Index

UG Textbook of Pediatrics Piyush Gupta, Nidhi Bedi

CHAPTER 1:Growth and Development
- GROWTH
- DEVELOPMENT
- CONCEPT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
  - Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development (NC-ECD)
- WHY STUDY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT?
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS AFFECTING FETAL GROWTH
- FACTORS AFFECTING POSTNATAL GROWTH
  - Genetic Factors
  - Hormonal Factors
  - Nutritional Factors
  - Sociocultural Factors
  - Environmental Factors
  - Health Factors
  - Psychological Factors
- PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH
- PHASES OF GROWTH
  - Prenatal Growth
- POSTNATAL GROWTH
- SIZE AT BIRTH
- GROWTH IN INFANCY (FIRST YEAR OF LIFE)
- GROWTH AFTER INFANCY
- ERUPTION OF TEETH
- INTRODUCTION
- WEIGHT
- STATURE
  - Length
  - Height
- BODY CIRCUMFERENCES
  - Head Circumference
  - Chest Circumference
  - Mid-upper Arm Circumference
- SKINFOLD THICKNESS
- BODY PROPORTIONS
- VELOCITY OF PHYSICAL GROWTH
- BONE AGE ASSESSMENT
- GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION
- MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION
- MEDIAN AND PERCENT MEDIAN
- PERCENTILES
- Z (SD)-SCORE
- GROWTH CHARTS
- GROWTH REFERENCES VERSUS GROWTH STANDARDS
- WHO GROWTH STANDARDS
- GROWTH REFERENCE FOR INDIAN CHILDREN 5–18 YEARS
- GROWTH MONITORING
- LAWS OF DEVELOPMENT
- DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
- DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
  - Motor Milestones
  - Adaptive/Cognitive Milestones
  - Personal Social Milestones
  - Language Milestones
  - Variations in Normal Development
- TIMING OF ASSESSMENT
- DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY
- DEVELOPMENTAL EXAMINATION
- PROCESS OF ASSESSMENT
  - Between 1 and 3 Months
  - Between 4 and 6 Months
  - Between 6 and 12 Months
  - Between 1 and 2 Years
  - Between 2 and 5 Years
  - Perform Relevant Physical Examination
- INTERPRETATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT
  - Development Quotient
  - Presentation of Developmental Disorders
CHAPTER 2:Disorders of Growth
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS
- DEFINITION
- DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH
- ETIOLOGY
  - Disproportionate Short Stature
  - Proportionate Short Stature
- EVALUATION
- TALL STATURE
- DEFINITIONS
- INDICES OF OBESITY
  - Body Mass Index
  - Waist Circumference and Waist-hip Ratio: Measures of Abdominal Fat
- ETIOLOGY
- CONSTITUTIONAL OBESITY
  - Exogenous Factors
  - Endogenous/Host Factors
- SECONDARY OBESITY
- EVALUATION OF A CHILD WITH OBESITY
- PREVENTION OF OBESITY
  - Universal Prevention
  - Targeted Prevention
    - At-risk Approach
- CRITERIA FOR REFERRAL
- MICROCEPHALY
  - Etiology
    - Primary Microcephaly
    - Secondary Microcephaly
  - Approach to a Case of Microcephaly
- MACROCEPHALY
- CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
CHAPTER 3:Disorders of Development
- DEFINITIONS
  - Development Delay
  - Developmental Quotient
  - Global Developmental Delay
  - Developmental Dissociation
  - Developmental Deviance
  - Developmental Regression
- ETIOLOGY
- EARLY DETECTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
  - Developmental Surveillance
  - Developmental Screening
- MOTHER AND CHILD PROTECTION CARD
- DEFINITIVE TESTS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
- APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
  - Early Diagnosis of Global Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
  - Early Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy
  - Visual and Hearing Handicaps
    - Visual Deficits
    - Hearing and Speech Deficits
- EARLY STIMULATION
- CHILD DEVELOPMENT UNIT
  - Counseling of the Parent of a Child with Developmental Delay
  - Referral Criteria for Global Developmental Delay
    - Red Flags on History
    - Red Flags on Examination
- SCHOLASTIC PERFORMANCE
- SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDERS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
    - Tools for Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 4:Behavioral Disorders
- ETIOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- UNDERFEEDING
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- OVERFEEDING
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- EXCESSIVE SPITTING
- RUMINATION
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL SLEEP
- PRIMARY SLEEP DISORDERS
- PRINCIPLES OF SLEEP HYGIENE
- INTRODUCTION
- HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SCREEN TIME EXPOSURE
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION
- ACTION
  - Increase Appropriate Behavior
  - Decrease Inappropriate Behavior
  - Skill Development
  - Loving Attitude
- CHILD GUIDANCE CLINICS
  - Objectives of Child Guidance Clinic
  - Services Available at Child Guidance Clinic
CHAPTER 5:Adolescent Health
- INTRODUCTION
  - Biological Development
  - Cognitive and Developmental Changes
- PHASES OF ADOLESCENCE
- INTRODUCTION
- PROTECTIVE FACTORS
- DEFINITIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
  - Sex and Sexuality
- PROMOTING THE SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
- NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT
  - Factors Influencing Adolescent Nutrition
- ADOLESCENT UNDERNUTRITION
  - Malnutrition and Anemia
  - Micronutrient Deficiency
  - Overweight and Obesity
- EATING DISORDERS
- INTRODUCTION
- ANOREXIA NERVOSA
  - Etiology
  - Diagnostic Criteria
  - Clinical Manifestations
- BULIMIA NERVOSA
  - Clinical Features
- PREVALENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- ASSESSMENT
  - Stress and Related Symptoms
  - Suicidal Behavior
- SUBSTANCE ABUSE
  - Tobacco
  - Alcohol
  - Drugs
- PROMOTING MENTAL HEALTH
- INTRODUCTION
- INJURIES AND VIOLENCE
  - Sexual Violence
- COMMUNICATION AND COUNSELING
  - Privacy and Confidentiality
- HISTORY TAKING: PSYCHOSOCIAL SCREENING
  - Physical Examination
- HEALTH PROMOTION IN ADOLESCENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER AT THE ADOLESCENT HEALTH CENTER
CHAPTER 6:Breastfeeding and Lactation
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMINOLOGY
  - Exclusive Breastfeeding
  - Prelacteal Feeds
- BREAST ANATOMY
  - Nipple and Areola
- PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK PRODUCTION
  - Prolactin Reflex (Milk Secretion Reflex) (Fig. 6.2)
  - Oxytocin Reflex (Milk Ejection Reflex/Let-down Reflex) (Fig. 6.3)
  - Feeding Reflexes in the Baby
- TYPES OF MILK
  - Colostrum
  - Transitional Milk
  - Mature Milk
  - Preterm Milk
  - Foremilk and Hindmilk
- HUMAN BREASTMILK
  - Proteins
  - Carbohydrate
  - Fats
  - Vitamins and Minerals
  - Others
- BENEFITS TO THE BABY
  - Right Nutrients
  - Protection from Infections
  - Intelligence
  - Economic Benefits
  - Psychological Benefits
  - Miscellaneous
- BENEFITS TO THE MOTHER
- BENEFITS TO THE SOCIETY
- DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL/ANIMAL FEEDING
- DESIRABLE PRACTICES WHICH PROMOTE BREASTFEEDING
- FACTORS HINDERING BREASTFEEDING
- CONTRAINDICATIONS OF BREASTFEEDING
- INTRODUCTION
- POSITIONING
- ATTACHMENT
  - Causes of Poor Attachment
- MECHANISM OF SUCKLING
- DEMAND FEEDING
- BREAST MANAGEMENT
- FREQUENCY OF FEEDING
- INTRODUCTION
- WHEN TO OBSERVE A BREASTFEED
  - Outpatient Settings, e.g., Outpatient Department or Well-baby Clinic
  - Inpatient Setting, e.g., Postnatal Ward or Neonatal Units
- DECISION
- ACTION: COUNSELING
- RESPECT MOTHER'S PRIVACY
- NOT ENOUGH MILK
- NIPPLE CONFUSION
- SORE OR CRACKED NIPPLES
- ENGORGED BREASTS
- RETRACTED NIPPLES
- BREAST ABSCESS
- EXPRESSED BREASTMILK
- METHOD OF MILK EXPRESSION (FIG. 6.8)
- INTRODUCTION
  - Educate Mothers on Antenatal Breast Care and Prepare Mothers for Lactation
- PRETERM/SICK BABY
- HIV POSITIVE MOTHER
- HEPATITIS B POSITIVE MOTHER
- TWIN BABIES
- CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
- WORKING MOTHERS
- MATERNAL ILLNESS
- ILLNESS IN BABY
- INTRODUCTION
- 10 STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL BREASTFEEDING
- INFANT MILK SUBSTITUTES (IMS) ACT
- MOTHER'S ABSOLUTE AFFECTION (MAA) PROGRAM FOR PROMOTION OF BREASTFEEDING
- INTRODUCTION
- PASTEURIZED DONOR HUMAN MILK
CHAPTER 7:Complementary Feeding
- DEFINITION
- STATUS OF COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING IN INDIA
- PRINCIPLES OF COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
- WHEN TO START?
- ATTRIBUTES OF COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
- NATIONAL GUIDELINES ON INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
  - Recommendations
- AGE-WISE COMPLEMENTARY FOODS
CHAPTER 8:Normal Nutrition, Assessment, and Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION
- ENERGY
  - Sources of Energy
  - Energy Requirement for Different Ages and Groups
- CARBOHYDRATES
- PROTEINS
  - Functions of Protein
  - Requirements
  - Complete Protein
  - Biological Value
- FATS (LIPIDS)
  - Triglycerides
  - Essential Fatty Acids
  - Recommended Intake of Fats
- DIETARY FIBER
- INTRODUCTION
- CEREALS
- PULSES AND LEGUMES
- VEGETABLES
- FRUITS
- MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
- EGG, MEAT, AND FISH
- OTHERS
- INTRODUCTION
- NUTRITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY
  - Anthropometric Tools
  - Anthro-based Nutritional Assessment
- BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT
- CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- DIETARY SURVEY
  - Nutritional History
  - Group Methods
- DIET IN HEALTH
  - Balanced Diet
  - Food Pyramid
  - My Plate
  - Food for Preschool and School Children
  - Food for Adolescents
- DIET IN DISEASE
  - Diabetes
  - Hypertension
  - Obesity
  - Celiac Disease
  - Kidney and Liver Diseases
  - Diet in Malignancies
- JUNCS
- JUNK FOOD
  - Nutritive Value of Junk Food
  - Ultra-processed Foods: The NOVA Classification
  - Sugar-sweetened Beverages
    - Fruit Juice and Fruit Drinks
- INTRODUCTION
  - Integrated Child Development Service Scheme
  - Mid-day Meal Scheme
  - Vitamin A Prophylaxis Program
  - Prime Minister's Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nourishment (POSHAN) Abhiyaan
  - Anemia Mukt Bharat
- NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE
  - Sources of Data
- NUTRITIONAL EDUCATION
  - Guiding Principles
- NUTRITIONAL REHABILITATION
CHAPTER 9:Nutritional Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- BURDEN OF UNDERNUTRITION
  - Prevalence
    - Global Situation
    - India
- INDIAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WEIGHT FOR AGE
- WELLCOME TRUST CLASSIFICATION
- WHO CLASSIFICATION
- SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Low Birthweight
  - Feeding Habits
  - Infections and Infestations
  - High Pressure Advertising of Baby Foods
  - Social Factors
  - Poverty
  - Large Family Size
  - Predictors of Undernutrition
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Changes in Body Composition and Function
- CLASSIFICATION
- DEFINITION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Consequences of Reductive Adaptation
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - SAM without Edema
  - SAM with Edema
- COMPLICATIONS
- HOSPITAL-BASED INTERVENTION
  - Step 1: Hypoglycemia: Treat and Prevent
  - Step 2: Hypothermia: Treat and Prevent
  - Step 3: Dehydration: Treat and Prevent
    - Severe Dehydration
  - Step 4: Electrolyte Imbalance: Treat and Prevent
  - Step 5: Infection—Treat and Prevent
  - Step 6: Micronutrient Deficiencies
  - Step 7: Begin Cautious Feeding (0–7 days)
  - Step 8: Energy Dense Feeding
  - Step 9: Sensory Stimulation and Emotional Support
  - Step 10: Transfer to Home-based Diet and Prepare for Follow-up
    - Failure to Respond to Treatment
- COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN WITH SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION
  - Prevention
- DEFINITION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- REHABILITATION
- PREVENTION
- READY-TO-USE THERAPEUTIC FOOD
  - Characteristics of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food
  - Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food in India
- LOCALLY PREPARED THERAPEUTIC DIETS
- ASSESSMENT OF A CHILD WITH SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION
  - Initial Workup
CHAPTER 10:Vitamins
- INTRODUCTION
- DAILY REQUIREMENTS
- DIETARY SOURCES
- ROLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
  - Causes
  - Clinical Features
  - Indicators of Vitamin A Deficiency
- HYPERVITAMINOSIS A
  - Causes
  - Clinical Features
    - Acute Hypervitaminosis A
    - Chronic Hypervitaminosis A
  - Diagnosis
- PREVENTION OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
- VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION AND CHILD MORTALITY
- METABOLISM
- DAILY REQUIREMENT
- SOURCES
- ROLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- RICKETS
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY RICKETS
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
    - Skeletal Changes
  - Biochemical Changes
- PREVENTION OF NUTRITIONAL RICKETS
  - Vitamin D Supplementation
  - Maternal Supplementation
  - Sunlight
  - Diet
- HYPERVITAMINOSIS D
  - Causes
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- ROLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- SOURCES
- DAILY REQUIREMENT
- VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY
  - Causes
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- VITAMIN E TOXICITY
- ROLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- SOURCES
- DAILY REQUIREMENT
- VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)
  - Role in Health and Disease
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirement
  - Thiamine Deficiency
    - Clinical Features
    - Diagnosis
- RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirement
  - Riboflavin Deficiency
- NIACIN (PELLAGRA PREVENTING FACTOR) (B3)
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirements
  - Causes
  - Pellagra
    - Diagnosis
  - Niacin Toxicity
- PYRIDOXINE (B6)
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirements
  - Pyridoxine Deficiency
    - Clinical Features
    - Diagnosis
  - Pyridoxine Dependency
  - Pyridoxine Toxicity
- COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12)
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirements
  - Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- FOLIC ACID (PTEROYLGLUTAMIC ACID)
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirements
  - Folic Acid Deficiency
    - Clinical Features
    - Diagnosis
  - Folic Acid Toxicity
- PANTOTHENIC ACID
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirements
  - Deficiency
    - Clinical Features
    - Diagnosis
- BIOTIN
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirements
  - Biotin Deficiency
    - Clinical Features
    - Diagnosis
- ROLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- DIETARY SOURCES
- DAILY REQUIREMENTS
- SCURVY
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Toxicity
CHAPTER 11:Micronutrients, Minerals, Trace Elements, and Food Safety
- MINERALS
- TRACE ELEMENTS
- HIDDEN HUNGER
- INTRODUCTION
- DIETARY SOURCES
- DIETARY REQUIREMENT
- IODINE DEFICIENCY
  - Clinical Features
  - Goiter
  - Indicators of Iodine Deficiency
  - Prevention and Control
- NATIONAL IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDER CONTROL PROGRAM (NIDDCP)
  - Objectives
  - Indicators of Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorder
- INTRODUCTION
- SOURCES
- DIETARY REQUIREMENT
- ZINC DEFICIENCY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL
- CALCIUM
  - Introduction
  - Dietary Sources
  - Daily Requirement
- HYPOCALCEMIA
  - Introduction
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- MAGNESIUM
  - Introduction
  - Sources
  - Daily Requirement
  - Causes (Box 11.2)
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- FREE RADICALS
- ANTIOXIDANTS
- ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS
  - Selenium
  - Copper
- PROBABLY ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS
  - Manganese
  - Silicon
  - Nickel
  - Boron
  - Vanadium
  - Molybdenum
  - Chromium
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
- PLUMBISM
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS OF FOOD FORTIFICATION
  - Large-scale Food Fortification
  - Biofortification
  - Point-of-Use or Home Fortification
- MICRONUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- FOOD ADULTERATION
  - Willful Contamination/Intentional Adulteration
  - Incidental/Unintentional Adulteration
- FOOD ADDITIVES
  - Effect of Food Additive on Health
CHAPTER 12:Fluid and Electrolytes
- INTRODUCTION
- FLUID COMPARTMENTS
- ELECTROLYTES
- FLUID COMPOSITION
- REGULATION OF WATER AND SODIUM BALANCE
  - Hormones
- REGULATION OF POTASSIUM BALANCE
- FLUID THERAPY
- MAINTENANCE FLUID THERAPY
  - Amount of Maintenance Fluid
  - Composition of Maintenance Fluid
  - Neonatal Fluid Requirements
- DEFICIT THERAPY
- REPLACEMENT FLUID THERAPY
  - Fluid Resuscitation in Shock
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
  - Acute Renal Failure
  - Congestive Heart Failure
  - Chemotherapy
  - Meningitis
  - Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
  - Raised Intracranial Tension
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY WORKUP
- CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- LABORATORY EVALUATION
- PROGNOSIS
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- ACID, BASE, AND pH
- BUFFER
- COMPENSATION
- CORRECTION
- RENAL REGULATION
  - Proximal Acidification
  - Distal Acidification
- INTRODUCTION
  - Urinary pH
  - Acid-base Nomogram
  - Anion Gap
- METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
  - Pathophysiology
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
- METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Etiology
- RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
  - Causes
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
- RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
  - Causes
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
- CASE SCENARIOS
- INTRODUCTION
- PERIPHERAL VENOUS ACCESS
- INTRODUCTION
- PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 13:Vaccines and Immunization
- INTRODUCTION
- NATURAL IMMUNITY
- ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
  - Active and Passive Immunity
- ANTIGENS
- HAPTENS
- FACTORS DETERMINING IMMUNOGENICITY
- AGE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE
- CONCEPTS IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
- BASIS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
- CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
  - T cells
  - CD4 Lymphocytes
  - CD8 Lymphocytes
  - Memory T cells
  - Natural Killer Cells
  - Cytokines
  - Others
- HUMORAL IMMUNITY
  - B cells
  - Immunoglobulins
  - Basis of Humoral Immune Response
    - Primary Response
    - Secondary Response
  - Maternal Antibodies and Immune Response
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
  - Activation
  - Biologic Effects of Complement
- AUTOIMMUNITY
- IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES
- VACCINES
  - Types of Vaccines
  - Passive Immunization
- INTRODUCTION
- UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
  - Components of Universal Immunization Program
- NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
  - Assess Patient for Fitness for Immunization and Prescribe an Age-appropriate Immunization Schedule
- INTRODUCTION
- HEAT SENSITIVE VACCINES
- STRUCTURE OF COLD CHAIN
  - Care of Vaccines in Refrigerator
- VACCINE VIAL MONITORS
- TO OBSERVE STORAGE AND HANDLING OF VACCINES
  - To Observe Storage
  - To Observe Handling
- INTRODUCTION
- ROUTE AND SITE OF ADMINISTRATION
- NON-STANDARD PRACTICES
- INFECTION CONTROL AND STERILE TECHNIQUES
  - Injection Safety
- TIMING AND SPACING ISSUES
  - Spacing of Multiple Doses
  - Simultaneous Administration
  - Spacing with Immunoglobulins
- DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDKEEPING
- PREPAREDNESS FOR LIFE-THREATENING ADVERSE EVENTS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERSE EVENTS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION (AEFI)
- PREVENTION
- REPORTING OF ADVERSE EVENTS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION
- CHARACTERISTICS
- PROTECTIVE EFFICACY
- ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE
- PHENOMENA SEEN AFTER VACCINATION
- ADVERSE EFFECTS
- OTHER USES
- TETANUS TOXOID
- Tdap/Td VACCINES
- ORAL POLIO VACCINE
  - Administration and Schedule
  - Adverse Effects
    - Vaccine-associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis
    - Vaccine-derived Poliovirus
  - Contraindications
- INACTIVATED POLIOVIRUS VACCINE
  - Administration and Schedule
  - Safety
- CHARACTERISTICS
- PROTECTIVE EFFICACY
- ADMINISTRATION AND SCHEDULE
- ADVERSE EFFECTS
- CHARACTERISTICS
- PROTECTIVE EFFICACY
- ADMINISTRATION AND SCHEDULE
- ADVERSE EFFECTS
- CHARACTERISTICS
- ADMINISTRATION AND SCHEDULE
- ADVERSE EFFECTS
- CHARACTERISTICS
- PROTECTIVE EFFICACY
- ADMINISTRATION AND SCHEDULE
- ADVERSE EFFECTS
- MEASLES AND RUBELLA INITIATIVE
- PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
  - Characteristics
  - Administration and Schedule
- PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINES
  - Administration and Schedule
  - Replacement Disease
- CHARACTERISTICS
- LIVE-ATTENUATED CELL CULTURE-DERIVED SA 14-24-2 JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINE
- ADMINISTRATION AND SCHEDULE
- TYPHOID VACCINES
- HEPATITIS A VACCINE
  - Inactivated Vaccine
  - Live-attenuated Vaccine
- VARICELLA VACCINE
  - Characteristics
  - Administration
  - Adverse Effects
  - Passive Prophylaxis
- INFLUENZA VACCINES
  - Characteristics
  - Administration and Schedule
- RABIES VACCINES
  - Characteristics
  - Administration and Schedule
  - Rabies Vaccine/Passive Prophylaxis for Different Categories
- MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES
  - Types of Vaccines
  - Administration
  - Protective Efficacy
  - Adverse Events
- YELLOW FEVER VACCINE
- CHOLERA VACCINES
  - Oral Inactivated Cholera Vaccines
  - Live-attenuated Vaccine
- INTRODUCTION
- PRETERM AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES
- LAPSED IMMUNIZATIONS
- UNKNOWN IMMUNIZATION STATUS
- CHILDREN WITH IMMUNE DEFICIENCY OR DYSFUNCTION
- CHILDREN ON STEROID THERAPY
- CHILDREN ON IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS
- HIV INFECTION
- CHILDREN WITH SPLENECTOMY/ASPLENIA
- RECIPIENTS OF BLOOD/BLOOD PRODUCTS
- SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTS
- CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC SYSTEMIC DISEASES
- IMMUNIZATION OF ADOLESCENTS
- VACCINES FOR TRAVELERS
- COMBINATION VACCINES
  - Advantages
  - Limitations
- INTRODUCTION
- COVID VACCINES
  - Characteristics
  - Administration and Schedule
- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINES
  - Characteristics
  - Protective Efficacy
  - Administration and Schedule
  - Adverse Effects
- DENGUE VACCINE
- MALARIA VACCINE
- HIV VACCINE
- FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES
- DEMONSTRATE WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE NATIONAL AND SUBNATIONAL IMMUNIZATION DAYS
- IMMUNIZATION RECORD: AN EXAMPLE
- IMPLIED CONSENT IN IMMUNIZATION SERVICES
CHAPTER 14:Infections and Infestations
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- INITIAL ASSESSMENT
- ETIOLOGY OF FEVER
- EVALUATION OF A FEBRILE CHILD
  - Localizing the Focus of Fever
  - Identify the Etiology of Fever
    - Short Duration Fevers
    - Prolonged Fever
- PARENTAL EDUCATION
- HEAT HYPERPYREXIA
- INTRODUCTION
- FEVER WITHOUT LOCALIZING SIGNS
  - Neonates and Fever without Localizing Signs
  - Fever in Young Infants between 1 and 3 Months of Age
    - Fever without Focus in 3 months–3-year-old
- FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
  - Definition
  - Etiology
- EVALUATION OF FEVER
  - Clinical Examination
  - Laboratory Tests
  - Procedures
- INTRODUCTION
- BURDEN OF TUBERCULOSIS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Host Factors
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Systemic Manifestations
  - Pulmonary Tuberculosis
    - Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
    - Progressive Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  - Tuberculous Lymphadenitis (Scrofula)
  - Pleural Effusion
  - Pericardial Tuberculosis
  - Abdominal Tuberculosis
  - Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
    - Tuberculous Meningitis
    - Tuberculoma
  - Osteoarticular Tuberculosis
  - Genitourinary Tuberculosis
  - Disseminated Tuberculosis
  - Miliary Tuberculosis
  - Congenital Tuberculosis
  - Tuberculosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients
- CASE DEFINITIONS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS PROGRAM
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Tests for Tuberculosis Infection
    - Mantoux Test (Tuberculin Test)
    - Interferon Gamma Release Assays
  - Diagnostic Tests for Pulmonary Tuberculosis
    - Chest X-ray
    - Bacteriology
  - Diagnostic Tests for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
- PREVENTION
  - Tracing the Source of Infection
  - Health Education
  - BCG Vaccination
  - Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment/TB Preventive Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Transmission
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Immunity
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Mortality
  - Morbidity
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
  - The Vaccine
  - Passive Immunization
  - Measles Control and Elimination
    - Second Opportunity for Measles Immunization
    - Action Plan for India
  - Global Strategy
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL
  - Care of Contacts
  - Active Immunization
  - Global Efforts
  - Mumps Control
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Postnatal Infection
  - Congenital Rubella Syndrome
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
  - Active Immunization
    - The Vaccine
    - Postexposure Prophylaxis
  - Surveillance
    - Indian Initiative
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Evolution of the Rash
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Bacterial Infections
  - Neurological Complications
  - Pneumonitis
  - Others
- CONGENITAL VARICELLA
- VARICELLA NEONATORUM
- DIAGNOSIS
- BREAKTHROUGH VARICELLA
- PREVENTION
  - Active Immunization
  - Postexposure Prophylaxis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SPECTRUM
  - National Vector Borne Disease Control Program Nomenclature
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Vector
  - Host
  - Environmental Factors
  - Transmission Risk Factors
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Febrile Phase
  - Critical Phase
  - Recovery Phase (Plasma Reabsorption Phase)
- SEVERE DENGUE
- LABORATORY STUDIES
  - Hematological Tests
  - Biochemical Profile
  - Serodiagnosis
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL
  - Surveillance
  - Long-term Vector Control
  - Biological and Chemical Control
  - Vaccine Development
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Burden of Disease
  - Agent
  - Vector
  - Transmission
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- TRANSMISSION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- SWINE FLU (H1N1 INFLUENZA)
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Agent
  - Transmission
  - Host Factors
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PREVENTION
  - Vaccines
- MULTISYSTEM INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN CHILDREN TEMPORALLY RELATED TO COVID-19
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  - Mode of Transmission
- PATHOGENESIS
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS OF HIV IN CHILDREN
  - <18 Months of Age (Flowcharts 14.10 and 14.11)
  - Diagnosis of HIV in Children >18 Months of Age
- CASE DEFINITIONS
  - HIV Infected
  - Perinatally Exposed
  - Seroreverter
- PEDIATRIC AIDS CLASSIFICATION
  - Immunological Classification
- CLINICAL COURSE OF VERTICALLY-ACQUIRED INFECTION
- ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
  - Drugs
    - Newer Antiretroviral Drugs
  - Indications for Starting Antiretroviral Therapy
  - Choice of Antiretroviral Therapy
- MONITORING
- TREATMENT FAILURE
  - Clinical Failure
  - Immunological Failure
  - Virological Failure
- HIV AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
  - Etiology
  - Role of HAART in Reducing Opportunistic Infections
  - Prevention of Opportunistic Infections
- IMMUNIZATION IN HIV-INFECTED
- PREVENTION OF HIV INFECTION
  - Choice of Feeding
  - Other Preventive Strategies
  - Counseling and Support
- INTRODUCTION
- THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Mode of Spread
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- CUTANEOUS DIPHTHERIA
- PREVENTION
  - Isolation of the Patient
  - Care of the Contacts
  - Active Immunization
    - Replacement of TT with Td
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Mode of Spread
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Case Definition
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PREVENTION
  - Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- MODE OF SPREAD
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Generalized Tetanus
  - Local Tetanus
  - Cephalic Tetanus
  - Neonatal Tetanus
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
  - Primary Immunization
  - Prevention of Neonatal Tetanus
  - Prevention of Tetanus following Injury
- ELIMINATION OF MATERNAL AND NEONATAL TETANUS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Mode of Spread
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Incubation Period
  - Classical Typhoid Fever
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
- PREVENTION
  - Active Immunization
  - Sanitation Measures
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
  - Life Cycle of Malarial Parasite (Fig. 14.6)
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Immune Response to Malaria Parasite
  - Clinical Correlates
