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
PEPTIC ULCER
ACUTE APPENDICITIS
COLORECTAL ADENOMA
ADENOCARCINOMA BOWEL
EXERCISE 27:
Hepatitis—Viral, Alcoholic, Fulminant
ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS
FULMINANT HEPATITIS
EXERCISE 28:
Cirrhosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Gallbladder Diseases
CIRRHOSIS LIVER
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS WITH CHOLELITHIASIS
CARCINOMA GALLBLADDER
EXERCISE 29:
Primary Glomerulonephritis and Tubulointerstitial Disease
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
EXERCISE 30:
Diabetic Nephropathy and Tumours of Renal System
DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
WILMS’ TUMOUR
UROTHELIAL (TRANSITIONAL CELL) CARCINOMA
EXERCISE 31:
Testicular Tumours and Diseases of the Prostate
SEMINOMA TESTIS
NODULAR HYPERPLASIA PROSTATE
ADENOCARCINOMA PROSTATE
EXERCISE 32:
Diseases of the Cervix, Endometrium and Placenta
INVASIVE CERVICAL CANCER
SIMPLE (CYSTIC GLANDULAR) HYPERPLASIA
HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
EXERCISE 33:
Ovarian Tumours
SEROUS OVARIAN TUMOURS
Serous Cystadenoma Ovary
Papillary Serous Cystadenocarcinoma Ovary
MUCINOUS OVARIAN TUMOURS
Mucinous Cystadenoma Ovary
BENIGN CYSTIC TERATOMA OVARY
EXERCISE 34:
Diseases of the Breast
FIBROCYSTIC CHANGE
FIBROADENOMA
INFILTRATING DUCT CARCINOMA–NOS
EXERCISE 35:
Diseases of the Thyroid
HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS
NODULAR GOITRE
FOLLICULAR ADENOMA
PAPILLARY CARCINOMA
EXERCISE 36:
Osteomyelitis and Benign Bone Tumours
PYOGENIC OSTEOMYELITIS
TUBERCULOUS OSTEOMYELITIS
OSTEOCHONDROMA
OSTEOCLASTOMA
EXERCISE 37:
Malignant Bone Tumours
EWING'S SARCOMA
OSTEOSARCOMA
CHONDROSARCOMA
EXERCISE 38:
Meningitis and CNS Tumours
ACUTE PYOGENIC MENINGITIS
MENINGIOMA
SCHWANNOMA
ASTROCYTOMA
SECTION FOUR: CYTOPATHOLOGY
EXERCISE 39:
Basic Cytopathologic Techniques and their Applications
EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
Applications of Exfoliative Cytology
Female Genital Tract
Respiratory Tract
Gastrointestinal Tract
Urinary Tract
Body Fluids
Buccal Smears for Sex Chromatin
Fixation of Smears in Exfoliative Cytology
Staining of Smears in Exfoliative Cytology
Papanicolaou Stain
H & E Stain
Romanowsky Stain
ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
Applications of FNA
I. Palpable Mass Lesions in
II. Non-Palpable Mass Lesions in
Procedure for FNA
Method
Radiological Imaging Aids for FNA
Advantages of FNA Over Surgical Biopsy
IMPRINT CYTOLOGY
Applications of Imprint Cytology
Advantages of Imprint Cytology
EXERCISE 40:
Interpretation of Pap Smears and Fluid Cytology
PAP SMEAR: INFLAMMATORY
PAP SMEAR: CARCINOMA CERVIX
FLUID CYTOLOGY FOR MALIGNANT CELLS
EXERCISE 41:
Interpretation of FNA Smears
FNA IN TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS
FNA IN FIBROADENOMA BREAST
FNA IN DUCT CARCINOMA BREAST
SECTION FIVE: HAEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHOID TISSUES
EXERCISE 42:
Types of Blood Samples, Anticoagulants and Blood Collection
TYPES OF BLOOD SAMPLES
1. Whole Blood
2. Serum
3. Plasma
ANTICOAGULANTS
1. EDTA
2. Sodium Citrate
3. Double Oxalate
4. Heparin
5. Sodium Fluoride
BLOOD COLLECTION
EXERCISE 43:
Haemoglobin Estimation
METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF HAEMOGLOBIN
Cyanmet Haemoglobin Method
Procedure
Calculations
Advantages
Disadvantages
Oxyhaemoglobin Method
Procedure
Advantages
Disadvantages
Electronic Counter Method
Disadvantage
Direct Reading Electronic Haemoglobinometers
Disadvantage
Sahli's Method
Procedure
Advantages
Disadvantages
