Short Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine GN Prabhakara
INDEX
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear


1Short Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine2
3Short Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine
Second Edition
GN Prabhakara MD Principal Professor of PSM SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
4
Published by
Jitendar P Vij
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Corporate Office
4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002, India.
Phone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314
Registered Office
B-3 EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002, India
Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021
+91-11-23245672, Rel: +91-11-32558559, Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683
Offices in India
Overseas Offices
Short Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine
© 2010, GN Prabhakara
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.
First Edition: 2002
Reprint : 2003
Second Edition: 2010
9789380704104
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at …………..
5Preface to the Second Edition
The purpose of this book is to provide a simple and systematic guide to the trainers and trainees in medical science, health science and paramedical science fields, who are involved in community health care in their day-to-day professional activity and research.
The short text is not a compendium on community health (PSM) but a synopsis of essentials of PSM for:
Recommendations of Ordinances by universities of health sciences are followed in the syllabus, which is also as per Medical Council of India stipulation.
An effort is made for inclusion of additional 16 new items such as AIDS Day, Avian Influenza, Chikungunya Fever Epidemic, Desmotology, Emporiatrics, Family Medicine, Kangaroo Mother Care, Meta Analysis, National Health Goals by 2015, NRHM, National Sociodemographic Goals by 2010, PC and PNDT, Poison Control Information, Red Cross Day, Social accountability of hospitals and medical colleges and Universal Declaration of Human Rights to existing 34 items in the Chapter Recent Area of Interest, which is eagerly looked for, both by teachers and students.
Omission or inclusion of points in the text is solely based on author's personal experience as a teacher over a period of 34 years, at Central Government Colleges, State Government Medical Colleges and SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad.
I hope that this book will serve the present requirement of professionals, teachers and students.
GN Prabhakara6
7Preface to the First Edition
The purpose of this book is to provide a simple and systematic guide to the trainers and trainees in medical science, health science and paramedical science fields, who are involved in community health care in their day-to-day professional activity and research.
The short text is not a compendium on community health (PSM) but a synopsis of essentials of PSM for:
Recommendations by universities of health sciences are followed in the syllabus, which is also as per concerned councils of India stipulation.
An effort is made for inclusion of 34 items in a Chapter on Recent Area of Interest, which is eagerly looked for, both by teachers and students.
Omission or inclusion of points in the text is solely based on author's personal experience as a teacher over a period of 32 years, both at Central and State Government Medical Colleges.
I hope that this book will serve the present requirement of professionals, teachers and students.
GN Prabhakara8
9Acknowledgments
Students in Medical, Dental, Physiotherapy, Nursing, Public Health Engineering, Home Science and Paramedical in my walk of life to whom I taught are responsible for bringing out my experience in the form of Short Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine.
Initiation, motivation, guidance, proofreading and specific appropriations are from my wife Mrs Malathi Prabhakara, Former Scientist CFTRI, CSIR, Mysore and my son Dr Bharat M P, Postgraduate and Tutor in Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad.
Heartfelt thanks to my colleagues Dr J V Chowti, Dr K R Pravin Chandra, Dr R Venkatesh, Dr M S Shivaswamy, Dr Mayur Sherkhane, Dr Pushpa Patil, Dr B F Appannavar, Dr T Sadashivappa, Dr S R Kakhandaki, Dr J G Chimmalgi, Dr Sushma J Chowti, Dr Jyothi Hiremath, Dr Juliet Pinheiro, Dr Manjula S Pujari and Dr Maya Kakhandki, for review and proofreading of the title.
I thank Dr R C Goyal Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, Rural Medical College of PMT, Dr R D Prayag from Nasik and Dr K S Sridhar Government Medical College, Bellary, Karnataka for their review letter to Jaypee Brothers which helped in updating and improving the title.
Special thanks to Dr Girish M B, Assistant Professor Pharmacology for his advice on Chapter 29.
