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Practical Manual in Clinical Medicine
ABM Abdullah
CHAPTER 1:
General Examination
FACE IN DIFFERENT DISEASES
Loss of Lateral One Third of Eyebrow
Butterfly Rash
Depressed Nasal Bridge
Puffy Face
Chloasma or Melasma
Malar Flush
Plethoric Face
Bilateral Parotid Enlargement
Cachexia or Emaciation
Tall Stature
Short Stature
Large Skull
XANTHELASMA
Definition
Causes
XANTHOMA
Definition
Types: Four Types
Treatment of Xanthelasma and Xanthoma
HANDS IN DIFFERENT DISEASES
Polydactyly
Syndactyly
Arachnodactyly
Causes of Short 4th or 5th Metacarpal
Wasting of Hand Muscles
Findings in Hand in Infective Endocarditis
Hands in Chronic Liver Disease
CLAW HAND
Definition
Causes of Claw Hand
CLUBBING
Definition
Causes of Clubbing
Differential Clubbing
Causes of Unilateral Clubbing
Causes of Clubbing in a Single Finger
Causes of Clubbing with Cyanosis
Investigations in Clubbing
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
KOILONYCHIA
Definition
Causes
Mechanism of Koilonychia
Stages of Koilonychia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Treatment of Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
LEUCONYCHIA
Definition
Causes
Investigations
NAIL CHANGES IN DIFFERENT DISEASES
Nail Fold Infarction
Splinter Haemorrhage
Half and Half Nail
Nail Fold Telangiectasia
Beau's Line
Onycholysis
Mees’ Line
Yellow Nail
Loss of Nail (or Dystrophy)
Nail Pitting (Depression in Nail)
Brittle Nail (Easily Broken)
Blue Nail
Red Nail
Brown Nail
Periungual or Subungual Fibroma
Fungal Nail
Absent or Small, Dysplastic Nail
Nail Hyperpigmentation
Terry's Nail
Dark Nail
CYANOSIS
Definition
Types of Cyanosis: 2 Types
FEVER
Definition
Hyperpyrexia
Treatment of Hyperpyrexia
Hypothermia
Treatment of Hypothermia
Types of Fever
Intermittent
Remittent
Continued
Pel–Ebstein Fever
Saddleback Fever
Hectic Fever
Aseptic (noninfectious) Fever
Factitious Fever
Temperature Fall by Crisis and Lysis
Pattern of Fever in Different Diseases
Causes of Fever with Skin Rash with Days
Other Causes of Skin Rash with Fever
Fever with Relative Bradycardia
Fever with Relative Tachycardia
Other Points in Fever
NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME
Definition
Treatment
MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA
Definition
Treatment
PYREXIA OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
Definiton
Causes
Infections
Connective Tissue Disorders
Malignancy
Vasculitis
Miscellaneous
Undiagnosed
History to be Taken in PUO
Physical Findings in PUO
Investigations
Treatment
Causes of Absent Radial Pulse:
GENERALIZED LYMPHADENOPATHY
Definition
Causes
Causes of Lymphadenopathy with Splenomegaly (and/or hepatomegaly)
Causes of Generalized Lymphadenopathy with Fever
Investigations in Generalized Lymphadenopathy
CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY
Causes
If Matted Cervical Lymphadenopathy
If Lymphadenopathy with Sinus
If Lymphadenopathy with Biopsy Marking
If Hard Lymphadenopathy
If Tender Lymphadenopathy
If Lymphadenopathy is Discrete
If Lymphadenopathy with Goitre
If Lymphadenopathy is Soft, Fleshy, Rubbery and Discrete
If Lymphadenopathy is Immobile, Fixed to Skin
Investigations in Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
Treatment of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
OEDEMA
Definition
Causes of Pitting Oedema
Causes of Nonpitting Oedema
Causes of Unilateral Leg Oedema
Causes of Bilateral Leg Odema
Causes of Lymphoedema
Causes of Periorbital oedema
Investigation in Generalized Oedema: According to the Cause
Characteristics of Oedema in Different Diseases
PIGMENTATION
Causes
Physiological
Pathological
Evaluation of Pigmentation
HIRSUTISM
Definition
Sites
Causes
Hirsutism without Virilization
Hirsutism with Virilization
Evaluation and Investigations
Treatment of Hirsutism
HYPERTRICHOSIS
Definition
GYNAECOMASTIA
Definition
Causes
Physiological
Pathological
Difference between Gynaecomastia from Lipomastia
Causes of Painful Gynaecomastia
Mechanism of Gynaecomastia in CLD
Mechanism of Gynaecomastia in Alcoholism
Investigations in Gynaecomastia
Treatment
HYPERHYDROSIS
Definition
Causes
PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM
Definition
Types: 4 types
Causes of Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Investigations
Treatment
CHAPTER 2:
Cardiovascular System
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF CVS
Causes of Central or Retrosternal Chest Pain
Palpitation
Dyspnoea
Types of Dyspnoea
VALVULAR HEART DISEASES
MITRAL STENOSIS (MS)
Cause
Symptoms
Signs
Precordium
Complications
Signs of Pulmonary Hypertension (PHTN)
Severe when Mitral Valve Area is <1 cm2
Treatment
Surgical Options
Indications of Surgery
Indications of Valve Replacement
MYXOMA OF HEART
Definition
Sites of Origin
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
MITRAL REGURGITATION (MR)
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Precordium
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
Indications of Surgery in MR
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE (MVP)
Symptoms
Signs
Investigation
Treatment
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION (TR)
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Precordium
Cardinal Findings in TR
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
PULMONARY STENOSIS (PS)
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Precordium
Investigations
Types of PS
Complications
Treatment
PULMONARY REGURGITATION (PR)
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
AORTIC STENOSIS (AS)
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Precordium
Investigations
Complications
Signs of Severe AS
Treatment
Indications of Surgery
AORTIC REGURGITATION (AR)
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Precordium
Formula of 3 to Diagnose AR
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
Indications of Surgery
HEART FAILURE
Definition
Types
ACUTE LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE (LVF)
Definition
Causes of LVF (Pulmonary Oedema)
Symptoms
Signs
Precordium
Cardinal Features of LVF
Investigations
Treatment of Acute LVF (Pulmonary Oedema)
CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
Definition
Causes of CCF
Symptoms
Signs
Precordium
Abdomen
Cardinal Signs of Congestive Cardiac Failure
Investigations
Treatment
Complications of Digoxin
Treatment of Digoxin Toxicity
Causes of Biventricular Failure
HYPERTENSION
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Complications of Hypertension
White Coat Hypertension
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Malignant Hypertension
Treatment
Refractory Hypertension
Resistant Hypertension
Investigations in Hypertension
History
Laboratory Investigations
Treatment of Hypertension
How to Start Drug in Treatment of Hypertension?
