Index

Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology Asim Kurjak, Frank A Chervenak

SECTION 1: GENERAL ASPECTS
CHAPTER 1: Safety of Ultrasound inObstetrics and Gynecology
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND DEVICES AND ULTRASOUND INTENSITY
- NON-HAZARDOUS EXPOSURE TIME OF THE FETUS TO THE HEAT
- DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND INSTRUMENTS AND ULTRASOUND INTENSITY
- ULTRASOUND INTENSITY OF DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
- THE EFFECT OF DIRECT HEATING ON MAMMAL FETUSES
- THE ULTRASOUND INTENSITY OF NO BIOEFFECT
- “ALARA” PRINCIPLE
- ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE OF THE TISSUE EXPOSED TO ULTRASOUND
- THERML AND MECHANICAL SAFETIES OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND BY USING THERMAL AND MECHANICAL INDICES
- THERMAL SAFETY OF ULTRASOUND
- MECHANICAL INDEX OF ULTRASOUND
- SAFETY OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND DEVICES
  - Transient Increase of Hepatic Cell Apoptosis after Doppler Ultrasound Exposure
- NONMEDICAL USE OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND
- SAFE LEVEL OF ULTRASOND INTENSITY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 2: Development of Three-dimensional Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
  - Short History of 3D Ultrasound
- WHAT CAN 3D ULTRASOUND DO?
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF 3D ULTRASOUND
- PRACTICAL TIPS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3: Artifacts, Pitfalls and Normal Variants
- INTRODUCTION
  - What is the Problem?
- DEFINITION
- MECHANISM
- CLASSIFICATION
- REVERBERATION
- SHADOWING
- ENHANCEMENT
- MIRROR ARTIFACTS
- REFRACTION (DUPLICATION) AND SIDE LOBES
- OTHER ARTIFACTS
- DOPPLER ULTRASOUND ARTIFACTS
- 3D ULTRASOUND ARTIFACTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4: Routine Use of Obstetric Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC ULTRASOUND
- SAFETY
- GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF OBSTETRIC ULTRASOUND
- RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS OF ROUTINE ULTRASOUND
- CRITIQUE OF RADIUS TRIAL
- META-ANALYSES OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
- DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY OF ROUTINE ULTRASOUND
- FIRST TRIMESTER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
- ETHICAL DIMENSIONS
  - Beneficence
  - Autonomy
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5: Medicolegal Issues in Obstetric and Gynecologic Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE
- GUIDELINES
- INSTRUMENTATION AND SAFETY
- DOCUMENTATION
- INDICATIONS
- EXAMINATION CONTENT
- QUALITY CONTROL
- LITIGATION RELATED TO ULTRASOUND
- NONMEDICAL USE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 2: OBSTETRICS
CHAPTER 6: Fetal and Maternal Physiology and Ultrasound Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PLACENTA
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLACENTA
- ABNORMAL PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND ULTRASOUND
- FUNCTIONS OF THE PLACENTA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7: HDlive Silhouette and HDlive Flow: New Application of 3D Ultrasound in Prenatal Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- HDLIVE (HIGH DEFINITION LIVE) TECHNIQUE
  - HDlive Silhouette Imaging Technology
    - HDlive Silhouette Imaging of Hypoechoic Structures
    - HDlive Silhouette Imaging of Hyperechoic Structures
- HDLIVE FLOW IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
  - Clinical Significance and Pitfalls of HDlive Silhouette and Flow Imaging
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8: Normal and Abnormal Early Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRAUTERINE PREGNANCY OF UNKNOWN VIABILITY
  - Pregnancy of Unknown Location (PUL)
  - Intrauterine Pregnancy of Unknown Viability
- NORMAL EARLY PREGNANCY
  - Events Following Implantation
- ABNORMAL EARLY PREGNANCY
- DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND CRITERIA FOR EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS
- ULTRASOUND HIGH-RISK INDICATORS FOR EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS
- CONCLUSION: PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 9: Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosing and Treating the Challenge*
- INTRODUCTION