High appreciations and heartfelt thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Chairman and Managing Director), M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.10
13Abbreviations aA
Heterozygous
AA
Homozygous
ABER
Annual Blood Examination Rate
AD
After Christ (Anno Domini)
ADS
Antidiphtheric Serum
AEFI
Adverse events following immunization
AFB
Acid Fast Bacilli
AFP
Acute Flaccid Paralysis
AID
Artificial Insemination Donor
AIDS
Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome
AIH
Artificial Insemination Husband
AIR
All India Radio
ALRI
Acute Lower Respiratory Infection
AM
Arithmetic Mean
AN
Antenatal
ANC
Antenatal Care
ANTU
Alpha Naphthyl Thiourea
APH
Antepartum hemorrhage
API
Annual Parasitic Index
APT
Alum Precipitated Toxoid
ARI
Acute Respiratory Infection
ARS
Antirabies Serum
ARV
Antirabies Vaccine
ARWSP
Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program
ASFR
Age Specific Fertility Rate
ASO
Anti-Streptolysin O
ATS
Antitetanus Serum
AURI
Acute Upper Respiratory Infection
AW
Anganwadi
AWW
Anganwadi Worker
AZT
Zidovudine
BAL
British anti-Lewicite
BC
Before Christ
BCG
Bacille Calmette Guérin (TB vaccine)
BD
(Bis in die) twice a day
BFHI
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
BHC
Benzene Hexachloride
BHW
Basic Health Worker
BIRD
Bidar Integrated Rural Development Project
BIS
Bureau of Indian Standards
BOAA
Beta Oxalyl Amino Alanine
BOD
Biological Oxidation Demand
BP
Blood Pressure
BPL
Betapropriolactone
BR
Birth Rate
BSAM
Bachelor in Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery
C
Columb
Ca
Carcinoma
CARE
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere
CCD
Control of Communicable Disease
CCF
Congestive Cardiac Failure
CD
Communicable Disease
CD
count Cell Count in AIDS for Immune Response
CDC
Code for Disease Control
CDPO
Child Development Project Officer
CET
Corrected Effective Temperature
CFR
Case-Fatality Ratio
CFTRI
Central Food Technological Research Institute
CGHS
Central Government Health Scheme
CGHS
Central Government Health Service
CHC
Community Health Center
CHD
Coronary Heart Disease
CHEB
Central Health Education Bureau
CHO
Carbohydrate
CMV
Cytomegalovirus
CNS
Central Nervous System
COD
Chemical Oxidation Demand
COPRA
Consumer Protection Act
CPM
Critical Path Method
CSIR
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSSM
Child Survival Safe Motherhood
CV
Coefficient of Variation
CVS
Cardiovascular System
CWR
Child Women Ratio
DALY
Disability Adjusted Life Years
DANIDA
The Danish International Development Agency
dB
deciBell (loudness)14
DBT
Dry Bulb Thermometer
DD
Diarrheal Disease
DDC
Diarrhea Disease Control
DDC
Drug Distribution Center
DDK
Disposable Delivery Kit
DDP
Desert Development Program
DDT
Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane
DEC
Diethyl Carbamazine
DF
Day Light Factor
DF
Deep Freezer
DG
Director General
DGO
Diploma in Gynecology and Obstetrics
DHEB
District Health Education Bureau
DHF
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
DHFWO
District Health and FW Officer
DHO
District Health Officer
DIO
District Immunization Officer
DMAP
Disaster Management Action Plan
DMPA
Depo Medroxy Progesterone Acetate
DNA
Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid
DOTS
Directly Observed Treatment Short Course
DPAP
Draught Prone Areas Program
DPH
Diploma in Public Health
DPT
Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus
DR
Death Rate
DT
Diphtheria Tetanus
DTC
District TB Center
DWACRA
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas
E
Ethambutol
EAS
Employment Assurance Scheme
EBV
The Epstein-Barr Virus
ECD
Early Childhood Development
ECHS
Educational Council for Health Science
EDTA
Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid
EFA
Essential Fatty Acid
EIUS
Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums
ELISA
Enzyme Linked Serum Assay (Immuno)
EPA
Code for Epidemiology
EPID
An Epidemiological Number given for a Stool Sample in AFP Surveillance
ESI
Employees State Insurance
ESIS
Employee State Insurance Scheme
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
FCU
Filaria Control Unit
FNV
French Neurotropic Virus
FP
Family Planning
FPAI
Family Planning Association of India
FPO
Fruit Product Order
FRU
First Referral Unit
FS
Ferrous Sulphate
FT
Formal Toxoid
FTD
Fever Treatment Depot
FW
Family Welfare
GA
General Anesthesia
GDM
Gestational Diabetic Mellitus
GE
Gastroenteritis
