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Procedures & Theories of Community Health Nursing
PM Thressiamma
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Community Health and Community Health Nursing
HEALTH STATUS AND RESOURCES
Goals
OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING (FIG. 1.1)
MEANING AND DEFINITIONS
COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY HEALTH
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
Definition of Public Health Nursing
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION FOR PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
ROLES AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING (FIG. 1.3)
As Program Director
Planner
As a Program Organizer
Decision Maker
As an Advocate
Supervisory Role
As an Investigator
As a Researcher
Nurse Practitioners
Direct Care Provider
Health Educator
As an Evaluator
CHAPTER 2:
Public Health
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE MIDDLE OF 18TH CENTURY
PUBLIC HEALTH (COMMUNITY HEALTH) HISTORICAL EVENTS IN THE POST-INDEPENDENCE
CHAPTER 3:
Family
DEFINITION OF FAMILY
The Family
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAMILY
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
TYPES OF FAMILY
SUBTYPES OF FAMILY
CONCEPT OF FAMILY (FIG. 3.1)
Biological Concept
Psychological Concept
Spiritual Concept
Economical Concept
Social Concept
System Concept
Environmental Concept
Functional Concept
Developmental Concept
Moral Concept
ATTRIBUTES OF FAMILIES
Structure
CHAPTER 4:
The Family Development and Family Health Care
FAMILY HEALTH
FAMILY BIOLOGY
FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
LIFESTYLE
SOCIAL HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES
FAMILY AS A UNIT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES
GOALS OF FAMILY HEALTH CARE
OBJECTIVES OF FAMILY HEALTH CARE
PRINCIPLES OF FAMILY HEALTH CARE
COMMUNITY AS A CLIENT-MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 5:
Community Health Nursing Process
KEY POINTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
NATURE
Purpose
Organization
Properties
ADVANTAGES
STEPS OF NURSING PROCESS (FIG. 5.1)
Assessment
Subjective Data Provides the Data
Objective Data Provides the Data
Geographical Information
DEMO Graphical Information
Environmental Information
Diagnosis
Definition
Steps in Community Health Diagnosis
COMMON PROBLEMS OF THE COMMUNITY
Health Problems
Health Service Problems
Communication Problems
General Problems
MODEL OF NURSING DIAGNOSIS PROCESS
STATEMENT OF NURSING DIAGNOSIS
General
Maternal and Child Health Antenatal Period
Antenatal Period
Intranatal Period
Postnatal Period
Infant Care
Toddler
Planning
NURSING CARE PLAN
Characteristics of Nursing Care Plan
Components of Nursing Care Plan
Community Health Nursing Care Plan
Principles of Constructing Care Plan
Advantages of Nursing Care Plan
Common Problems in Writing Care Plan
Disadvantages of Care Plan
Implementation
Evaluation
Steps of Evaluation
Components of Evaluation
Types of Evaluation
Methods and Tools for Evaluation
CHAPTER 6:
The Home Visit
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
CONCEPTS OF HOME VISIT
History of Home Health Care
Principles of Home Visit
Advantages of Home Visit
Steps of Home Visit
Principles of Interview Technique
Interventions During Home Visit
Closing of the Visit
Recording the Visit
Do you know?
Who is a high-risk mother?
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING DEPARTMENT BASELINE SURVEY FORM OF COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING FIELD EXPERIENCE—RURAL/URBAN
Nutrition Assessment Form
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING RURAL/URBAN FIELD EXPERIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ANTENATAL ASSESSMENT PROFORMA
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING NEWBORN/INFANCY PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT PROFORMA
Physical Examination
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRESCHOOL FORMAT
CHAPTER 7:
Reproductive and Child Health
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Package of Services
For the Antenatal Mothers
For the Children
For Eligible Couples
For Reproductive Tract Infections/Sexuality
ESSENTIAL SERVICES TO PREGNANT MOTHER (FIGS 7.2 AND 7.3)
General Measures to Follow as Women in the Age Group of 18 to 45 Years
Provision of Clean and Safe Delivery Practices at the Community Level
General Advice to Pregnant Mothers
Food and Rest
Anemia Prophylaxis
Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Injection (Fig. 7.8)
What is Safe Motherhood?