Other Methods
Normal Values of Haemoglobin
Errors in Haemoglobinometry
QUALITY CONTROL IN HAEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION
EXERCISE 44:
Counting of Blood Cells
WBC COUNT
Methods
Visual Haemacytometer Method
Procedure
Calculations*
Precautions
Electronic Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Normal Range for WBC Count
Causes of Increased WBC Count (Leucocytosis)
Causes of Decreased WBC Count (Leucopenia)
RBC COUNT
Methods for RBC Counts
Visual Haemacytometer Method
Procedure
Calculations
Electronic Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Normal Range for RBC Count
Cause of Decreased RBC Count
Cause of Increased RBC Count
PLATELET COUNT
Methods for Counting Platelets
Visual Method
Procedure
Calculations
Rough Visual Method for Platelet Counting
Electronic Method
Disadvantages
Normal Platelet Count
Conditions causing abnormal platelet counts
Conditions Causing Thrombocytopenia
Conditions Causing Thrombocytosis
ABSOLUTE EOSINOPHIL COUNT (AEC)
Methods
Diluting Fluid
Improved Neubauer Chamber Method
Fuchs-Rosenthal Counting Chamber Method
Normal Range for AEC
Causes of Abnormal AEC
EXERCISE 45:
Reticulocyte Count
RETICULOCYTES
METHODS FOR COUNTING OF RETICULOCYTES
Visual Method
Procedure
Counting of Reticulocytes
Calculations
Automated Method
Normal Values
Abnormal Counts
Increased Count (Reticulocytosis)
Decreased Counts (Reticulocytopenia)
EXERCISE 46:
Preparation and Staining of Peripheral Blood Smear
THIN BLOOD SMEAR
Slide Method
Procedure
Qualities of a Good Blood Smear
Parts of a Thin Blood Smear
Cover Glass Method
Procedure
Spin Method
Procedure
THICK BLOOD SMEAR
STAINS FOR BLOOD SMEAR
Staining of Thin Blood Smear
Leishman's Stain
Procedure for Staining
Giemsa Stain
Procedure
Staining of Thick Blood Smear
Autostainers
Precautions in Staining of PBS
EXERCISE 47:
Differential Leucocyte Count
EXAMINATION OF PBS FOR DLC
MORPHOLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF MATURE LEUCOCYTES
Polymorph (Neutrophil)
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
METHODS OF DLC
Visual Counting
Automated Counting
PATHOLOGIC VARIATIONS IN DLC
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophil
EXERCISE 48:
ESR, PCV (Haematocrit) and Absolute Values
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
Principle
Mechanism of ESR
Phases in ESR
Methods of ESR
1. Westergren's Method
Procedure
Normal values
Advantages
Disadvantages
2. Wintrobe's Method
Procedure
Normal values
Advantages
Disadvantages
3. Micro-ESR Method
Procedure
4. Automated ESR Method
Clinical Significance of ESR
Supportive Diagnostic Uses
Monitoring Prognosis of Diseases
PACKED CELL VOLUME OR HAEMATOCRIT
Methods for Estimation of PCV
1. Macro (Wintrobe's) Method
Procedure
Advantages of Macro Method
2. Microhaematocrit Method
Procedure
Advantages of Micro Method
Sources of Errors in Macro and Micro Methods
3. Electronic Method
Clinical Significance of PCV
ABSOLUTE VALUES (RED CELL INDICES)
1. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
2. Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH)
3. Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
4. Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
Significance of Red Cell Indices
EXERCISE 49:
Screening Tests for Haemostasis
BLEEDING TIME
Methods for Bleeding Time
1. Fingertip Method
Disadvantages
2. Duke's Method
3. Ivy's Method
Clinical Application of Bleeding Time
CLOTTING TIME
Methods for Clotting Time
1. Capillary Tube Method
2.Lee and White Method
Clinical Applications of Clotting Time
EXERCISE 50:
Blood Grouping and Cross-matching