- THE ROLE OF BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- THE ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF AN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- OTHER SITES OF IMPLANTATION
- THERAPY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10: Sonographic Determination of Gestational Age
- INTRODUCTION
  - Importance of Accurate Gestational Age Assessment
- ASSESSMENT OF GESTATIONAL AGE BY LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD
  - Clinical Methods for Determining Gestational Age
  - Ultrasound Assessment of Gestational Age
- MULTIFETAL PREGNANCIES
- CHOOSING A DUE DATE
- ULTRASOUND PITFALLS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11: Trophoblastic Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION, DEVELOPMENT AND PATHOLOGY
- COMPLETE HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
- PARTIAL HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
- INVASIVE HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
- CHORIOCARCINOMA
- PLACENTAL SITE TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR
- EPITHELIOID TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR
- PERSISTENT TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
- SYMPTOMS OF GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
- DIAGNOSIS OF GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
- THERAPY OF TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12: First-trimester Ultrasound Screening for Fetal Anomalies
- INTRODUCTION
- AN ARGUMENT FOR SCREENING IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER
  - An Argument for Confining the First-trimester Ultrasound Examination to 11–13+6 Weeks of Gestation
- ELEMENTS OF FIRST-TRIMESTER FETAL SCREENING
- QUALITY ASSURANCE IN FIRST-TRIMESTER ULTRASOUND
- SCREENING MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES FOR DOWN SYNDROME
- FIRST TRIMESTER SCREENING FOR FETAL ANOMALIES OTHER THAN CHROMOSOMAL DEFECTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13: Fetal Biometry
- INTRODUCTION
- FIRST-TRIMESTER MEASUREMENTS
- SECOND-TRIMESTER MEASUREMENTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14: Doppler Ultrasound: State of the Art
- INTRODUCTION
- PULSED DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IN MATERNAL FETAL MEDICINE
- COLOR AND POWER DOPPLER IMAGING
- DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IN THREE DIMENSIONS
  - 3D Power Doppler
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15: Guidelines for the Doppler Assessment of the Umbilical and Middle Cerebral Arteries in Obstetrics
- INTRODUCTION
- UMBILICAL ARTERY
  - Middle Cerebral Artery
CHAPTER 16: Ultrasound and Doppler Management of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
  - CLASSIFICATION
- INCIDENCE
- SCREENING
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS OF THE TYPE OF SGA
  - Abnormal SGA
  - IUGR versus Normal SGA
- STUDY OF FETAL DETERIORATION
  - Chronic Tests
  - Acute Markers
- OBSTETRIC MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 17: Fetal Central Nervous System
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSVAGINAL NEUROSONOGRAPHY
- BASIC ANATOMICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRAIN
- TRANSVAGINAL 3D SONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF FETAL CNS
- NEW APPLICATION OF HDLIVE SILHOUETTE AND FLOW IN FETAL NEUROLOGY
- 3D/4D SONOGRAPHY AND MRI:ALTERNATIVES OR COMPLEMENTARIES
- VENTRICULOMEGALY AND HYDROCEPHALUS
  - Variety of Mild Ventriculomegaly with AW 10–15 mm
  - Moderate-to-severe Ventriculomegaly with AW >15 mm
- CONGENITAL CNS ANOMALIES
- ACQUIRED BRAIN ABNORMALITIES IN UTERO
- FUTURE ASPECT
CHAPTER 18: Corpus Callosum and Three-dimensional Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- THREE-DIMENSIONAL OVER TWO-DIMENSIONAL SONOGRAPHY IN THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM
  - Indications for Displaying the Corpus Callosum
- DEMONSTRATION OF THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM USING 3D ULTRASONOGRAPHY
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or 3D Neurosonography
- BIOMETRY OF THE FETAL CORPUS CALLOSUM BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND
- DETECTION OF FETAL CORPUS CALLOSUM ABNORMALITIES BY MEANS OF 3D ULTRASOUND
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 19: Detection of Limb Malformations: Role of 3D/4D Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE OF LIMB ANOMALIES