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Uncomplicated Malaria
  - Severe Malaria
  - Congenital Malaria
  - Chronic Complications of Malaria
  - Relapse and Recrudescence
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
  - Parasitological Diagnosis
  - The Choice between RDT and Microscopy
- MALARIA VACCINES
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Mode of Spread
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
    - Demonstration of Parasites
  - Serological Tests
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL
- INTRODUCTION
  - Lymphatic Filariasis
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
  - Global
  - India
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Agent
  - Periodicity
  - Vectors
    - Reservoir
  - Mode of Spread
  - Host Factors
  - Environmental Factors
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Asymptomatic Amicrofilaremia
  - Asymptomatic Microfilaremia
  - Symptomatic Microfilaremia (Acute Stage)
  - Chronic Stage
  - Occult Form (Tissue Phase)
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Detection of Microfilariae
  - Detection of Adult Worm
  - Lymphatic Imaging
  - Immunodiagnosis
  - Xenodiagnosis
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL
  - Reduction of Morbidity
  - Reducing Transmission
  - Interrupting Transmission
  - Community Involvement
- PROGRAM TO ELIMINATE LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
  - Strategy in India
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Mode of Spread
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Extraintestinal Complications
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Intestinal Disease (Amebic Colitis)
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ASCARIASIS (ROUNDWORM)
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Cysticercosis
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Agent
  - Vector and Hosts
  - Reservoir
  - Transmission
- CLASSIFICATION OF RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
  - Scrub Typhus
  - Indian Tick Typhus
  - Epidemic Typhus
  - Q Fever
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Scrub Typhus
  - Q Fever
  - Epidemic Typhus
- DIAGNOSIS OF RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
- RATIONAL USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC AMS INTERVENTIONS
CHAPTER 15:Normal Newborn
- NORMAL TRANSITION
- WHO NEEDS RESUSCITATION
- RESUSCITATION GUIDELINES
- COMPONENTS OF NEONATAL RESUSCITATION
- INITIAL STEPS OF RESUSCITATION
  - Free-flow Oxygen
- POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
  - Technique of Giving Positive Pressure Ventilation
  - Good to Know
- ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
- CHEST COMPRESSIONS
  - Technique of Giving Chest Compressions
- MEDICATIONS
  - Good to Know
- INTRODUCTION
- TEMPERATURE MAINTENANCE
- HANDLING THE BABY
- PREVENTION OF INFECTION
  - During Delivery
  - After Delivery
  - Care of the Umbilical Cord
  - Care of the Eyes
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - Congenital Anomalies
  - Sex Determination
  - Weight
  - Injection Vitamin K
  - Record Keeping
  - Baby Identification
- IMMUNIZATION
- ANTHROPOMETRIC EXAMINATION
  - Weight
    - Classification of Newborn According to Weight
  - Length
  - Head Circumference
- GESTATIONAL AGE ESTIMATION
  - Elastic Recoil
  - Breast Nodule
  - Plantar Creases
  - Lanugo and Skin
  - Genitalia
- INTRODUCTION
- PREREQUISITES FOR EXAMINING
  - Monitor Temperature
  - Prevention of Infection
  - Initiate Breastfeeding
- CARE OF THE EYES
- CARE OF THE SKIN
- CORD CARE
- DANGER SIGNS
- INTRODUCTION
- VITAL SIGNS
  - Temperature
  - Respiratory Rate
  - Heart Rate
  - Color
    - Jaundice
  - Capillary Refill Time
  - Blood Pressure
  - SpO2 Monitoring
- GENERAL EXAMINATION
  - Cry and Activity
  - Neonatal Reflexes
- HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION
  - Head
  - Face, Eyes, Mouth, Ears
    - Face
    - Eyes
    - Mouth
    - Ears
  - Skin
  - Chest
  - Abdomen
  - Genitalia
  - Spine and Limbs
- NORMAL VARIATIONS
- REGURGITATION
- VOMITING
- BOWEL AND BLADDER
  - Meconium
  - Stools
  - Urine
- MASTITIS NEONATORUM
- VAGINAL BLEEDING AND DISCHARGE
- WEIGHT PATTERN
- PHYSIOLOGICAL JAUNDICE
- SKIN
- NATAL TEETH
- INTRODUCTION
- BROWN FAT
- THERMONEUTRAL ENVIRONMENT
  - Ways of Heat Loss
- ASSESSMENT OF TEMPERATURE
  - Axillary Temperature
  - Rectal Temperature
  - Skin Temperature
  - Interpretation of Temperature
- PREVENTION OF HYPOTHERMIA
  - Warm Chain
- KANGAROO MOTHER CARE
  - Advantages of Kangaroo Mother Care
- HYPOTHERMIA
  - Clinical Features
- DISCHARGING A NEWBORN
- RED FLAG SIGNS IN A FOLLOW-UP VISIT
- INTRODUCTION
- ASEPSIS IN DELIVERY ROOM
- ASEPSIS DURING RESUSCITATION
- HANDWASHING
- ASEPSIS DURING FEEDING
- GENERAL CARE
- ASEPSIS IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
- DISINFECTION PROTOCOLS IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
  - Visitor Policy in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
  - Visitor Policy in the Postnatal Ward
CHAPTER 16:High-risk Newborn
- INTRODUCTION
- GLOBAL SCENARIO
- CAUSES OF NEONATAL MORTALITY
  - Perinatal Mortality and Stillbirth Rate
- PREVENTION OF NEWBORN DEATHS
  - Recognition of High-risk Newborn
  - Danger Signs
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
- SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION
- ETIOLOGY OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
  - Preterm Low Birth Weight versus Term Intrauterine Growth Restriction Low Birth Weight
    - Problems of Term Intrauterine Growth Restriction Low Birth Weight Neonates
    - Problems of Preterm Low Birth Weight Neonates
- OUTCOME OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Prepartum Insult
  - Postpartum Causes
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Mild Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy
  - Moderate Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy
  - Severe Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy
  - Organ System Involvement
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO INJURY
- TYPES OF INJURIES
  - Soft Tissue Injuries
  - Nerve Injuries
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
  - Pathophysiology
  - Risk Factors
  - Histopathology
  - Clinical Manifestations
    - Assessment of the Severity of Respiratory Distress
  - Diagnosis
    - Assessment of Fetal Lung Maturity
  - Prognosis
- PNEUMONIA
- MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
  - Etiopathogenesis
  - Clinical Manifestations
- TRANSIENT TACHYPNEA OF THE NEWBORN (WET LUNG SYNDROME)
  - Pathophysiology
  - Diagnosis
- PULMONARY AIR-LEAK SYNDROMES
  - Etiology
- SURGICAL CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
  - Common Obstructive Lesions of the Newborn Airway
  - Common Conditions Causing Pulmonary Compression
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Periodic Breathing
- ETIOLOGY OF APNEA
- EVALUATION
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION OF NEONATAL SEIZURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- NEONATES AT RISK
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Screening for Hypoglycemia
- INTRODUCTION
- FETAL EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HYPERGLYCEMIA
- NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Early-onset Sepsis
    - Obstetric Risk Factors
    - Neonatal Risk Factors
  - Late-onset Sepsis
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Direct Evidence of Infection
    - Blood Culture
    - Lumbar Puncture
  - Indirect Evidence of Infection
    - Sepsis Screen
    - Cytokines and Other Markers
  - Other Investigations
  - Problems in Diagnosis
- OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- NEONATAL TETANUS
  - Clinical Features
  - Prognosis
  - Prevention
- SUPERFICIAL INFECTIONS
  - Pyoderma
  - Omphalitis
  - Conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia Neonatorum)
- HEMOSTASIS IN THE NEWBORN
- CAUSES OF NEONATAL BLEEDING
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- EVALUATION OF BLEEDING NEONATE
  - History
  - Physical Examination
  - Laboratory Tests
- VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY BLEEDING
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Prevention
- INTRODUCTION
- BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
- PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NEONATAL JAUNDICE
- ASSESSMENT OF JAUNDICE
  - Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry
- PHYSIOLOGICAL JAUNDICE
- PATHOLOGICAL JAUNDICE
  - Causes of Jaundice
- BREASTMILK JAUNDICE
  - Diagnosis
- BILIRUBIN-INDUCED NEUROLOGIC DYSFUNCTION (BIND)
  - Predisposing Factors
    - Neurotoxic Risk Factors
  - What is the Highest Bilirubin Value that is Safe?
  - Clinical Features
- WORKUP FOR PATHOLOGICAL JAUNDICE
- PREDICTION OF SEVERE HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Congenital Toxoplasmosis
  - Congenital Syphilis
    - Laboratory Criteria for Diagnosis
    - Case Classification
  - Congenital Rubella
  - Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection
- DIAGNOSIS
- CONGENITAL ZIKA SYNDROME
- TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- EVENTRATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM
- CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE
  - Etiology
  - Diagnosis
  - Complications of Cleft Lip and Palate Repair
- ACUTE ABDOMEN IN NEONATES
  - Acute Peritonitis
  - Intestinal Obstruction
  - Ascites
  - Abdominal Mass
  - Abdominal Bleeding
  - Abdominal Wall Abnormalities
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES OF SAFE AND STABLE TRANSPORT
  - Prepare Well before Transport
  - Care During Transport
- INTRODUCTION
- OBJECTIVES
- FOLLOW-UP TEAM
- NEONATAL GROWTH CHARTS FOR FOLLOW-UP
CHAPTER 17:Diarrheal Diseases
- HISTORY TAKING
- EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - What is not Diarrhea?
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Mode of Transmission
  - Environmental Factors
  - Malnutrition
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY
  - Physiological Basis of ORS
- FLUID MANAGEMENT
  - Treatment Plan A for Prevention of Dehydration
  - Treatment Plan B (for Some Dehydration)
  - Treatment Plan C (for Severe Dehydration)
    - Danger Signs in Diarrhea
  - Administering ORS through Nasogastric Tube
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARMACOLOGICAL MEASURES
  - Zinc for Diarrhea
  - Antimicrobial Therapy
  - Other Drugs
- NONPHARMACOLOGICAL MEASURES
  - Diet in Diarrhea
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Routine Investigations
  - Stool Examination
  - Differential Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- DIET
- HYGIENE (FIG. 17.6)
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (FIG. 17.7)
- VACCINE
CHAPTER 18:Malabsorption Disorders
- ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
  - Clinical Implications
- ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS
  - Clinical Implications
- ABSORPTION OF FATS
  - Clinical Implications
- ETIOLOGY
- HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- COUNSELING AND FOLLOW-UP
CHAPTER 19:Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- VOMITING
  - Etiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Gastroesophageal Reflux
- ABDOMINAL PAIN
  - Anatomical Correlates of Abdominal Pain
- CONSTIPATION
- DIARRHEA
- GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
- ABDOMINAL DISTENSION
- JAUNDICE
  - Bilirubin Forms and Types of Hyperbilirubinemia
    - Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
    - Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
- EXTERNAL MARKERS
- EXAMINATION OF THE ABDOMEN
  - Inspection
  - Palpation
  - Percussion
  - Auscultation
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN
- CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN
- ASSESSING A CHILD WITH CONSTIPATION
- HISTORY
- EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- HISTORY
- EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Other Investigations
    - General Investigations
    - Special Investigations
- HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY WITH FEVER AND ANEMIA
- HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY WITH ANEMIA, NO FEVER
- HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY WITH JAUNDICE
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Hepatitis A Virus
  - Hepatitis B Virus
  - Hepatitis C Virus
  - Hepatitis D Virus
  - Hepatitis E Virus
  - Drugs
  - Autoimmune Hepatitis
  - Metabolic Diseases
  - Other Infections
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Others
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Evidence of Jaundice and Hepatic Dysfunction
  - Evaluation of Cause
- DEFINITION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Acute Hepatitis-like Presentation
  - Chronic/Insidious Presentation or Presentation with Complications
  - Asymptomatic Elevation of Liver Enzymes
- ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
  - Cholestasis
  - Portal Hypertension
  - Hepatocellular Impairment
  - Nutritional Problems
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Assessment of Hepatic Dysfunction
    - Liver Biopsy
  - Detection of Complications of Chronic Liver Disease
  - For Etiological Diagnosis
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Extrahepatic Portal Hypertension
  - Constrictive Pericarditis
  - Infiltrative Disorders
- DEFINITION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- ETIOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF A CHILD WITH UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
  - History and Examination
  - Investigations
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- EVALUATION OF CAUSE
- IMAGING AND BIOCHEMISTRY
- REGARDING THE ILLNESS
- REGARDING THE PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
- WHEN TO SUSPECT A SURGICAL PROBLEM
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Radiological Studies
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Radiological Studies
- ACUTE PANCREATITIS
  - Etiopathogenesis
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Diagnosis
    - Specific Tests
- CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
  - Etiopathogenesis
CHAPTER 20:Hematological Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMATOPOIESIS
- LOCATION OF HEMATOPOIESIS
- NORMAL VALUES
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY TAKING
- EXAMINATION
- LABORATORY WORKUP
- PERIPHERAL SMEAR EXAMINATION
  - Slide Preparation
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ANEMIA
  - Microcytic Anemia
  - Macrocytic Anemia
  - Normocytic Anemia
- CLINICAL APPROACH TO ANEMIA
- INVESTIGATIONS IN ANEMIA
- GENERAL MANAGEMENT
  - Emergency Management
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- APLASTIC ANEMIA
  - Diagnostic Challenges
  - Etiology
- ACQUIRED APLASTIC ANEMIA
  - Etiology
  - Drug-induced Aplasia
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Diagnosis
  - Severity
  - Prognosis
- CONSTITUTIONAL (INHERITED) APLASTIC ANEMIA
  - Fanconi Anemia
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
- INTRODUCTION
- IRON METABOLISM
  - Stores
  - Transport
  - Absorption
  - Requirements
- CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Increased Demand
  - Inadequate Intake
  - Chronic Blood Loss
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
  - Weekly Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) Supplementation (WIFS) Program
  - Iron Fortification
- INTRODUCTION
- INFANTS AND CHILDREN AT HIGHEST RISK OF IRON DEFICIENCY
- COUNSEL TO TAKE FOLLOWING MEASURES TO PREVENT ANEMIA
- ANEMIA MUKT BHARAT
  - History
  - Objectives
  - The Strategy
  - What is New in Anemia Mukt Bharat Program?
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY OF MEGALOBLASTOSIS
  - Vitamin B12 Deficiency
    - Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
  - Folic Acid Deficiency
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Peripheral Smear
  - Bone Marrow
  - Serum Levels
    - Serum Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) and Serum Homocysteine (Hcy)
    - Serum Holotranscobalamin
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS OF HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
  - Peripheral Blood Film
  - Bone Marrow
  - Skeletal Changes
  - Biochemical Evidence of Hemolysis
  - Evidence of Intravascular Hemolysis
- POINTERS TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
- LABORATORY EVIDENCE OF HEMOLYSIS
- NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN
- HEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS
- DEFECTS OF HEMOGLOBIN
  - Hemoglobinopathies
  - Thalassemia
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Age at Presentation
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Skeletal Changes
  - Natural History
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - Peripheral Blood Picture
  - Bone Marrow
  - Biochemical Indicators
- GENETIC COUNSELING
  - Carrier Detection
  - Naked Eye Single Tube Red Cell Osmotic Fragility Test: Screening Test
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
- NON-TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT THALASSEMIA (THALASSEMIA INTERMEDIA)
- THALASSEMIA MINOR
- ALPHA THALASSEMIA
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - Peripheral Smear
  - Sickle Test
  - Sickle Solubility Test
  - Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
- SCREENING OF POPULATION
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- HEREDITARY ELLIPTOCYTOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Drug-induced Acute Hemolysis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
- PYRUVATE KINASE DEFICIENCY
- METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
- PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- LABORATORY EVALUATION
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)
  - Etiopathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
    - Newly Diagnosed ITP
  - Diagnosis
- CHRONIC ITP
- HEMOPHILIA
  - Etiology
  - Classification
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Carrier Status and Prenatal Testing
- DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODIES (ACQUIRED HEMOPHILIA)
- vON WILLEBRAND DISEASE
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Prognostic Factors
- INTRODUCTION
- HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
  - Epidemiology
  - Risk Factors
  - Pathological Classification
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Evaluation
- NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Staging of NHL
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- CHOICE OF SITE
CHAPTER 21:Respiratory Disorders
- CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT (FIG. 21.1)
  - Tracheobronchial Tree
  - Lungs
  - Surface Landmarks of Lung and Pleura (Fig. 21.3)
  - Development of Lung and Respiratory Tract
- PULMONARY MECHANICS
  - Inspiration and Expiration
  - Lung Volumes and Capacities
  - Airway Resistance
  - Lung Compliance
  - Respiratory Gas Exchange
- EXAMINATION OF THE EAR
  - Requisite for the Ear Examination
- OTOSCOPY
- EXAMINATION OF NOSE
  - Anatomy of the Nose
- EXAMINATION OF THE THROAT
  - Inspection of the Pharyngeal Arches and Uvula
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Microbiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Risk Factors
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Symptoms
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Intratemporal Complications
  - Intracranial Complications
- PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
- CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
- COMMON UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
  - Evaluation of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
  - Investigations in Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
- NASOPHARYNGITIS
  - Etiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Course of the Disease
  - Prevention
- TONSILLOPHARYNGITIS
  - Etiopathogenesis
    - Group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus Tonsillopharyngitis (GABHS)
  - Clinical Features
  - Complications
  - Diagnosis
    - Throat Culture
    - Rapid Antigen Detection Tests
- RECURRENT STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGOTONSILLITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Based Upon Duration
  - Based Upon Severity
  - Based Upon Symptoms
  - Based Upon Occurrence
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- DEFINITION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Mechanism of Stridor
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Acute Onset Stridor
  - Chronic Stridor
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Assessment of the Severity
- RADIOLOGICAL SIGNS
  - X-ray Neck: Frontal View
  - X-ray Soft Tissue Neck: Lateral View
- DISEASE COURSE AND PROGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Site of Foreign Body
- DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Severe Respiratory Distress
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Respiratory Causes
  - Neurological Causes
  - Cardiovascular Causes
  - Gastrointestinal Causes
  - Metabolic Causes
  - Hematological Causes
- EVALUATION
  - History Taking
  - Physical Examination
  - Investigations
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Predisposing Factors
  - Stages of Pneumonia
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - History
  - Examination
- DIAGNOSIS
  - WHO Clinical Definition
  - Chest X-ray
  - Ultrasound and CT Lung
  - Other Investigations
- PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA
  - Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhea
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Stage I (Exudative Phase, 1–3 days)
  - Stage II (Fibrinopurulent, 4–14 days)
  - Stage III (Organizational, After 14 Days)
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Complete Blood Count, Acute Phase Reactant, Electrolytes and Blood Culture
  - Pleural Fluid Cytology, Biochemistry and Culture
  - Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Risk Factors associated with Early or Preschool Wheezing
- ETIOLOGY
- PHENOTYPES OF WHEEZERS
- CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- EVALUATION OF A CHILD WITH WHEEZING
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- LONG-TERM SEQUELAE OF SEVERE BRONCHIOLITIS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Definition
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Precipitating Factors
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLINICAL PHENOTYPES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Clinical History and Examination
  - Spirometry
    - Interpretation
- OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
- MONITORING OF ASTHMA CONTROL
- ASTHMA IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN (<5 YEARS)
  - Classification
- ASTHMA ACTION PLAN
- ACUTE EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA
  - Mild-to-moderate Exacerbation
  - Severe Exacerbation
- NONPHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
  - Patient Education
- PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
- CHEST X-RAY
  - Identification
  - Quality of Chest X-ray
  - Identification of Abnormalities
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- LUNG ULTRASOUND
- MRI LUNG
- X-RAYS OF UPPER AIRWAYS
- INTRODUCTION
- STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE
  - Cough Etiquette
- COVER YOUR COUGH AND SNEEZE
  - Hand Hygiene
  - Good Practices
  - Other Control Measures for Respiratory Diseases
CHAPTER 22:Cardiovascular Disorders
- HEART TUBE AND CARDIAC LOOPING
  - Interatrial Septum
  - Interventricular Septum
- ORIGIN OF HEART DEFECTS
  - Tetralogy of Fallot
  - Transposition of Great Arteries
  - Coarctation of Aorta
  - Patent Ductus Arteriosus
  - Dextrocardia
- INTRODUCTION
- CIRCULATORY ADJUSTMENTS AT BIRTH
  - Loss of Low-resistance Placental Circulation
  - Closure of Ductus Venosus
  - Closure of Foramen Ovale
  - Increased Pulmonary Circulation
  - Closure of Ductus Arteriosus
- APPEARANCE OF MURMUR IN NEONATES WITH HEART DEFECTS
  - Dependent Shunt
  - Obligatory Shunt
- HISTORY TAKING
  - Breathlessness
  - Feeding Difficulty, Suck-Rest-Cycle, Feeding Diaphoresis
  - Failure to Thrive
  - Chest Pain
  - Swelling Over Body
  - Reduced Urinary Output
  - Syncope
  - Cyanotic Spell
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
  - Pulse
  - Blood Pressure
  - Respiratory Rate
  - General Physical Examination
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM EXAMINATION
  - Inspection, Palpation, Percussion
    - Precordial Bulge (Frontal Swelling)
- AUSCULTATION
  - Abnormal Second Sound
  - Systolic Murmurs
  - Diastolic Murmurs
  - Continuous Murmurs
  - Additional Sounds
- NADA'S CRITERIA
- CHEST X-RAY
  - What is a Good X-ray Chest?
  - Diagnosis of Situs
  - Heart Size
  - Cardiac Configuration
  - Vascularity of Lungs
- BLOOD INVESTIGATIONS
- ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
  - Electrical Conduction in Heart
  - Normal Electrocardiogram
  - P Wave
  - PR Interval
  - Mean Frontal Plane QRS Axis
  - QRS Amplitude
  - QT Interval
  - Atrial Enlargement
  - Ventricular Hypertrophy
    - Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
    - Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
  - Limitations and Risks
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
  - Congestive Heart Failure during Fetal Life
  - CHF on First Day of Life
  - Congestive Heart Failure in First Week of Life
  - Congestive Heart Failure Beyond First Week of Life
    - Structural Heart Defects
  - Causes of Congestive Heart Failure in Older Children
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- OTHER OPTIONS
  - Treatment of the Cause
- INTRODUCTION
- AGE AT PRESENTATION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Left-to-Right Shunts
  - Obstructive Lesions
  - Right-to-Left Shunts
- RISK OF RECURRENCE
- INTRODUCTION
- SIZE OF DEFECT
- HEMODYNAMICS
  - Large Non-restrictive Defect
  - Restrictive (Small) Defects
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Large/Non-restrictive Ventricular Septal Defect
  - Restrictive (Small/Moderate) Ventricular Septal Defect
- NATURAL COURSE
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Electrocardiography
- CHEST X-RAY
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Heart Sounds
  - Murmurs
  - Obstructive Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TOF PHYSIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- COURSE AND COMPLICATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMODYNAMICS OF COMPLETE TRANSPOSITION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Complete Transposition of Great Arteries with Intact Ventricular Septum (Fig. 22.48)
  - Complete Transposition of Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect
    - Without Pulmonary Stenosis (TGA + VSD without PS)
    - With Pulmonary Stenosis (TGA + VSD with PS)
- NATURAL HISTORY
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- AORTIC STENOSIS
  - Hemodynamics
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TIMING OF INTERVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- INCIDENCE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - 2015 Modifications to Jones Criteria
  - Carditis
  - Arthritis
  - Subcutaneous Nodules
  - Chorea
  - Erythema Marginatum
- ESSENTIAL CRITERIA
- COURSE OF THE DISEASE
- PREVENTION OF RHEUMATIC FEVER
- DIAGNOSIS OF RHEUMATIC FEVER (IN ESTABLISHED RHD)
- RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- DUKE CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- ACUTE PERICARDITIS
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Investigations
- CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
  - Hemodynamics
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Investigations
- DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
- TACHYARRHYTHMIAS
  - Sinus Tachycardia
  - Supraventricular Tachycardia
  - Ventricular Tachycardia
- BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
  - Sinus Bradycardia
  - AV Block
  - Bundle Branch Block
- INTRODUCTION
- CORRECTIVE SURGERY
- PALLIATIVE (OFF-PUMP) SURGERY
- INTRODUCTION
- EXPLAINING THE DISEASE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- TIMING OF INTERVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP
- INFORMATION ABOUT THE OUTCOME OF INTERVENTION
- NUTRITIONAL COUNSELING
- GOOD COMPLIANCE WITH MEDICATIONS
- PREVENTION AND EARLY TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS
- PREVENTION OF FUTURE RECURRENCE
- PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING
CHAPTER 23:Disorders of Kidneys and Urinary Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
  - Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
- REGULATION OF THE WATER AND ELECTROLYTES
  - Filtration
  - Selective and Passive Reabsorption
- KIDNEY AND THE HORMONES
  - Renin
  - Aldosterone
  - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  - Antidiuretic Hormone
  - Vitamin D
  - Erythropoietin
- MEASUREMENT OF KIDNEY FUNCTION
  - Glomerular Filtration Rate
- ACID-BASE FUNCTION
- EXCRETION OF WASTE PRODUCTS
- HISTORY-TAKING
  - Voiding History
  - Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Urinalysis
  - Plain X-ray Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder
  - Ultrasonography
    - Indications
  - Micturating Cystourethrography
- DISORDERS OF THE URETHRA AND EXTERNAL GENITALIA
  - Posterior Urethral Valves
  - Hypospadias
  - Cryptorchidism
  - Micropenis
  - Anorectal Malformations
  - Ambiguous Genitalia
- CASE STUDIES
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
  - Incidence
  - Etiopathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigation
  - Prognosis
- AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigation
- NEPHRONOPHTHISIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigation
- MEDULLARY CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
- MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY
- OTHER RARE CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- PREVALENCE