ABO SYSTEM
Incidence of ABO Blood Groups in India
Methods for ABO Grouping
Cell Grouping (Fig. 50.2, A)
Serum Grouping (Fig. 50.2, B)
Advantages of Tube Method Over Slide Method
RHESUS (RH) SYSTEM
Methods for Rh Grouping
CROSS-MATCHING
Procedure
Interpretation
IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD GROUPING
EXERCISE 51:
Peripheral Blood Smear Examination in Anaemias
PLAN OF INVESTIGATION FOR ANAEMIA
Haemoglobin Estimation
Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS) Examination
Variation in Size (Anisocytosis)
Variation in Shape (Poikilocytosis)
Inadequate Haemoglobin Formation (Hypochromasia)
Compensatory Erythropoiesis
Morphologic Changes
Red Cell Indices
Leucocyte and Platelet Count
Reticulocyte Count
Bone Marrow Examination
Biochemical Tests
PBS IN MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC ANAEMIA (IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA)
PBS IN MACROCYTIC ANAEMIA (MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA)
PBS IN HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA (THALASSAEMIA)
EXERCISE 52:
Bone Marrow Examination
BONE MARROW ASPIRATION
TREPHINE BIOPSY
EXERCISE 53:
Haemoparasites
PBS IN MALARIAL PARASITE
PBS IN FILARIASIS
BONE MARROW ASPIRATE IN LEISHMANIASIS
EXERCISE 54:
Haematolymphoid Malignancies: Leukaemias
COMMON CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKAEMIAS-LYMPHOMAS
ACUTE LEUKAEMIA
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML)
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL)
EXERCISE 55:
Haematolymphoid Malignancies: Lymphomas
NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL)
SLL-CLL
Follicular Lymphoma
HODGKIN'S DISEASE (HD)
HD-Nodular Sclerosis Type
HD-Mixed Cellularity Type
SECTION SIX: CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
EXERCISE 56:
Urine Examination I: Physical and Chemical
ADEQUACY OF SPECIMEN
Specimen Collection
Methods of Preservation of Urine
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Volume
Colour
Odour
Reaction/pH
Specific Gravity
1. Urinometer
2. Refractometer
3. Reagent Strip Method
Significance of Specific Gravity
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
Proteinuria
Qualitative Tests for Proteinuria
1. Heat and Acetic Acid Test
2. Sulfosalicylic Acid Test
3. Heller's Test
4. Reagent Strip Method
Quantitative Estimation of Proteins in Urine
1. Esbach's Albuminometer Method
2. Turbidimetric Method
Causes of Proteinuria
Test for Bence Jones Proteinuria
Glucosuria
Qualitative Tests
1. Benedict's Test
Procedure
Interpretation
2. Reagent Strip Test
Causes of Glucosuria
Ketonuria
1. Rothera's Test
Procedure
2. Gerhardt's Test
Procedure
3. Reagent Strip Test
Causes of Ketonuria
Bile Derivatives in Urine
1. Hay's Test
Procedure
2. Strip Method
Cause for bile salts in urine
1. Ehrlich's Test
Procedure
2. Reagent Strip Test
Significance
Tests for Bilirubin (Bile Pigment) in Urine
1. Fouchet's Test
Procedure
2. Foam Test
Procedure
3. Reagent Strip Test
Causes of bilirubinuria
Blood in Urine
1. Benzidine Test
2. Orthotoluidine Test
3. Reagent Strip Test
Causes of blood in urine
AUTOMATED URINALYSIS
EXERCISE 57:
Urine Examination II: Microscopy
COLLECTION OF SAMPLE
PREPARATION OF SEDIMENT
EXAMINATION OF SEDIMENT
1. Cells in Urine
RBCs
Physiological
Pathological
WBCs
Epithelial Cells
2. Casts in Urine
Hyaline Cast
Red Cell Cast
Leucocyte Cast
Granular Casts
Waxy Cast
Fatty Cast
Epithelial Cast
Pigment Cast
3. Crystals in Urine
i) Calcium Oxalate
ii) Uric Acid
iii) Amorphous Urates
iv) Tyrosine
v) Cystine
vi) Cholesterol Crystals
vii) Sulphonamide