- ETIOLOGY
  - Different Types of Limb Malformations
- 3D ULTRASOUND APPEARANCE OF THE LIMBS/FETAL SKELETON
- 4D ULTRASOUND APPEARANCE OF THE LIMBS/FETAL SKELETON
- TRANSVAGINAL/TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION OF THE LIMBS/FETAL SKELETON
- GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE SONOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF LIMB MALFORMATIONS
CHAPTER 20: The Fetal Thorax
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS
- SCANNING TECHNIQUES
- PATHOLOGY
  - Diaphragmatic Hernia
- CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION
  - Associated Anomalies
    - Prognosis
- FETAL HYDROTHORAX
- FETAL PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
  - Prognosis
  - Therapy
- LUNG SEQUESTRATION/PULMONARY SEQUESTRATION
- CONGENITAL CYSTIC LUNG LESIONS
  - Fraser (Cryptophthalmos) Syndrome
  - Esophageal/Tracheoesophageal Atresia
CHAPTER 21: Three-dimensional and Four-dimensional Evaluation of the Fetal Heart
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPACT OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION AT RISK
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES: CURRENT SITUATION
- HISTORY OF FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- NEW PERSPECTIVES IN THREE- AND FOUR-DIMENSIONAL FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CLINICAL APPLICATION OF 3D OR 4D IN FETAL CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  - Peripheral Vascular System in 3D
  - The Fetal Heart in 3D and 4D
- SPATIOTEMPORAL IMAGING CORRELATION: A NEW APPROACH TO THREE- AND FOUR-DIMENSIONAL EVALUATION OF THE FETAL HEART
- TECHNICAL BASES
- ADVANTAGES
- LIMITATIONS
- CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND NEW PERSPECTIVES
- FIRST SPANISH STUDY IN SPATIOTEMPORAL IMAGE CORRELATION TECHNOLOGY
- CONCLUSION
  - Methodology
  - Results
- COMMENT
CHAPTER 22: Spatial and Temporal Image Correlation and Other Volume Ultrasound Techniques in the Fetal Heart Evaluation After 10 Years of Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS
- THE PROCESS OF STIC ACQUISITION
  - Preacquisition and Acquisition Stages of Fetal Heart Assessment in STIC Mode
  - Postacquisition Stages of Fetal Heart Assessment in STIC Mode
- STIC IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER
- THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 23: Malformations of the Gastrointestinal System
- INTRODUCTION
- ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS
- BOWEL DISORDERS
- NONBOWEL CYSTIC MASSES
CHAPTER 24: Diagnostic Sonography of Fetal Urinary Tract Anomalies
- INTRODUCTION
- ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF NORMAL FETAL KIDNEYS AND URINARY TRACT
- RENAL AGENESIS
- CYSTIC RENAL DYSPLASIA
- OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
- RENAL TUMORS
  - Mesoblastic Nephroma
  - Wilms’ Tumor
- DETERMINATION OF FETAL RENAL FUNCTION
- TREATMENT OF PRENATALLY DIAGNOSED RENAL AND URINARY TRACT ANOMALIES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 25: Fetal Musculoskeletal System
- INTRODUCTION
  - Fetal Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
- NORMAL US APPEARANCE OF FETAL SKELETON
- OSTEOCHONDRODYSPLASIAS
- REDUCTIONAL DEFECTS
- HAND AND FOOT DEFORMITIES
  - Malpositioned Hands14
  - Malpositioned Feet
- POLYDACTYLY
- SYNDACTYLY
- HEMIVERTEBRAE
- FETAL AKINESIA DEFORMATION SEQUENCE
- OTHER SKELETAL DEFECTS16,17
  - Patellar Anterior Luxation
  - Teratogenic Effects: Misoprostol
CHAPTER 26: Sonographic Assessment of the Umbilical Cord
- INTRODUCTION
- MORPHOLOGY
- “LEAN” UMBILICAL CORD
- LARGE UMBILICAL CORD
- DISCORDANT UMBILICAL ARTERY
- SINGLE UMBILICAL ARTERY
- UMBILICAL CORD ANGIOARCHITECTURE
- UMBILICAL CORD AND ANEUPLOIDIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 27: Placenta: From Basic Facts to Highly Sophisticatedplacenta Accreta Story
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PLACENTA
CHAPTER 28: Measurement of Cervical Length
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL FACTS ABOUT UTERINE CERVIX
CHAPTER 29: Monochorionicity: Unveiling the Black Box
- INTRODUCTION
  - Monochorionicity: We Need to Know Better and More
- THE MONOZYGOSITY PHENOMENON
  - Time Matters in Monozygosity: Sharing Levels and a Model of Placentation
- HOW MUCH IDENTICAL ARE MZ TWINS?