What may be the Cause?
Direct Causes
Intermediate Causes
Indirect Causes
Underlying Causes
Impact on Children
Preparation for Labor
Care of Breast during Pregnancy
Minor Ailments during Pregnancy
Postnatal Care
Care of the Mother during Postnatal Period (Table 7.1)
Breastfeeding
Advantages of Breastfeeding
DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF BREAST COMPLICATIONS
Definition
Breast Engorgement
Cracked Nipple
Acute Mastitis
Breast Abscess
SAFE ABORTION
Meaning
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act
The Person/Persons who can Perform Abortion
Place where MTP can be Performed
Role of a Nurse in Selection of MTP Cases and Management
Complications of Abortion
Incomplete Evacuation
Continuation of Pregnancy
Infection
Rare Complications
Health Education/Counseling
Maintenance of Records
Key Points
ESSENTIAL NEWBORN CARE
General Objectives
Specific Objectives
Care at Birth
Apgar Score (Table 7.2)
PROVISION OF WARMTH
Cord Care (Fig. 7.11)
Eye Care
Recording Birth Weight (Fig. 7.12)
Initiating Breastfeeding (Fig. 7.13)
Examine Newborn at Birth
Identification of Malformations
Breathing Pattern
Heart Rate
Assessing Perfusion
Color
Maintain Warmth
Recording of Temperature
Managing Hypothermia
Prevention of Infection
Normal Phenomena After Birth
Meconium Passage
Urine Passage
Transitional Stools
Vomiting
Physiological Jaundice
Caput/Cephalhematoma
Mongolian Spot
Erythema Toxicum
Mastitis
Vaginal Discharge/Bleeding
Resuscitation of Newborn
Steps of Procedure
CARE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES
Definition
Identification of Preterm Babies
Prevention of Hypothermia
Referring a LBW baby
Oral Feeding
Very Severe Illness
Key Messages
CHAPTER 8:
Cold Chain System
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Points to be Remember
MONITORING OF COLD CHAIN
Supplies
Storage Temperature
Potency Tests
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Cold Chain Equipment
Walk-in-Freezers (WIF)
Walk-in-Coolers (WIC)
Deep Freezers
Ice Lined Refrigerator (ILR)
Maintenance of ILR/Deep Freezer
POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT
Conventional Refrigerator
Defrosting the Refrigerator
Defrosting the ILR
VACCINE TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT
Cold Box (Fig. 8.5)
Advantages of Cold Boxes
How to Arrange the Cold Box
Maintenance after Use
VACCINE CARRIERS
DAY CARRIERS
Dial Thermometers
Alcohol Stem Thermometers
Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)
STERILIZATION OF EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 9:
Role of Anganwadies in Promoting the Health of the People
INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SCHEME
Objectives of ICDS
Packages of ICDS Scheme
Qualification
Records and Reports to be Maintained
Sample Timetable of an Anganwadi/Day
Schedule for Supplementary Food
ICDS AIMS at Providing the Following Package of Services
DELIVERY OF SERVICES
Health Check-up
Supplementary Nutrition
Nonformal Preschool Education
Nutrition and Health Education
CHAPTER 10:
Records and Reports in Community Health Nursing
MEANING DEFINITION OF RECORDS AND REPORTS
I. Records
II. Reports
Importance of Records and Reports
Uses
Purpose of Recording and Reporting
Principles
Advantages of Recording and Reporting
Type of Records
Institutional Records
Records Maintaining at Subcenter Level
Type of Reports
Anganwadi Visits Reports
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF RECORDS AND REPORTS
Incidental Reports/Accidental Reports
Role of Community Health Nurse in Recording and Reporting
Record Filling
Secure the Records and Reports
Maintenance of Records and Reports
Filing of Records and Reports
CHAPTER 11:
Procedures Used in Home Settings
BAG TECHNIQUE
Purpose of the Community Bag
Principles for Using Bag Technique
Aim of the Community Health Nursing Bag
How to Make a Bag?