i) Amorphous Phosphates
ii) Triple Phosphates
iii) Calcium Carbonates
iv) Ammonium Biurates
4. Miscellaneous Structures in Urine
i) Spermatozoa
ii) Parasites
iii) Fungus
iv) Tumour Cells
AUTOMATION IN URINE MICROSCOPY
EXERCISE 58:
Semen Analysis
SAMPLE COLLECTION
GROSS EXAMINATION
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Motility
Count
Morphology
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
Fructose Test
Procedure
Acid Phosphatase Test
IMMUNOLOGICAL ASSAYS
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAYS
SPERM FUNCTION TESTS
SEMEN CRYOPRESERVATION
EXERCISE 59:
Examination of CSF
NORMAL COMPOSITION OF CSF
SPECIMEN COLLECTION
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Total Leucocyte Count
Manual Method
Automated Method
Differential Leucocyte Count
Conditions causing increased neutrophils in CSF
Conditions causing increased lymphocytes in CSF
Conditions causing plasma cells in CSF
Conditions causing lymphocytes and monocytes in CSF
Conditions causing malignant cells in CSF
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
IMMUNOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
SECTION SEVEN: AUTOPSY PATHOLOGY
EXERCISE 60:
Autopsy Protocol— Request and Report
AUTOPSY PROTOCOL
A. PROSECTION
B. GROSS EXAMINATION OF ORGANS
C. AUTOPSY REPORT
EXERCISE 61:
CD on Clinicopathological Conferences and Museum Review
CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CONFERENCE (CPC)
CD AND ITS CONTENTS
SECTION I: TEN CPCS
CPC 1: Case of secondary systemic amyloidosis
CPC 2: Case of septic shock with DIC
CPC 3: Case of HIV infection with miliary tuberculosis with tuberculous meningitis (TBM)
CPC 4: Case of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) with infective endocarditis
CPC 5: Case of alcoholic cirrhosis with portal hypertension
CPC 6: Case of bronchogenic carcinoma
CPC 7: Case of long-standing inflammatory bowel disease
CPC 8: Case of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
CPC 9: Case of type II diabetes mellitus with complications
CPC 10: Case of gestational choriocarcinoma
SECTION II: QUICK REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY MUSEUM
SECTION EIGHT: APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1:
Common Instruments in Pathology
HAEMATOLOGY (1-20)
1. ANTISERA FOR BLOOD GROUPING
2. BONE MARROW ASPIRATION (SALAH'S) NEEDLE
3. DLC COUNTER (MANUAL)
4. EHRLICH'S EYEPIECE
5. GRADUATED PIPETTE (1 ML)
6. LANCET
7. NEUBAUER'S (IMPROVED) COUNTING CHAMBER (HAEMACYTOMETER)
8. PASTEUR PIPETTE
9. RBC PIPETTE
10. SAHLI'S COLOUR COMPARATOR
11. SAHLI'S HAEMOGLOBIN PIPETTE
12. SAHLI'S HAEMOGLOBIN TUBE
13. STOP WATCH
14. THERMOMETER FOR WATERBATH
15. TREPHINE BIOPSY (JAMSHIDI'S) NEEDLE
16. VACUTAINERS WITH VACUPUNCTURE NEEDLE
17. WBC PIPETTE
18. WESTERGREN'S PIPETTE
19. WINTROBE'S STAND
20. WINTROBE'S (HAEMATOCRIT) TUBE
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (21-25)
21. DIPSTICK FOR URINE
22. ESBACH'S ALBUMINOMETER
23. LUMBAR PUNCTURE NEEDLE
24. URINOMETER
25. VIM SILVERMAN'S NEEDLE
HISTOPATHOLOGY (26-31)
26. BLOCK MOULDS (METAL), LEUCKHART'S (L)
27. BLOCK MOULDS (PLASTIC)
28. MICROTOMY BLADES, HIGH AND LOW PROFILE
29. MICROTOMY KNIFE, PLAIN WEDGE TYPE
30. SLIDE CARRIER
31. TISSUE CAPSULES (STAINLESS STEEL)
CYTOPATHOLOGY (32-34)
32. AYRE'S SPATULA
33. COPLIN JAR
34. FRANZEN HANDLE
APPENDIX II:
Common Similes in Pathology
APPENDIX III:
Normal Values
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF NORMAL ORGANS
LABORATORY VALUES OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
INDEX
TOC
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