GFI
General Flea Index
GFR
General Fertility Rate
GHG
Greenhouse Gases
GI
Gastrointestinal
GMFR
General Marital Fertility Rate
GOI
Government of India
GR
Growth Rate
GRR
Gross Reproduction Rate
GU
Genitourinary
Gy
Gray
H
INH
HA
Health Assistant
HAV
Hepatitis A Virus
Hb%
Hemoglobin percentage
HBIG
Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin
HBS
Ag Hepatitis B Somatic Antigen
HBV
Hepatitis B Virus
HCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
HCH
Hexa Chlorocyclo-Hexane (BHC[Benzene Hexa-Chloride])
HDCV
Human Diploid Cell Vaccine
HDL
High Density Lipoprotein
HE
Health Education
HFA
Health for All
HIG
Human Immunoglobulin
HIS
Health Information System
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HKNS
Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangha
HTLV
Human T-lymphotropic Virus
HTST
High Temperature Short Time
HUDCO
Housing and Urban Development Corporation
HW
Health Worker
IAEA
Indian Atomic Energy Agency
IARC
Indian Agricultural Research Council
IAS
Indian Administrative Service15
IAY
Indira Awas Yojana
ICCU
Intensive Coronary Care Unit
ICD
International Classification of Diseases
ICDS
Integrated Child Development Service
ICMR
Indian Council of Medical Research
ICRP
International Commission for Radiological Protection
ICSSR
Indian Council for Social and Scientific Research
ICU
Intensive Coronary Unit
IDD
Iodine Deficiency Disorder
IDDCP
Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Program
IDDM
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
IEC
Information Education Communication
IFA
Iron Folic Acid
Ig
Immunoglobulin
IGT
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
IH
Infective Hepatitis
IHD
Ischemic Heart Disease
ILO
International Labor Organization
ILR
Ice Lined Refrigerator
IM
Intramuscular
IMA
Indian Medical Association
IMC
Indian Medical Council
IMCD
Integrated Mother Child Development
IMNCI
Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness
IMR
Infant Mortality Rate
IMS
Indian Medical Service
INC
Intranatal Care
INH
Isoniazid Hydrazide
IP
Incubation Period
IPD
In-patient Department
IPP
India Population Project
IPPI
Intensive Pulse Polio Program
IPV
Injectable Polio Vaccine
IQ
Intelligence Quotient
IRDP
Integrated Rural Development Program
ISWA
International Solid Waste Public Cleansing Association
IT
Income Tax
IU
International Units
IUD
Intrauterine Device
IV
Intravenous
J
Joule
JALMA
Japanese Leprosy Mission for Asia
JE
Japanese Encephalitis
JRY
Jawahar Rojgar Yojana
KAP
Knowledge Attitude Practice
KFD
Kyasanur Forest Disease
LAN
Local Area Network
LB
Live Births
LBW
Low Birth Weight
LCU
Leprosy Control Unit
LDC
Lower Division Clerk
LDL
Low Density Lipoprotein
LEC
Leprosy Elimination Campaign
LGI
Lymphogranuloma Inguinale
LGV
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
LIC
Life Insurance Corporation of India
LIH
Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae
LRI
Lower Respiratory Infection
MB
Multibacillary
MBO
Management by Objective
MCH
Maternal and Child Health
MCI
Medical Council of India
MD
Doctor of Medicine
MD
Mean Deviation
MDT
Multi-Drug Regimen
MI
Myocardial Infarction
MLEC
Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign
MLTU
Mobile Leprosy Treatment Unit
MMR
Mass Miniature Radiography
MMR
Maternal Mortality Rate
MO
Medical Officer
MOH
Medical Officer of Health
MP
Malaria Parasite
MPF
Multipurpose Food
MPW
Multipurpose Worker
MRDM
Malnutrition Related Diabetes Mellitus
MS
Mukhya Sevika
MSW
Medical Social Worker
MTM
Multiple Tube Method
MTP
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
MUAC
Mid Upper Arm Circumference
MWS
Million Wells Scheme
MYP
Mid Year Population
NAB
National Association for the Blind
NACP
National AIDS Control Program
NANB
Non A Non B
NBIN
An emulsion containing 68% Benzylbenzoate, 6% DDT, 12% Benzocaine and 14% Tween 80 diluted 1 in 5 parts water (Scabicidal from National Institute)
NBO
National Building Organization16
NCCF
National Calamity Contingency Fund
NCCP
National Cancer Control Program
NCD
Noncommunicable Disease
NCDM
National Committee on Disaster Management
NEERI
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
NET-EN
Norethindrone Enanthate
NGO
Non-Governmental Organization
NHD
Natural History of Diseases
NIDDM
Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
NIN
National Institute of Nutrition
NIS
National Immunisation Schedule
NIUA
National Institute of Urban Association