Contents of the Bag
LIST OF COMMON PROCEDURES IN COMMUNITY SETTINGS
Introduction
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PROCEDURES
Bag Technique
Hand Washing at Home Settings
Purposes
Article Required with Purposes
Procedures
Preparation of Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS) (Fig. 11.3)
Meaning
Articles Required
Composition of WHO ORS (Net weight: 27.9 gm)
Steps of Procedures
Topics for Health Education in Community Health Nursing
Student Activities during Community Postings
Taking Temperature at Home
Purposes
Principles of this Procedure
Points should be Remembered
Actions
Antenatal Check-up (Abdominal Examination) (Fig. 11.4)
Introduction
Aims of Antenatal Care
Definition
Purposes
Articles
Procedures
Uterus Size at Different Weeks of Pregnancy (Fig. 11.5B)
Administration of Soap Water Enema
Definition
Purposes
Solutions Used
Temperature
Procedures
Estimation of Hemoglobin Level by using Tallquist's Testing
Scale Paper
Purposes
Procedures
Conducting Domiciliary Delivery at Home Settings
Purposes
Procedures
Wound Dressing
Purposes
Principles
Articles
Procedures
Collecting Blood for MP (Malarial Parasite) Test
Procedures
Taking Anthropometric Measurements
Purposes
Articles
Procedures
Measuring Height
Urine Sugar Test
Meaning
Purposes
Nurses Responsibilities
Procedures
Urine Albumen Test
Purpose
Procedures
Cold Test (Nitric Acid Test) for Albumen
Urine Test for Bile Salt (Hey's Test)
Urine Test for Bile Pigment (Smith's Test)
Test for Acetone (Rothera's Test)
IMMUNIZATION KIT PROCEDURES
Administration of Vaccines (Fig. 11.11)
Major Steps Involved in Vaccination Programs
Articles
Oral Polio/Zero Polio
Pulse Polio Vaccination
DPT Vaccination
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Measles
FAMILY PLANNING KIT PROCEDURES
Female Sterilization
Specific Criteria in Case of Tubectomy
Counseling for Sterilization
Informed Consent
Medical Contraindications
Physical Examinations
Laboratory Examinations
Medical Assessment
Preoperative Instructions
Articles Required for Tubectomy Operations
Emergency Drugs Tray Kept Ready for Use
Procedures
Aftercare
Laparoscopic Sterilization (Fig. 11.19)
Male Sterilization
Vasectomy
Eligibility Criteria
Counseling for Sterilization
In Case of Male Sterilization
Responsibilities of Nurse
Preoperative Instruction
Articles Required
Procedures
Nonscalpel Vasectomy
Instructions to the Clients
TEMPORARY METHODS
IUCD—Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
Selection of Cases for IUCD/IUD
Contraindications
Timing of Insertion
Venue of IUD Insertion
Articles Required for IUD Insertion
Sterilization of Equipment
Nurses Responsibilities
Procedures
Post IUD Insertion Advice to the Client
Oral Contraceptive Pill
Advantages
Disadvantages
Checklist for Selection of Acceptors of Oral Pills
Side Effects
Instruction for Use of 28 Pill Pack
Procedures
Duration of Use
Messages to be given to Community
Clearing Myths about the Pills
Nonhormonal Oral Contraception
Centchroman/Centeron/Saheli Action
Procedures
CHAPTER 12:
Nursing Theories
INTRODUCTION
Origin of the Theory
Rationalism
Empiricism
DEFINITIONS
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN THEORIES
Domain
Paradigm
COMPONENTS OF A THEORY
GOALS OF THEORY IN NURSING
CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING THEORY
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
CLASSIFICATION OF THEORY
CHAPTER 13:
Nightingale's Adaptation Theories
CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND OF THE THEORIST NIGHTINGALE'S ADAPTATION THEORY
NURSING IN LONDON
THE CRIMEAN WAR
NIGHTINGALE'S ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION THEORY
MULTIDIMENSIONAL HOLISTIC PERSON (FIG. 13.2)
ENVIRONMENT
Health
NURSING
NIGHTINGALE'S MODEL OF NURSING
NIGHTINGALE AND STANDARDS OF NURSING PRACTICE (FIG. 13.5)
Standard I: Assessment
Standard II: Nursing Diagnosis