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Classification According to Site
  - Classification According to Episode
  - Classification According to Symptoms
  - Classification According to Complicating Factors
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Collection of Urine Specimen
  - Urinalysis
- DEFINITION AND ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF A CHILD WITH HEMATURIA
  - Step 1
    - History and Physical Examination
  - Step 2
    - Urine Analysis
  - Step 3
    - Additional Investigations
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- ACUTE POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
  - Epidemiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Course of Disease and Complications
  - Diagnosis
    - Tests for Evidence of Streptococcal Infection
    - Renal Biopsy
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Prevention
  - Prognosis
- RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
  - Pathogenesis
  - Classification
  - Clinical Features
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
  - Transient or Functional Proteinuria
  - Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria
  - Overflow Proteinuria
  - Persistent Proteinuria
    - Glomerular Proteinuria
    - Tubular Proteinuria
- MECHANISMS OF PROTEIN HANDLING BY THE KIDNEYS
  - How does Persistent Proteinuria Cause Renal Injury?
- ESTIMATION OF PROTEINURIA
  - Dipstick Method
  - Heat Coagulation Test
  - Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio
- APPROACH TO EVALUATION OF PROTEINURIA
- PROGNOSIS
  - Persistent Proteinuria as an Indicator of Renal Disease and its Progression
  - Persistent Proteinuria as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
  - Primary Nephrotic Syndrome
  - Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Age of Onset
  - Presenting Features
  - Complications as Presenting Features
  - Clues to Secondary Etiology
  - Features of Steroid Toxicity
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Proteinuria
  - Plasma Proteins
  - Hyperlipidemia
  - Other Investigations during the Initial Episode
- RENAL BIOPSY
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- STEROID RESISTANT NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
- MONITORING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF STEROIDS
- LONG-TERM OUTCOME
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Role of Kidneys
- EDEMA IN DISEASE STATES
  - Edema of Cardiac Diseases
  - Nephrotic Syndrome and Other Hypoalbuminia States
  - Cirrhosis Edema
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
  - Shiga Toxin-associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
  - Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- ETIOLOGY
  - In Neonates
  - In Older Children
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - Kidney Functions
  - Other Investigations
  - Renal Angina Index
- BIOMARKERS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
  - Outcome
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (TABLE 23.21)
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Anemia in CKD
  - Renal Osteodystrophy
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Renal Functions
  - Imaging
  - Others
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD PRESSURE
- PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
- DEFINITIONS
- MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE
  - Which Device to Use?
  - In whom should the Blood Pressure be Measured?
- ETIOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF HYPERTENSION
  - History and Examination
  - Investigations
- ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS AND STAGING
  - Tissue Diagnosis
- COMPLICATIONS
- OTHER RENAL NEOPLASMS
- PHIMOSIS AND PARAPHIMOSIS
  - Phimosis
  - Paraphimosis
- HYPOSPADIAS
  - Types of Hypospadias
  - Clinical Features
- ECTOPIA VESICAE
  - Definition
  - Clinical Features
- HERNIA AND HYDROCELE
  - Clinical Features
    - Inguinal Hernia
    - Hydrocele
  - Complications
- UNDESCENDED TESTIS
  - Diagnosis
  - Complications
- LABIAL ADHESIONS
CHAPTER 24:Neurological Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY-TAKING
- NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
- NEUROLOGICAL HISTORY
- NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
  - Head-to-toe Examination
  - Central Nervous System Examination
- NEUROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
  - 1. Duration of Symptoms
  - 2. Is the Disease Static or Progressive?
  - 3. Localization of Neurological Lesion
  - 4. Extent of Involvement
  - 5. What is the Etiology?
  - Components of Neurological Diagnosis
- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
  - Contraindications for Lumbar Puncture
  - Complications of Lumbar Puncture
- CRANIAL ULTRASOUND DOPPLER
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
  - Interpretation
- ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
  - EEG Abnormalities
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY
- TYPES OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
  - Anencephaly
  - Encephalocele
  - Myelomeningocele
    - Diagnosis
    - Prevention
  - Myelocele
  - Lipomyelomeningocele
  - Diastematomyelia
  - Caudal Regression Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Obstructive (Noncommunicating) Hydrocephalus
  - Non-obstructive (Communicating) Hydrocephalus
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Neurosonogram
  - MRI Brain
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
  - Seizure
  - Acute Symptomatic Seizure
  - Epilepsy
  - Epilepsy Syndrome
  - Epileptic Encephalopathy
  - Seizure Mimics
- TYPES OF EPILEPSY [INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE AGAINST EPILEPSY (ILAE) CLASSIFICATION]
  - Generalized Seizures
    - Tonic–clonic Seizures
    - Absence Seizures
  - Focal Seizures
    - Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  - Epileptic Encephalopathy
    - West Syndrome (Infantile Spasms)
    - Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome
- APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH FIRST EPISODE OF UNPROVOKED SEIZURE
  - History-taking
  - Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Electroencephalography
  - Neuroimaging
- PARENTAL COUNSELING
  - Home Management of Seizure
  - Lifestyle Measures
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Febrile Status Epilepticus (FSE)
  - Genetic Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+)
  - Simple Febrile Seizure Plus (SFS+)
- RISK FACTORS
- EVALUATION
  - Clinical Evaluation
  - Laboratory Evaluation
  - Lumbar Puncture
  - Electroencephalography
  - Neuroimaging
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
  - Complications
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS SYNDROME
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- DEFINITIONS
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH HEMIPLEGIA
  - Detailed History
  - Physical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Primary Headache
  - Secondary Headache
- COMMON TYPES
  - Migraine
  - Tension Type Headache
    - Red Flag Signs
- EVALUATION
  - Investigations
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- COMMON TUMOR TYPES
  - Posterior Fossa Tumors
  - Supratentorial Tumors
- DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Clinical Clues to Diagnosis
- APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS
  - History
  - Physical Examination (Flowchart 24.5)
- DIAGNOSIS
- GUILLAIN–BARRÉ SYNDROME
  - Etiopathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Prognosis and Outcome
- ACUTE FLACCID PARALYSIS SURVEILLANCE
  - Definitions
    - Clinical Case Definition
    - Non-polio AFP Rate
  - Steps of Surveillance
    - Stool Sample
  - “Hot” AFP Cases
  - 60-day Follow-up Examination
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Spastic Cerebral Palsy
  - Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy
  - Diplegic Cerebral Palsy
  - Dystonic Cerebral Palsy
  - Comorbidities
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Neuroimaging
  - Other Investigations
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- APPROACH TO MOVEMENT DISORDER IN CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION OF ATAXIA
  - History
  - Examination
  - Neuroimaging
  - Other Investigations
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY OF HYPOTONIA
- APPROACH TO FLOPPY INFANT
  - History
  - Examination
- INTRODUCTION
  - Common Muscular Dystrophies
- DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
  - Etiopathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
- OTHER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES
  - Becker Muscular Dystrophy
  - Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
  - Limb–Girdle Muscular Dystrophy
  - Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
CHAPTER 25:Endocrine Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- REGULATION OF HORMONE SECRETION
- GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- GROWTH HORMONE EXCESS
  - Diagnosis
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- THYROID HORMONE DEFICIENCY
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Radiological Tests
- NEWBORN SCREENING FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM
  - Interpretation of Newborn Screening
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- GOITER
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
- SOLITARY THYROID NODULE
- IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS
  - Prevention and Control
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  - Course of Type 1 DM
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
- COMPLICATIONS
- TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
  - Risk-based Screening
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF PUBERTY
- ASSESSMENT OF PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Gonadotropin-dependent Precocious Puberty (Central Precocious Puberty)
  - Gonadotropin-independent Precocious Puberty (Peripheral Precocious Puberty)
  - Incomplete Variants of Precocious Puberty
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- GENITAL EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 26:Immunological and Collagen Vascular Disorders
- ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
  - Primary Organs
  - Secondary Organs
- CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
- LINES OF DEFENSE
  - Innate Immunity
  - Adaptive Immunity (Starts Acting after 4 days of Exposure)
- IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
- WHEN TO SUSPECT IMMUNODEFICIENCY?
- HISTORY
  - Age at Onset
  - Site of Infections
  - Organism Isolated
  - Response to Antibiotics
  - Family History
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - Skin and Mucus Membranes
  - Other Features
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Hemogram
  - Immunoglobulin Profile
  - Lymphocyte Subsets
  - Tests to Assess Phagocytic Activity
  - Genetic Tests
- INTRODUCTION
- JOINT PAIN
  - Whether the Pain is due to Joint Problem or is it Extra-articular?
  - Whether there is Arthritis?
  - Number of Joints Involved, Duration of Arthritis, and Associated Systemic Features
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - Acute Phase Reactants
  - Rheumatoid Factor
  - Antinuclear Antibodies
  - Histocompatibility Antigens Typing
  - Anticardiolipin Antibodies
  - Markers of Complement Activation
  - Synovial Fluid Examination
  - Tissue Biopsy
  - Others
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLINICAL PATTERNS OF JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
- TYPES OF JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
  - Systemic Arthritis
  - Oligoarthritis
  - Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
  - Others
- INVESTIGATIONS
- COMPLICATIONS OF JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Mucocutaneous Involvement
  - Musculoskeletal Involvement
  - Renal Involvement
  - Neuropsychiatric Involvement
  - Hematologic Involvement
  - Pulmonary Involvement
  - Cardiac Involvement
  - Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Mucocutaneus Disease
  - Musculoskeletal Diseases
  - Systemic Involvement
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Muscle Enzymes
  - Imaging Studies
  - Autoantibodies
  - Inflammatory Parameters
  - Electromyography and Muscle Biopsy
- DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Acute Complications
  - Long-term Complications
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Incomplete Kawasaki Disease
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- COURSE AND PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Angiography
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 27:Genetic and Metabolic Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
  - DNA Replication
  - Gene
- CENTRAL DOGMA
  - Transcription
  - Translation
- CHROMOSOMES
  - Mutations
  - Polymorphism
  - Alleles
- GENETIC DISORDERS
  - INTRODUCTION
  - PEDIGREE DRAWING
  - MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
  - NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
- CYTOGENETICS AND KARYOTYPE
- ABNORMALITIES OF CHROMOSOMES
- DISORDERS OF AUTOSOMES
  - Down Syndrome
- OTHER AUTOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
- SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
  - Turner Syndrome (45,X)
    - Clinical Features
  - Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)
  - Microdeletion Syndrome—Prader–Willi Syndrome
  - Fragile X Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- MALFORMATION
- DISRUPTION
- DEFORMATION
- DYSPLASIA
- INTRODUCTION
- POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
- SEQUENCING-BASED METHODS
  - Sanger Sequencing
  - Pyrosequencing
  - Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
  - Whole Exome Sequencing (WES)
  - Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)
- HETEROGENEITY
  - Allelic Heterogeneity
  - Genetic Heterogeneity
- INTRODUCTION
- ENZYME REPLACEMENT THERAPY (ERT)
- ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPY (ASO)
- GENE THERAPY
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- INDICATIONS
- THE PROCESS
- POPULATION-BASED PREVENTION OF GENETIC DISORDERS
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
  - Neonatal Screening
  - The Future
- INTRODUCTION
- APPROACH TO INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM
- DEFECTS OF AMINO ACIDS
  - Phenylketonuria
    - Mother with Phenylketonuria
  - Alkaptonuria
  - Homocystinuria
  - Maple Syrup Urine Disease
- DEFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
  - Galactosemia
  - Glycogen Storage Disorders
    - Type I GSD: von Gierke Disease
    - Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease)
- LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS
  - Tay–Sachs Disease
  - Gaucher Disease
  - Niemann–Pick Disease
  - Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)
- INTRODUCTION
- APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH SKELETAL DYSPLASIA
- ACHONDROPLASIA
  - Genetic Counseling
- OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
- OSTEOPETROSIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Genetic Counseling
- LETHAL SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS
- INTRODUCTION
- APPROACH TO COUNSELING
CHAPTER 28:Skin Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION (Flowchart 28.1)
  - Urticaria
  - Angioedema and Anaphylaxis
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - History
- EXAMINATION
- PROGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
CHAPTER 29:Ophthalmic Disorders
- RED EYE
- DISCHARGE FROM THE EYE
- ITCHING/EYE RUBBING
- DECREASED VISION
- ORBIT
  - Proptosis
  - Enophthalmos
  - Hypertelorism
- EYELIDS
  - Ptosis
  - Other Lid Abnormalities
- LACRIMAL SYSTEM
- CONJUNCTIVA
- CORNEA
  - Keratitis (Inflammation of Cornea)
  - Opacities and Pigmentation
- SCLERA
- UVEAL TRACT (IRIS, CILIARY BODY, CHOROID)
  - Uveitis
- PUPIL
- LENS
  - Causes of Cataract
- OCULAR MOTILITY
  - Strabismus (Squint)
  - Nystagmus
  - Opsoclonus
  - Duane Retraction Syndrome
- BUPHTHALMOS
- VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS
- COLOR BLINDNESS
- NIGHT BLINDNESS
- OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES
- METHOD OF EXAMINATION
- HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
- DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
- RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
  - Risk Factors
  - Grading of Severity
- RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
- PAPILLEDEMA
- OPTIC NEURITIS
- OPTIC ATROPHY
  - 1. Primary Optic Atrophy
  - 2. Secondary Optic Atrophy
- VASCULAR OCCLUSION
  - Retinal Arterial Occlusion
  - Retinal Venous Occlusion
- RETINAL DETACHMENT
- RETINAL FEATURES IN PHAKOMATOSES
- OTHER FINDINGS IN RETINA
  - Retinopathies of Hematopoietic System
CHAPTER 30:Emergencies in Pediatrics
CHAPTER 31:Social Pediatrics
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSE OF DEATH
- PROBLEMS IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN (1 MONTH–5 YEARS)
  - Pneumonia
  - Diarrhea
  - Other Infections and Infestations
  - Malnutrition
  - Accidental Injuries
  - Disabilities and Handicaps
  - Child Abuse and Neglect
- INTRODUCTION
- INFANT MORTALITY RATE
  - Causes of Infant Deaths
  - Prevention of Infant Deaths
- PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE
- NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
- VITAL STATISTICS OF INDIA
- INTRODUCTION
- NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION
- NATIONAL URBAN HEALTH MISSION
- INTRODUCTION
- CHILD SURVIVAL AND SAFE MOTHERHOOD PROGRAM (1992–1997)
- REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH PROGRAM (1997–2013)
- INTRODUCTION
- COVERAGE TARGETS FOR KEY RMNCH+A
  - Priority Interventions
- ADOLESCENT HEALTH
  - Priority Interventions
- HOME-BASED NEWBORN CARE
- HOME-BASED CARE OF YOUNG CHILDREN
- ESTABLISHMENT OF NEWBORN CARE FACILITIES AND FACILITY-BASED INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORN AND CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES (F-IMNCI)
- INDIA NEWBORN ACTION PLAN
- NAVJAAT SHISHU SURAKSHA KARYAKRAM
- JANANI SHISHU SURAKSHA KARYAKRAM
- CHILD NUTRITION PROGRAMS
  - Integrated Child Development Services Scheme
    - Umbrella Integrated Child Development Services
  - Mid-day Meal Program
  - Anemia Mukt Bharat
  - Key Interventions Related to the Nutritional Status of Children
- MISSION INDRADHANUSH
- CHILD HEALTH SCREENING AND EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES
  - Objective
  - Burden of 4Ds
  - Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram
  - Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram
- INTRODUCTION
- NEED FOR INTEGRATED APPROACH
- IMNCI: EVIDENCE-BASED SYNDROMIC APPROACH
- PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED CARE
  - IMNCI Case Management Process
- FACILITY-BASED IMNCI (F-IMNCI)
- FACILITY-BASED NEWBORN CARE
- CONDUCT ANTENATAL EXAMINATION
- PROVIDE INTRANATAL CARE AND CONDUCT A NORMAL DELIVERY
  - Assessment of Mother
  - Monitoring Stages of Labor
  - Conduct of Normal Labor
  - Newborn at Birth
- POSTNATAL EXAMINATION
- INTRODUCTION
- ETHICAL ISSUES
- MEDICOLEGAL ISSUES
- SOCIOCULTURAL ISSUES
CHAPTER 32:Drug Therapy
- ADENOSINE
- ATROPINE SULFATE (ANTICHOLINERGIC)
- LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- PHENYTOIN SODIUM (SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER)
- PROPRANOLOL (β-BLOCKER)
- VERAPAMIL (CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER)
- ADRENALINE (ADRENERGIC AGONIST)
- AMINOPHYLLINE (METHYLXANTHINE)
- BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE (INHALED CORTICOSTEROID)
- BUDESONIDE (INHALED CORTICOSTEROID)
- FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE (CORTICOSTEROID)
- FORMOTEROL FUMARATE (SELECTIVE β-2-ADRENERGIC AGONIST)
- IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE (ANTICHOLINERGIC)
- LEVOSALBUTAMOL (SHORT-ACTING β-AGONIST)
- MAGNESIUM SULFATE
- MONTELUKAST SODIUM (LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST)
- SALBUTAMOL (SHORT-ACTING β-AGONIST)
- SALMETEROL (LONG-ACTING β-2 AGONIST)
- TERBUTALINE (β-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST)
- THEOPHYLLINE (METHYLXANTHINE)
- AMPHOTERICIN B (POLYENES)
- CASPOFUNGIN (ECHINOCANDIN)
- CLOTRIMAZOLE (AZOLE)
- FLUCONAZOLE (AZOLE)
- GRISEOFULVIN
- ITRACONAZOLE (AZOLE)
- KETOCONAZOLE (AZOLE)
- VORICONAZOLE (AZOLE)
- ACETAMINOPHEN (PARACETAMOL)
- ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN—NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS)
- CODEINE PHOSPHATE (OPIOID ANALGESIC)
- DICLOFENAC SODIUM (NSAID)
- FENTANYL (OPIOID ANALGESIC AND SEDATIVE)
- IBUPROFEN (NSAID)
- INDOMETHACIN (NSAID)
- MEFENAMIC ACID (NSAID)
- MORPHINE SULFATE (OPIOID ANALGESIC)
- NAPROXEN (NSAID)
- PENTAZOCINE HYDROCHLORIDE (OPIOID ANALGESIC)
- PREDNISOLONE (CORTICOSTEROID)
- AMINOGLYCOSIDES
  - Amikacin Sulfate
  - Gentamicin Sulfate
  - Kanamycin Sulfate
  - Streptomycin Sulfate
  - Tobramycin
- CEPHALOSPORINS
  - Cefazolin Sodium (First Generation)
  - Cephalexin (First Generation)
  - Cefuroxime Axetil (Second Generation)
  - Cefixime (Third Generation)
  - Cefoperazone Sulbactam (Third Generation)
  - Cefotaxime Sodium (Third Generation)
  - Cefpodoxime Proxetil (Third Generation)
  - Ceftazidime (Third Generation)
  - Ceftriaxone Sodium (Third Generation)
  - Cefepime (Fourth Generation)
- FLUOROQUINOLONES
  - Ciprofloxacin
  - Gatifloxacin
  - Levofloxacin
  - Nalidixic Acid
  - Norfloxacin
  - Ofloxacin
- MACROLIDES
  - Azithromycin
  - Clarithromycin
  - Erythromycin
- PENICILLINS
  - Amoxicillin
  - Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid
  - Ampicillin with Sulbactam
  - Ampicillin Sodium Trihydrate
  - Cloxacillin
  - Penicillin G Aqueous
  - Penicillin G Benzathine
  - Penicillin V (Phenoxymethyl Penicillin)
  - Procaine Penicillin
  - Piperacillin
  - Piperacillin–Tazobactam
- MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS
  - Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)
  - Clindamycin Hydrochloride (Lincosamide)
  - Colistin Sulfate (Polymyxin)
  - Colistimethate Sodium (Colistin: Polymyxin E)
  - Doxycycline (Tetracycline)
  - Imipenem–Cilastatin (Carbapenem)
  - Linezolid (Oxazolidinone)
  - Meropenem (Carbapenem)
  - Nitrofurantoin (Nitrofuran)
  - Polymyxin
  - Teicoplanin
  - Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole
  - Vancomycin Hydrochloride
- ANTICANCER DRUGS
  - Vincristine Sulfate (Vinca Alkaloid)
  - Adriamycin (Doxorubicin)
  - Daunorubicin
  - Cytosine Arabinoside
  - L-asparaginase
- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
- CARBAMAZEPINE (DIBENZAZEPINE)
- CLOBAZAM (BENZODIAZEPINE)
- CLONAZEPAM (BENZODIAZEPINE)
- DIAZEPAM (BENZODIAZEPINE)
- FOSPHENYTOIN (HYDANTOIN)
- GABAPENTIN (γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID ANALOG)
- LAMOTRIGINE (TRIAZINE)
- LORAZEPAM (BENZODIAZEPINE)
- MIDAZOLAM (BENZODIAZEPINE)
- PHENOBARBITONE SODIUM (BARBITURATE)
- PHENYTOIN SODIUM (HYDANTOIN)
- PREDNISOLONE (CORTICOSTEROID)
- PYRIDOXINE
- TOPIRAMATE (CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITOR ANTICONVULSANT)
- VALPROATE SODIUM
- VIGABATRIN (γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID ANALOG)
- CHLORPROMAZINE (PHENOTHIAZINE)
- DIMENHYDRINATE (ANTIHISTAMINIC)
- DOMPERIDONE (DOPAMINE ANTAGONIST)
- GRANISETRON (5-HT3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST)
- METOCLOPRAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE (PROKINETIC AGENT)
- ONDANSETRON HYDROCHLORIDE (5-HT3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST)
- PROCHLORPERAZINE (PHENOTHIAZINE)
- PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE (ANTIHISTAMINIC: PHENOTHIAZINE)
- ALBENDAZOLE
- DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE CITRATE
- IVERMECTIN
- LEVAMISOLE
- MEBENDAZOLE
- NICLOSAMIDE
- NITAZOXANIDE
- PIPERAZINE
- PRAZIQUANTEL
- PYRANTEL PAMOATE
- ASTEMIZOLE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- CETIRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- DESLORATADINE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- DIPHENHYDRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- FEXOFENADINE HYDROCHLORIDE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- HYDROXYZINE HYDROCHLORIDE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- LORATADINE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- PHENIRAMINE MALEATE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE (H1 ANTAGONIST)
- AMILORIDE (POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC)
- AMLODIPINE (CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER)
- ATENOLOL (CARDIOSELECTIVE β-BLOCKER)
- CAPTOPRIL (ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR)
- CARVEDILOL (α-BLOCKER AND NONSELECTIVE β-BLOCKER)
- CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE (CENTRAL α-ADRENERGIC AGONIST)
- DIAZOXIDE (POTASSIUM CHANNEL ACTIVATOR)
- ENALAPRIL MALEATE (ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR)
- ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE (β-1 SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKER)
- HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE (ARTERIAL VASODILATOR)
- LABETALOL [ADRENERGIC BLOCKER (α AND β)]
- METHYLDOPA (α-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST)
- METOPROLOL (β-1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER)
- MINOXIDIL (DIRECT VASODILATOR)
- NIFEDIPINE (CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER)
- PROPRANOLOL [ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENT (β-BLOCKER)]
- SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE (VASODILATOR)
- VERAPAMIL (CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER)
- AMODIAQUINE (4-AMINOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVE)
- ARTEMETHER (ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVE)
- ARTESUNATE (ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVE)
- CHLOROQUINE PHOSPHATE
- LUMEFANTRINE
- MEFLOQUINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- PRIMAQUINE
- PYRIMETHAMINE–SULFADOXINE
- QUININE DIHYDROCHLORIDE
- QUININE SULFATE
- NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
  - Zidovudine [Azidothymidine (AZT)/ Zidovudine (ZDV)]
  - Lamivudine (3TC)
  - Stavudine (d4T)
  - Abacavir (ABC)
  - Zalcitabine (ddC)
  - Emtricitabine (FTC)
- NUCLEOTIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
  - Tenofovir (TDF)
- NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
  - Efavirenz (EFV)
  - Nevirapine (NVP)
- PROTEASE INHIBITORS
  - Nelfinavir (NFV)
  - Ritonavir (RTV)
  - Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r)
  - Indinavir
  - Saquinavir (SQV)
  - Atazanavir (ATV)
  - Darunavir (DRV)
  - Tipranavir
- INTEGRASE INHIBITORS
  - Dolutegravir
  - Raltegravir
- ANTI-RHD IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- ANTISNAKE VENOM
- DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN (EQUINE)
- HUMAN INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- HUMAN HEPATITIS B IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- HUMAN RABIES IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- HUMAN TETANUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- VARICELLA ZOSTER IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- ACYCLOVIR
- AMANTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- ENTECAVIR
- FOSCARNET
- GANCICLOVIR
- VALACICLOVIR
- VALGANCICLOVIR
- ISOPRINOSINE (INOSINE PRANOBEX)
- LEDIPASVIR/SOFOSBUVIR
- SOFOSBUVIR–VELPATASVIR
- OSELTAMIVIR (NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITOR)
- RIBAVIRIN
- ADRENALINE (EPINEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE)
- AMRINONE (PHOSPHODIESTERASE-3 INHIBITOR)
- DIGOXIN (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
- DOBUTAMINE (β-1 RECEPTOR AGONIST)
- DOPAMINE (VASOPRESSOR)
- FOLIC ACID (VITAMIN)
- METHYLCOBALMIN (VITAMIN)
- MILRINONE (PHOSPHODIESTERASE-3 INHIBITOR)
- NOREPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE: SYMPATHOMIMETIC)
- VASOPRESSIN (ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE: VASOPRESSOR)
- ACETAZOLAMIDE (CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITOR)
- FUROSEMIDE (LOOP DIURETIC)
- HYDROCHLORTHIAZIDE (THIAZIDE DIURETIC)
- SPIRONOLACTONE (POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC)
- TRIAMTERENE (POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC)
- ALBUMIN
- ALLOPURINOL (XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR)
- BACLOFEN (MUSCLE RELAXANT)
- CAFFEINE CITRATE (METHYLXANTHINE)
- CALCIUM GLUCONATE
- CARNITINE
- DEFERASIROX (IRON CHELATING AGENT)
- DEFERIPRONE (IRON CHELATING AGENT)
- DESFERRIOXAMINE (IRON CHELATING AGENT)
- DEXTROMETHORPHAN
- DICYCLOMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (ANTISPASMODIC: ANTICHOLINERGIC)
- DROTAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE (PHOSPHODIESTERASE-4 INHIBITOR)
- ERYTHROPOIETIN
- GLUCAGON
- GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR
- HYOSCINE BUTYLBROMIDE (ANTISPASMODIC: ANTICHOLINERGIC)
- LACTULOSE
- LANSOPRAZOLE (PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR)
- MAGNESIUM SULFATE
- MANNITOL
- METRONIDAZOLE
- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
- RANITIDINE (H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST)
- SODIUM BICARBONATE
- URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID
- ZINC
Annexures
- THE NORMAL RANGE
- UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
- COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
- HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES
- MEASURES OF COAGULATION
- COAGULATION FACTORS (% OF NORMAL OR ADULT VALUE)
- SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY
- METALS AND BINDING PROTEINS
- SERUM ENZYMES
- NORMAL ACID-BASE STATUS AND ELECTROLYTES
- HORMONES IN SERUM AND URINE
- NORMAL URINARY VALUES
- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
- STOOL SPECIMEN
- AMNIOTIC FLUID
- SWEAT
  - Sweat Chloride Test
- SERUM VITAMIN LEVELS
- SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS

INDEX

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.

Abacavir 320, 321, 1014

ABC. See Airway, breathing, circulation

Abdomen 391, 625

acute surgical 487

examination of 483, 991

lower 906f

palpation of 275

tuberculosis of 283

ultrasonography of 287, 737

ultrasound 284

Abdominal aorta, compression of 667

Abdominal bleeding 452

Abdominal calcifications 452f

Abdominal disease 562

Abdominal distension 362, 470, 480, 484f, 490

causes of 481t

gaseous 505

Abdominal mass 452

Abdominal pain 92, 276, 478, 505, 715

anatomical correlates of 478

child with 487, 489

chronic 478, 487, 488fc, 488t

causes of 479t

organic 478

Abdominal situs, localization of 642

Abdominal tuberculosis 283

Abdominal ultrasound 502, 511

Abdominal viscera 478

Abdominal wall 478

abnormalities 452

Abdomen X -ray

bowel perforation in 452f

calcifications in 452f

double bubble in 452f

necrotizing enterocolitis in 452f

Abetalipoproteinemia 184, 925

ABO incompatibility 444, 481

Absence seizures 769

Abortion 101

cause of 341

unsafe 101

Absent anal opening 380f

Absorption, physiology of 470, 471

Abuse, signs of 969

Abusive head trauma 969

Acanthocytes 517

Acanthosis nigricans 56f

Accidental injuries 977

Accredited social health activist 63, 985

Acellular pertussis vaccine 252, 253, 330

Acetaminophen 275, 999

Acetate 462

Acetazolamide 1020

Acetylcholinesterase, phosphorylation of 962

Acetylcysteine 956

Acetylsalicylic acid 548, 999

Achondroplasia 44f, 863, 891, 892f

Acid 227, 228

Acid-base

abnormalities 229, 231

balance 227

disorders 227, 229t

evaluation of 228, 229

disturbances 729

primary 228t

equilibrium 227

function 694

imbalances 952

nomogram 228, 228f

Academia, mixed 411

Acid-fast bacilli 286

Acidemia, mixed 411

Acidosis 411, 466, 947

Acinetobacter baumannii 432

Acquired aplastic anemia 523

treatment 525

Acquired hypothyroidism 815, 817, 817b, 819

treatment 818

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 316, 520, See also HIV

Acrocyanosis 375f, 388

Acrodermatitis enteropathica 201, 203f

Activated charcoal 956

Activated partial thromboplastin time 516, 552, 554, 709

Acute abdomen 451

treatment 453

Acute abdominal pain 487, 488fc

causes of 479t

Acute appendicitis 507, 508

treatment 508

Acute asthma 618

Acute bacterial sinusitis 581t

Acute dysentery 464, 465

treatment 465

Acute encephalitis 781, 783

Acute encephalitis syndrome 781, 782b, 783

treatment 783

Acute epiglottitis 592, 593

treatment 592

Acute flaccid paralysis 793, 794fc, 795, 795t, 798

causes of 793f

Acute glomerulonephritis 291, 715, 726, 749

course of 715

Acute hemolysis 520

drug-induced 548

Acute hemolytic

anemia, drug-induced 548

episodes 548

Acute hepatitis 493, 495, 497

A 494

B 494

C 494

E 494

Acute kidney injury 455, 696, 713, 726, 729–34, 750, 952

complications of 732t

etiology of 730t

staging of 730t

treatment 731

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis 593, 594fc, 595

treatment 595

Acute liver failure 494, 495

treatment 495

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 560, 560t, 561

treatment 560

Acute nephritic syndrome 711, 711b, 715

causes of 715

Acute otitis media 572, 577, 578, 578b, 580, 582

complications of 579

diagnosis of 578b

management of 580fc

treatment 578

Acute pancreatitis 510, 511

causes of 510t

treatment 511

Acute pericarditis 682, 683

treatment 683

Acute peritonitis, in newborn 451

Acute respiratory distress syndrome 231

causes of 312

Acute rheumatic fever 641, 641f, 675, 677, 679

treatment 677

Acute spasmodic laryngitis 591

Acute symptomatic seizure 769

Acute urticaria 898f, 900, 901, 901f

causes of 901b

Acute watery diarrhea 458–60

Acyclovir 298, 783, 1018

dosage of 783

Acyl carrier protein 192

Adaptive immunity 833

Adaptive milestones 27

Addison disease 219

ADEM. See Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Adenine 859

arabinoside 219

Adenoid hypertrophy 578, 615

Adenosine 996

deaminase 287, 778

triphosphate 205, 224, 411

Adenovirus 458, 593, 682

Adenylate cyclase toxin 328

Adjuvants 237

ADHD. See Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Adolescence

changes during 97–99

definition of 96b

growth in 7

health problems in 100

phases of 97

stages of 99t

Adolescent friendly health services 109, 110

Adolescent health center 110

Adolescent health checkup 107–9

Adolescents

health promotion in 108

immunization of 267

injuries in 106

non-communicable diseases in 106

nutrition in 102–3

pregnancy in 101

stress in 105b

substance abuse in 105

Adolescent sexuality 10

Adoption, baby for 2

ADPKD. See Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Adrenal cortex 813

Adrenal hyperplasia

congenital 887

Adrenal medulla 813

Adrenaline 997, 1019

nebulized 595

Adrenergic agonist 997

Adrenocorticotropic hormone 21, 310, 770, 812, 1006

Adreno-leukodystrophy 887

Adsorbents 956

Adriamycin 1005

Advanced life support 935, 936

Adverse event following immunization 250, 251

treatment 250

AED. See Antiepileptic drugs

AED. See Automated external defibrillator

Aedes

aegypti 300, 307, 309

albopictus 309

detection of 307

AEFI. See Adverse events following immunization

Afebrile episodes 610

Afibrinogenemia, congenital 558

Aflatoxin 211

AFP. See Acute flaccid paralysis

Ages and stages questionnaire (ASQ) 63

AIDS. See HIV

Aggregatibacter species 680

Agonal gasps 938

Air

conduction 574

pollution 604

Airborne virus 297

Air-fluid levels 506

Air-leak syndromes 422

Airway 628

and breathing, assessment of 931f

breathing 931

circulation 306, 307

compression, modes of 609f

hemangioma of 581

hyper-responsiveness 614

malformations, congenital 610, 618

newborn 422

obstruction, lower 599

remodeling 614

resistance 571

Alacrima 920

Alanine aminotransferase 300, 492

Albendazole 349, 352, 353, 357, 362, 1009

Albumin 949, 1021

ALCL. See Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Alcohol 106

in adolescents 106

intoxication 221

Aldehyde test 348

Aldosterone 214, 224, 693

Algid malaria 341

ALK. See Anaplastic lymphoma kinase

Alkaline

diuresis 956

phosphatase 735

urine pH 228

Alkalosis 215, 227, 230

chloride-responsive 230

Alkaptonuria 887f, 888

eye findings in 927t

ALL. See Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Alleles 862

Allelic heterogeneity 881

Allergy

gape 587

immunotherapy 618

salute 586

Allergen avoidance measures 589b

Allergic contact urticaria 900

Allergic interstitial nephritis 731

Allergic line 586

Allergic reaction 590

Allergic rhinitis 584, 588t, 589, 611, 615

pathogenesis of 585fc

respiratory sounds with 588

signs of 586t

stepwise management of 589fc

symptoms of 586t

treatment 588

Allergic sensitization, testing for 617

Allergic shiners 586

Allergic urticaria 900

Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 542

Allopurinol 1021

Alopecia 193, 201

Alpha fetoprotein 762

Alpha thalassemia 543

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

deficiency 494, 498, 611

phenotype 499

Alpha-linolenic acid 137

Alpha-thalassemia 442

clinical classification of 543t

Alpha-tocopherol level 184

Alphavirus genus 308

Alport syndrome 734, 925

ALS. See Advanced life support

ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase

Aluminum hydroxide 253

Alveolar epithelial cells 312, 569, 570

Alveoli, disorders of 599

Amantadine hydrochloride 1018

Ambiguous genitalia 381f, 698, 699f

Ambiguous vaccine-derived poliovirus (aVDPV) 255

Amebiasis 354, 355, 356

chronic 355

treatment 355

Amebic colitis

fulminant 356

Amebic liver abscess 355, 356

Ameboma 355

Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, congenital 516, 523

Amicrofilaremia, asymptomatic 351

Amikacin 284, 435, 705, 733, 778

sulfate 1000

Amiloride 1011, See also Potassium sparing diuretic

Amino acid 136, 175, 236

aromatic 470

defects of 887

essential 131, 136

metabolism defect 887

nonessential 136

replacement 556

Aminoglycoside 222, 231, 435, 1000

Aminophylline 997

Aminoquinoline derivative 1013

Aminosidine 348

Amitriptyline 219

Amlodipine 745, 1011

Ammonia 695

Amnioinfusion and tracheal suction 422

Amniotic fluid 419, 762, 1013, 1070

meconium-stained 420

Amoxicillin 546, 604, 733, 1002, 1003

Amoxicillin-clavulanate combination 436

Amphotericin 221

B 222, 998

deoxycholate 348

Ampicillin 164, 222, 435, 593, 705, 778

sodium trihydrate 1003

with sulbactam 1003

Amprenavir 320

Amrinone 949, 1019

AMS. See Antimicrobial stewardship

Amyl nitrite 956

Amyloidosis 844

ANA. See Antinuclear antibody

Anaerobic bacilli 281

Anaerobic Embden-Meyerhof pathway 547

Anaerobic glycolysis 341

Anaerobic infections 605

Anal fissure 361

Anaphylaxis 253, 259, 590, 900, 901

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma 564

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase 564

Ancylostoma

braziliense 360

caninum 360

ceylanicum 360

duodenale 360

Androgenic steroids 525

Anechoic fluid 607

Anemia 3, 102, 164, 190, 201, 320, 340, 490, 518, 520, 521fc, 522, 524, 667, 714, 732, 735, 927

