Fifth Edition
Harsh
Mohan
MD, FAMS, FICPath, FUICC
Former Professor and Head
Department of Pathology Government Medical College and Hospital
Chandigarh-
160 031
INDIA
E-mail: drharshmohan@gmail.com
Sugandha
Mohan
BDS, DDS
(NYUCD,
NY,
USA)
E-mail: sugandha1987@gmail.com
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Assistant Editor: Praveen Mohan
Essential Pathology for Dental Students
First Edition : 1995
Second Edition : 2002
Third Edition : 2005
Fourth Edition : 2011
Fifth Edition : 2017
9789386107749
Printed at
5Preface
Thus do your duty without attachment
Perform the work that has to be done,
Since the person attains supreme form
By doing duty in a spirit of sacrifice.
(The Bhagvatgita: Ch III, Verse 19)
In keeping pace with newer developments in the field of pathology and in order to cater to the contemporary needs of users, the fifth edition of Essential Pathology for Dental Students is presented after a gap of six years since the last edition of this book. The new edition has been thoroughly updated and contains newer contents and it is expected to be highly useful and more appealing. In fact, for eager learners, the revised edition has more material than the current syllabus recommended by the Dental Council of India (DCI). The revised edition has a large number of new illustrations, line drawings, schematic drawings and newer tables, in an attempt to enhance understanding and learning of the subject readily, besides being a visual treat. A new feature incorporated in this edition is placing of Gist Boxes at the end of each topic presenting summary of the topic just covered so that the learner can quickly revise it in a short time. In addition, the present edition has been redesigned in illustrations, lay-out and in printing for a more aesthetic look as well. In doing all this, I used my discretion as a teacher in including many newer examples of diseases, especially in infections and neoplasms, and had the help of a more modern approach of my co-author (SM).
In recent years, there have been widespread advancements in molecular, immunologic and genetic basis of several diseases which have heightened our understanding of the mechanisms of diseases. As a result, mention of ‘idiopathic’ in etiology and pathogenesis of many diseases in the literature is slowly disappearing. Surely, the students of 21st century need to be enlightened on these modern advances in diseases; these aspects have been dealt with in the revised edition with a simple and lucid approach.
Key Features of the fifth edition are as follows:
Thorough updating: All the chapters and topics have undergone thorough revision and updating of various aspects. While most of the newer information has been inserted between the lines, a few topics have been rewritten. In doing so, the basic accepted style of the book—simple, easy-to-understand and reproducibility of the subject matter, and emphasis on clarity and accuracy, has not been changed.
Reorganised contents: The revised edition has 30 chapters divided into two parts: Part A: General Pathology (4 sections) and Part B: Systemic Pathology (2 sections). This has been done in conformity with the revised recommendations in the syllabus prescribed by the DCI; however, a few additional topics have been added for an inquisitive learner. Topics such as Techniques in Pathology and Normal Values have been shifted to Practical Pathology for Dental Students where these topics belong.
More and new figures/tables: There are several newer figures and tables in the revised edition. All free-hand labelled sketches of gross specimens and line-drawings of microscopic features of an entity have been placed alongside the corresponding specimen photograph and photomicrograph, respectively, enhancing the understanding of the subject for the beginners in pathology.
Gist Boxes: Throughout the book, at the end of every topic, a uniquely coloured box containing summary of the topic just covered has been placed. These Gist Boxes are meant for quick revision of the topics in a short time. Since these boxes have a distinct colour scheme throughout the book, the student can revise the entire subject by quickly turning pages of the book and these boxes become readily visible without having to search for them, making the book truly user-friendly.6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In preparing the revised fifth edition, suggestions and corrections received from my colleagues at different places and students have been carefully taken into consideration which is gratefully acknowledged. As in my other books, liberal and skilful technical assistance rendered by Ms Agam Verma, MSc (MLT), Senior Laboratory Technician, is thankfully acknowledged.