Standard III: Planning
Standard IV: Implementation
Standard V: Evaluation
CHAPTER 14:
Hildegard's Interpersonal Theory
INTERPERSONAL NURSING THEORY—HILDEGARD E PEPLAU (1952)
ORIGIN OF THE THEORY
ASSUMPTION OF THE THEORY
CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY
Phase 1: Orientation: Problem Defining Phase
Phase 2: Identification: Selection of Appropriate Professional Assistance
Phase 3: Exploitation: Use of Professional Skill for Problem Solving Alteration
Phase 4: Termination of Professional Relationship
Comparison of Nursing Process and Peplau's Phases
Evaluation of Theory
CHAPTER 15:
Henderson's Theory of Nursing Functions
VIRGINIA HENDERSON (1955)
Credentials and Background of the Theorist
Major Concepts and Definitions
NURSING: HENDERSON DEFINES NURSING IN FUNCTIONAL TERMS (FIG. 15.1)
Environment
Person (Patient)
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16:
Abdellah's Theory of Nursing Problems
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH (1960) TWENTY ONE NURSING PROBLEMS
Credentials and Background of the Theorist
Theoretical Sources
DEFINITIONS
ABDELLAH'S TYPOLOGY OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS (FIG. 16.1)
Acceptance By the Nursing Community
Practice
Education
Research
CHAPTER 17:
Martha E Rogers' Theory of Unitary Human Beings
MARTHA E ROGERS (1970)
Biographical Sketch of a Scientist in Nursing
Theoretical Sources
Evolution of the Abstract System
Assumptions
Building Blocks of the Abstract System
Energy Fields
Openness
Pandimensionality
Pattern
Principles of Homeodynamics
CHAPTER 18:
Orem's Self-care Deficit Theory
DOROTHEA ELIZABETH OREM: 1971
Biographical Sketch of the Nurse Theorist
Theoretical Sources
Formalization of the Model (1960-1980)
Assumptions, Concepts and Propositions
Theory of Self-care Deficit (Dependent Care Deficit)
Theory of Self-care (Dependent Care)
Theory of Nursing System
Concepts
Definitions
Self-care Agency (Dependent Care Agency)
Power Components of Self-care Agencies
Therapeutic Self-care Demand
Self-care Deficit (Dependent Care Deficit)
Nursing Agency
Nursing System
Types of Nursing System
CHAPTER 19:
King's Goal Attainment Theory
IMOGENE KING (1971)
Biographical Sketch of the Nurse Theorist
Origin of the Conceptual Framework
Systems Framework
Personal Systems
Interpersonal Systems
Social Systems
Assumptions
Concepts
Authority
Body Image
Communication
Decision Making
Growth and Development
Interaction
THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT
Logical Form
Acceptance by the Nursing Community
CHAPTER 20:
Roy's Adaptation Model
SISTER CALLISTA ROY (1973)
Biographical Sketch of the Nurse Theorist
Theoretical Sources
Scientific Assumptions
Philosophical Assumptions
Concept of the Model
Person
Goal
Health
Environment
Nursing Activities
Theory of Adaptive Modes
Physiological Mode
Self-concept Mode
Interdependence Mode
Interdependence Mode Propositions
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 21:
Neuman's Systems Model
BETTY NEUMAN'S SYSTEMS MODEL (1972)
Credentials and Background of the Theorist
Theoretical Sources
Assumptions of the Model
Concepts of the Model
Client System
VARIABLES
ENVIRONMENT
STRESSORS
Wellness
Nursing Interventions
The Neuman Nursing Process
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE APPLICATION
Individual Client Systems
Family Client Systems
Research
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 22:
Orlando's Nursing Process Theory
IDA JEAN ORLANDO NURSING PROCESS THEORY (1961)
Credentials and Background of the Theorist
ORIGIN OF THE THEORY
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE MODEL
Assumptions About Nurses
Assumption – 1
Assumption – 2
Assumption – 3
Assumption – 4
Assumption – 5
Assumptions about Patients
Assumption – 1
Assumption – 2
Assumption – 3
Assumption – 4
Assumption – 5
Assumptions about the Nurse-Patient Situation