classification of 519

clinical approach to 516fc

common causes of 522

dimorphic 534, 535

emergency management of 522

etiology of 519t

in adolescents 102

in AKI 733t

in CKD 735

in malaria 340

in SAM 164

investigations in 520

iron-deficiency 519, 522, 526, 527, 527f, 529, 544

laboratory approach to 521f

life-threatening 340

morphological classification of 519

myelodysplastic 523

parental counseling for 529

pathophysiology of 519

prevention of 529, 530

severe 172

type of 209, 528

Anemia mukt bharat 151, 530, 987

Anencephaly 762, 764f

Anganwadi worker 26, 152

Angelman syndrome 78, 866, 871f

Angioedema 900, 901

Angioneurotic edema 901

Angiotensin 227

receptor blockers 653

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor 224, 653, 1011, 1012

Angular cheilosis 188f

Anicteric viral hepatitis 336

Animal antisera 243

Animal foods 200

Animal milk 120

content of 120

Anion gap 228, 694

Aniridia 921

Ankylostomiasis 360, See also Hookworm

ANMs. See Auxiliary nurse midwives

Ann Arbor classification, modified 563t

Annealing 879

Annual influenza vaccine 266

Annular pancreas 452f

Anomaly, congenital 380, 703

Anopheles 337

culicifacies 337

minimus 337

Anorectal malformation 698, 699f

Anorexia 103, 193, 194

nervosa 103

treatment of 104

Antenatal breast care 122

Antenatal examination 992t

Antenatal steroids 422

Antenatal ultrasound 453t

Anterior fontanel 389, 390f

Anterior horn cells disorder 808f

Anterior rhinoscopy 574

Anthro-based nutritional assessment 143

Anthropometry 10–13

tools 143

Antiarrhythmic drugs 996

Antiasthmatic drugs 977–8

Antibiotic 217, 326, 329, 1000–5

broad spectrum 242, 440, 495

dosage of 778t

for AOM 580t, 581–2

for empyema 607

for meningitis 778, 778t

for neonatal sepsis 434t

for pneumonia 603

for urinary tract infection 704, 705t

in SAM 164

prescribing 370t

prophylaxis, intrapartum 435

rational use of 369

stewardship 436

therapy, specific 336

treatment 326

Antibody 241

anticardiolipin 841

antihyaluronidase 713

antimalarial 342

antinuclear 492, 496, 499, 709, 714, 841, 846

antiphospholipid 846

antistreptococcal 677

deficiency, primary 838

detection of 303, 317f

development of 558

fragments 956

maternal 239

monoclonal 241, 242

production of 239, 240

residual maternal 292

Anticancer drugs 523, 1005

Anticardiolipin antibodies 841

Anticholinergic drugs 996, 997

Anticholinergic toxic syndrome 957

treatment 957

Anticonvulsants 332, 1006

Anti-D globulin 555

Anti-deoxyribonuclease-B 677, 713

Antidigoxin fab 956

Antidiuretic hormone 214, 694, 1020

amount of 693

Antidote 956, 956t

Antiemetics 1008

Antiepileptic drug 3, 59, 425, 428, 773, 773t

for neonatal seizures 427

treatment 770

Antiepileptic therapy

duration of 427

Antifolate compounds 520

Antifungals 998–9

Antigen 236, 562

detection of 303, 317f

presenting cells 239, 585

Antigenic determinants 236

Antigenic diversity 339

Antigenic drift 310

Antiglobulin test, direct 550

Antiglomerular basement membrane 716

Antihelminthics 1009, 1010

Anti-hepatitis C virus 492

Antihistaminics 1010–11

Antihyaluronidase antibodies 713

Antihypertensive therapy 736, 741t, 1011–3

Anti-IgE antibody omalizumab 589

Anti-inflammatory drugs 999–1000

Anti-liver-kidney microsome 492

Antilymphocyte globulin 525

Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis 341

Antimalarial combination therapy 343

Antimalarial drugs 343

Antimicrobial resistance 369

Antimicrobial stewardship 369, 370

Antimicrobial therapy 335, 778

Antimicrobial treatment 466

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 716

Antioxidants 175

Antipyresis, nonpharmacological 277

Antipyretic therapy, use of 275

Antiretroviral drugs 320, 321t, 1014

Antiretroviral regimens 322t

Antiretroviral therapy 122, 284, 320

Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies 491

Antisense oligonucleotide 882

therapy 882, 882t

Anti-smooth muscle antibody 492, 496

Antisnake venom 1016

Antistreptokinase 677

Antistreptolysin O 583, 648, 709, 710, 713, 714, 716

titer, isolated positive 677

Anti-TB-drug dosages 287t

Antithymocyte globulin 525

Antitoxin 241, 242, 1016

Antitubercular drugs 287, 320

dosage of 780t

Antiviral drugs 1018

Anuria 217

Anxiety 91, 93

AOM. See Acute otitis media

Aorta

arch of 662

descending 636

Aortic arch, right 668f

Aortic component, abnormalities of 643

Aortic dissection 682

Aortic knuckle 646

Aortic regurgitation 667

development of 658

Aortic root, dilated 667

Aortic stenosis 655, 672

congenital 672, 673

critical 673f

mild to moderate 672

severe 672

supravalvular 639

Aortic valve 632, 672

balloon dilation 651

prolapse, development of 658

replacement 673, 688

Aortogram, descending 663f

Aortopulmonary window 655

APC. See Antigen presenting cells

Apert syndrome 60, 61, 451

Apex 570

beat 672

Aphasia 329

Apical diastolic murmur 663

Aplasia, drug-induced 523

Aplastic anemia 520, 523, 524f, 525

causes of 523, 524

constitutional 525

idiopathic 525

severe 525

treatment inherited 525

Aplastic crisis 545

Apnea 424

central 424

etiology of 424

mixed 424

obstructive 424

Apnea of prematurity 424

arises 424

classified 424

Apneic spells 407, 424

Apoproteins 418

Appendiceal mass 508

Appendicitis 298, 565

pain of acute 478

pathology of acute 507

Appetite 165

decreased 138

test 162b

APTT. See Activated partial thromboplastin time

APV. See Amprenavir

Aqueous humor 177

Aqueductal stenosis 768f

Arachidonic acid 137

Arachnoid villi 219

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 583

Arm span 12

Argemone mexicana 211

Arginine vasopressin 88

secretion of 726

Ariboflavinosis 187

Arnold-Chiari malformation 768

ARPKD See Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Arrhythmia 204, 303, 652, 684b, 810

types of 687t

Artemether 344t, 1013

Artemisinin 343

combination therapy 343

derivative 343, 344

Arterial blood 219

gas 228, 418, 509

normal values of 227

Arterial hypertension 673

Arterial ischemic infarct 759f

Arterial switch operation 688

Artesunate 1013

Arthralgia 302

Arthritis 294, 296, 298, 641, 676, 840

duration of 840

enthesitis-related 842–844

unclassified 842

undifferentiated 843

Articular complications 844

Articular pain 840

Artificial feeding, disadvantages of 116

Ascariasis 358, 359

intestinal 359

treatment 359

Ascaris 360

lumbricoides 359

Ascites 452, 501, 503, 722

neonatal 452

treatment 504

Ascitic fluid

analysis 504

examination 287

Ascorbic acid 194, See also Vitamin C

ASD. See Autism spectrum disorders

Aseptic delivery 332

Aseptic meningitis 294

ASHA. See Accredited social health activists

ASLO. See Anti-streptolysin O

ASO. See Antistreptolysin O

Aspartate aminotransferase 300, 492

Aspergillus spp. 592

Asphyxia

perinatal 413

Aspiration 618

prefeed 408

syndromes 609

Aspirin 304, 310, 438, 558, 677, 679, 999

Asplenia 267

anatomical 266

functional 266

AST. See Aspartate aminotransferase

Astemizole 1010

Asterixis 231

Asthma 231, 610, 614, 615, 623b, See also Bronchial asthma

action plan 622

acute exacerbation of 622

allergic 615

childhood 617t

control, monitoring of 619

development of 623, 624

diagnosis of 616fc, 617

differential diagnosis of 618t

early-onset 613

etiopathogenesis of 615f

exacerbation 622fc

exercise-induced 615

management

continuum cycle of 620f

long-term 623

stepwise 620f, 621f

medications for 957

nonallergic 615

pathogenesis of 614fc

prescription 623

probability of 621t

severe 589

symptoms 615t

worsening of 310

Astrocytoma 791

Astroviruses 458

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex 32f

Asymptomatic amicrofilaremia 351

Asymptomatic bacteriuria 699

Ataxia 805, 806fc

etiology of 805fc, 805t

evaluation of 805

telangiectasia 562, 564

eye findings in 927t

treatable causes of 807

treatment 807

types of 806

Atazanavir 320, 1016

Atenolol 1011

Atherosclerosis 208

risk factor for 720

Athetosis 804

Atopic dermatitis 587, 615, 912, 912f, 913, 913f

diagnosis of 913b

treatment 913

ATPase. See Adenosine triphosphatase

Atresia 505

duodenal 449, 481

intestinal 507

Atrial arrhythmias 811

Atrial enlargement 649

Atrial natriuretic peptide 214, 693

Atrial septal defect 651, 652, 655, 664–666

hemodynamics of 665f

treatment 666

Atrial tachycardia 684

Atrioventricular septal defect 655

At-risk approach

for obesity 58

Atrophy 898

Atropine 956

sulfate 996

Attachment 117

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 76, 77, 203, 211, 957

treatment 77

Autism 78

spectrum disorders 78

treatment 78

Auto-disable syringes, use of 249

Autoimmune

diseases 281

disorder 562

encephalitis 781

hemolytic anemia 498, 535, 550

treatment 550

hepatitis 481, 494, 496, 497–500

pancreatitis 511

Autoimmunity 240

Autonomic dysfunction 332

Autonomic ganglia 963

Autonomic sensory pathways 478

Autosomal dominant inheritance 862, 864f

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 700, 701, 701t

treatment 701

Autosomal recessive inheritance 865, 865f

Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder 887

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease 700, 701, 701t

treatment 700

Autosomes, disorders of 871

Auxiliary nurse midwife 26, 152, 985f

AVP. See Arginine vasopressin

AWW. See Anganwadi worker

Axillary temperature 396

grading of 397t

measurement of 397f

Azathioprine 192, 510

Azelastine 589

Azidothymidine 1014

Azithromycin 329, 336, 368, 584, 604, 715, 1002

Azole. See Voriconazole

Azotemia

postrenal 730

B cell 236, 239

helper function 238

lymphoma, primary mediastinal 564

precursors 238

B lymphocyte 158

Baby foods 157

Baby friendly hospital initiative 124

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

disease 252

vaccination 248, 288

vaccine 251, 252

complications of 252

Bacillus cereus 211

Baclofen 1021

Bacteremia 291, 583

Bacterial endocarditis 658

diagnosis of 680

Bacterial infection 298, 322, 323, 437

secondary 91, 310

serious 279

Bacterial meningitis 781

Bacterial overgrowth syndrome 471

Bacterial pharyngitis 583

Bacterial sinusitis, acute 581

Bacterial tonsillitis 584

Bacterial tracheitis 590, 593, 595

Bacteriology 286

Bacteriuria, asymptomatic 699, 703

Bad breath 97

Bad news 972

Balamrutham plus 170

Balanced diet 146

Balanced food 133

Ballard score 384f

Ballismus 804

Balloon aortic valvotomy 673

Bancroftian filariasis 351

Barbiturates 219, 958

Bardet-Biedl

affected proband 869f

syndrome 56f, 866

Barotrauma 329

Bartter syndrome 230

Basal ganglia 755

Basal metabolic rate 158

Basal-bolus insulin regime 822

Basic life support 934, 935fc, 936fc, 938

sequence of 936

Basophilic stippling 209, 518t

Battered baby syndrome 971

treatment 971

Bayley scale of infant development (BSID-IV), 64

BCG. See Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

B-complex vitamins 193

Beta-blocker. See Propranolol

Beauveria 307

Beau's lines 853f

Becker muscular dystrophy 811, 866

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 429

Beclomethasone dipropionate 997

Bedaquiline 288

Bedwetting. See Enuresis

Behavior 58

conditioning 88

defiant 86

Behavioral arrest 426

Behavioral assessment 80

Behavioral disorders 80–95

treatment 94

Behavioral disturbances 753

Behavioral therapy 90

Behavioral treatment 77, 88

Behçet's disease 276

Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus 426

Benzathine

benzyl penicillin 677

penicillin, single dose of 715

Benzene 524, 861

Benzodiazepine 332, 958, See also Lorazepam, Midazolam

Benzoic acid 900

Beriberi 187

dry 187

treatment 187

wet 187

Bernard-Soulier syndrome 558

Beta thalassemia 542

Beta-adrenergic agent, inhaled 224

Beta-blocker 654, 956

cardioselective 1011

Beta-carotene 146

Beta-chain, synthesis of 540

Beta-galactosidase 890

Beta-hemolytic streptococcus 711

infection 715

Beta-thalassemia 537, See also thalassemia

major, genetics of 541f

Bethanechol 958

Bicarbonate 214, 217, 229

Bile duct stricture 497

Biliary atresia 471

Biliblanket. See Fiberoptic systems

Bilirubin

beneficial role of 446

encephalopathy

acute 442f

estimation 482

forms 481

metabolism of 440, 441f

toxicity 442

BIND. See Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction

Binge eating disorder 103

Biofortification 210

Biological agents 266

Biopsy 563

site of 498

Biotin 186, 193, 193t

deficiency 193

treatment of 193

supplementation 193

Biphasic fever 300

Biphasic wheeze 609

Biphenyls 198

Birth asphyxia 411

Birth injuries 415

Birth weight 7, 382

Bitot spot 177, 177f, 920, 924f

Bivalent HPV vaccine 270

Biventricular pacing 654

Blackwater fever 341

Bladder

bowel dysfunction 703

dysfunction 795

training exercises 89

Blalock-Taussig shunt 669

Blalock-Taussig-Thomas shunt 688

Blanket supplementary feeding programming 168

Blastema 742

Bleeding

cause of 503

diathesis 682

disorder 516fc, 551–5

family history of 515

episodes 557t

glomerular 708

neonate

diagnosis of 439t

evaluation of 438

newborn 438, 440

severe 554

site of 554

spots 493

time 551, 552

type of 551

Blepharitis 920

Blepharophimosis syndrome 920, 920f

Blindness 209

color 923

cortical 340

Blood 513–14

chimeras 869

cholesterol 188

counts 560

culture 335

gas monitoring 413

investigations 582, 648

physiology of 513, 515

products 267, 557

recipients of 267

spot, dried 317

tests 612

Blood glucose 172, 413, 438

self-monitoring of 823

Blood loss

chronic 527

severity of 554

Blood pressure 389, 413, 638, 720

appropriate 639t

control of 737

cut-off values for 275t

elevated 738

factors affecting 738

high 230

immune response 137

measurement of 739, 739t

normal 230

systolic 306, 307, 675

Blood products 557

Blood transfusion

in iron deficiency anemia 528

in thalassemia 541

Blood urea creatinine ratio 731t

Blood sugar

fasting 499

random 428

Blood urea 722

nitrogen 713, 720

Blood-borne infections 540

BLS. See Basic life support

BM. See Bone marrow

BMI. See Body mass index

BMI charts 5–18 years

boys 53f

girls 52f

Bockhart's impetigo 904f

Body building food 138

Body fluid 214t, 217

and electrolytes 213, 215

distribution of 214

Body mass index 12, 14, 51, 152, 1039t, 1040t

growth chart for 52f, 53f

percentiles 1043t

Body proportion 8, 12

Body water, distribution of 213t

Bone 625

and joints, examination of 275

biopsy 566, 567

conduction 574

mineralization of 180

Bone age 12, 45

assessment 12

Bone marrow 194, 281, 347, 521, 533, 533f, 535, 541, 561

aspiration 560, 563, 566, 567

failure 523–6

causes of 523b

hyperplasia 540

complications of 546

suppression 322

Boophilus 364

BOPV. See Bivalent oral polio vaccine

Bordetella pertussis 241, 328–330

Boron 208

Botulism 243

antitoxin 242

Bowel bladder 394

dysfunction 705

Bowel perforation 452f

Bowel retraining 90

BP. See Blood pressure

Brachial plexus injury 393f, 415

Bradyarrhythmia 684, 686

Bradycardia 303, 653, 947

Brain 295

abscess 925

lobe of 756

parenchyma 768f

tumor 231, 791

Brainstem malformations 940

Breast

abscess 121

anatomy of 112, 112f

examination 122

nodule 383, 384f

Breastfeeding 111–26, 398

advantages of 115–6

attachment for 117

by working mothers 123

continuation of 126, 462

contraindications of 116

counseling for 121–2

desirable practices 116

exclusive 111, 121, 122, 127, 323

factors hindering 116

frequency of 118

in HIV 323

in special situations 122–3

initiation of 122

maintenance of 127

mother for 122

national programs on 124–5

observation of 118–9

positioning for 117

practices 171

problems in 120–21

successful 124, 126

technique of 117–8

twins, football positioning for 123f

Breastmilk 111

anti-infective factors in 115b

composition of 114, 115

expressed 121

jaundice 442, 481

treatment 442

manual expression of 121f

supply 157

Breath, shortness of 615

Breath-holding spell 84, 85

treatment 85

Breathing

deep rapid 947

periodic 424

Breathlessness 637

Brill-Zinsser disease 367

Bronchi 569

large 596

Bronchial asthma 614–24

acute exacerbation of 622

approach to 616f

control of 619

diagnosis of 615

drugs used in 618

exacerbation of 618

in preschool children (<5 years) 621

management in children ≥12 years 618

management in children 6–11 years 618

pathogenesis of 614f

referral in 623

treatment of 617

Bronchial collateral 663

murmurs 644

Bronchial epithelial cells 290

Bronchiectasis 581

Bronchiolitis 231, 275, 291, 610, 612, 613b, 614

management of 613t

pathophysiology of 612f

risk factors for 612b

severe 613

treatment 613

Bronchitis 335

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 286

Bronchodilation 1019

Bronchomalacia 422

Bronchopneumonia 603f

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 407, 618

Bronchopulmonary segments 569f

Bronchoscopy 611

Bronze baby syndrome 444

Brown fat 396

Brucella 281, 680

Brudzinski leg sign 754

Brudzinski neck sign 754

Brudzinski sign 486, 775

Brugia malayi 349, 350

Brugia timori 349

Bruises 969

Brush border enzyme activities

deficiency of 357

Brushfield spots 921

Bruton tyrosine kinase 835

deficiency 835, 838

BT. See Bleeding time

BTK. See Bruton tyrosine kinase

BTK deficiency 837t

Buccal teeth 360

Budd-Chiari syndrome 501

Budesonide 956, 997

Buffer 227

Buffy coat method, quantitative 342

Bulbar dysfunction 810

Bulbar palsy, isolated 798

Bulbar weakness 794, 795

Bulimia nervosa 103, 104

treatment 104

Bull neck appearance 326

Bullae, healing of 899f

Bullous impetigo 903f

BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen

Bundle branch block 688

Buphthalmos 923, 923f

Burkitt lymphoma 341

Burning feet syndrome 192

Burns 969

Burrow 898

Butyric acid. See Organic acids

Byler disease 471

Café au lait

macules, multiple 772f

spots 525

Caffeine

citrate 1021

reduction 89

CAKUT, parental counselling for 750t

parental counselling for 750t

Calciferol 179

Calcineurin inhibitors, treatment with 724

Calcinosis cutis 849f

Calcium 129, 142, 196, 204, 214, 413

absorption 204

and human milk 204

and magnesium 204, 206

channel blocker 653

deficiency 204

gluconate 1021, 956

requirements of 204t

sodium edetate 956

Calcium channel blocker. See Nifedipine

Calcium channel blocker. See Verapamil

Calf muscle hypertrophy 810f

CAMP. See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Campylobacter 459

fetus 680

jejuni 464, 796

CAMT. See Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia

Cancellous bone

resorption of 540

Candida 322, 432, 605

albicans 592

infection 319

onychomycosis 909

species of 909

Candidal intertrigo 910f

Candidal onychomycosis 910, 910f

Candidiasis 281, 909, See also Oral thrush

Canthal index 919

Capillary refill time 388

Capreomycin 284

Captopril 1011

Caput medusa 483, 483f

Caput succedaneum 390f

Carbachol 958

Carbamates 962

Carbamazepine 219, 524, 1006

Carbapenem 1004, See also Meropenem

Carbenicillin 222

Carbohydrate 54, 114, 135, 136, 139–142, 146

absorption of 470

complex 136

malabsorption 470

meal 794

metabolism 429

defects of 887, 888

simple 136

Carbon dioxide

end-tidal 940

exchange of 571

remove excess of 570

Carbon monoxide 4

Carbonated drinks 462

Carbonic acid 695

Carbonic anhydrase 695

inhibitor 1020

anticonvulsant 1007

Carboxylesterase hydrolase 471

Carboxypeptidase 470

Carbuncle 904

Cardiac anomalies 296

Cardiac arrest 946

phases of 934f

Cardiac arrhythmia 205, 230, 684

classification of 684b

Cardiac catheterization 650, 651, 659

Cardiac conditions

congenital 455

Cardiac conduction system 648f

Cardiac configuration 647

Cardiac defects 431

Cardiac edema 726

Cardiac function 560

Cardiac glycoside. See Digoxin

Cardiac looping 633

Cardiac position

alterations in 645

Cardiac resuscitation 996

Cardiac shadow 628

Cardiac silhouette 646f

Cardiac surgery

corrective 688

Cardiac tamponade 682

Cardiac transplantation 654

Cardiobacterium hominis 680

Cardiomyopathy 810, 887

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 935, 936

Cardiogenic shock 946, 947t

Cardiorespiratory arrest 933, 934

treatment 933

Cardiotonics 1019

Cardiovascular collapse 675

Cardiovascular disease 136, 192, 449, 632

risk factor for 720

Cardiovascular system 145, 159, 276, 642

Carditis 676

moderate to severe 678

Carnitine 1021

Carpenter syndrom 60, 61

Carpopedal spasms 226

Carrier detection

for hemophilia 558

for thalassemia 542

Cartilage hair dysplasia 891t

Cartridge-based nucleic acid 286

amplification test 285, 286, 289

Carvedilol 654, 1011

Casal necklace 189, 189f

Caspofungin 998

Castleman disease 562, 565

Cataract

causes of 921

dense congenital 919f

of prematurity 922

Catch-up formula diet 165

Catecholamines 215

Caterpillar hair 900

Catharsis 956

Caudal regression syndrome 765

types of 765

Cavernous sinus thrombosis 925

CBC. See Complete blood counts

CCAM. See Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

CD4 lymphocytes 238

in HIV 319t

CD8 lymphocytes 238

Cefazolin sodium 1001

Cefepime 1002

Cefixime 705, 733, 1001

Cefoperazone sulbactam 1001

Cefotaxime 435, 495, 593, 705, 733, 778

sodium 1001

Cefpodoxime proxetil 1001

Ceftazidime 435, 733

Ceftriaxone 336, 435, 593, 681, 705, 733, 778, 783, 950

sodium 1001

Cefuroxime 593

axetil 1001

proaxetil 733

Celiac disease 192, 474–476, 487, 494, 527

diagnosis of 476

diet in 148

treatment 475

Cell-mediated immunity 158, 238

Cellophane tape test 361

Cellular immunodeficiencies 835

Cellulitis 138, 291, 905, 905f

Central airway 596

abnormalities 609

Central cyanosis 639, 641f, 667, 943

Central dogma 861

Central hirschberg corneal reflex 922f

Central hypothyroidism 815

Central nervous system 59, 159, 203, 208, 219, 254, 276, 300, 407, 424, 486, 560, 714, 728, 941, 967