Contraindications of Beta-blocker
Treatment of Hypertension in Specific Conditions
RHEUMATIC FEVER
Definition
Mechanism
Diagnostic Criteria of Rheumatic Fever
Signs of Endocarditis
Signs of Myocarditis
Signs of Pericarditis
Erythema Marginatum
Subcutaneous Nodule
Sydenham's Chorea (St. Vitus’ Dance)
Signs of Activity in Rheumatic Fever
Investigations of RF
Complications
Treatment of Acute RF
Prophylactic Treatment of RF
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
Types
Cyanotic
Acyanotic
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Causes
Site of VSD
Types
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD)
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA)
Causes
Mechanism
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Palpation
Auscultation
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
EISENMENGER'S SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Causes of Death
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT (TOF)
Definition
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Cardinal Features of TOF
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
Blalock Taussig Shunt
Prognosis of TOF
COARCTATION OF AORTA
Definition
Types: 2 Types
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Investigations
Reverse Coarctation
Complications of COA
Causes of Death
Treatment of COA
Prognosis after Surgery
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Causes of IHD
Common Presentations of IHD
Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease
Nonmodifiable
Modifiable
Angina Pectoris
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Types of Angina Pectoris
Investigations
Tretament
Treatment of Unstable Angina
Myocardial Infarction
Definition
Types of MI
Clinical Features
Investigations
Sites of MI
Complications of MI
Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Secondary Prevention (after the attack)
Post Myocardial Infarction Syndrome (Dressler's Syndrome)
Ventricular Aneurysm
ACUTE PERICARDITIS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Confirmation of Diagnosis
Treatment
Cardiac Tamponade
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Pericardiocentesis
Complications
CHRONIC CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
MYOCARDITIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
ENDOCARDITIS
Definition
Acute Endocarditis
Causes
Clinical Features
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE)
Predisposing Factors or Causes of SBE
Organisms Causing Infective Endocarditis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Complications of SBE
Causes of Culture Negative Endocarditis
Treatment
Prevention during Dental Procedure
Indications of Cardiac Surgery
CARDIOMYOPATHY
Definition
Types
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Definition
Types
Clinical Features
Precordium
Investigations
Treatment
Advice to be Given in HCM
Risk Factors for Sudden Cardiac Death in HCM
Drugs to be Avoided in HCM
Effect of HCM in Pregnancy
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Postpartum Cardiomyopathy
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnostic Criteria (four criteria)
Treatment
Prognosis
ARRHYTHMIA
Definition
Types
Sinus Arrhythmia
Definition
Mechanism
Investigation
Sinus Tachycardia
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
ECG shows
Treatment
Sinus Bradycardia
Definition
Causes
Causes of Bradycardia
ECG Findings
Treatment
SICK SINUS SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (SVT)
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Complications
ECG Findings
Treatment
Adenosine
WPW SYNDROME
Definition
Types
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Drugs to be Avoided in WPW Syndrome
NODAL RHYTHM OR JUNCTIONAL RHYTHM
Definition
Types
ECG Findings
Treatment
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Definition
Types
Causes
Complications
Lone Atrial Fibrillation
Clinical Features of AF
Investigations
Treatment
ATRIAL FLUTTER
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
ECG Findings
Treatment
ECTOPICS
Definition
Types of Ectopic
Atrial Ectopics
Causes
ECG Findings
Ventricular Ectopics
Types
Causes
ECG Findings
Treatment
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
ECG Findings
Types of VT
Treatment
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
Definition
Causes
ECG Findings
Signs
Treatment
HEART BLOCK
Definition
Sites of Heart Block
Types of Heart Block
Hemiblock
SA Block (Sinoatrial Block)
Definition
Causes of SA Block
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
First Degree AV Block
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
ECG findings
Treatment
Second Degree AV Block
Types
Mobitz Type I (Wenkebach's Phenomenon)
Mobitz Type II AV block:
COMPLETE HEART BLOCK
Definition
Causes of Complete Heart Block
Other Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Mechanism of Cannon Wave
ECG Criteria
Treatment
Stokes–Adams Attack
Symptoms
Treatment
RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK (RBBB)
ECG Criteria
Causes
Fascicular Block (Hemiblock)
ECG in RBBB with Left Anterior Hemiblock
ECG in RBBB with Left Posterior Hemiblock
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)
ECG Criteria
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
TAKAYASU'S DISEASE
Definition
Clinical Features
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
PACEMAKER
Indications of Temporary Pacemaker
Indications of Permanent Pacemaker
Others
ECG Findings (Atrial Pacing)
ECG Findings (Ventricular Pacing)
Complications of Pacemaker
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
CARDIAC ARREST
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
MARFAN'S SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Eye
Skeletal
CVS
Complications
Associations in Marfan's Syndrome
Investigations
Treatment
Pregnancy in Marfan's Syndrome
CHAPTER 3:
Respiratory Diseases
LUNG FUNCTION TEST (SPIROMETRY)
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Asthma may be Extrinsic or Intrinsic (Table 2)
Types of Bronchial Asthma: 4 groups
Cough Variant Asthma
Exercise-induced Asthma
Occupational Asthma
Drug-induced Asthma
ACUTE SEVERE ASTHMA
Definition
Signs of Severe Acute Bronchial Asthma
Signs of Life Threatening or Very Severe Asthma
Treatment of Acute Severe Bronchial Asthma
Indications for Assisted Ventilation
Management of Bronchial Asthma (Table 3)
Drug Used in Bronchial Asthma
β2 Adrenoceptor Agonist
Anticholenergic (Antimuscarinic) Drug
Methyl Xanthines
Corticosteroid
Chromones
Leucotrine Receptor Antagonist (LTRA)
Anti-IgE Therapy
Miscellaneous
MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA WITH OTHER DISEASES
Asthma with Diabetes Mellitus
Asthma in Pregnancy
Asthma with Hypertension
BRONCHIECTASIS
Definition
Causes
Types of Bronchiectasis: 3 types
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Indications of Surgery
Complications
BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA
Causes or Risk Factors
Types of Bronchial Carcinoma: 4 types
Investigations
Contraindications of Surgery
PNEUMONIA (CONSOLIDATION)
Definition
Types
Causes of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Pathological Stages of Pneumonia—Four Stages
Symptoms
Signs (On Affected Site)
Complications of Pneumonia
Causes of Slow or Delayed Resolution of Pneumonia
Investigations
Treatment of Pneumonia
Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Nosocomial Pneumonia
Causes
Predisposing Factors
Treatment of Nosocomial Pneumonia
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
Definition
Atypical Pneumonia
Investigations
Extrapulmonary Complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Treatment
Legionella pneumophila
Investigations
Treatment
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs (in Chest)
Investigations
Treatment
Treatment of Acute Exacerbations
Complications of Chronic Bronchitis
ACUTE BRONCHITIS
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
EMPHYSEMA
Definition
Causes
Symptoms: Common in Elderly Smokers
Signs
On inspection
On plapation
On percussion
On auscultation
Investigations
Treatment
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Definition
Causes: Four Common Causes
Other Causes
Causes of Bilateral Effusion
Causes of Recurrent Pleural Effusion
Types of Pleural Effusion: According to Colour
Causes of Exudative Effusion (Pleural Fluid Protein >3 g%)
Causes of Transudative Effusion (Pleural Fluid Protein <3 g%)
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs (In Chest)
On auscultation
Investigations
Treatment
EMPYEMA
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
LUNG ABSCESS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Indications of Surgery
MEDIASTINAL MASS
Mass in Superior Mediastinum
Mass in Anterior Mediastinum
Mass in Middle Mediastinum
Mass in Posterior Mediastinum
Features of Mediastinal Mass
SUPERIOR VENA CAVAL OBSTRUCTION
Causes of SVC Obstruction
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment: According to cause
PNEUMOTHORAX
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs (in chest): In affected side
Inspection
Pulpation
Purcussion
Auscultation
Investigations
Treatment
Advise to the Patient
TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
Definition
Causes
Features of Tension Pneumothorax
Treatment
SARCOIDOSIS
Definition
Cause
Symptoms
Sign
Investigations
Radiological Stages in Sarcoidosis
Treatment
Indications of Steroid
Two Syndrome in Sarcoidosis
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Definition
Symptoms
Signs (in Chest)
Investigations
Treatment
DIFFUSE PARENCHYMAL LUNG DISEASE
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS/EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC ALVEOLITIS
Definition
Symptoms
Investigations
Diagnostic Features of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Treatment