My special thanks to the team of dedicated staff of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, in general, and Mrs Y Kapoor (Senior Desktop Operator), in particular for acceding to my requests for amendments and insertions till the very last minute, and Mr Manoj Pahuja (Senior Graphic Designer), for all his help in skilful and appealing art work. All the team members at Jaypee who have contributed in a variety of ways deserve my gratitude—for meticulous proof-reading, for designing of cover, and for promotion of sales and marketing, etc. Finally, my gratitude to the motivating and inspiring leadership of Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman) and Mr Ankit Vij (Group President) of the M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, who have been always conscious of quality of the final product and the results show it.
In spite of my best efforts, element of human error is still likely. As in the previous editions, the readers are welcome to point out all such mistakes and render valuable suggestions for further improvements which will be gratefully acknowledged.
Harsh Mohan MD, FAMS, FICPath, FUICC
E-mail: drharshmohan@gmail.com
Sugandha Mohan BDS, DDS (NYUCD, NY, USA)
9Revised Syllabus in Pathology for BDS Students as per Recommendations of the Dental Council of India
COURSE CONTENTS IN THEORY
A. GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Introduction to Pathology: Terminologies, the cell in health, the normal cell structure, the cellular functions.
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Disease: Cell injury, types—congenital, acquired, mainly acquired causes of disease (hypoxic injury, chemical injury, physical injury, immunological injury).
Degenerations: Amyloidosis, fatty change, cloudy swelling, hyaline change, mucoid degeneration.
Cell Death and Necrosis: Apoptosis; definition, causes, features and types of necrosis; gangrene—dry, wet, gas; pathological calcifications (dystrophic and metastatic).
Inflammation: Definition, causes, types and features; acute inflammation—the vascular response, the cellular response, chemical mediators, the inflammatory cells, fate; chronic inflammation; granulomatous inflammation.
Healing: Regeneration, repair—mechanisms, healing byprimary intention, healing by secondary intention, fracture healing, factors influencing healing process, complications.
Tuberculosis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis (formation of tubercle), pathological features of primary and secondary TB, complications and fate.
Syphilis: Epidemiology, types and stages of syphilis, pathological features, diagnostic criteria, oral lesions.
Typhoid: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathological features, diagnostic criteria.
Thrombosis: Definition, pathophysiology, formation, complications and fate of a thrombus.
Embolism: Definition, types, effects.
Ischaemia and Infarction: Definition, etiology, types; infarction of various organs.
Derangements of Body Fluids: Oedema—pathogenesis, different types.
Disorders of Circulation: Hyperaemia, shock.
Nutritional Disorders: Common vitamin deficiencies.
Immunological Mechanisms in Disease: Humoral and cellular immunity, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, AIDS
Adaptive Disorders of Growth: Atrophy and hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia.
General Aspects of Neoplasia: Definition, terminology, classification; differences between benign and malignant neoplasms; the neoplastic cell; metastasis; etiology and pathogenesis of neoplasia, carcinogenesis; tumour biology; oncogenes and anti-oncogenes; precancerous lesions; common specific tumours—squamous papilloma and carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenoma and adenocarcinoma, fibroma and fibrosarcoma, lipoma and liposarcoma.
B. SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
Anaemias: Iron deficiency anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia.
Leukaemias: Acute and chronic leukaemias, diagnosis and clinical features.
Diseases of Lymph Nodes: Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, metastatic carcinoma.
Diseases of Oral Cavity: Lichen planus, stomatitis, leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, dental caries, dentigereous cyst, ameloblastoma.
Diseases of Salivary Glands: Normal structure, sialadenitis, tumours.
Hepatitis
Hypertension: Definition, classification; pathophysiology, effects in various organs.
Diabetes Mellitus: Definition, classification, pathogenesis, pathology in different organs.
Common Diseases of Bone: Osteomyelitis, metabolic bone diseases, bone tumours—osteosarcoma, osteoclastoma (giant cell tumour), Ewing’s sarcoma, fibrous dysplasia, aneurysmal bone cyst.
Diseases of Cardiovascular System: Cardiac failure, congenital heart disease—ASD, VSD, PDA, Fallot’s tetralogy, infective endocarditis, atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease.
Haemorrhagic Disorders: Coagulation cascade, coagulation disorder, platelet function, platelet disorders.