  - Phenomena of Genetic and Epigenetic Discordance
- THE LIMITS OF ZYGOSITY TESTING: POSTNATAL IMPORTANCE
  - Chorionicity: A (Re)definition of Perinatal Prognosis
  - Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis: Does Chorionicity Matters?
- MONOCHORIONIC PREGNANCY AS A HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY: TWIN-TO-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME AS A PARADIGM TO TREAT
- DISCORDANCE OF FETAL GROWTH: WHAT IS ADAPTATION, PROMOTION AND GROWTH RESTRICTION IN MULTIPLES?
- MULTIPLES AND CEREBRAL PALSY: THE EFFECT OF PREMATURITY OR MORE?
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 30: Ultrasonography and Birth Defects
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES
- ULTRASOUND FOR CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES AND CONGENITAL DEFECTS
  - First Trimester Scan (NT/NB Scan)
  - Second Trimester
- TRISOMY 13 (PATAU SYNDROME)
- TRIPLOIDY
- TURNER SYNDROME
- TRISOMY 18 (EDWARDS SYNDROME)
- NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
  - First Trimester Ultrasound Findings
  - Second Trimester Ultrasound Findings (Fig. 30.10)
- ROLE OF FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN FIRST AND SECOND TRIMESTER
  - Indications for Fetal Echocardiography
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR EXTRA FETAL EVALUATION
  - Liquor Amnii
    - Quantity
    - Amniotic Bands
  - Umbilical Cord
    - Number of Vessels
    - Origin and Insertion
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR FETAL MORPHOLOGY EVALUATION
- ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCEMENT IN SCREENING
- SCREENING METHODS AND TESTS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 31: Postpartum Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL PUERPERIUM
  - Doppler Ultrasound during Normal Puerperium
  - Three-dimensional (3D) Ultrasound Postpartum
- RETAINED PLACENTAL TISSUE
  - Doppler Ultrasound during Pathological Puerperium
- POSTPARTUM ENDOMETRITIS
- CESAREAN SECTION
- UNCOMMON BUT POTENTIALLY LIFE-THREATENING CAUSES OF POSTPARTUM BLEEDING
- PLACENTA ACCRETA/INCRETA/PERCRETA
  - Uterine Arteriovenous Lesions (True Av Malformations, Acquired Av Malformations/Pseudoaneurysm)
  - Placental Site Tumor and Choriocarcinoma
- PREGNANCY LUTEOMAS
- CONGENITAL UTERINE MALFORMATIONS
- POSTPARTUM URINARY RETENTION
- PUERPERAL MASTITIS AND BREAST ABSCESS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 32: Three-dimensional Sonoembryology
- INTRODUCTION
- MODERN EMBRYOLOGY BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE MICROSCOPY AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS
- NORMAL EMBRYO VISUALIZATION BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL SONOEMBRYOLOGY
- FETAL ABNORMALITIES IN EARLY GESTATION
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 33: Three-dimensional Ultrasound in the Visualization of Fetal Anatomy in the Three Trimesters of Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
  - Biophysical Monitoring of Pregnancy
    - Embryo-Fetal Anatomical Study by 3–4D Ultrasound
- FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
- SIGNS PREDICTIVE OF ANEUPLOIDY AND STRUCTURAL EMBRYO–FETAL ALTERATIONS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER
  - Transitory Signs
  - Persistent Signs
- SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTERS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 34: Three-dimensional Ultrasound in Detection of Fetal Anomalies
- INTRODUCTION
  - Recent Advances of 3D Ultrasonography
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF ANATOMICAL CONGENITAL ANOMAILES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 35: Fetal Behavior Assessed by Four-dimensional Sonography
- INTRODUCTION
  - Recent Advances of 3D Ultrasonography
- THE EVOLUTION OF FETAL MOVEMENTS AND FETAL BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT WITH ULTRASOUND
- NEONATAL ASPECTS OF FETAL BEHAVIOR
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 36: Ultrasound-guided Fetal Invasive Procedures
- INTRODUCTION
- AMNIOCENTESIS
- CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING
- FETAL BLOOD SAMPLING
- CELOCENTESIS
- EMBRYOSCOPY-FETOSCOPY
- MULTIFETAL PREGNANCY REDUCTION AND SELECTIVE TERMINATION
  - Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction
  - Selective Termination for Fetal Anomaly
- TWIN-TO-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME