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Definition
Types: Two Types
Causes of Type I Respiratory Failure
Treatment of Type I Respiratory Failure
Causes of Type II Respiratory Failure
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
TUBERCULOSIS
Causative Organism: Three Types of Mycobacteria
Types of Tuberculosis
Primary Tuberculosis
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Fate of Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Postprimary Tuberculosis
Definition
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
MT (Tuberculin Test) with Its Interpretation
Treatment of Tuberculosis in Pregnancy
MDR-TB
Diagnosis of MDR-TB
Treatment of MDR-TB
Miliary Tuberculosis
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations of Miliary Tuberculosis
Miliary Mottling
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Treatment
PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM
Definition
Causes
Risk Factors for Thromboembolism
Types
Acute Massive PE
Small or Medium Sized PE
Investigations
ECG in PE
Treatment
PNEUMOCONIOSIS (OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASE)
Definition
Common Diseases are
Coal-Worker's Pneumoconiosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Silicosis
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigation
Asbestosis
Definition
Types of Asbestosis: 3 Types
PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
SLEEP APNOEA
Definition
Types—Two Types
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)
Causes
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Clinical Features
Treatment
Central Sleep Apnoea
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
CHAPTER 4:
Gastrointestinal System
CAUSES OF MOUTH ULCER
APHTHOUS ULCER
Definition
Cause
Treatment
CANDIDIASIS (ORAL THRUSH)
Definition
Underlying Diseases Associated with Oral Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Treatment
Causes of Halitosis (Bad Breath)
Causes of Gum Hypertrophy
TONGUE
DISEASES OF OESOPHAGUS
Dysphagia
Causes
Odynophagia
Causes
Globus Hystericus
Haematemesis
Causes
Factors that Affect Adversely in Upper GIT Bleeding
Haematochezia
Causes
Melaena
Causes
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
BARRETT'S OESOPHGUS
Definition
Causes
Investigations
Complication
Treatment
HIATUS HERNIA
Definition
Types: 3 types
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
ACHALASIA CARDIA
Definition
Cause
Symptoms
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
CARCINOMA OF OESOPHAGUS
Types: Mainly 2 types
Sites
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
DISEASE OF THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM
Acute Gastritis
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Chronic Gastritis
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Definition
Sites
Causes
Helicobacter pylori
Mode of Transmission
H. pylori associated PUD
Diagnosis H. pylori infection
Indications of H. pylori Eradication Therapy
Treatment H. pylori Infection
Duodenal Ulcer
Symptoms
Sign
Investigations
Complications of Chronic Duodenal Ulcer
Management: Aims of Treatment
Treatment
Management of Peptic Ulcer Bleeding
Complications of peptic ulcer surgery (gastric resection or vagotomy)
Gastric Ulcer
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Nonulcer Dyspepsia
Definition
Cause
Symptoms
Treatment
Functional Disorders of GIT
Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome (Gastrinoma)
Definition
Pathology
Symptoms
Complications
Investigations:
Treatment
Pyloric Stenosis (Gastric Outlet Obstruction)
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
CARCINOMA OF STOMACH
Sites
Types of Carcinoma of Stomach
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Early Gastric Cancer
Gastric Lymphoma
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
DISEASE OF THE PANCREAS
Acute Pancreatitis
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
CARCINOMA OF PANCREAS
Types
Sites
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
ACUTE APPENDICITIS
Definition
Cause
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Treatment of Appendicular Lump
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Definition
Causes
Commonest cause According to Age
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Crohn's Disease
Definition
Sites
Pathology
Causes
Smoking in IBD
Symptoms
Extraintestinal Features of Crohn's diseases
Investigations
Complications of Crohn's Disease
Treatment of Crohn's Disease
Induction of Remission
Maintenance of Remission
Surgical Treatment
Ulcerative Colitis
Definition
Sites of Involvement
Types of Ulcerative Colitis
Symptoms
Investigations
Pseudopolyp
Complications
Toxic Megacolon
Causes
Treatment
Suspicion of Malignancy in Ulcerative Colitis
Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Control of Active Disease
Maintenance of Remission
CARCINOMA OF COLON (COLORECTAL CANCER)
Sites
Types
Causes
Factors which Decrease Risk of Colorectal Carcinoma
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
ILEOCAECAL TUBERCULOSIS
Causes
Type of Lesion and Type of Ulcer in Ileocaecal Tuberculosis
Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis of Mass in Right Iliac Fossa
Investigations
Complications of Ileocaecal Tuberculosis
Treatment
TUBERCULOUS PERITONITIS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Finding in Ascitic Fluid
Treatment
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Definition
Cause
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
VOMITING
Causes of Vomiting
Investigations
Treatment
CONSTIPATION
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
DIARRHOEA
Definition
Types
Acute Diarrhoea
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Chronic Diarrhoea
Causes
Investigations
Treatment
Causes of Bloody Diarrhoea
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
COELIAC DISEASE
Definition
Symptoms
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
TROPICAL SPRUE
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
DIVERTICULAR DISEASES
Diverticulosis
Definition
Site
Risk Factors
Mechanism
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Diverticulitis
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
CHAPTER 5:
Haematology
ANAEMIA
Definition
Classification
Etiological
Morphological (depending on MCV and MCHC)
Causes of Normocytic Normochromic Anaemia
Causes of Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia
Causes of Macrocytic Anaemia
Dimorphic Anaemia
Causes
Mechanisms of Anaemia of Chronic Disorder
Investigations of Anaemia
Sideroblastic Anaemia
Types
Treatment
IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA
Definition
Megaloblastic Anaemia due to Vitamin B12 Defciency
Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Symptoms of Megaloblastic Anaemia
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Megaloblastic Anaemia due to Folic Acid Deficiency
Investigation of Folic Acid Deficiency
Treatment
HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
Definition
Classification
Evidence of Haemolysis
HEREDITARY HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
Thalassaemia
BETA THALASSAEMIA MAJOR
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Radiological Findings in Skull in β-thalassaemia Major
Treatment
Indications of Splenectomy
Complications of Repeated Blood Transfusion
Prevention of Haemosiderosis
THALASSAEMIA MINOR
Symptoms
Sign
Investigations
Differential Diagnoses
ALPHA THALASSAEMIA
Definition
AUTOIMMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
Definition
Warm Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Cold Agglutinin Disease
Causes
Investigation
Treatment
SICKLE-CELL ANAEMIA
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
MICROANGIOPATHIC HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
Definition
Causes
Mechanism
Investigations
Treatment
PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HAEMOGLOBINURIA
Definition
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
APLASTIC ANAEMIA
Definition
Causes
Symptoms (Primary)
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Causes of Pancytopenia
POLYCYTHAEMIA
Definition
Types
MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER
Definition
MYELOFIBROSIS
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
Causes of Death
POLYCYTHAEMIA RUBRA VERA
Definition
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Types of Diseases in MDS
Investigations
Treatment
LEUKAEMIA
Definition
Types
ACUTE LEUKAEMIA
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Clinical Phases or Types of CML
Blastic Crisis in CML
Causes of Death in CML
Treatment of CML
CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKAEMIA
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Stages of CLL
Investigations
Treatment
Modes of Treatment
LEUKAEMOID REACTION
Definition
Types
Myeloid
Lymphoid
Leucoerythroblastic Blood Picture
PURPURA
Definition
Causes of Purpura
Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Vascular Purpura
Coagulation Defect
Investigations in Purpura
IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Definition
Types
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Causes of Thrombocytopenia
HENOCH-SCHONLEIN PURPURA (HSP)
Definition
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment of HSP
HAEMOPHILIA
Definition
Types
Pedigree of Haemophilia
Symptoms
Complications
Treatment
Christmas Disease (Haemophilia B)
VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
LYMPHOMA
Definition
Types
Hodgkin's Disease
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Staging of HD
Stages of HD
Treatment
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)
Types or Grading
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Definition
Types
Symptoms
Diagnostic Criteria of Multiple Myeloma
Investigations
Treatment
Bad Prognostic factors
Paraprotein