NLEP
National Leprosy Eradication Program
NMCP
National Malaria Control Program
NMEP
National Malaria Eradication Program
NNRTIS
Non-nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (a group of AIDS drug)
NPP
National Population Policy
NRR
Net Reproduction Rate
NSAP
National Social Assistance Program
NTP
National TB Program
NWS
and National Water Supply and Sanitation
SP
Program
OBG
Obstetrics and Gynecology
OC
Oral Contraceptive
ODA
Overseas Development Agency
OPD
Out Patient Department
OPV
Oral Polio Vaccine
ORS
Oral Rehydration Solution
OT
Operation Theater
P
Probability
P and SM
Preventive and Social Medicine
P4 SR
Predicted Four Hour Sweat Rate
PAH
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PASB
Pan American Sanitary Bureau
PB
Paucibacillary
PCT
Presumptive Coliform Test
PEFR
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
PEM
Protein Energy Malnutrition
PERT
Program Evaluation Review Technique
PET
Preeclamptic Toxemia
PF
Provident Fund
PFA
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act
PG
Postgraduate
PGL Ag
Phenolic Glycolipid Antigen
PH
Public Health
PHC
Primary Health Center
PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PMW
Paramedical Worker
PN
Postnatal
PNC
Postnatal Care
PaP
Papanicolaou's stain Test (Cancer Screening Test)
POP
Progestin Only Pill
PPBS
Planning Programming Budgeting System
PPBS
Postprandial Blood Sugar
PPC
Postpartum Program Center
PPD
Purified Protein Derivative
PPF
Public Provident Fund
PPI
Pulse Polio Immunization
PPM
Parts Per Million
PQLI
Physical Quality Life Index
PRAI
Planning Research Action Institute
PT
Presumptive Treatment
PTAP
Purified Toxoid Absorbed in Aluminium Phosphate
PWD
Public Works Department
QID
(Quarter in Die) Four Times Daily
R
Rifampicin
RBC
Red Blood Corpuscle
RBS
Random Blood Sugar
RCA
Research cum Action
RCH
Reproductive Child Health
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance
RDNA
Recombinant DNA
RF
Rheumatic Fever
RHD
Rheumatic Heart Disease
RIG
Rabies Immunoglobulin
RMP
Registered Medical Practitioner
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
RNTCP
Revised National TB Control Program
ROM
Rifampicin Ofloxacin Minocycline
ROME
Reorientation of Medical Education
RSDI
Retirement Survival Disability Insurance
RSF
Rapid Sand Filter
RT
Radical Treatment
RTI
Reproductive Tract Infection
RTO
Regional Transport Officer
RW
Rideal Walker (Coefficient)
S
Streptomycin
SAPEL
Special Action Projects for Elimination of Leprosy17
SAR
Secondary Attach Rate
SC
Subcutaneous
SD
Standard Deviation
SE
Standard Error
SET
Survey Education Treatment
SFI
Specific Flea Index
SHEB
School Health Education Bureau
SHEB
State Health Education Bureau
SITA
Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act
SNP
Special Nutrition Program
SRS
Sample Registration System
SSF
Slow Sand Filter
STD
Sexually Transmitted Disease
STI
Sexually Transmitted Infection
TAB
Typhoid Vaccine with A and B Strain
TAF
Toxoid Antitoxin Floccules
TB
Tuberculosis
TBA
Traditional Birth Attendant
TDS
Three Times a Day (Ter in die)
TEPP
Tetra Ethyl Pyrophosphate
TFR
Total Fertility Rate
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack
TIG
Tetanus Immunoglobulin
TRYSEM
Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
TT
Tetanus Toxoid
TU
Tubercular Unit
TV
Television
UBSP
Urban Basic Services for Poor
UCD
Urban Coordinated Development
UCI
Universal Child Immunization
UDC
Upper Division Clerk
UGC
University Grant Commission
UHT
Ultrahigh Temperature
UIB
Unemployment Insurance Benefit
UIP
Universal Immunization Program
UK
United Kingdom
UMI
Universal Mother Immunization
UN
United Nations
UNDP
United Nations Development Program
UNFPA
United Nations Fund for Population Activity
UNICEF
United Nations International Children's Fund
UP
Uttar Pradesh
URI
Upper Respiratory Infection
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
VDRL
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
VHG
Village Health Guide
VP reaction
Voges – Proskaue reaction – a test for production of acetylmethyl carbinol from glucose in bacterial culture. (Lab test for Vibrio Cholera)
VR Media
Venkatraman Media
VVM
Vaccine Vial Monitor
VZIG
Vericella Zoster Immunoglobulin
WATSAN
Water Sanitary Program
WBT
Wet Bulb Thermometer
WHK
Women Hygiene Kit
WHO
World Health Organization
WIC
Walk in Cooler
WWW
World Wide Web
XX
Woman
XY
Man
Z
Pyrazinamide
ZP
Zilla Parishad