- FETAL BIOPSY PROCEDURES IN PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
- CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
- FETAL PLEURAL EFFUSION
- INTERVENTIONAL FETAL CARDIOLOGY
CHAPTER 37: Chorionic Villus Sampling
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROCEDURE
- COMPLICATIONS, PREGNANCY LOSS AND SAFETY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 38: Amniocentesis and Fetal Blood Sampling
- INTRODUCTION
- AMNIOCENTESIS
- FETAL BLOOD SAMPLING
CHAPTER 39: Invasive Genetic Studies in Multiple Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE OF STRUCTURAL FETAL ANOMALIES IN MULTIPLES
- RISK OF ANEUPLOIDY IN MULTIPLES
- INDICATIONS FOR PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVASIVE PROCEDURES FOR PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Amniocentesis
  - Chorionic Villus Sampling
- FETAL BLOOD SAMPLING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 40: Overview of Fetal Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF FETAL THERAPY
- FETAL THERAPY SEGMENT
- PRINCIPLES OF FAMILY COUNSELING FOR FETAL THERAPY
- PRINCIPLES AND TYPES OF FETAL THERAPY
- ETHICS OF FETAL THERAPY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 41: In Utero Pharmacologic Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES AND TYPES OF IN UTERO PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT
- FETAL CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATIONS
- FETAL ARRHYTHMIAS
  - Fetal Bradyarrhythmia
    - Maternal Glucocorticoid and Fetal CHB
    - Maternal Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Fetal CHB
  - Fetal Tachyarrhythmias
- FETAL THYROID DISEASES
  - Fetal Goitrous Hypothyroidism
  - Fetal Thyrotoxicosis
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 42: Ultrasound-guided Fetal Intervention
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FETAL INTERVENTION
- FETAL PARACENTESIS
- FETAL SHUNTING PROCEDURES
- PERCUTANEOUS SCLEROTHERAPY (AND PLEURODESIS)
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 43: In Utero Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF IN UTERO STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
- RATIONALE FOR IN UTERO STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
- HUMAN EXPERIENCES OF IN UTERO STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
  - In Utero Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
  - In Utero Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- HISTORY OF IN UTERO GENE THERAPY
- RATIONALE FOR IN UTERO GENE THERAPY
- APPLICATION OF IN UTERO GENE THERAPY
- RISKS OF IN UTERO GENE THERAPY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 44: Fetoscopic Interventions
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES OF FETOSCOPY
- EQUIPMENTS AND TECHNIQUES
- COMPLICATED MONOCHORIONIC TWINS
  - Twin-twin Transfusion Syndrome (Table 44.2)
    - Technical Aspect
  - Twins Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence
- SEVERE CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (CDH)
  - Additional Benefits of MRI in Assessment of CDH Fetus
  - Prenatal Interventions in Fetus with Severe CDH
- LOWER URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 45: Open Fetal Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE OF OPEN FETAL SURGERY
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF OPEN FETAL SURGERY
- FETAL MENINGOMYELOCELE
- FETAL TUMOR
- CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION (CPAM)
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 46: Establishment of Fetal Therapy Center
- INTRODUCTION
- TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
- DEFINITION OF FETAL THERAPY CENTER
- COUNSELING SERVICE AT FETAL THERAPY CENTERS
- PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS TO SET UP FETAL THERAPY CENTER
- MAINTENANCE OF THE EXPERTISE
- QUALITY ASSURANCE OF FETAL THERAPY CENTER
- IMPORTANCE OF THE FOLLOW-UP DATA
- EXTRINSIC FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE OF FETAL THERAPY PROGRAM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47: Fetal Face and Four-dimensional Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- FETAL FACE EXAMINATION
- TIMING OF FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND VISUALIZATION OF FACIAL MOVEMENTS
- DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF FETAL FACIAL MOVEMENTS VISUALIZED BY FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND
- FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND AND FETAL EMOTION-LIKE MOVEMENTS
- FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND OF FETAL FACE AND KURJAK'S ANTENATAL NEURODEVELOPMENT TEST (KANET)
- FETAL OBSERVABLE MOVEMENT SYSTEM (FOMS) AND FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND
- HDLIVE OF FETAL FACE
- LIMITATIONS OF FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND USE IN FETAL FACE EXAMINATION
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
CHAPTER 48: Three-dimensional Ultrasound for the Detection of Fetal Syndromes
- INTRODUCTION
- APERT SYNDROME
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Genetic Counseling
- HOLT–ORAM SYNDROME
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Genetic Counseling
- WALKER–WARBURG SYNDROME
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Genetic Counseling
- VAN DER WOUDE SYNDROME
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Genetic Counseling
- GOLDENHAR SYNDROME
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Genetic Counseling
- DE GROUCHY SYNDROME
- AMNIOTIC BAND SYNDROME
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Genetic Counseling
- NAGER SYNDROME
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Genetic Counseling
- TREACHER-COLLINS SYNDROME
- TRISOMY 21 (DOWN SYNDROME)
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Prognosis and Genetic Counseling
- TRISOMY 13 (PATAU SYNDROME)
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Genetic Counseling
- TRISOMY 18 (EDWARDS SYNDROME)
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Prognosis and Genetic Counseling
CHAPTER 49: Ultrasound Role in Perinatal Infection
- INTRODUCTION
- ULTRASOUND FEATURES IN CONGENITAL INFECTION
  - Early Pregnancy Loss
  - Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis
- WHAT IS THE ROLE OF INVASIVE PROCEDURES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRAUTERINE INFECTION?
- PRENATAL MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC CONGENITAL INFECTIONS USING ULTRASOUND MARKERS AND INVASIVE PROCEDURES
  - Cytomegalovirus
    - Treatment of CMV Infection
- TOXOPLASMA
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 3: GYNECOLOGY
CHAPTER 50: Normal Female Reproductive Anatomy
- INTRODUCTION
- UTERUS
- FALLOPIAN TUBE
- OVARIES
CHAPTER 51: Uterine Lesions: Advances in Ultrasound Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL UTERUS
- ENDOMETRIAL POLYPS
- INTRAUTERINE SYNECHIAE (ADHESIONS)
- ADENOMYOSIS
- ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA
- ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
- LEIOMYOMA
- LEIOMYOSARCOMA
- ADVANCES IN ULTRASOUND IMAGING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 52: Uterine Fibroid
- INTRODUCTION
- ELASTOGRAPHY
  - Benefits of Elastoscan
- TREATMENT
  - Surgical Treatment: Myomectomy
- UTERINE FIBROID AND PREGNANCY
  - Effects of Pregnancy
  - Effects of Fibroid Size, Location and Number of Pregnancy
- FIBROIDS AND STERILITY
  - Submucous Fibroids
  - Intramural Fibroids
- FIBROID-LIKE CONDITIONS
CHAPTER 53: Three-dimensional Static Ultrasound and Three-dimensional Power Doppler in Gynecologic Pelvic Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
- UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS AND SARCOMAS
- CERVICAL CANCER
- ADNEXAL TUMORS
- OTHER APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 54: Ultrasound in Human Reproduction
- INTRODUCTION
- FOLLICULOGENESIS
- ULTRASOUND AND FOLLICULAR GROWTH
- ULTRASOUND AND OVULATION
- ULTRASOUND AS THE TOOL FOR PREDICTION OF SUCCESS AND FOR MONITORING IN MEDICALLY ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
  - Ultrasound Role in Predicting the Success of Medically Assisted Reproduction
  - Ultrasound monitoring in Controlled Ovarian Stimulation
- ULTRASOUND MONITORING IN UNSTIMULATED CYCLES
- THE ROLE OF SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE ENDOMETRIUM
CHAPTER 55: New Insights into the Fallopian Tube Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
- BENIGN TUMORS OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE
- MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE
- FALLOPIAN TUBE TORSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 56: Sonographic Imaging in Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- UTERINE CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