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
Definition
Causes
Investigations
Treatment
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Complications
Treatment during Reaction
Indication
Before Transfusion
STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION)
Types
Indications
Autologous SCT
Allogeneic or Synergic SCT
Potential Donor
Process
Complications
Early
Late
HAEMOLYTIC URAEMIC SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Definition
Pathophysiology of TTP
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
CHAPTER 6:
Hepatology
JAUNDICE
Definition
Types
Causes
Prehepatic (Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia)
Hepatocellular (Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia)
Posthepatic or Obstructive
Features of Different Types of Jaundice
Features of Prehapatic Jaundice
Features of Hepatocellular Jaundice
Features of Obstructive Jaundice
Investigations of Jaundice
ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD)
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Definition
Investigations
Treatment
ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Complications
Management
OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
Causes
Intrahepatic Causes of Cholestatic (obstructive) Jaundice
Features of Obstructive Jaundice
Investigations
Treatment
LIVER ABSCESS
Pyogenic Liver Abscess
Causes
Organisms
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
Amoebic Liver Abscess
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Complication
Treatment
Other Treatment
PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
ASCITES
Definition
Causes of Ascites
Common Causes of Ascites
Investigations
Treatment
Serum Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG)
CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER
Definition
Causes of Cirrhosis of Liver
Symptoms
Signs
Signs of Hepatocellular Failure or Stigmata of CLD
Signs of Portal Hypertension
Signs of Decompensated Cirrhosis
Complications of Cirrhosis of Liver
Investigations in CLD
Treatment
General Treatment
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP)
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
PORTOSYSTEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (PSE) OR HEPATIC PRECOMA
Definition
Mechanism of PSE
Factors Precipitating PSE
Clinical Features of PSE (remember the formula DPIST-F)
Constructional Apraxia
Investigations
Treatment of PSE
FULMINATING HEPATIC FAILURE
Definition
Investigations
Treatment
OESOPHAGEAL VARICES
Complication
Grades of Oesophageal Varices
Investigation
Treatment of Rupture Oesophageal Varices
Prevention of Rebleeding
Prevention of Initial Bleeding from Varices
Treatment of Congestive Gastropathy
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Causes of Portal Hypertension
Clinical Signs of Portal Hypertension
Complications of Portal Hypertension
HAEMOCHROMATOSIS
Definition
Causes of Haemochromatosis
Mechanism
Primary or Hereditary Haemochromatosis
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complication or Cause of Death in Haemochromatosis
HEPATOMA
Definition
Causes of Hepatoma
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
SECONDARIES IN THE LIVER
Primary Site
Investigations
Treatment
PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS
Definition
Clinical Features
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Investigation
Treatment
CARCINOMA OF GALLBLADDER
Types
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Types
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
CHAPTER 7:
Endocrinology
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
THYROID GLAND
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Definition
Causes of Primary Hypothyroidism
Causes of Goitrous Hypothyroidism
Nongoitrous Hypothyroidism
Myxoedema
Clinical Features
Other Features of Hypothyroidism
Investigations
Treatment
Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Different Conditions
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Treatment
Myxoedema Coma
Treatment
Cretinism
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Definition
Investigation
Treatment
THYROTOXICOSIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Thyrotoxic Crisis
Precipitating Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment of Thyrotoxic Crisis
Treatment of Thyrotoxicosis in other Situations
GRAVES’ DISEASE
Definition
Cause of Graves’ Disease
Natural History of Graves’ Disease
Investigations
Treatment
GOITRE
Definition
Classification
Investigations of Goitre
Multinodular Goitre
Simple Multinodular Goitre
Complications of Multinodular Goitre
Investigations
Treatment
Toxic Multinodular Goitre
Treatment
Diffuse Goitre
Simple Diffuse Goiter
Causes of Diffuse Goitre
Treatment of Simple Diffuse Goitre
Solitary Thyroid Nodule
Causes of Solitary Thyroid Nodule
Nature of Solitary Nodule
Investigations
Fate of Untreated Thyroid Nodule
Suspicion of Malignancy in a Single Thyroid Nodule
Treatment of Solitary Thyroid Nodule
Tumours of Thyroid Gland
Benign
Treatment
Toxic Adenoma
Treatment
THYROID CARCINOMA
Papillary Carcinoma
Treatment and Prognosis
Follow up (following tests are done periodically):
Follicular Carcinoma
Anaplastic or Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid
Treatment
Prognosis
Lymphoma of Thyroid
PARATHYROID GLAND
Hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Types
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcaemia
Causes of Hypercalcaemia
Clinical Features
Treatment
Hypoparathyroidism
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
Hypocalcaemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
Tetany
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
ADRENAL GLANDS
Cushing's Syndrome
Definition
Causes of Cushing's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Difference between Cushing's Disease and Cushing's Syndrome
Investigations
Tests to Confirm Cushing's Syndrome
Tests to find out the Cause (to localize the site of lesion)
Treatment
Nelson's Syndrome
Treatment
ADDISON'S DISEASE
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnostic criteria in Addison's Disease
Investigations
Treatment
General Advice to the Patient
Addisonian Crisis
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM (CONN'S SYNDROME)
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
PITUITARY GLAND
Panhypopituitarism
Definition
Causes of Hypopituitarism
Clinical Features
Treatment
Sheehan's Syndrome
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
ACROMEGALY
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Hyperprolactinaemia
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Definition
Classification: Two types—
Causes
Cranial DI
Nephrogenic DI
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
DIABETES MELLITUS
Definition
Clinical Features: Three p's-
Complications of DM
Investigations
Criteria for the Diagnosis of DM
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)
Latent Diabetes
Potential Diabetes
Aetiological Classification of DM
Primary
Secondary
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Mangement of GDM
Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy
Complications of Foetus in DM
Features of Autonomic Neuropathy in DM
Types of Neuropathy in DM
Causes of Loss of Vision in DM
Diabetic Retinopathy
Clinical Features
Types of Diabetic Retinopathy
Treatment
Diabetic Nephropathy
Risk Factors for Developing Diabetic Nephropathy
Stages of Diabetic Nephropathy
Treatment
Microalbumiuria
Treatment
Diabetic Foot
Treatment of Diabetic Ulcer
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Precipitating Factors
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications of DKA
Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State (HSS)
Precipitating Factors
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
Clinical Features of Hypoglycaemia and Hyperglycaemia
Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Oral Antidiabetics
Biguanides
Sulphonylureas
Meglitinide
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors
Thiazolidinediones
Incretin-based Drugs
Insulin
Human Insulin
Insulin Analogues
Absolute Indications of Insulin Therapy
Complications of Insulin Therapy
Treatment Goal for DM
HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Definition
Causes of Hypoglycaemia in Diabetic Patient
Causes of Hypoglycaemia in Nondiabetic Patient
Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia
Management of Hypoglycaemia
Prevention of Hypoglycaemia:
OBESITY
Definition
Causes of Obesity
Link between Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus
Complications of Obesity
Investigations
Treatment
Indication of Surgery
SHORT STATURE
Causes of Short Stature
Investigations
DWARFISM
Definition
Causes
Cause According to Body Ratio in Dwarfism
Treatment
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
Definition
Types
MEN-1 (Wermer's syndrome)
MEN-2a (Sipple's syndrome)
MEN-2b
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases of Reproductive System
Hormone Excess
Hormone Eeficiency
Nonfunctioning Tumour
Delayed Puberty
AMENORRHOEA
Definition
Primary Amenorrhoea
Causes
Secondary Amenorrhoea
Causes
Investigations
Management
TURNER'S SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Associations or Diseases that Occur in Turner's Syndrome
Noonan's Syndrome
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
Definition
Diagnostic Criteria of PCOS
Investigations
Treatment
Complications in PCOS
MALE HYPOGONADISM
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
CHAPTER 8:
Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine
MUMPS
Definition
Incubation Period
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
MEASLES
Definition
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES)
Definition
Incubation Period
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
DENGUE FEVER