Assumption – 1
Assumption – 2
NURSING PROCESS
Nurses' Responsibility
APPLICATION TO PRACTICE
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
APPLICATION TO RESEARCH
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 23:
Dorothy E Johnson's Behavioral System Model (1980)
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THENURSE THEORIST
ORIGIN OF THE THEORY
MAJOR CONCEPTS
Attachment–Affiliative Subsystem
Dependency Subsystem
Biological Subsystems
Sexual Subsystem
Achievement Subsystem
Aggressive Subsystem
EQUILIBRIUM
BEHAVIOR
SYSTEM
BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM
SUBSYSTEMS
TENSION
STRESSOR
ASSUMPTIONS
Nursing
Person
Health
Environment
APPLICATION TO PRACTICE
Education
Research
CRITIQUE
CHAPTER 24:
Margaret A Newman's Theory of Health (1990)
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE NURSE THEORIST
ORIGIN OF THE THEORY
CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY
CONSCIOUSNESS
TIME – SPACE
MOVEMENT
PATTERN RECOGNITION
PATTERN
Expanding Consciousness
Nursing Paradigm Concepts
OVERVIEW OF NEWMAN'S THEORY
NEWMAN'S THEORY AND FAMILY HEALTH
Newman's Theory and Research
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX I:
Job Description and Responsibilities
JOB DESCRIPTION OF MEDICAL OFFICER
Job Summary
Qualification
Medical Care
Prevention and Promotion Work
Maternal and Child Health
School Health Program
Environmental Sanitation
Vital Statistics
Budget
Records and Reports
JOB DESCRIPTION OF LADY MEDICAL OFFICERS
Job Summary
Medical Care
Preventive and Promotion Services
Maternal and Child Health Including Family Planning
JOB RESPONSIBILITY OF LADY HEALTH VISITOR/HEALTH ASSISTANT/SENIOR HEALTH ASSISTANT
Job Summary
Area of Work
Supervision and Guidance
Teamwork
Records and Reports
Supplies and Equipments
Maternal and Child Health Care
Family Planning Program
Health Education
In The Wards
JOB DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK HEALTH EDUCATION OFFICER (BHEO)
Job Summary
Duties and Functions
DESCRIPTION OF HEALTH ASSISTANT (MALE)/SR HEALTH ASSISTANT (MALE)/SR HEALTH INSPECTORS
Job Summary
The Senior Health Assistant Male will carry out the following Functions:
Supervision and Guidance
Teamwork
Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases
Supplies and Equipment
Environmental Sanitation
Family Planning
Nutrition
Control of Blindness
Health Education
Records and Reports
JOB DESCRIPTION OF STAFF NURSE
Job Summary
Areas of Work
Duties and Responsibilities
Management of Labor Room
Psychiatric Unit
Educational Function
JOB DESCRIPTION OF JUNIOR HEALTH ASSISTANT (F)/ANM HEALTH WORKER(F)/MULTIPURPOSE HEALTH WORKER
Job Summary
Maternal and Child Health
Family Planning
Universal Immunization Program
Communicable Diseases
Vital Events
Minor Ailments
School Health
Team Activities
Dai Training
Record Keeping
JOB DESCRIPTION OF JUNIOR HEALTH ASSISTANT MALE/MULTIPURPOSE WORKER/BASIC HEALTH WORKER/VERTICAL WORKER
Job Summary
Communicable Diseases
Malaria Surveillance Work
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Any Communicable Diseases
Environmental Sanitation
Family Planning
Universal Immunization Program
Nutrition
Vital Events
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Health Education
Records and Reports
JOB RESPONSIBILITIES OF PHARMACIST
General and Specific Responsibilities
JOB RESPONSIBILITIES OF LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
General and Specific Responsibilities
Maintenance of Records and Reports
ACTIVITIES OF TRAINED DAI
General and Specific Responsibilities
JOB DESCRIPTION OF ANGANWADI WORKER
General and Specific Responsibilities
APPENDIX II:
World Health Day Themes
APPENDIX III:
International Council of Nurses: Themes
APPENDIX IV:
Student Nurses Association Themes
APPENDIX V:
Indian Standard Heights and Weights
INDEX
TOC
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