examination 754

suggestive of 486

tuberculosis 283, 779–781, 780t

treatment 780

tumors 791, 792

treatment 792

Central pontine myelinolysis 219, 220

Central precocious puberty 827

Central venous pressure monitoring 949

Central α-adrenergic agonist 1011

Cephalexin 584, 705, 1001

Cephalic tetanus 331

Cephalohematoma 390f, 442

Cephalopelvic disproportion 415

Cephalosporin 336, 593, 1001

third generation 435

Cereals 138, 204

Cerebellar ataxia 335

Cerebellum

pathways of 805f

Cerebral cortex 137

Cerebral edema 219, 222, 414, 495

Cerebral infarction 222

Cerebral malaria 340, 781

Cerebral palsy 799, 802fc, 803

diagnosis of 801

dystonic 801, 801f

early diagnosis of 64

hemiplegic 799

risk factors for 800t

spastic 799

topographic classification of 800f

treatment 802

Cerebromacular degeneration 925

Cerebroprotective interventions 413

Cerebrospinal fluid 60, 187, 279, 281, 434, 448, 758, 766, 780, 784, 1069

analysis 565

examination 287, 560, 758t

Cervical

lymphadenopathy 310, 563f

ribs 625

Cestodes 358, See also Tapeworm

Cetirizine dihydrochloride 1010

CGD. See Chronic granulomatous disease

Chalky-White lesion 924f

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 881

CHARGE syndrome 451

Chelation therapy 537, 541

Chemical conjunctivitis 437

Chemical nature 236

Chemoprophylaxis 340, 341, 779

Chemosis 920

Chemotaxis 158, 240

Chemotherapy 217, 564

preoperative 744

Cherry red spot 927

Chest 391

abnormalities 754

barrel-shaped 420

circumference 11, 11f

compression 377, 377f, 937

computed tomography 607

examination of 275

indrawing 405, 608, 941

pain 105, 637

radiograph 560

retraction, lower 419

tightness 615

ultrasonography of 607

Chest circumference

in infancy 8

measuring 11

Chest X-ray 421, 624, See also X-ray

for heart diseases 645

for TB 286

in meconium aspiration syndrome 421f

of diaphragmatic hernia 450f

of tension pneumothorax 422

Chickenpox 297, See also Varicella

Chikungunya 269, 308, 309

infection 309

treatment 309

virus 308, 309

Child abuse 64, 968–71

and neglect 968b, 977

assessment of 969b

common causes of 968

health consequences of 968b

medicolegal implications of 969

Child development unit 72

Child guidance clinics 95

Child health

indicators of 978–81

mortality indicators of 978b

Childhood behavior 94

Childhood epilepsy 769, 773, 774

treatment 773

Child health programs 983–4

Childhood illness, integrated management of 989, 991

Child labor laws 969

Child nutrition programs 986

Child protection 969

Child survival and safe motherhood program 983

Chimerism 869

Chin lift maneuver 937f

Chlamydia 601

conjunctivitis 437

pneumoniae 680

psittaci 680

trachomatis 437, 680

Chloral hydrate 958

Chloramphenicol 368, 522–524, 1004

Chloride 214, 230

depletion 230

Chloride-resistant

alkalosis 230

metabolic alkalosis 230

Chloromycetin. See Chloramphenicol

Chloroquine 341, 345, 548

phosphate 1013

resistant malaria 343

sensitive malaria 343

Chlorosis 360

Chlorpheniramine maleate 1010

Chlorpromazine 524, 926, 1008, See also Phenothiazine

Chlorpropamide 219

Chlorpyrifos 353

Choanal atresia 581

bilateral 422

Cholangitis 335

Cholecalciferol 179

Cholecystitis 335

Choledochal cyst 497, 500

Cholera 465

enterotoxin 465

prevention of 264

toxin 459

treatment 466, 466t

vaccines 264

Choleretic agent ursodeoxycholic acid 499

Cholestasis 498, 499

Cholesterol 418

serum levels of 722

Cholinergic toxic syndrome 957–8

Cholinergic toxidrome 963, 963t

Cholinergic urticaria 901f

Chorea 642, 676, 677, 804

management of 678

minor 677

Chorionic villus sampling test 558

Chorioretinitis 322, 921

Choroid plexus papilloma 792

Choroid tubercles 927

Chromium 196, 208

sources of 208

Chromosome 88, 859, 861

abnormalities of 870

numerical abnormalities of 871

part of 862

Chromosomal abnormalities 875t

Chromosomal analysis 872

Chromosomal defect 639

Chromosomal deletion 862

Chromosomal disorders 862, 870–7, 922

Chromosomal syndrome 44

Chronic abdominal pain 487

Chronic anterior uveitis 844

Chronic blood loss 527

Chronic diarrhea 472

approach to 472–3

Chronic granulomatous disease 837t

Chronic hypernatremia 221

Chronic ITP 555

Chronic kidney disease 718, 734–8, 750

parental counseling for 750t

referral for 750t

stages of 734

treatment 736

Chronic liver disease 175, 267, 276, 493, 496, 498–500, 520

complications of 499

management of 500fc

treatment 499

Chronic systemic diseases 267

Chronic pancreatitis 511

Chronic progressive hemiplegia 787

Chronic stridor 591

Chronological age 45, 46

Chylothorax 423

Chyluria 351

Chymotrypsin splits 470

Ciliary dyskinesia 618

Cimetidine 524

Cinnamic acid 900

Ciprofloxacin 335, 703, 705, 733, 1002

Circadian 92

Circle of hebra 906

Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) 255

Circulation 932

CKD. See Chronic kidney disease

Cirrhosis 494, 496, 726

edema 726

Cisplatin 222

Citrobactor 432

Clarithromycin 329, 604, 733, 1002

Classic drug reactions 915

Classical starry sky appearance 785f

Clavicular fracture

in newborn 415

Clean delivery 379

Clavulanic acid 733, 1003

Claw sign 743

Cleft lip 123, 381f, 451

breastfeeding in 123

repair, complications of 451

treatment 451

Cleft palate 123, 381f, 431

breastfeeding in 123

repair, complications of 451

treatment 451

Clicks 644

Clindamycin 733

hydrochloride 1004

Clinodactyly 872f

Clobazam 1006, See also Benzodiazepine

Clofazimine 288

Clofibrate 219

Clonazepam 1006, See also Benzodiazepine

Clonic seizure 426

Clonidine hydrochloride 1011

Clostridioides difficile toxin 491

Clostridium

botulinum 211

difficile 465

tetani 330

Clotrimazole 910, 998, See also Azole

Clotting factors 438, 956

Cloxacillin 435, 495, 913, 1003

CMPA. See Cow milk protein allergy

CMV infection

congenital 448

eye findings in 927t

CNS. See Central nervous system

Coagulation cascade 552f

Coagulation defect 556

Coagulation disorders 438, 551–5, 551t

Coagulation factor defect 516fc

Coagulation profile 413, 490, 560, 709

Coagulation prothrombin time 413

Coagulopathy 495, 709

Coarctation of aorta 388, 634, 650f, 655, 673, 674f, 675

repair 688

treatment 674

Coarse facies 890f

Coat's disease 811

Cobalamin 190, 193, See also Vitamin B12

binds 532

C defects 727

metabolism 727, 728

Coccidioidomycosis 281

Cochlear implant 72

Cockayne syndrome 925

Codeine phosphate 999

Coelomomyces 307

Coenzyme A 192

Coffee 143

Cognitive abnormalities 86

Cognitive development 32, 94

Cognitive milestones 27

Colchicine 219

Cold agglutinin syndrome 550

Cold antibody hemolytic anemia 550

Cold chain 245–7

Colistimethate sodium 1004

Colistin sulfate 1004

Colitis 322

Collagen vascular disorders 833

Collapse 627t

Collateral blood vessels 675

Collier sign 443

Colloid goiter 818

Colloids

in shock 949

Colocasia 139

Colony count 704t

Color blindness 923

Colostrum 114

Coma 932t

Combination vaccines 268

Combined immune deficiencies 834t

Comedone 898f

Commando crawl 800

Common cold 581

Communicating hydrocephalus 767

Communication

and counseling 107

effective 374

in emergency room 972

with adolescents 107

Community-acquired

infections, late-onset 437

pneumonia 601

Community-based nutritional rehabilitation 153

Community physician 995

Compensated shock 946

in dengue 306

Complement

activation 841

deficiencies 834t

system 239

Complementary feeding 127–34

assessing the practices of 133t

attributes of 127–31

attributes of 128

history taking for 133

hygiene related to 131

principles of 127

status in India 127

Complementary foods 131–2

consistency of 129f

recipes for 132b

Complete protein 136

Complete blood count 191, 313, 433, 490, 515, 556, 582, 606

Computed tomography 758

Concentration techniques 352

Conceptus 5

Concomitant squint 922

Condiments and spices 142t

Conduction 396

Confidentiality 107

Congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)

referral for 750t

Congenital anomalies 380

Congenital aortic stenosis 672

Congenital coagulation disorders 556–9

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection 448

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome 940

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 417, 422, 450

treatment 450

Congenital disorders 192, 522

Congenital dyserythropoietic syndrome 523

Congenital heart disease 610, 618, 639, 640f, 655, 656

acyanotic 663

classification of 638fc

incidence of 656

surgeries for 688t

Congenital hypothyroidism 815, 816, 816b, 817, 818

clinical features of 816b

treatment 816

Congenital malaria 341

Congenital muscular dystrophy 811

Congenital neutropenia 837t

Congenital rubella syndrome 296, 448

Congenital syphilis 447

Congenital toxoplasmosis 447

Congenital varicella 298

Congenital zika

syndrome 449

virus infection 449

Congestive heart failure 651–5

beyond first week of life 652

edema in 726t

fluids in 217

in first week of life 651

in older children 652

in SAM163

treatment of 653

Conical cornea 921

Conivaptan 220

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia 481, 498

causes of 481b

Conjunctiva 177, 920

xerosis of 177, 177f

Conjunctivitis 193, 310, 437, 611, 920

Connective tissue

diseases 276, 682

disorders 274

Consciousness 100, 160, 932

Consent 973

for immunization 272

Consolidation 626

Constipation 478, 489, 489t

causes of 478, 479t

child with 489, 490

pathophysiology of 480f

treatment 489

Constitutional delay in growth 44, 45t, 47f, 525

Constitutional obesity 54

Constrictive pericarditis 499, 683

treatment 683

Continuous murmurs 644

Continuous positive airway pressure 418, 419

Convulsions

management of 932t

Coombs test 492, 550

Copper 207

deficiency 522

solution 956

Copying 36

Corbevax 314

Cord care 387

Cornea 921

with sclera, junction of 177

Cornea inflammation. See Keratitis

Corneal abrasions 330

Corneal light reflex test 922

Corneal ulceration 177, 177f

Corneal xerosis 177

Coronary arteriovenous fistula 644

Coronary sinus type 664

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 269, 312, 314, 315, 593

etiological agent for 312

infection 312

management of 312, 313f, 314fc

pandemic 269

protection from 631

treatment 312

vaccination 314

vaccine 269

dose of 269

Corpus callosum, agenesis of 773f

Corrosive poisoning 960, 961

treatment 960

Cortical development, malformations of 951

Cortical sensations 754

Cortical tubers 772f

Corticomedullary differentiation 731

Corticospinal tract 755

Corticosteroid 292, 510, 595, See also Fluticasone, Prednisolone

therapy 266

Cortisol 3

Corynebacterium diphtheria 253, 325–327

cells 325

infection 327

pathogenicity of 326

Coryza 276

Costophrenic angle 607f

Costochondral junctions 180, 181f, 194

Cotrimoxazole 705

Cough 276, 325

etiquette 630, 630f

nonproductive 310

type of 610

Counseling 118, 475, 802, 993

Covaxin 269, 314

Cover test 922

COVID-19

management of 313f

vaccines 269, 314

Cow milk 114t

protein allergy 472, 490

suggestive of 490

protein intolerance 527

Coxiella burnetii 365, 680

Coxsackie B virus 682, 821

CPK. See Creatine phosphokinase

CPM. See Central pontine myelinolysis

CPR. See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Cracked nipples 120

Cradle cap 914

CRAFT questionnaire 106b

Cranial nerve

examination 412, 754, 754t

involvement 753

palsies 309

Craniopharyngioma 792

eye findings in 927t

Craniostenosis 925

Craniosynostosis 60, 60t, 61, 919f

Craniotabes 180

Crazy pavement dermatosis 161f

Creatine phosphokinase 648

Creatinine 221, 713

Crescentic glomerulonephritis 716

Cretinism 199

Crigler-Najjar syndrome 442, 481, 882

Crohn disease 490, 491, 550

Crossed hemiparesis 756

Croup 275, 593–5

Crouzon disease 60

Crouzon syndrome 60, 919f

CRP. See C-reactive protein

CRS. See Congenital rubella syndrome

Crude birth rate 980t

Crude death rate 980t

Crust 897f

Cryoprecipitate 559

Crypt elongation 474

Cryptococcosis 281, 322

Cryptorchidism 698

Cryptosporidiosis 358

treatment 358

Cryptosporidium 358, 459, 462, 466, 467

organisms 358

parvum 358

Crystalloids 949

CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid

CSOM. See Chronic suppurative otitis media

Cubes, gate of 36f

Culex

larvae of 353

quinquefasciatus 350, 353

Culicinomyces 307

Curative therapy 542

Cushing syndrome 56f, 222, 739

Cutaneous bleeding 524f

Cyanocobalamin 186, See also Vitamin B12

Cyanoglycosides 198

Cyanosis 639, 667

deep central 671

evidence of 275

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 205, 465

Cyclooxygenase 274

Cyclophosphamide 525, 724

Cycloserine 288, 522

Cyclospora 358

Cyclosporine 525, 724

Cyproheptadine hydrochloride 1010

Cyst 354f

and cavities 627

multilocular 700, 702

Cystathionine β-synthetase enzyme, deficiency of 888

Cysteine

deficiency of 888

Cystic adenomatoid malformation

congenital 423

Cystic fibrosis 219, 222, 473, 481, 499, 611, 618, 629f

Cystic kidney disease, acquired 702

Cystic nephroblastoma 702

Cystic nephroma 702

Cystic pulmonary airway malformations 627

Cysticercosis 363

Cystourethrogram, micturating 698, 705

Cytoadherence 339

Cytogenetics 517, 870

Cytokines 238, 312, 339, 433

types of 238

Cytologic examination 504

Cytolysis 240

Cytomegalovirus 59, 322, 406, 447–9, 492, 523, 524, 583, 796, 821

enterocolitis 490

infection 281, 323

Cytosine arabinoside 1005

Dacryoadenitis 920

Dactylitis 545

DALYS. See Disability-affected life years

Dandy-Walker malformation 59

Danger signs

in a newborn 387b, 403, 405t

in diarrhea 461

Dapsone 548

Darunavir 320, 1016

Datura stramonium 957

Daunorubicin 1005

DBA. See Diamond-Blackfan anemia

DDC. See Zalcitabine

DDE. See Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

DDI. See Didanosine

D-dimer test 439

Death 467

cause of 458, 975, 981

rates 598

DEC. See Diethylcarbamazine

Deciduous teeth 8

Deferasirox 537, 542, 1021

Deferiprone 537, 542

Deferoxamine 537, 542, 966

Defibrillation 938,939f

Defibrotide 882

Deficit therapy 216

Degenerative disorders 31, 64

Dehydration 162, 163, 457, 458, 546, 932

assessment of 458t

correction of 487

deficit therapy in 218

evidence of 275

fluid therapy for 460

prevention of 460

severe 163, 172, 457, 460f, 932f

signs of 473

Delayed puberty 830–1

Delirium 231

Delivery room

management in 421

stabilization 419

Demand feeding 118

Dementia 189

Dengue 300–308

chimeric vaccine 308

classification of 301fc

clinical features of 302

diagnostic tests for 303t

hemorrhagic complications of 306

hemorrhagic fever 300

illness, course of 303f

infection 300

mild 304

moderate 304, 305fc

nonsevere 302

pathophysiology of 302

prevention and control 307

secondary 302

severe 300, 302–4

shock syndrome 300

tetravalent vaccine 308

treatment of 304, 304t

vaccine 270

virus 300, 302

with warning signs 300f

Dengvaxia 270, 271

Dennie Morgan folds 586

Dental examination 642, 642f

Dental structure 1

Dentition, primary 8

Denver-II (DDST-II) 63

Denys–Drash syndrome 742t

Deoxyribonuclease B 714, 716

Deoxyribonucleic acid 188, 200, 242, 709, 714, 859, 860, 860f, 862, 867

amplification technique 494

extragenic 860

impaired synthesis of 192

library 881

replication 860

sequence 861

synthesis

disorders of 531

Dependent shunt 637

Depression 93

red flags for 105

Dermal decontamination 955

Dermatitis 189

periorificial 193

Dermatomyositis 795

eye findings in 927t

Dermatosis, crazy pavement 161

Desferrioxamine 956, 1022, See also Iron chelating agent

Desloratadine 1010

Desmopressin acetate 89

Detoxification 495

Dermatophyte infections 910

Dermographism 901f

Development 1–38

definitions 1

disorders of 62–79

domains of 26

factors affecting 3–4

laws of 26

normal 26–31

red flags for 32t

variations in 30

Developmental assessment 30t, 31–38

approach to 64

definitive tests for 64

early detection of 63

risk factors for 37b

tools for 32

Developmental assessment scale for Indian infants (DASII) 64

Developmental delay 62–73

Developmental deviance 62

Developmental disabilities 62

Developmental dissociation 62

Developmental examination 31

Developmental history 31, 753

Developmental milestones 27

Development profile-3rd edition (DP-3) 63

Development quotient 37, 62

Developmental screening 31, 63

Developmental surveillance 31,63

Deworming 987

Dextrocardia 635, 646f

Dextromethorphan 1022

Diabetes insipidus 88, 217, 221

Diabetes mellitus 819–23

ambulatory care for 823

complications 823b

diagnosis of 821

diagnostic criteria of 821t

diet in 147

etiology of 820

eye findings in 927t

pathophysiology of 820

type 1 820, 820f, 820t, 821t

course of 821

type 2 57, 820, 820f, 820t, 823, 824, 824b

Diabetic ketoacidosis 222, 226, 229, 230, 479, 821, 824

Diabetic retinopathy 924

Diacylglycerol kinase E mutation 727

Dialysis 715, 957

Diamond-Blackfan syndrome 523

Diaphragm

eventration of 423, 451

insertion of 180

Diaphragmatic hernia 450

Diarrheal diseases 457–69

Diarrhea 164, 189, 221, 228, 243, 276, 457, 458, 478, 604, 930, 966, 975

acute 172, 458

cause noninflammatory 459

causes of chronic 472t

chronic 175, 201, 458, 472

continuing 164

danger signs in 461

diet in 462

diseases 457

infection, transmission of 459f

infectious 226

inflammatory 459

management of acute 457

moderate-to-severe 459

prevention of 201, 468, 469f

transient 334

zinc for 462

Diarrhea-malnutrition cycle 459f

Diastematomyelia 765

Diastolic murmurs 644

Diastrophic dysplasia 891t

Diazepam 426, 956, 1006, See also Benzodiazepine

Diazoxide 1011

Dibenzazepine. See Carbamazepine

DIC. See Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene 55

Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane 211, 524

Diclofenac sodium 999

Dicobalt edetate 956

Dicyclomine hydrochloride 1022

Didanosine 320, 321

Diet 468, 495, 677

and nutrition 542

for thalassemia 542

in diarrhea 462

in disease 147

in health 146

in hypertension 741

in iron deficiency anemia 528

in nephrotic syndrome 723

in obesity 57

Dietary

beta-carotenes, absorption of 176

changes 741

counseling 191

data 143

diversity 129

factors 54

fiber 138

phosphate restriction 217

requirement 198, 200

sodium 164

sources 176, 197

survey 145

therapy 467

Diethylcarbamazine 349, 352, 353

citrate 1009

Differential leucocyte count 648

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 564t

Diffusion-weighted imaging 759

Digenic inheritance 869

Digit repetition 37

Digital media 93–4

Digital pronate grasp 29f

Digitalis, role of 660

Digoxin 1019

Dihydrorhodamine test 837

Diloxanide furoate 355

Dimenhydrinate 1008

Dimercaprol 956

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline 418

DIPG. See Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride 1010

Diphtheria 109, 158, 237, 242, 243, 252, 253, 267, 275, 325–327, 327fc

antitoxin 326, 327t, 1017

bacilli 325, 583

cutaneous 326

exotoxin of 326

toxoid 252

treatment 326

type of 327

vaccines 253

Diphyllobothrium latum infestation 534

Diplegia 800f

Diplegic cerebral palsy 800

Diplegic gait 800

Dipstick method 719

Direct radionuclide cystography 705

Directly observed treatment short course 284

Disability 977

severe 64

Disability-adjusted life years 106, 154

Disaccharides 136

Disorders of sex development 831–2

Dispermic chimeras 869

Disproportionate short stature 43

Disseminated intravascular coagulation 407, 492, 516, 518, 521, 554, 558, 707, 730, 947

Disruption

Dissociative shock 947

Distal acidification 227

Distributive shock 947, 947t

Diuretic 219, 499, 1020

therapy 230

for heart disease 653

for nephrotic syndrome 723

Diving seal reflex 411

DKA. See Diabetic ketoacidosis

DLC. See Differential leucocyte count

DLHS. See District level household survey

DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNase B. See Deoxyribonuclease B