Definition
Manifestations of Dengue Viral Infection
Dengue Fever with or without Haemorrhage
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever
Investigations
Dengue Shock Syndrome
Treatment
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV)
Types
Clinical Features
Recurrence
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
RABIES
Definition
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Established Disease
Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
ENTERIC FEVER (TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID)
Definition
Clinical Features
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Carrier State
Paratyphoid Fever
Treatment
Prevention of Enteric Fever
TYPHUS FEVER
Scrub Typhus Fever
Clinical Features
Epidemic (Louse-borne) Typhus
Clinical Features
Endemic (Flea-borne) Typhus
Investigation of Rickettsial Infection
Management of Rickettsial Fevers
Q FEVER
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
BACILLARY DYSENTERY (SHIGELLOSIS)
Definition
Incubation Period
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
AMOEBIASIS (AMOEBIC DYSENTERY)
Definition
Incubation Period
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
General Measures
Specific Treatment
Complications
Prevention
CHOLERA
Definition
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
DIPHTHERIA
Definition
Incubation Period
Sites
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Effects due to Pseudomembrane
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
WHOOPING COUGH
Definition
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
TETANUS
Definition
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Neonatal Tetanus
Features
Investigations
CHICKENPOX
Definition
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
SMALLPOX
BRUCELLOSIS
Definition
Incubation Period
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
MALARIA
Definition
Mode of Transmission
Symptoms
Signs
Complications of Falciparum Malaria
Causes of Anaemia in Malaria
Benign Malaria and Malignant Malaria
Investigations of Malaria
Thick and thin Film
Treatment
Radical Cure
Treatment During Pregnancy
Complications of Malaria in Pregnancy
KALA-AZAR (LEISHMANIASIS)
Source or Reservoir
Incubation Period
Modes of Transmission
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Causes of Death
Investigations
Treatment
Response to Therapy
Treatment in Relapse
Treatment of Resistant Kala-azar
Treatment Kala-azar in Pregnancy
Kala-azar Treatment Failure (KATF)
POST-KALA-AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS (PKDL)
Definition
Types
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
FILARIASIS
Definition
Organisms
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Treatment
ANCYLOSTOMIASIS (HOOKWORM INFESTATION)
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
ASCARIASIS (ROUNDWORM INFESTATION)
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS (THREAD WORM)
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigation
Treatment
Prevention
TAENIASIS
Definition
Causative Organisms
Mode of Infection
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Cysticercosis
STRONGYLOIDIASIS
Definition
Mode of Infection
Clinical Features
Complication
Investigations
Treatment
GIARDIASIS
Definition
Mode of Infection
Incubation Period
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
ANTHRAX
Definition
Types of Infection
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
LEPROSY (HANSEN'S DISEASE)
Definition
Route of Transmission
Types (or Classification) of Leprosy
Symptoms
Lepromatous Type
Tuberculoid Type
Investigations
Histological Findings
Nerves Commonly Involved in Leprosy
Treatment: WHO Recommended Protocol
Common Side Effects
Lepra Reaction
Type 1 Lepra Reaction
Type 2 Lepra Reaction (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum, ENL)
LEPTOSPIROSIS (WEIL'S DISEASE)
Definition
People Prone to Leptospirosis
Pathology
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
POLIOMYELITIS
Clinical Features
Stage of Residual Disability
Investigation: Diagnosis is Clinical
Treatment
SEPSIS
Definition
Risk Factors
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
HYDATID DISEASE (CYST)
Definition
Definitive Host
Intermediate Host
Mode of Infection
Organisms
Sites of Hydatid Cyst
Clinical Features
Complications of Hydatid Cyst
Investigations
Treatment
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Definition
Mode of Transmission
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment: Usually Symptomatic
Diseases Caused by EBV Virus
TOXOPLASMOSIS
Causative Organism
Mode of Infection
Clinical Features
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Investigations
Treatment
FOOD POISONING
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
CHAPTER 9:
Nephrology
INVESTIGATIONS IN RENAL DISEASES
Chemical Examinations
Microscopic Examination
Blood Tests
Renal Imaging
Radionuclide Studies
PRESENTING PROBLEMS AND SYMPTOMS OF RENAL DISEASE
Causes of Red Urine
Causes of Black Urine
Types of Haematuria
Causes of Haematuria
Causes of Painless Haematuria
Causes of Painful Haematuria
MICROALBUMINURIA
Treatment
Few Common Definitions
Incontinence of Urine
Different Urinary Casts Present in Different Diseases
Prerenal Cause
Renal (Intrinsic Renal Disease)
Postrenal
Cause of Polyuria
Causes of Nocturia
Causes of Frequency of Micturition
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Secondary to Other Disease
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
History to be Taken in Nephrotic Syndrome
Investigations
Routine
To Find Out Causes
Complications of Nephrotic Syndrome
Treatment
General Treatment
Specific Treatment
Treatment of Underlying Cause if Any
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Definition
Causes
Types: 2 types
Minimal Change Disease
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Focal Segmental Glomerulonephritis (FSGN)
Membranous Glomerulopathy
IgA Nephropathy
Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis (MCGN)
Rapidly Progressing Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Post-infectious Glomnerulonephritis
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (ACUTE NEPHRITIC SYNDROME)
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Routine
Complications
Treatment
POST-STREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
IgA NEPHROPATHY
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Definition
Types
Clinical Features
Other Features of PKD
Investigations
Causes of Death in PKD
Treatment of PKD
Cystic Diseases of Kidney
ALPORT'S SYNDROME
Pathology
Clinical Features
Treatment
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Definition
Causes
Prerenal
Renal (Intrinsic Renal Disease)
Postrenal
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE/CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Definition
Causes of CKD
Clinical Features
Bone Diseases (Renal Osteodystrophy)
Skin Disease
Gastrointestinal
Metabolic Abnormalities
Endocrine Abnormalities
Muscle Dysfunction
Nervous System
CNS
Autonomic Dysfunction
Cardiovascular
Stages of CKD
Causes of Anaemia in CKD
Investigations in CKD
Treatment of CKD
Symptomatic and Supportive
Indications of Renal Replacement Therapy
Reversible Factors in CKD
Indications of Urgent Dialysis
Haemodialysis
Complications
Contraindication of HD
Peritoneal Dialysis
Complications
Contraindications
Complications of Long-term Dialysis
Contraindications of Renal Transplantation
Complications after Renal Transplantation
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
ANALGESIC NEPHROPATHY
Definition
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
RENAL TUBERCULOSIS
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Definition
Types
Causative Organisms
Some Common Definitions
Spectrum of Presentations of UTI
Predisposing Factors for UTI
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Urethral Syndrome
Persistent or Recurrent UTI
Treatment
Sterile Pyuria
ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
Definition
Predisposing Factors
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Differential Diagnoses
CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
Investigations
Treatment
RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
Causes
Clinical Features
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
NEPHROCALCINOSIS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
RENAL CALCULUS
Causes
Types
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
WILMS’ TUMOUR (NEPHROBLASTOMA)
Investigations
TUMOURS OF URINARY BLADDER
Papilloma of Urinary Bladder
Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
BENIGN ENLARGEMENT OF PROSTATE
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
PROSTATIC CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
Definition
Types: 4 types
Causes
Causes
Treatment
Clinical Features of RTA
CHAPTER 10:
Rheumatology
INTRODUCTION
Causes of Monoarthritis
Causes of Polyarthritis
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Extra-articular Manifestations of Ankylosing Spondylitis
Investigations
X-ray Shows
Treatment
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Definition
Cause
Diagnostic Criteria
Symptoms
Signs in Hand
Signs in Other Joints
Extra-articular Manifestations in RA
Investigations
Objective of the Treatment
Treatment
DMARDs
SJÖGREN SYNDROME
Definition
Types: 2 Types
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA)
Definition
Types: 2 Types
Other Varieties (Localized)
Pathology or Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Histological Findings of Skin Biopsy
Systemic Features
Treatment
Prognosis
Limited Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis (CRST or CREST)
Diffuse Type
MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
GOUTY ARTHRITIS
Definition
Types
Secondary Causes of Gout
Symptoms (In Typical Acute Attack)
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Definition
Causes—Two types
Symptoms
Signs
Investigation
Treatment
OSTEOPOROSIS
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigation
Treatment
General Measures
Drug Therapy
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
Definition
Types of Arthritis in Psoriasis—5 types
Symptoms
Signs
Extra-articular Features
Investigations
Treatment
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Definition
Diagnostic Criteria of SLE
Symptoms
Diferent Systems involved in SLE
Drugs Causing SLE
Features of Drug-induced SLE
Treatment
Investigations in SLE
Treatment
Prognosis in SLE
Pregnancy with SLE
POLYMYOSITIS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS
Definition
Classification: 5 types
Causes of Dermatomyositis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Causes of Proximal Myopathy
Treatment
Prognosis
EATON–LAMBERT SYNDROME
Cause
Features
Investigations
Treatment
TUBERCULOSIS OF BONE OR JOINT
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
TUBERCULOSIS OF SPINE (POTT'S DISEASE)
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
REITER'S SYNDROME
Definition
Triad of Reiter's Syndrome
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
HAEMOPHILIC ARTHRITIS
Symptoms
Treatment
JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS (JIA)
Definition
Types
Investigations
Features of Systemic Onset JIA (Still's disease)
Treatment
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
CHAPTER 11:
Dermatology
INTRODUCTION
Layers of Skin
Functions of the Skin
Appendages of the Skin
ITCHING OR PRURITUS
Causes of Itching
Systemic Disease
Skin Diseases
Dermatological Manifestations of Internal Malignancy
SCABIES
Causative Organism
Sites of Scabies
Mode of Transmission
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Drugs
General Measures
PSORIASIS
Definition
Pathology
Sites of Psoriatic Skin Lesion
Types: 4 types
Clinical Features
Types of Arthritis
Investigations
Factors that Aggravate Psoriasis
Complications
Treatment
Local Therapy (topical therapy on the lesion)
Systemic Therapy
EXFOLIATIVE DERMATITIS OR ERYTHRODERMA
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
BULLOUS DISEASES OF SKIN
Causes
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Definition
Types: 4 types
Causes
Clinical Features
Nikolsky Sign
Asboe–Hansen Sign
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Bullous Pemphigoid
Definition
Site of Lesion
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Erythema Multiforme and Stevens–Johnson Syndrome
Definition
Stevens–Johnson Syndrome
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
ERYTHEMA NODOSUM
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
ACNE VULGARIS
Definition
Common Sites
Clinical Features
Treatment
General Measures
Local Measures
Oral Therapy
Other Measures
Complications
LUPUS VULGARIS
Definition
Common Sites
Clinical Features
Clinical Types
Mode of Infection
Investigations
Treatment
LEG ULCER
Causes
Investigations
Treatment
MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES
Definition
Treatment
SEZARY'S SYNDROME
Definition
LICHEN PLANUS
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
1. General Measures
2. Specific
ARSENICOSIS
Cause
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
TINEA VERSICOLOR (PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR)
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnosis: Clinical
Treatment
Local Therapy
Systemic Therapy
DERMATOPHYTE INFECTION (RING WORM)
Clinical Types
Tinea Capitis
Incubation Period
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Tinea Cruris
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tinea Corporis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis: Clinical
Treatment
TINEA UNGUIUM (ONYCHOMYCOSIS)
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnosis: Clinical
Treatment
Local Treatment
Systemic Treatment
Tinea Barbae
Treatment
MELASMA (CHLOASMA)
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
ECZEMA
Definition
Classification
On the Basis of Aetiological Factors
Exogenous Eczema
Clinically
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Tests for Eczema
ATOPIC DERMATITIS
Management
General Measures
Symptomatic Treatment
Specific Treatment
SEBORRHOEIC DERMATITIS
Definition
Sites
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Topical Therapy
Systemic Therapy
Maintenance Therapy
CONTACT DERMATITIS
Definition
Types
IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS
Common Toxic Agents
Predisposing Factors
ACUTE IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS
Symptoms
Signs
CHRONIC IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS
Treatment of Contact Dermatitis
Acute
Chronic
Systemic Treatment
OCCUPATIONAL CONTACT DERMATITIS
Treatment
PITYRIASIS RUBRA PILARIS
Definition
Types
Cause of PRP
Histopathological and DIF findings
Treatment
Complications
DARIER'S DISEASE OR KERATOSIS FOLLICULARIS
Definition
Types
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
URTICARIA
Definition
Causes
Pathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Acute Urticaria
Chronic Urticaria
ALOPECIA
Definition
Types of Alopecia: 3 types:
Causes of Alopecia
ALOPECIA AREATA
Definition
Diagnostic Points of Alopecia Areata
Investigations in Alopecia Areata
Treatment Alopecia Areata
VITILIGO
Definition
Diseases Associated in Vitiligo
Types of Vitiligo
Differential Diagnoses of Vitiligo
Investigations
Treatment
CHAPTER 12:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
GONORRHOEA
Definition
Mode of Transmission
Clinical Features
In Male
In Female
Other Features
In Neonate
Investigations
Treatment
LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
Definition
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
CHANCROID
Causative Organism
Incubation Period
Mode of Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
SYPHILIS
Causative Organism
Mode of Transmission
Classification
Congenital Syphilis
Stigmata of Congenital Syphilis
Acquired Syphilis
Types
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Latent Syphilis
Tertiary or Late Syphilis
NONGONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS
Definition
Causative Organism
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
CHAPTER 13:
Nervous System
UPPER MOTOR NEURON
Signs UMN Lesion
Sites of UMN Lesion
LOWER MOTOR NEURON
Signs of LMN Lesion
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
Signs of Extrapyramidal Lesion
Causes of Hypotonia
Causes of Hypertonia
Causes of Extensor Plantar Response
Causes of Absent Ankle Jerk, but Extensor Plantar Response
Grading of Muscular Weakness
GAIT ABNORMALITY
Types of Gait
INFECTION OF CNS
Common Definitions
MENINGITIS
Definition
Types: 2 types
Causes
ACUTE BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
Causative Organism According to Age
Symptoms
Signs
Complications of Meningitis
CNS Complications
Other Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Treatment of Pyogenic Meningitis of Unknown Cause
Prevention of Meningococcal Infection
Meningococcal Septicaemia
Features
VIRAL MENINGITIS
Clinical Features
Treatment
TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS (TBM)
Cause
Symptoms
Signs
Complications of Tuberculous Meningitis
Investigations
Treatment
ENCEPHALITIS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Investigations
Treatment
BRAIN ABSCESS
Causes
Causative Organisms
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
HEADACHE
Causes
MIGRAINE
Definition
Types
Clinical Features
Precipitating Factors
Treatment
CLUSTER HEADACHE
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
Causes of Unilateral Headache
Headache of Raised Intracranial Tension
BELL'S PALSY
Definition
Cause
Site of Lesion
Symptoms (in the affected side)
Signs (in the affected side)
Investigation
Treatment
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Treatment
Causes of Bilateral Facial Palsy
SIXTH NERVE PALSY
Causes
Clinical Features
Causes of Bilateral 6th Nerve Palsy
THIRD NERVE PALSY
Causes of 3rd Nerve Lesion
Signs of 3rd Nerve Lesion
Mechanism of Ptosis and Dilated Pupil in the 3rd Nerve Palsy
Investigations in 3rd Nerve Palsy
PTOSIS
Definition
Causes of Unilateral Ptosis
Causes of Bilateral Ptosis
HORNER SYNDROME
Definition
Mechanism of Partial Ptosis, Miosis and Enophthalmos
Causes of Horner Syndrome (according to the site of lesion)
Investigations
PAPILLOEDEMA
Definition
Stages of Papilloedema
Causes
OPTIC NEURITIS
Definition
Causes
OPTIC ATROPHY
Definition
Types: 3 types—
Features of OA
Causes of OA
Investigations
MULTIPLE CRANIAL NERVE PALSY
Causes of 3rd, 4th and 6th Nerve Palsy
Causes of 3rd and 6th Nerve Palsy
Causes of 9, 10, 11 and 12th Cranial Nerve Palsy
PUPIL
Causes of Constricted Pupil (Miosis)
Causes of Dilated Pupil (Mydriasis)
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
Definition
Clinical Features
Signs
Treatment
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Definition
Causes
Sites of Involvement in MS
Symptoms
Clinical Courses (or types) of MS
Signs and Symptoms of MS (remember the formula WATSON)
Investigations
Treatment
Prognostic Factors in MS
Uhthoff's Phenomenon
Pregnancy in MS
SYRINGOMYELIA
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Features of Syringobulbia
POLYNEUROPATHY
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Pattern of Nerve Involvement in Peripheral Neuropathy
Causes of Painful Neuropathy
Treatment in Painful Neuropathy
Causes of Predominantly Sensory Neuropathy
Causes of Predominantly Motor Neuropathy
Mononeuritis Multiplex
Types of Neuropathy in Diabetes Mellitus
Causes of Autonomic Neuropathy
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (MEDIAN NERVE PALSY)
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigation
Treatment
Nerves Involved in Entrapment Neuropathy
Meralgia Paraesthetica
Causes
ULNAR NERVE PALSY