- OVARIAN CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
- POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 57: Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional Saline Infusion Sonography and Hystero-contrast-salpingography
- INTRODUCTION
- ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF THE UTERUS AND THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
- 3D AND 4D HY-CO-SY WITH AUTOMATED CODED CONTRAST IMAGING AND SONOVUE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 58: Guided Procedures Using Transvaginal Sonography
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSVAGINAL PUNCTURE PROCEDURES
- CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF AN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- OTHER APPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 59: Ultrasound in the Postmenopause
- INTRODUCTION
- CHALLENGES OF THE POSTMENOPAUSE
- INSTRUMENTATION
- SCANNING IN THE POSTMENOPAUSE
- POSTMENOPAUSAL OVARY
- THE POSTMENOPAUSAL UTERUS
- POSTMENOPAUSAL ENDOMETRIUM
CHAPTER 60: The Use of Ultrasound as an Adjunct to the Physical Examination for the Evaluation of Gynecologic and Obstetric Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain
- INTRODUCTION
- GYNECOLOGIC ETIOLOGIES OF ACUTE PELVIC PAIN
  - Acute Pelvic Pain with a Negative Pregnancy Test
  - Acute Pelvic Pain with a Positive Pregnancy Test
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 61: Ultrasound in Urogynecology
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TECHNICAL CONCEPTS, PROTOCOLS, NORMS AND ULTRASOUND FINDINGS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 62: Three/Four-dimensional, Vocal, HDlive and Silhouette Ultrasound in Obstetrics, Reproduction and Gynecology
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL HDLIVE IMAGE
- PATHOLOGICAL IMAGES USING 3D/4D ULTRASOUND AND HDLIVE
  - Double Yolk Sac
  - Hygroma Colli
  - Anencephaly/Exencephaly/Acrania
  - Encephalocele (Cranium Bifidum)
  - Abdominal Wall Malformations
  - Omphalocele
    - Gastroschisis
  - Cantrell Pentalogy
  - Prune Belly Syndrome
  - Persistent Urachus with Bladder Prolapse: Bladder Extrophy Variety
  - Pyelocalyceal Ectasia
- RADIANCE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (RAS) OR SILHOUETTE HDLIVE
- COMMENTS TO THESE NEW US MODES
- DAY-BY-DAY ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE 28 DAYS AND 35 DAYS OF PREGNANCY (4TH TO 5TH WEEK)
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE 5TH AND 6TH WEEK
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE 6TH AND 7TH WEEK
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE 7TH WEEK
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE 8TH WEEK
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE 9TH WEEK
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE 10TH WEEK
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE 11TH WEEK
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE 12TH WEEK
- ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE FROM THE 13TH WEEK ONWARDS
- FINDINGS IN THE 15TH WEEK
- MISCELLANEOUS
- COMMENTS
- SUMMARY
- NORMAL CYCLE
  - HDlive in Natural Cycles and Corpus Luteum Evaluation
- IVF STIMULATION CYCLES
- EVALUATION OF GYNECOLOGICAL PATHOLOGIES RELATED WITH INFERTILITY
- POLYCYSTIC OVARIES AND THE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
- STATE OF THE ART: NEW CRITERIA AND US MODES
- POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN MORPHOLOGY
- OVARIAN MEDULLA
- MEDULLA VASCULARIZATION
- INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
- IDENTIFICATION OF THE IUD TYPE
  - Copper T
    - Multiload/Ancora
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- NORMAL UTERUS AND BENIGN UTERINE TUMORS
- UTERUS
- ENDOMETRIAL AND MYOMETRIAL PATHOLOGIES
- MÜLLERIAN MALFORMATIONS
  - Classification
- ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA AND CANCER, FALLOPIAN TUBE PATHOLOGY
  - Hyperplasias
- CANCER
  - Fallopian Tubes
- DIFFERENTIATION OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT OVARIAN MASSES
  - Use of Scoring Systems
  - HDlive and Silhouette in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Masses
  - Mature Cystic Ovarian Teratomas
  - Sonographic Appearance
  - Discusion
  - About its Pathogenesis
- CRITERIA FOR CATEGORIZING BENIGN VS MALIGNANT OVARIAN MASSES
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes