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Chapter-17 Chest Radiograph: Lung Pathological Findings and Main Signs

BOOK TITLE: Diagnostic Evaluation of the Respiratory System

Author
1. Allen Carolyn
2. Sorino Claudio
3. Khan Ali Nawaz
4. Irion Klaus L
5. Rajiah Prabhakar
6. Durr-e-Sabih
7. Radhakrishna Koteyar Shyamsunder
8. Al-Jahdali Hamdan
9. Suut Syahminan
10. Al-Ani Zeid
ISBN
9789386056009
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/13029_18
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2017
Pages
30
Author Affiliations
1. Rotorua Hospital, Rotorua, New Zealand, The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
2. S. Anna Hospital, Como, Italy; University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
3. North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
4. Cardiothoracic Centre, Liverpool NHS Trust, The Royal Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, UK
5. Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
6. Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
7. North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
8. King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; McGill University, Montreal, Canada
9. Salford Royal Foundation NHS Trust, Greater Manchester, UK
10. North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
Chapter keywords
Chest radiograph, chest x-ray, CXR, posteroanterior, PA, lung abnormality, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary vasculature, lung parenchyma, emphysema

Abstract

This chapter gives an overview of lung pathological findings and main signs. Despite advances in radiology, the chest X-ray (CXR) remains an extremely useful tool in the evaluation of lung diseases, and is the most frequently performed radiological examination. A posteroanterior (PA) CXR is the initial procedure of choice in any patient presenting with pulmonary symptoms, but a correlation with history, biochemical and serological examinations, and lung function tests is usually required. Lung abnormalities with an increased density (also called opacities) can be divided into four types which are interstitial lung pattern, nodules, lung consolidations and atelectasis briefly discussed in this chapter. A decreased density (or hyperlucency), of the lung may be caused by hyperinflation due to an obstructive lung disease without parenchymal damage (e.g. asthma), air trapping with reduction of lung parenchyma (e.g. emphysema), diseases affecting pulmonary vasculature (e.g. pulmonary embolism) and Cavitation.

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