Causes
Clinical Features
RADIAL NERVE PALSY
Causes
Clinical Features
Saturday Night Palsy
SUBACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Response of Neurological Lesion to Vitamin B12 Therapy
PARKINSONISM
Definition
Parkinson's Disease (Paralysis Agitans)
Parkinsonian Plus
Pathology
Causes of Parkinsonism
Clinical Features
Tremor in Parkinsonism
Types of Rigidity: 2 types—
Gait in Parkinsonism
Other Gaits in Parkinsonism
Reflexes and Plantar Response in Parkinsonism
Investigations
Treatment Modalities in Parkinsonism
General Measures
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
Tremor
Definition
Causes
Types: 3 types
Causes of Action Tremor
Causes of Fine Tremor
Causes of Coarse Tremor
Benign Essential Tremor
Chorea
Definition
Site of Lesion
Causes
Treatment
Sydenham's Chorea
Huntington's Chorea
Athetosis
Hamiballismus
Myoclonus
Tics
Dystonia
MOTOR NEURON DISEASE
Definition
Causes
Pathology
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Types of MND
Progressive Muscular Atrophy
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Primary Lateral Sclerosis
Progressive Bulbar Palsy
Common Causes of Bulbar Palsy
Clinical Features
Pseudobulbar Palsy
Causes of Pseudobulbar Palsy
Clinical Features
Investigations in MND
Treatment of MND
Prognosis of MND
STROKE (CVD OR CVA)
Definition
Subvarities
Diseases included in CVA
Risk Factors in CVD
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention of Stroke
Causes of CVD in Young Patient
Investigations in Young Patient with Stroke
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CVD
Cerebral Infarction or Ischaemic Stroke
Cerebral Embolism
Cerebral Haemorrhage
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
COMA OR UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Investigations
Management: A, B, C measures
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Definition
Cause
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Tensilon Test
Treatment
Drugs to be avoided in MG
Myasthenic Crisis
Treatment
Cholinergic Crisis
Difference between Myasthenic Crisis and Cholinergic Crisis
EATON–LAMBERT SYNDROME
Cause
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
TRANSVERSE MYELITIS
Definition
Causes
Common Site
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Sensory
Investigations
Treatment
CEREBELLAR LESION
Function of Cerebellum
Signs of Cerebellar Lesions
Causes of Cerebellar Lesion
Investigation
FRIEDREICH'S ATAXIA
Definition
Sites of Lesion
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Others
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
Causes
Features of Raised ICP
Investigations
Treatment
INTRACRANIAL SPACE OCCUPYING LESION (ICSOL)
Clinical Features
BENIGN (IDIOPATHIC) INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
BRAIN TUMOURS
Classification
Malignant
Benign
Common Tumors of the Posterior Fossa or Cerebellopontine Angle
Tumors of the Pituitary Region
Investigations
Treatment
WILSON'S DISEASE
Definition
Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
Follow-up
PARAPLEGIA
Spastic Paraplegia
Definition
Causes
Causes of Spinal Cord Compression According to the Site of Lesion
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Causes of Spastic Paraplegia due to Cerebral Lesion
Noncompressive Causes of Spastic Paraparesis or Paraplegia
Causes of Paraplegia of Sudden Onset
Flaccid Paraplegia
Definition
Causes of Flaccid Paraplegia
Common Causes of Flaccid Paraplegia
Difference between Rigidity and Spasticity
GUILLAIN–BARRÉ SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis of GBS
Complications of GBS (Cause of Death)
Miller–Fisher Syndrome
CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING POLYNEUROPATHY (CIDP)
Definition
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Difference between CIDP and GBS
Investigations
Treatment
EPILEPSY
Seizure
Epilepsy
Causes of Epilepsy
Classification
GENERALISED SEIZURES
Grandmal or Generalised Tonic Clonic Seizure (GTCS)
Typical Absence Seizure (Petit mal)
Complex Partial (Psychomotor Type or Temporal Lobe Epilepsy)
Simple Partial (Jacksonian epilepsy)
Investigations
Treatment
Advice to the Patient
Status Epilepticus
DISEASE OF THE MUSCLES AND MYOPATHY
Some Definitions
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Differences between Neuropathy and Myopathy
Classification of Muscular Disease
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Definition
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Definition
Clinical Features
BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Definition
LIMB GIRDLE MYOPATHY
Definition
FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL DYSTROPHY
Definition
MYOTONIA
Definition
MYOTONIA DYSTROPHICA
Clinical Features
Treatment
Myotonia Congenita
Treatment of Myotonia
Prognosis
Causes of Proximal Myopathy
Causes of High CPK
Isoenzymes of CPK
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Definition
Pathology
Biochemical Abnormality
Clinical Features
Investigation
Treatment
CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE
Definition
Treatment
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
NEUROFIBROMA
Definition
Neurofibromatosis
Types of Neurofibromatosis
Features of Type 1 Neurofibromatosis
Features of Type 2 Neurofibromatosis
Café-au-lait Spot
Lisch Nodule
Plexiform Neurofibroma
Associated findings or Complications of Neurofibroma
Phacomatosis
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
Definition
Investigations
Treatment
Cause of Death
HYDROCEPHALUS
Definition
Symptoms
Causes
Treatment
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Treatment
MULTI-INFARCT DEMENTIA (MID)
Definition
Symptoms of Multi-infarct Dementia
Investigation
Treatment
DIZINESS AND VERTIGO
Dizziness
Vertigo
Causes of Dizziness and Vertigo
Investisgations
Treatment
SYNCOPE
Definition
Near Syncope or Presyncope
Causes of Syncope
Investigations
Treatment
FUNNY TURN OR BLACKOUT
Definition
Causes
MÉNIÈRE'S DISEASE
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
LATERAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME (WALLENBERG SYNDROME)
Definition
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Medial Medullary Syndrome
Investigation
Treatment
CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS (CPM)
NYSTAGMUS
Definition
Types of Nystagmus
Causes of Horizontal Nystagmus
Causes of Vertical Nystagmus
Causes of Vestibular Nystagmus
Jerky or Phasic Nystagmus
Pendular Nystagmus
Ataxic Nystagmus
Optokinetic Nystagmus
See-saw Nystagmus
CHAPTER 14:
Poisoning
COMMON CAUSES OF POISONING
General Management
PARACETAMOL POISONING
Lethal Dose
Mechanism
Prognostic Factors
Investigations
Treatment
Dose of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
Dose of Oral Methionine
SALICYLATE (ASPIRIN)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT (TCA)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
METHANOL (RECTIFIED SPIRIT)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
ETHANOL OR ETHYL ALCOHOL
Clinical Features
Blood [Ethanol] 500–1500 mg/L
Blood [Ethanol] 1500–2000 mg/L
Blood [Ethanol] 2000–3000 mg/L
Blood [Ethanol] 3000–5000 mg/L
Treatment
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Clinical Features
Treatment
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS (OPC)
Clinical Features
Muscarinic Effects
Nicotinic Effects
CNS Effects
Investigations
Treatment
Intermediate Syndrome (IMS)
Treatment
Organophosphate induced Delayed Polyneuropathy (OPIDN)
Treatment
BENZODIAZEPINES
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
DATURA POISONING
Clinical Features
Treatment
CANNABIS (MARIJUANA)
Clinical Features
Treatment
CORROSIVE POISONING
Common Corrosives
Clinical Features
Treatment
Complications
OPIATE POISONING
Clinical Features
Treatment
KEROSENE POISONING
Clinical Features
Treatment
SNAKE BITE
Clinical Features
Treatment
CHAPTER 15:
Psychiatric Diseases
CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
DELUSION
Definition
Causes
Types
ILLUSION
Definition
HALLUCINATION
Definition
Types
ACUTE STRESS REACTION
Definition
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Definition
Symptoms
Management
ADJUSTMENT DISORDER
Definition
Symptoms
Management
ANXIETY DISORDERS (ANXIETY NEUROSIS)
Definition
Types
Phobic Disorder
Definition
Types of Phobia
Panic Disorder
Definition
Symptoms
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Definition
Symptoms
Management of Anxiety Disorders
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Definition
Management
DEPRESSION
Definition
Cardinal Features
Types
Symptoms
Management
MANIA AND HYPOMANIA
Definition
Clinical Features of Mania
Treatment
BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER (BIPOLAR MOOD DISORDER)
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Definition
Types
Clinical Features
Features of Acute Schizophrenia
Treatment
General Measures
Drug Treatment
Antipsychotic Drugs
Side Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
EATING DISORDERS
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
Diagnostic Criteria
Clinical Features
Investigations
Physical Effects of Anorexia Nervosa
Treatment
Prognosis
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition
Clinical Features
Physical Signs
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
Definition
Types
General Management of Somatoform Disorders
HYSTERIA
Definition
Clinical Features (Table 1)
Treatment
PUERPERAL DISORDERS
Treatment
DEMENTIA
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
DELIRIUM
Definition
Causes
Investigations
Treatment
Delirium Tremens
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Definition
Common Drugs and Substances which are Misused
Clinical Features
Treatment
FACTITIOUS DISORDER
MÜNCHAUSEN'S SYNDROME
CHAPTER 16:
Vitamins
DEFINITION
Types
VITAMIN A (RETINOL)
Dietary Source
Function of Vitamin A
Deficiency of Vitamin A