Dobutamine 654, 949, 1019

Docosahexaenoic acid 114

Dolutegravir 320, 321, 1016

Dominant disease-causing allele 866

Domperidone 1008

Donath-Landsteiner syndrome 550

Donor human milk 125

Dopamine 949, 1019

antagonist 1008

Doppler echocardiography 650

Double malleolus 180

Double tract sign 506

Down syndrome 3, 55, 391f, 449, 523, 871, 872, 920, 921, 977

treatment 872

Downe score 418t

Doxorubicin. See Adriamycin

Doxycycline 368, 1004

DPT vaccines 252

Dried powder inhaler 619f

DQ. See Developmental quotient

Drotaverine hydrochloride 1022

Drowsiness 231

Drug 55, 106, 266, 320

abuse 106

hypersensitivity

reactions 915

syndrome 915f

reactions, unique 915

therapy 89, 463, 996–1023

toxicity 686

Drug-induced aplasia 523

Drug-induced hemolysis 548

Drug-resistant tuberculosis 285, 289, 289fc

dsDNA. See Double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid

DSS. See Dengue shock syndrome

DTaP vaccine 252

DTwP vaccine 253

Duane retraction syndrome 923, 923f

Dubowitz syndrome 523

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 810, 810f, 866, 886, 928

eye findings in 928t

treatment 810

Duchenne-Erb palsy 415

Ductal sling theory 634

Ductus arteriosus 636

persistent patency of 664

Ductus venosus 636

DUMBBELS 958

Dyscalculia 73, 74

Dyselectrolytemia

correction of 487

Dysentery 291, 458, 464

treatment of 464fc

Dyserythropoiesis 341

Dyserythropoietic anemia 519

Dysgenesis 815

Dysgraphia 73, 74

Dyshormonogenesis 818

Dyskeratosis congenita 523

Dyslexia 73, 74, 75f

incidence of 73

Dyslipidemia 736

control of 723

in CKD 736

Dysphagia 220

Dysphonia 326

Dyspnea 637, 683

exertional 667

severity of 941

Dystonia 801, 801f, 804

Dystonic cerebral palsy 801

Dysuria 695t

Ear 295, 390, 391

anatomical components of 572, 572f

canal inflammation 578

discharge 577

examination

equipment for 573f

indications for 572

external 572, 899f, 905f

fingering 587

infections 275

inner 572

nose, and throat

examination of 572

symptoms of 576t, 577t

pain 276

Earlobe, gangrene of 366f

Early adolescence 97, 99t

Early childhood development 1, 2

concept of 1

nurturing care for 1

Early neonatal mortality rate 978b, 980t

Early stimulation 72

Early-onset sepsis 432

Eating disorder 87, 103, 104, 968

symptoms of 103

Eating pattern 102

Eating problems 80

Ebstein anomaly 655

EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus

Ecchymosis 520, 899

Ecchymotic lesion 899f

ECF. See Extracellular fluid

ECG

in hyperkalemia 225f

in hypokalemia 223f

Echinocandin 998

Echinocytes 517

ECMO. See Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Ecthyma 904

lesions 904f

Ectopia lentis 921

Ectopia vesicae 746, 746f, 747

treatment 747

Ectopic tachycardia, junctional 685

Edema 156, 160, 473, 611, 639, 674, 715, 725–727

idiopathic 726

in cirrhosis 726

in malnutrition 160

inflammatory 592

localized 726

symmetrical 144

treatment 726

Edematous malnutrition 161f, 726

Edmonston strain 292

Edmonston-Zagreb strain 292

Edward syndrome 874

EEG. See Electroencephalogram

Efavirenz 320, 321, 1015

EFV. See Efavirenz

Egg 142

protein 137

yolk 185

EHBA. See Extrahepatic biliary atresia

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 928

Eicosanoids, synthesis of 137

Eicosapentaenoic acid 137

Eikenella corrodens 680

Eisenmenger syndrome 658, 661, 663

treatment 661

Ejection systolic murmur 644

Electrocardiogram 648

Electroencephalogram 759

for seizures 772

for status epilepticus 952

in febrile seizure 775

in neonatal seizures 426

Electrolyte imbalance

in SAM 163

Electrolytes 213

renal regulation of 692

Electrophoresis pattern 539

Elemental iron, consumption of 966t

Elfin facies 672

ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Elliptocytes 518t

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome 639t

EMA. See Epitherial membrane antigen

Embryonal tumors 791

Emergencies 930–73

assessment of 931–3

Emergency room

role in 973

working in 972–4

Emergency stabilization measures 955

Emesis 217, 955

Emotional abuse 968

Emotional changes 99

Emotional support

in SAM 165

Empiric antimicrobials 593

Empyema thoracis 605–11

Emtricitabine 320, 1015

Enalapril 660, 724, 1012

Encephalitis 219, 231, 291, 296, 322, 781, 925, 928

early onset 294

eye findings in 928t

in measles 291

syndrome 782b

Encephalocele 390f, 762, 764f

Encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated 294, 298, 781, 784

Encephalopathy, acute 887

Encopresis 89, 90

treatment 90

Endemic cretinism 199

Endemic goiter 199

Endemic iodine deficiency 815

Endemic osteoarthritis 207

Endocarditis 298, 676, 680

Endocrine 55, 205

causes 44, 276, 652

disorder 3, 429, 812

glands 812, 813t

system 159

Endogenous pyrogens 274

Endolymph 213

Endometriosis 479

Endomyocardial fibrosis 341

End-organ cellular death 946

Endoscopic examination 487

Endoscopic sclerotherapy 503

Endoscopic treatment 502

Endoscopic variceal banding 503

Endothelial injury 727

Endothelin 726

Endotracheal intubation 376, 938

Endotracheal tube 377t

Energy

dense feeding 165

requirement 135

sources of 135

Energy-rich food 138

Enfurvirtide 320

Engorged breasts 120

treatment 120

Enophthalmos 919

ENT symptoms 576–7

Entamoeba 354, 358

histolytica 354, 354f, 358, 459, 465

infection 355

Entecavir 1018

Enteric fever 334, 335, 337, 492

treatment 335

Enterobacter spp. 432

Enterobacteriaceae 703

Enterobiasis 361, 362

treatment 361

Enterobius

infestation 361

vermicularis 361

Enterococcus 322

species 703

Enterocolitis. See also Transient diarrhea

Enterokinase 470

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 459

Enterovirus 269, 329, 447, 449, 458, 782, 796, 821

Entomophthora 307

Enuresis 87–89, 696

treatment 88

Environmental disorders 74

Enzyme 136, 207, 498, 882

activity 548

defects 520, 535, 815

Enzyme replacement therapy 882

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 286, 367

EOS. See Early-onset sepsis

Eosin-5’-maleimide binding test 547

Eosinophilia 360

Eosinophilic inflammation 614

Ependymoma 791

Epidemic typhus 365, 367, 368

Epidermolysis bullosa 897f, 898f

Epidermophyton species 910

Epididymitis 294

Epigastric discomfort 303

Epigastrium 481, 485

Epiglottic injuries 592

Epiglottitis 591, 595

Epilepsy 85, 92, 209, 769

benign 770

cause of acquired 785

development of 775t

myoclonic 887

syndrome 769, 770, 951

types of 769

Epileptic encephalopathy 769, 770

Epileptic spasms 426

Epileptiform discharges 760, 761f

Epinephrine 377, 654, 940, 949

hydrochloride 1019

nebulized 595

Epiphora 920

Episcleritis 921

Episodic dyspnea 941

Episodic urticaria 900

Episodic viral wheeze 610, 621

Epistaxis 554, 577

Epitherial membrane antigen 564

Epitopes 236

Epstein pearl 395

Epstein-Barr virus 269, 523, 562, 564, 583, 682, 711, 796

EPTB. See Extrapulmonary TB

Equine 1017

ERA. See Enthesitis-related arthritis

Erb's palsy 393f

Erosive gastritis 948

Erysipelas 905

Erythema

marginatum 641, 676, 677

multiforme 902

target lesions of 902f

toxicum 395

neonatorum 395f

Erythematous plaque 896f

Erythematous rash 302

Erythroblastopenia, transient 523

Erythrocyte

mass, higher 440

metabolism, abnormal 184

sedimentation rate 50, 313, 490, 606, 648

Erythrocytic cycle 339

Erythrocytic schizogony 338, 339

Erythrocytic stages 341

Erythroid precursors 522

Erythromycin 329, 546, 584, 604, 715, 733, 913, 1002

Erythropoiesis, ineffective 519

Erythropoietin 694, 1022

Escherichia coli 211, 279, 432, 711, 950

Esmolol hydrochloride 1012

Esophageal atresia 417

Esophageal injury 960

Esophageal stricture 960, 961

Esophagitis 478

ESR. See Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ESRD. See End-stage renal disease

Essential hypertension 740

Estimated creatinine clearance 729

Estimated glomerular filtration rate 729

Estrogens 812

ETEC. See Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Eteplirsen 882

Ethambutol 287, 288, 780, 926

Ethanol 3, 956

Ethical issues

in community 995

in emergency room 972

in vaccination 273

Ethionamide 288

Ethosuximide 773

Ethylene glycol 229

Eustachian tube 572

Euvolemic hypernatremia 221

Evans syndrome 551

Ex utero intrapartum treatment 450

Exanthema

appearance of 296

Exanthematous fevers 275

Exchange transfusion 444

guidelines for 446f

Exclusive breastfeeding 111

Excoriation 897f

Exercise 46

intolerance 615

Exocrine enzyme deficiency 512

Exogenous pyrogens 274

Exomphalos 452

Exopeptidases 470

Exophthalmos 919

Expanded dengue syndrome 300

Expiratory grunt 418

Expressive language 30

External auditory canal, examine 572

Extra-articular complications 844

Extensively drug-resistant TB 284

Extracellular fluid 158, 213, 226, 227, 412

Extracellular sodium 221

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 421, 654, 940, 948

Extracorpuscular defects 535

Extractable nuclear antigen panel detects 846

Extrahepatic biliary atresia 492, 497, 500

Extrahepatic portal hypertension 499

Extraluminal obstruction 578

Extramedullary erythropoiesis 540

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 284, 288

Eye 145, 213, 295, 390

abnormalities in 919

decontamination 955

discharge from 917, 918fc

exotropia left 922f

manifestations 188

pigmentation 920

red 917, 917fc

rubbing, approach to 918f

signs 426, 927t

Eyeballs, uprolling of 85

Eyelid 919

drooping of 794

lower 586

puffy 163

retraction 443f

F-75 164

F-100 165

Face 145, 390

mask 376f

Facial edema 712f

Facial palsy, isolated 798

Facial telangiectasia 497

Facility-based integrated management of newborn and childhood illnesses (F-IMNCI) 985

Facility-based newborn care 991

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 811

Factor assays 552

Factor replacement therapy 557t

Factor X deficiency 558

FAD. See Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Failure to thrive 39–42, 483f, 637

approach to 41f

cause of 40t, 42

diagnostic criteria of 39b

in heart diseases 637

systemic complications of 39b

treatment 41

Falciparum malaria 345

Familial short stature 45t, 47f

Fanconi anemia 523, 525

Fast breathing 600fc

and cough 276

causes of 599

treatment 600

Fatal genetic disorder 541

Fatigue 310

Fats 114, 137, 138, See also Lipid

absorption of 471

in breastmilk 114

recommended intake of 138

Fat-soluble vitamins 176

Fatty acid 205

deficiency of essential 137

monounsaturated 137

oxidation defect 429

polyunsaturated 137

Fatty liver 492

Favism 548

Febrile child, evaluation of 275

Febrile encephalopathy 781

Febrile infants 279

Febrile seizure 774, 775t, 776, 776fc

complex 776

first episode of 775

plus 774

treatment of 776

type of 775

Febrile status epilepticus 774

Feeding

assessment 119b

assessment form 119b

in SAM 164

of LBW 409

problems 82–3

technique 130

Feeding diaphoresis 637

Feeding difficulty 637

Feeding habits 157

Feeding intolerance 407

Feeding reflexes 113

Feeding skill 409

Feeding technique 130

Feeding tube 122

Feeding utensils 401

Ferric chloride test 888

Fertility indicators 980

Fetal anemia 411

Fetal cardiac output 635

Fetal circulation 635, 636f, 637

Fetal distress 420

Fetal growth 5, 6

Fetal infection 296, 411

risk of 295

Fetal length 6

Fetal lung maturity 418

Fetal proportions 6

Feticide 971

Fever 274, 276, 278, 279

etiology of 275, 276

history of 520

in young infants 279

low-grade 283

mild 259

phobia 278

treatment 276

with hepatosplenomegaly 275b

with lymphadenopathy 275b

with rash 275b

Fever of unknown origin 279–281

causes of 281

neutropenic 280

Fever with rash 276

etiology of 276b

Fever without focus 279, 280, 281

management of 280fc

Fever without localizing signs 279

Fexofenadine hydrochloride 1010

Fiber 138

Fiberoptic bronchoscope 597f

Fiberoptic systems 444

Fibrin degradation products 439

Fibrinolytics agents 608

Fibrinopurulent 605

Fibrinous strands, formation of 606

Fibromuscular ureters 691

Fibrosis 608, 899

Filamentous hemagglutinin 330

Filariae, characteristics of 349t

Filarial antigens 352

Filariasis 349, 352, 353, 711

treatment 352

Filariform larva 360

Filiform wart 909f

Fine motor

development 27

milestones 27t

Fine-needle aspiration cytology 287, 563

FIPV. See Fractional dose of injectable polio vaccine

FISH. See Fluorescence in situ hybridization

Fish 142

nutritive value of 141t

Fixed performance device 945

Flagellins 585

Flaky paint dermatosis 161

Flatworms. See trematodes

Flavin adenine dinucleotide 187

Flavivirus 300

infection 302

vaccine 302

Flavonoids 198

Floppy infant 807

Fluconazole 910, 998, See also Azole

prophylaxis 436

Fluid and electrolyte 158, 213

balance 495

requirements 215, 218

Fluid compartments 213

Fluid composition 214

Fluid requirements

in neonates 216

of LBW neonates 408t

Fluid therapy 215

in AKI 217

in chemotherapy 217

in CHF 217

in compensated shock 307

in dehydration 460–1

in hypotensive decompensated shock 307

in hypovolemic shock 218f

in LBW 408

in meningitis 218

in raised ICT 218

in shock 217

in shock 949

in SIADH 218

Fluid overload

in AKI 733t

in dengue 306

Flumazenil 956

Fluorescence in situ hybridization 862, 873, 873f

Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption 448

Fluorescent tubes 444

Fluoroquinolones 288, 1002

Fluphenazine 219

Fluticasone propionate 997

Focal deficits 772

Focal epileptiform discharges 760

Focal seizures 770

Folate 129

deficiency 193, 520–523, 534fc

tissue stores 192

Folic acid 152, 186, 191, 196, 210, 529, 1020

absorption of 532

deficiency 158, 191, 192, 521, 532

toxicity 192

Follicle-stimulating hormone 57

Folliculitis 904, 904f

Fomiversan 882

Food

for adolescents 147

nutritional value of 138–143

preschool and school children 147

unhealthy 149

Food additives 211

Food adulteration 211

Food balance sheet 145

Food fortification 210

Food frequency table 145

Food groups 138

Food pyramid 146

Food safety 210–2

Football positioning

for breastfeeding 123f

Foramen ovale 633

Forced alkaline diuresis 956

Foreign body 330, 596b, 610, 618

aspiration 590, 595, 596, 598

treatment 596

diagnosis, rigid bronchoscopy for 592

ingestion 592

inorganic 596

intranasal 330

Foremilk 114

Fosamprenavir 320

Fosphenytoin 1006

Fourth heart sound 645

FPV. See Fosamprenavir

Fractional excretion of urea 731t

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) 617

Fragile X mental retardation 866, 881

Fragile X syndrome 78, 866, 875, 876, 876f

Free-radical mediated diseases 142

Fresh complementary foods, recipes for 132b

Friedreich ataxia 866

Frog leg posture 807, 808f

Frontal lobe

dysfunction of 756t

eye findings in 928t

Fruits 142

nutritive value of 140t

Fruit drinks 149

Fruit juice 149

Frusemide 230

FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone

FTA-ABS. See Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption

FTC. See Emtricitabine

Fucosidosis 887

Fulminant hepatitis 495

Fundus examination 924

Fungi 211

Furazolidone 357

Furosemide 499, 510, 715, 727, 1020

Furuncle 904

Furunculosis 904f, 907f

Fusobacterium necrophorum 583

G6PD. See Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GABA. See Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Gabapentin 1006

Galactosamine-6-sulfatase 890

Galactose, metabolism of 888

Galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase 888

Galactosemia 500, 887–889, 921, 928

treatment 889

Gallbladder calculi 479

Gametocidal drugs 343

Gamma-aminobutyric acid 186, 331, 425, 784

Ganciclovir 1018

Ganglioglioma 791

Gas exchange units 569

Gastric aspirate 281, 285, 286, 289

Gastric bubble 646f

Gastric decontamination 956

Gastric juices 213

Gastric lavage 955

Gastric ulcer 490

Gastroenteritis 224, 275, 477, 540

Gastroesophageal reflux 81, 478, 486, 487, 615

disease 478, 487, 488

Gastrointestinal anomalies 453t

Gastrointestinal bleeding 438, 479, 491

lower 479

treatment 491

Gastrointestinal diseases 211, 237, 477

clinical markers of 482–3

endoscopy for 491

presentation of 477–81

symptoms 961, 962

Gastrointestinal system 158, 203, 275, 413, 477

Gastrointestinal tract 145, 217, 424, 477

Gastroschisis 452

Gate of cubes 36f

GATHER approach 107b

Gatifloxacin 35, 1002

Gaucher disease 481, 882, 887, 889, 920, 928

Gaussian distribution 13

Gavage feeding 123f

GBS. See Guillain-Barré syndrome

Gene 860

structure of 861f

therapy 882

Genetic basis 859, 862

Genetic constitution 237

Genetic counseling 883–6

for achondroplasia 892

for osteogenesis imperfecta 893

for thalassemia 542

Genetic disorders

DNA diagnosis of 879–81

parent education for 894

treatment of 882–3

Genetic epilepsy 774

Genetic factors 3

Genetic growth potential 43

Genetic heterogeneity 881

Genetic tests 837

Genitalia 385, 392, 906f, 907f

female 386f

male 385f

Genitourinary malformations 745–8

evaluation of 695–700

symptoms 695t

Genitourinary tuberculosis 283

Genome detection 303

Genomic imprinting 866, 867

Genotype 543

Gentamicin 164, 435, 705, 733, 778

sulfate 1000

Gentian violet paint 387f

GER. See Gastroesophageal reflux

GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Germ cell tumor 562, 565

Gessel “Incomplete Man” test 37

Gestational age 382f

baby, small for 383f

GFD. See Gluten-free diet

GFR. See Glomerular filtration rate

GHD. See Growth hormone deficiency

Ghon focus 282

Ghutti 399

Giant cell 298

tumor, subependymal 791

Giardia 358, 462, 467, 473

duodenalis 459

infection, chronic 356

lamblia 356, 356f, 357

life cycle of 356

Giardiasis 356, 357

treatment of 357, 357b

Gilbert disease 481

GINA guidelines 614

GIT. See Gastrointestinal tract

Gitelman syndrome 230

Glands 145

Glanzmann thrombasthenia 551, 558

Glasgow coma score 955

Gliomas 791

Global action plan for pneumonia and diarrhea (GAPPD) 604

Global developmental delay 62

early diagnosis of 64

Global initiative for asthma (GINA) 614

Global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (GPELF) 353

Globin chains, types of 539

Globulins 241

Globus pallidus, bilateral 801f

Glomerular basement membrane 711, 714, 716, 718

Glomerular filtration

barrier 718

rate 693, 694, 733t, 735

Glomerular hematuria 707, 708, 708t

Glomerular proteinuria 718, 721

Glomerular tufts 712

Glomerulonephritis 298, 341, 711, 714, 716, 730, 734

acute postinfectious 711, 711b

acute poststreptococcal 711

antibody-mediated 716

parental counseling for 749t

referral for 749t

Glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental 718

Glossitis 187

Glucagon 956, 1022

Glucocerebrosidase 889

Glucocorticoids 189, 812

Gluconate 462

Gluconeogenesis, suppression of 341

Glucose 413, 460, 956

Glucose-6-phosphatase, deficiency of 889

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 521, 547, 705, 882

classes of 548t

deficiency 364, 442, 520, 547–549, 928

community 520

of enzyme 547

treatment 548

Gluten enteropathy 474

Gluten-free diet 475

Glycogen storage

disease 889

disorders 889

Glycopeptides 238

Glycoprotein 470

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, loss of 549

Goiter 199, 818

treatment 819

Goitrogen exposure 818

Goitrogenic drugs 818

Goitrogens 198, 815

Goldenhar syndrome 639

Gonadal development 5

Gonadal failure 541

Gonadal hormones 3

Gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty 827

Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty 828

Gonococcal conjunctivitis 437

Goodenough draw-a-man test 37

Goodpasture syndrome 707, 711, 715

Gottron papules 848f

Gower sign 810, 810f

Grade level assessment device for children (GLAD) 75

Granisetron 1008

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 1022

Granulomatous disease, chronic 835, 835f, 836, 836f, 838

Granulomatous disorders 281

Granulopoiesis 513

Granzymes 238

Grasp reflex 389

Great arteries, transposition of 634, 670, 671

Greulich–pyle atlas method 13

Griseofulvin 999

Gross motor

development 27

milestones 27t

Gross reproduction rate 980t

Ground itch 360

Ground-glass appearance 419f

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus 583

Group B streptococcus 434

colonization 432

Growth 1–38

after infancy 8

and development 1, 2

assessment of 10–13

definitions 1

disorders of 39–61

factors affecting 3–4

fetal 5

in infancy 7

monitoring 15, 152, 399

normal 7–9

phases of 4, 5, 5t

postnatal 3,6

prenatal 5

principles of 4

progresses 4

rate of 4, 5

standards 14, 1044

statistical principles in 13–14

tables 1024

velocity of 8

Growth charts 14–26

for 15–18 years 24

for neonates 455

for height-for-age 18f, 19f, 24f

for weight-for-age 16f, 17f

for weight-for-length 20f-23f

Growth failure 674

in CKD 736

syndrome of 201

Growth hormone 3, 812

deficiency 44, 50f, 813, 814, 814b, 814f

treatment 814

disorders 813

excess 814

Growth monitoring 15,152

Growth references 14

for Indian children 5–18 years 15

Growth standards 14

Growth velocity 5,12,14,44

GSD. 889, Also See Glycogen storage disorders

type 1 889

type 2 889

Grunting 942, 943

Guanine 859

Guillain-Barré syndrome 231, 259, 298, 309, 326, 794, 796, 796t

treatment 797

Gum 145

bleeds 554

Gut decontamination 955

Gut microbiota 55

Guthrie test 888

Gynecomastia 482, 482f

H1N1 influenza 311b

treatment of 311t

H2 blockers, administration of 495

Habit disorder 91

Haemaphysalis 364

Haemophilus influenzae 239, 253, 279, 322, 592, 593, 680, 682, 775, 777, 778, 796, 835

vaccine 256

Hair 145

in malnutrition 161

Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome 925

Hallucinations 219

Halogen lamps 444

Halogenated hydrocarbons 961

Hand and foot syndrome 545

Hand hygiene 436, 437, 630

Handicaps 977

early identification of 2

Handwashing 400

steps of 469f

Haptens 236

Harpenden infantometer 10

Hb. See Hemoglobin

HbA. See Hemoglobin A

HbS. See Sickle hemoglobin

HDL. See High density lipoprotein

Head

growth 8

injuries 971

lag, complete 808f

size and shape, abnormalities of 59, 61

Head circumference 11, 383

measurement of 11f

Head tilt 937f

chin lift maneuver 937

Headache 105, 211, 309, 310, 789

charting 790

childhood 789

common types 789

location 790

tension type 790

treatment 790

Head-to-toe examination 389, 754

Health

education 288

facility, barrier related to 110

factors 4

issues 100

seeking behavior 110b

services 109

Healthcare-associated FUO 280

Healthcare workers, training of 373

Health-related problems, management of 241

Hearing

disorder 72

handicap 72, 64

impairment 574

loss 455, 574, 577

Heart 160, 295

boot shaped 668

chronic maternal diseases of 406

development of 633, 635

disorders 147

electrical conduction in 648

failure 204

murmur 673

size 625, 646

Heart block 684, 686

complete 686f, 731

Heart defect 639, 639t

origin of 633

structural 652, 655

Heart disease 3, 637, 645, 648t

acquired 599

cyanotic 667

surgery for 688, 689

Heart rate 388

cut-off values for 275t

normal range for 931t

Heart sound 662

second 643f

third 644

fourth 645

Heart tube 633

looping of 634f

Heat coagulation test 719

Heat hyperpyrexia 278, 279

treatment 279

Heat-labile

toxin 465

vitamin 530

Heat sensitive vaccines 245

HEEADSSS

approach 105t

tool for psychosocial assessment 108b

Height

measuring 10

Height age 44

Height velocity

in short stature 45t

Heimlich maneuver 596

Heliotrope rash 848f

Heinz body 541, 548

formation 535

Helicobacter pylori infection 490

Helmet cells 536f

Helminthic infestations 358

Helper T cells 238

Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase 293

Hemarthrosis bleeding 556

Hematochezia 439

Hematological causes 599

Hematological disorders 276, 513, 515, 518, 523, 566, 925

Hematological parameters 514, 731

Hematological system 275, 947

Hematological values 514t, 1062

Hematoma, intramuscular 556

Hematopoetic stem cell transplant 561

Hematopoiesis 513, 514f, 525

Hematopoietic stem cell 524

population of 513

transplant 525

Hematopoietic system, retinopathies of 927

Hematuria 438, 554, 695, 707, 709, 709b, 710, 710fc, 749

causes of 707, 707b, 707t

nonglomerular 708, 708t

treatment 709

Hemicellulose 138

Hemiparesis 787

Hemiplegia 787

Hemochromatosis 887

Hemoconcentration, sign of 303

Hemodialysis 225, 737t, 957

Hemodynamic support 420

Hemoglobin 3, 152, 172, 514, 520, 521

A 537f

defects of 535, 538

disorders 538, 540

electrophoresis 536–538, 539f, 541, 541t, 545, 546

fetal 520, 525

glycated 821

H 543

levels 524

measurement 531

molecule 209

normal 538

thresholds 518t

types of 540

Hemoglobinopathy 492, 517, 531, 539

Hemoglobinuria

paroxysmal cold 550

paroxysmal nocturnal 523, 524, 549

Hemogram 616, 713, 836

complete 492

Hemolysis 481, 535, 952

biochemical evidence of 535

laboratory evidence of 536

skeletal changes in 535

Hemolytic anemia 184, 345, 493, 535, 537, 538

treatment 537

Hemolytic facies 536f

Hemolytic uremic syndrome 516, 521, 707, 709, 711, 727–730

treatment 728

Hemoperfusion 957

Hemophilia 557t, 558, 558f, 559

diagnosis of 559

severe 566

symptom of 556

treatment 556

Hemorrhage 302, 335, 367

concealed 442

intracranial 222, 425, 925

intraventricular 184, 427, 442, 455

superficial 926f

treatment of 557

Hemorrhagic colitis, severe 728

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn 439, 440

classical 439

treatment 440

Hemorrhagic measles 291

Hemorrhagic neuroblastoma 452

Hemorrhoids 506

Hemostasis 438

Hemozoin 342

Henderson–Hasselbach equation 227

Henoch-Schönlein purpura 479, 490, 707, 709, 709f, 714, 841f

nephritis 711

Heparin 558

Hepatic dysfunction, assessment of 498

Hepatic metabolism, reduced 441

Hepatitis 281, 298, 322, 335

chronic 276, 494

ischemic 948

Hepatitis A 267, 505

vaccine 262

virus 262, 493, 505

Hepatitis B 122, 236, 237, 248, 267, 322, 505

immunoglobulin 242, 257, 265, 1017

infection 494

vaccine 242, 266

virus 244, 256, 493, 505

vaccine 248, 265, 256, 257, 267

Hepatitis C 269, 322, 505

virus 493

Hepatitis E 269, 505

virus 493

Hepatobiliary disorder 477

Hepatobiliary system 276

Hepatocellular carcinoma 494

Hepatocellular dysfunction, tests for 495

Hepatocellular impairment 498

Hepatomegaly 611, 887

Hepatosplenomegaly 492, 516, 520, 536, 540, 554

etiology of 276b

with anemia, no fever 493

with fever and anemia 492

Hepatotropic viruses 493, 496

Herd effect 241

Hereditary ataxia 925

Hereditary elliptocytosis 547

Hereditary pancreatitis 511

Hereditary spastic paraplegia 881

Hereditary spherocytosis 442, 520, 546, 547

treatment 547

Hernia and hydrocele 747

treatment 747

Hernia, diaphragmatic 627

Herniation syndromes, symptoms of 756

Herpes simplex 322

encephalitis 783f

infection 449, 928

virus 427, 437, 447–449, 583, 777, 784, 952

Herpes zoster 297, 322

Heterochromia 921

Heterogeneity 881

Heterozygote 537f

Hexachlorobenzene 55

HHV. See Human herpesvirus

HIE. See Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Hidden hunger 196

Higher mental function 754

High-fiber diet 138

High-flow system 945

High-energy feeding, phase of 173

High-risk newborn 372b, 403, 404t, 455b

follow-up of 455–6

Hindmilk 114

Hirschberg reflex 922

Hirschsprung disease 481, 507, 866

treatment 507

Histidine-rich protein 342

Histiocytosis 221

Histocompatibility antigens typing 841

Histocompatibility complex 236

Histoplasmosis 281

HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus

HMD. See Hyaline membrane disease

HMIS. See Health management information systems

Hodgkin disease 276, 281, 562

Hodgkin lymphoma 562, 562b, 562t-564t, 565

management 563

Holotranscobalamin 533

Holt-Oram syndrome 639, 863, 864f

Home-based newborn care 985

Home-made instant food, recipes for 132b

in SAM 165

Homocystinuria 50, 190, 888, 928

eye findings in 928t

Homogentisic acid oxylase 888

Homoplasmy 866

Homozygous achondroplasia 892

Hookworm

adult 360

infection 360

infestation, treatment 360

Hormones 136, 175, 214, 812–3, 1067

human chorionic gonadotropin 873

secretion, regulation of 812

Horner syndrome 919, 921

Hot AFP cases 798

Household food consumption 145

Howell-Jolly bodies 533f, 541

HSCT. See Hematopoetic stem cell transplant

HSP. See Henoch-Schönlein purpura

HSV. See Herpes simplex virus

Human diploid cell vaccine 263

Human herpes simplex 781

Human immunodeficiency virus 50, 59, 99, 172, 173, 242, 280, 284, 316–25, 372, 523, 836, 838, 977