Treatment
Prevention
Toxicity
VITAMIN D (CHOLECALCIFEROL)
Source
Function of Vitamin D
Cause of Vitamin D Deficiency
Rickets
Definition
Clinical Features
Osteomalacia
Definition
Causes of Osteomalacia
Clinical Features
Treatment
Prevention
VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL)
Source
Function
Illnesses Related to Deficiency of Vitamin E
Treatment
VITAMIN K
Source
Causes of Deficiency
THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)
Source
Function
Causes of Deficiency
Illness Related to Deficiency of Vitamin B
Beri-beri
Dry (or Neurological) Beri-beri
Wet (or Cardiac) Beri-beri
Treatment
Wernick's Encephalopathy
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
Source
Illnesses Related to Deficiency of Vitamin B2
Treatment
NIACIN (VITAMIN B3)
Source
Illnesses Related to Deficiency of Vitamin B3
Treatment
Toxicity
PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6)
Source
Illness Related to Deficiency of Vitamin B6
Drugs
Treatment
BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7)
Causes of Deficiency
Treatment
VITAMIN B12 (Cyanocobalamine)
Source
Functions
Causes of Deficiency
Illnesses Related to Deficiency of Vitamin B12
Treatment
FOLATE
Source
Function
Cause of Deficiency
Illnesses Related to Deficiency
Treatment
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Source
Functions
Cause of Deficiency
Scurvy
Treatment
Toxicity
ZINC
Source
Illnesses Related to Deficiency
PROTEIN–ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM)
Definition
Types
Marasmus
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
Kwashiorkor
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
Complications of PEM
Investigations for PEM
CHAPTER 17:
Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalance
NORMAL RANGE OF SERUM ELECTROLYTES
HYPERNATRAEMIA
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
HYPONATRAEMIA
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
HYPERKALAEMIA
Definition
Causes
ECG Changes in Hyperkalaemia
Clinical Features
Treatment
HYPOKALAEMIA
Definition
Cause
Clinical Features
Treatment
ECG Changes in Hypokalaemia
HYPOMAGNESAEMIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
Definition
Causes
Treatment
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Definition
Causes
Treatment
CHAPTER 18:
Paediatrics
CEREBRAL PALSY
Definition
Causes
Types
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations: Mainly Clinical
Management
FEBRILE CONVULSION OR FEBRILE SEIZURE
Definition
Diagnostic Criteria
Investigations
Treatment of Febrile Seizure
Prevention of Recurrence
Counselling to the Parents
Prognosis
Atypical Febrile Convulsion
Treatment
NEONATAL PNEUMONIA
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
BRONCHIOLITIS
Definition
Causes
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Treatment
Mild Case
Severe Case
Prognosis
MENINGITIS
Definition
Causes
Bacterial (or Pyogenic) Meningitis
Causative Organisms
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Duration of Treatment
Complications
VIRAL MENINGITIS
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS (TBM)
Cause
Clinical Features
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
DIARRHOEA
Definition
Causes
Pathological Consequence
Acute Watery Diarrhoea
Symptoms
Signs
Signs of Dehydration
Assessment of Patient with Diarrhoea
Investigations
Treatment
Rehydration
Zinc Supplementation
Continued Feeding
Antimicrobials for Specific Disease
NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Definition
Causes
According to age—
Investigations
Treatment
ABO Incompatibility
Rh Incompatibility
KERNICTERUS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Early Signs
Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy, 3 Phases
Treatment
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Definition
Causes of Prematurity
Causes of IUGR
Complications of Preterm Baby
Complications of IUGR
NEONATAL CONVULSION
Definition
Causes
Investigations
Treatment
PERINATAL MORTALITY
Definition
Causes of Perinatal Mortality
CHAPTER 19:
Genetics
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISEASES
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISEASES
X-LINKED RECESSIVE DISEASES
Some X-linked Recessive Disorders
X-LINKED DOMINANT DISEASES
DOWN'S SYNDROME
Definition
Types
Clinical Features
Investigations
Complications
Prenatal Screening
TURNER'S SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Noonan's Syndrome
Definition
Clinical Features
KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Usual presentations of Klinefelter's Syndrome
Associations in Klinefelter's Syndrome
Investigations
Treatment
CHAPTER 20:
Miscellaneous
SHOCK
Definition
Classification: 4 Types—
Pathophysiology
Hypovolaemic Shock
Causes
Signs of Hypovolaemic Shock
Treatment
Cardiogenic Shock
Causes
Signs of Cardiogenic Shock
Treatment
Extracardiac Obstructive Shock
Causes
Signs of Extracardiac Obstructive Shock
Treatment
Distributive Shock
Causes
Treatment
Septic Shock
Definition
Causative Organisms
Mechanism of Septic Shock
Signs of Septic Shock
Treatment
Anaphylactic Shock
Definition
Pathogenesis
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
Prevention
Neurogenic Shock
Clinical Features
Treatment
PROXIMAL MYOPATHY
Definition
Causes
Causes of Distal Muscle Weakness
VASCULITIS
Definition
Classification
WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
TAKAYASU'S DISEASE
Definition
Pathological Changes
Clinical Features
Signs
Types: 4 Types—
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
GIANT CELL ARTERITIS OR TEMPORAL ARTERITIS
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations: Diagnosis is Clinical
Treatment
POLYARTERITIS NODOSA
Definition
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS
Definition
Pathology
Clinical Feature
Investigations
Treatment
CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME (ALLERGIC ANGIITIS OR GRANULOMATOSIS)
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Treatment
BEHCET'S SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Criteria for Diagnosis
Treatment
GOODPASTURE'S SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
HELLP SYNDROME (HELP SYNDROME)
Definition
Investigations
Treatment
Complications of HELLP Syndrome
HEREDITARY HAEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA
Definition
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
DROWNING
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Complications
Management
Hospital Management
HEAT-RELATED ILLNESS
Heat Stroke
Definition
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
ALCOHOLISM
Features of Acute Alcohol Intoxication
Complications of Chronic Alcohol Misuse
Clinical Features of Alcohol Withdrawal
Treatment of Chronic Alcoholic
Delirium Tremens
Treatment
WERNICKE'S ENCEPHALOPATHY
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnosis: Mainly Clinical
Treatment of Wernick's Encephalopathy
ADULT STILL'S DISEASE
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Criteria of Adult Still's Disease
Investigation
Treatment
RHABDOMYOLYSIS
Definition
Causes
Investigations
Treatment
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
Definition
Cause
Source of Infection
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
PICKWICKIAN SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
Complications
HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
FAMILIAL PERIODIC PARALYSIS
Definition
Types: 3 Types—
Cause
Clinical Features
Precipitating Factors
Treatment
Hyperkalaemic Periodic Paralysis
Treatment
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis (TPP)
CARCINOID SYNDROME
Definition
Sites
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
KALLMANN'S SYNDROME
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigation
Treatment
TUMOUR LYSIS SYNDROME
Definition
Investigation
Treatment
KIKUCHI'S DISEASE
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
Mechanism
Causes or Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
FLUID RETENTION SYNDROME (IDIOPATHIC OEDEMA)
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
HICCOUGH
Definition
Causes
Causes below the Diaphragm
Causes above the Diaphragm
Other Causes
Investigations
Treatment
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Children and Young Adult
Investigations
Treatment
Treatment
OXYGEN THERAPY
Methods of Oxygen Delivery
Indications
Complications
PAGET'S DISEASE
Definition
Cause
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE
Definition
Clinical Features
Types
Investigation
Treatment
HIV INFECTION (AIDS)
HIV
HIV Disease
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Modes of Transmission of HIV
Routes not involved in Transmission of HIV
Natural History of HIV or AIDS
Common Infections in AIDS
HIV-related Cancer
Correlation between CD4 Count and HIV Associated Diseases
Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV
Findings in Mouth Cavity in HIV Patient
Causes of Diarrhoea or Enteropathy in HIV Patient: Organisms are—
Major Causes of Pulmonary Disease in HIV
Neurological Manifestations in AIDS Patient
Ocular Diseases in AIDS
Renal, Cardiac and Endocrine Complications of HIV
Investigations for Newly Diagnosed (Asymptomatic) HIV Infected Patient
Diagnosis of HIV or AIDS
Pretest and Post-test Counselling for Suspected HIV or AIDS Patient
Aims of Treatment
Indications of Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV Infection
Treatment of AIDS
General Management
Drug Treatment
Drugs used in HIV-infected Patients
Treatment of CMV Retinitis in HIV
Prevention of HIV Infection
Treatment of a Person Exposed to HIV Infection
Treatment of HIV Positive Pregnant Woman
Antepartum
During Delivery
After Delivery
PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII (JIROVECII) PNEUMONIA (PCP)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
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