antibody 318

associated FUO 280

case definitions in 318

clinical staging of 319b

detection of 317

diagnosis of 317, 318

enteropathy 520

opportunistic infections in 322

parent-to-child transmission of 323

positive 122, 318

positive mother, breastfeeding in 122

transmission 316t

risk of 323

treatment of 320

tuberculosis in 284

vaccination in 266

vaccine 271

Human intravenous immunoglobulin 1017

Human leukocyte antigens genes 237

Human milk 114, 114t

anti-infective factors in 115b

banking 125

Human papillomavirus 269

infection 908, 909

vaccine 269, 270

Human parainfluenza virus 593

Human physiology 227

Human rabies immunoglobulin 1017

Human reassortant vaccine 258

Human tetanus immunoglobulin 1017

Humoral immune response, basis of 239

Humoral immunity 158, 235, 239

Hunter syndrome 887, 889

Huntington chorea 881

Hurler disease 928

Hurler syndrome 887, 889, 890f

HUS. See Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Hyaline membrane disease 422

Hydantoin. See Fosphenytoin

Hydralazine 438, 654, 1012

Hydration 277

Hydrocarbon

aromatic 524

ingestion 961

poisoning, treatment 961

Hydrocele 392, 747

Hydrocephalus 59, 766, 768, 779, 925

acquired 766

causes of 766t

treatment 767

Hydrochloric acid 960

Hydrochlorthiazide 1020

Hydrogen ions, concentration of 227

Hydrotherapy 277

Hydrops fetalis 543

Hydroureter 731

Hydroxyurea 546

Hydroxyzine hydrochloride 1010

Hygiene 468

Hygienic cord care 436

Hymenoptera toxin 902

Hyoscine butylbromide 1022

Hyperactivity

diagnostic criteria of 76b

Hyperaldosteronism 230

Hyperandrogenism, signs of 56

Hyperbilirubinemia 184, 443, 480

management of 446t

neurotoxic risk factors in 442

treatment 443

types of 481

Hypercalciuria 709

Hypercarbia 418

Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis 229

Hypercholesterolemia 138

Hypercyanotic spell 85

Hypereosinophilia 351

Hyperglycemia 222

Hyperhemolytic crisis 545

Hyperimmune globulin 242

Hyperinsulinemic states 429

Hyperkalemia 215, 217, 224, 225, 713, 715, 732

treatment of 224, 225t

in AKI 733t

Hyperkinetic pulmonary arterial hypertension 659, 663

Hyperlipidemia 722

Hyperlucent lung 626f

mimicking pneumothorax 627

Hypernatremia 221, 222, 425

seizures in 425

treatment 221

Hyperphosphatemia 217, 713

Hyperpyrexia 273, 275

Hypersegmented neutrophil 531f, 532, 532f

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 618

Hypersensitivity reactions 915, 916

pathogenesis of 240

treatment 915

Hypertelorism 919

Hypertension 58, 147, 148, 715, 732, 736, 738, 742, 750, 928

causes of sustained 739b

childhood 739t

control of 723

definition of 738

diet in 148

essential 739, 740

evaluation of 739

in AKI 733t

in CKD 736

parental counseling for 750t

portal 494, 498, 501

primary versus secondary 738

referral for 750t

severe 712

treatment of 740

Hypertensive emergency 741, 741t

Hypertensive encephalopathy 712, 713

Hypertensive retinopathy 924

Hyperthermia 231, 444

Hyperthyroidism 739

Hypertonic 3% saline 216t

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 486, 506

treatment 506

Hypertrophic scar 899, 899f

Hypervitaminosis A 178

treatment 178

Hypervitaminosis D 183

treatment 183

Hypervolemia 712

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 221

Hypervolemic hyponatremia 219

Hypnozoites 338, 341

Hypoalbuminemia 160, 347

Hypocalcemia 204, 205, 217, 222, 331, 425, 427

asymptomatic 431

causes of 204b, 431b

early 425, 431

late 425, 431

neonatal 431

seizures in 425

symptomatic 431

treatment 205

Hypochloremia 230

Hypochromia 519

Hypocupremia 207

Hypoglycemia 826

in IDM 430

in malaria 341

in SAM 162

management of 430

neonatal 429

seizures in 425

Hypogonadism 201

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 830b

Hypokalemia 205, 222, 223, 223f, 228, 230, 938

treatment 223

Hypokinetic movement disorder 803t

Hypomagnesemia 222, 226, 426

causes of 205b

treatment for 226

Hyponatremia 163, 217, 219, 220, 425, 732

cause of 219

in AKI 733t

seizures in 425

treatment 220

true 220

type of 219

Hypoparathyroidism 204, 541

Hypophosphatemic rickets 887

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 655

Hypoplastic nails 640f

Hypoproteinemia 362

Hyporeflexia 757

Hypospadias 698, 746, 746f

surgery, care for 746b

treatment 746

types of 746

Hypotension 204, 275, 947

perfusion abnormality without 217

Hypothalamic abnormalities 103

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis 812f

Hypothalamus 274, 813

Hypothermia 162, 164, 172, 222, 396, 399, 444, 938

classification of 397t

in newborn 398

in SAM 162

prevention of 397

treatment 399

Hypothyroidism 442, 481, 507, 541, 815, 977

acquired 817

congenital 816

etiology of 815t

newborn screening 817

short stature in 45t

Hypotonia 32

causes of 808f

etiology of 807

Hypovolemia 730, 938

Hypovolemic hypernatremia 221

Hypovolemic hyponatremia 219

Hypovolemic shock 946, 947t

Hypoxia 231, 938

ischemia 412fc

Hypoxic damage 755

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy 411–4

grading of 412

seizures in 425

Hypsarrhythmia 761t, 771f

IAMP. See Intrachromosomal amplification

IAP. See Indian Academy of Pediatrics

Ibuprofen 274, 278, 1000

ICDS. See Integrated child development services

Iceberg 156

ICF. See Intracellular fluid

Ichthyosis 897f

ICSOL. See Intracranial space occupying lesion

ICT. See Intracranial tension

Icterus 388, 482. See also Jaundice

ICU. See Intensive care unit

IDA. See Iron deficiency anemia

IDD. See Iodine deficiency disorders

Idiogenic molecules 221

Idiopathic hypercalcemia 672

Idiopathic hypersomnia 92

Idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 506

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 551

Iduronate sulfatase 889

IDV. See Indinavir

IEM. See Inborn error of metabolism

IgA. See Immunoglobulin A

IgA antiendomysial antibody (EMA) 474

IgA antigliadin antibody 474

IgA nephropathy 714

IgA vasculitis 854–6

IGF. See Insulin like growth factor

IgG. See Immunoglobulin G

Ileal fluid 214t

Ileal resection 520

Iliac crest, posterior superior 566

Iliac fossa 478, 485

Imipenem-cilastatin 1004

Imipramine, tablet 89

Immune

activation 316

complexes, deposition of 712

deficiency disorders 276

dysregulation 562

globulins 242

Immune response 159, 238–240

age and 237

primary 239, 239f, 240

secondary 239, 239f, 240

types of 235

Immune system 235, 237, 833

cells of 833

function of 235

organs of 833

Immune thrombocytopenia 438, 439, 554, 555

purpura 516, 551, 553, 553f, 555

treatment 554

Immune-deficient population 564

Immune-mediated pathway 523

Immunity 158, 235, 290

acquired 235, 241

active 236, 236t

adaptive 833, 833t

antibody-mediated 239

herd 241

natural 235, 236t

passive 236, 236t

to diphtheria 253

transplacental 290

Immunization 241, 266, 267, 332, 381, 410, 604, 737, 993

active 241, 294, 296, 299, 327, 336

campaigns 271

childhood 296

implied consent in 272

in HIV-infected 323

in specific situations 265–9

of adolescents 267

participation in 271–2

passive 242, 292, 333

primary 327, 332

related anxiety reaction 250

Immunochromatographic card test 352

Immunization coverage 980t

Immunodeficiency 618

diseases 834

disorders, primary 834, 834t

signs of 473

suspect 834, 835, 838

Immunodiagnosis 352

Immunofluorescence 496

tests, direct 357

Immunofluorescent assay 368

Immunogen 236

Immunoglobulin 236, 239, 241, 249, 448, 797, 836

A 707, 711, 714, 716, 836

functions of 239t

G 492, 716, 1016

intravenous 221, 249, 446

therapy 436

types of 239

Immunohistochemical test 448

Immunological classification 319

Immunological tolerance 240

Immunosuppressive drugs 266

Immunotherapy 525, 561

for aplastic anemia 525

IMNCI case management process 989

facility-based 991

syndromic approach 989

Impetigo 903t

Impulsivity

diagnostic criteria of 76b

Inactivated vaccines. See Killed vaccines

Incontinence, cause of 89

Indinavir 320, 1015

Indomethacin 1000

Industrial intoxicants 211

India newborn action plan 986

India

causes of child death 976

causes of infant deaths 979

causes of newborn death 979

fertility indicators 980

health indicators in 980t

immunization coverage 980

infant mortality in 978

mortality indicators 980

nutrition indicators 980

U-5 MR in 976

vital statistics of 981

Indian Academy of Pediatrics

body mass index chart 52f,53f

growth charts 24f

guidelines on screen exposure 93

guidelines on Vitamin D 182f

JUNCS guidelines 149

Infant development, bayley scale of 64

Infancy

growth in 7

Infant and young child feeding

National guidelines on 131

Infant deaths

causes of 978

prevention of 980

Infant milk substitutes (IMS) Act 124

Infant mortality rate 978, 978b, 980t

causes of 979

Infant of diabetic mother 430, 430f

treatment 430

Infantile cholestasis, causes of 497b

Infantile colic 81

treatment 81

Infantile hemiplegia 787, 787t, 789

treatment 788

Infantile spasm 770, 771f

Infection 157, 164, 274, 276, 281, 358, 424, 425, 481, 524, 545, 562, 565, 787, 815, 821

acute 357

by organ systems, treatment of 434

congenital 448, 492, 977

control 311, 400, 401

dermatophyte 910

early stages of 460

early treatment of 690

indirect evidence of 433

organisms causing 837

prevention of 379, 386, 403, 409

protection from 115

recurrent 490, 836b

spread of 290

Infectious agents 562, 711b

Infectious causes 276

Infectious disease profile 560

Infective endocarditis 642f, 680, 682

treatment of 680, 681t

Infiltrative disorders 481, 499

Inflammation 726

Inflammatory bowel disease 192, 226, 259, 471, 487, 527

Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, acute 796

Inflammatory disorders 276

Inflammatory reaction 614

Influenza 310, 311

A virus 593

B virus 593

diagnosis of 310

treatment of 310

Influenza vaccine 262

type of 263

Influenza virus 310, 329, 609, 682

spread of 310

strains 310

Infundibular pulmonary stenosis 669

Inguinal hernia 392f, 747

Inhalation devices, types of 619f

Inhalation technique 618

Inheritance 859–62

autosomal dominant 865

autosomal recessive 865

non-mendelian 866

patterns of 862–70

X-linked dominant 866

X-linked recessive 865

Y-linked recessive 866

Inherited aplastic anemia 525

Inherited clotting factor deficiencies 439

Injection safety 249

Innate immune system 781

Innate immunity 833, 833t

Inosine pranobex 1018

Inotropes 654

Insomnia 204

Insulin

administration 822, 822f

and glucose infusion 225

function 224

glucose drip 217

pump therapy 823

resistance, signs of 56

therapy 822

types of 822, 822t

Integrated child development services 150, 152, 986

Integrated child protection scheme 987

Intellectual disability 64, 209, 799

Intelligence quotient 62

Intense parasitemia 342

Intensive care unit 313

Interatrial septum 633

development of 634f

Intercostal drainage 607

Interferon 238, 585

gamma release assays 286

Interleukin 238, 585

Interlobar fissures 422f

Intermediate syndrome 963, 964

Interstitial fluid 213

Intergrowth-21stcharts 455

Interstitial keratitis 921

Intertrigo 910

Interventricular septum 633

development of 634f

Intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome 229

Intestinal cut-off sign 507

Intestinal digestion, acquired defects of 470

Intestinal disease 355

Intestinal duplication 491

Intestinal infection, diagnosis of 355

Intestinal lymphatics, obstruction of 471

Intestinal malabsorption 472

Intestinal obstruction 451, 481, 505, 506, 508

and perforation 508–510

treatment 509

causes of 506, 509t

Intestinal parasites 358, 358b

Intra-abdominal

injuries 415

malignancies 503

Intra-aortic balloon pump 654

Intracellular complex 323

Intracellular fluid 213

Intracellular potassium acts 219

Intracerebral calcification 222

Intrachromosomal amplification 560

Intracorpuscular defects 535

Intracranial complications 580

Intracranial pressure 231, 486, 782, 783, 925

signs of 777, 806

Intracranial space occupying lesion 486

Intracranial tension 218, 486, 784

Intracranial tumors 925

Intrahepatic disorders 497

Intraluminal digestion, impaired 472

Intraluminal obstruction 609

Intramural air 355

Intramuscular injections 248

Intraocular pressure, congenital rise of 923

Intrauterine fetal death 449

Intrauterine growth restriction 6, 44, 404, 406, 407t, 430

Intrauterine infection 442, 447, 448t, 449, 493

treatment 449

Intrauterine pneumonia 420

Intravascular hemolysis, evidence of 536

Intravenous cannula 233f, 234f

insertion of 233t

Intravenous fluids 250, 408, 413, 461t

and nutrition 419

Introns, removal of 861

Intussusception 506

treatment 506

Invasive amebiasis 355

Iodine 159, 196, 197, 209

nutrition 199t

requirements of 198t

Iodine deficiency 102, 152, 198, 199, 818

disorder 198, 199t, 819

indicators of 199

treatment 199

Iodized oil 199

Iodized salt 199

Ionic composition 214t

Ipratropium

bromide 997

intranasal 589

IQ. See Intelligence quotient

Iridocyclitis 921

Iris prolapse 177

Iron 129, 142, 159, 196, 209, 210

absorption of 527

amount of 142

chelating agent 1021

chelation 538

deficiency anemia 102

deficiency of 102, 527

fortification 529

intoxication 966

metabolism 526

overload, indicators of 541

status 152

Iron deficiency anemia 526–9

Iron gap 129

Irritability 194, 205, 486

Irritable bowel syndrome 487

Irreversible shock 946

Ischemic hepatopathy 481

Ischemic stroke 425

Isoimmune hemolytic disease 442

Isolated premature thelarche 828

Isomerism 646f

Isoniazid 287, 288, 522, 780

prophylaxis 323

Isoprenaline 654, 1018

Isoproterenol 219

Isospora 358

Itching 361, 917

ITP. See Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Itraconazole 999

IUGR. See Intrauterine growth retardation

in IDM 430

symmetrical vs asymmetrical 406

vs preterm 407

Ivermectin 349, 352, 353, 1009

IVH . See also, Intraventricular hemorrhage

IVIG

for ITP 554

for KD 853

for neonatal jaundice 446

Ixodes 364

Jaggery

nutritive value of 141t

Jamshidi bone marrow biopsy needle 566, 567f

Janani shishu suraksha karyakram 986

Janani Suraksha Yojana 994

Janeway lesions 641, 642f, 680

Japanese B virus 782

Japanese encephalitis 260, 302, 783f

vaccine 243, 244, 260, 261, 267

Jaundice 276, 341, 388, 441, 480, 498, 520, 887

and hepatic dysfunction, evidence of 494

causes of 441

cephalocaudal progression of 441f

child with 491, 492

examination of 388f

idiopathic 442

management of 403

neonatal 440, 548, 755

nonhemolytic 442

pathological 441, 443

physiological 394, 441

Jaw-thrust without head tilt 937f

JIA See Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Jitteriness 426

Joint

pain 204, 839, 840b

swelling 276

Jones criteria 676

Jugular venous waveform 639, 641f

Junk food 149

nutritive value of 149

Juvenile dermatomyositis 839

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 839, 842, 843t, 844, 845

complications of 844

treatment 844

types of 842

Juvenile justice 970

system 969, 970

Juvenile nephronophthisis 734

Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma 791

Juxtaglomerular apparatus 692

Kala-azar 346–8

Kanamycin 284, 288

sulfate 1000

Kangaroo mother care 398, 398f, 407, 407f

Kangaroo technique 162

Karyotype 870

Kasabach-Merritt syndrome 439

Kashin-Beck disease 207

Kawasaki disease 291

Kayexalate 225

Kayser-Fleischer ring 499, 921

KDIGO classification 730t

Kearns-Sayre syndrome 925

Keloid 899, 899f

Keratitis 921

Keratoconjunctivitis 298

Keratoconus 921

Keratomalacia 158, 177, 177f

Keratouveitis 294

Kerion 911, 911f

Kernicteric facies 443, 443f

Kernicterus 442, 755

spectrum disorders 442

Kernig sign 486, 754, 775

Kerosene oil poisoning 962

treatment 962

Keshan disease 207

Ketamine 669

Keto acid

decarboxylase 888

precursors, levels of 888

Ketoacidosis 229

Ketoconazole 999

Ketones 230, 823

KFT. See Kidney function test

Kidney 147, 227, 485, 693, 734

anatomy of 691, 692f

biopsy 731

clear cell sarcoma of 744

congenital abnormalities of 750

disorders of 691

failure 728, 729

function 692

measurement of 694, 694t

test 313, 486, 729

injury 731

replacement therapy 732, 737

rhabdoid tumor of 744

role of 725

Kidney disease 148, 729, 734t, 749, 749t

cystic 700, 702

glomerulocystic 700, 702

Kikuchi disease 565

Killed vaccines 242

Kingella species 680

Klebsiella 601, 903

pneumoniae 432, 703, 711

Klinefelter syndrome 875, 876

Klumpke paralysis 415

treatment 415

Kniest dysplasia 891

Koilonychia 515, 527f

Koplik spots 291

Krait neurotoxin 795

Kramer rule 441f

Kupffer cells 346

Kussmaul respiration 229

Kussmaul sign 683

Kwashiorkor 156, 520

Kyphoscoliosis 810

Kyphosis 180

LAA. See Left atrial appendage

Labetalol 1012

Labial adhesion 704, 748f

Labial agglutination 748

Labial synechiae 748

Labor

care during 403

monitoring stages of 992

Lacrimal system 920

Lactase 470

Lactate dehydrogenase 548, 565, 648

Lactation 111

anatomy and physiology of 112, 113

Lactic acidosis 229, 230, 866

Lactoferrin 436

Lactose 170

malabsorption 159

Lactuca sativa 139

Lactulose 1022

Lagenidium 307

Lagophthalmos 920

Lamivudine 320, 321, 1014

Lamotrigine 1006

Language

development 27, 32

milestones 30, 30t

Lansoprazole 1022

Lanugo 383, 385f

Lapsed immunizations 266

Large for gestational age 382

Large head

approach to 60f

Large vessel vasculitis 850

Laryngeal diphtheria 326, 593

Laryngeal mask airway 376

Laryngeal spasms 331

Laryngomalacia 581, 591

Laryngoscope 377f, 401

Laryngotracheal obstruction, management of complete 598f

Laryngotracheitis, acute 593

Laryngotracheobronchitis 291, 590, 593

L-asparaginase 510, 1005

Late neonatal mortality rate 978b, 980t

Late-onset sepsis 432

Lathyrus sativus 210

LBW. See Low birth weight

LDH. See Lactate dehydrogenase

LD bodies 347

Lead 208, 926

poisoning 519, 522

toxicity, treatment 209

Left-to-right shunts 656

Legumes 142

Learning disability 73

Learning disorder 73, 74

diagnosis of 74b

Lecithin 418, 419

Ledipasvir 1018

Left ventricular

assist device 654

dysfunction 674

enlargement 647

function 673f

hypertrophy 649, 666, 674

Leigh disease 887

Leishman-Donovan bodies 346, 347

Leishmania 346

Leishmaniasis 346, 492

Leishmanin skin test 347

Lemli-Opitz syndrome 887

Length

at birth 7

in infancy 8

measuring 10

of newborn 382

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 771

Lens 921

Leptin receptor genes 55

Leptospiral antibodies 496

Leptospirosis 491, 707

Leptotrombidium deliense 364

Lesch-Nyhan disease 887

Lethal skeletal dysplasias 893

Let-down reflex 112

Leukemia 194, 262, 493, 560, 927, 928

eye findings in 928t

Leukocoria 919f

Leukocyte

adhesion defect 835

count 158

esterase test 704

infiltration of 712

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, drug-induced 915f

Leukodepleting filter 537f

Leukomalacia, periventricular 455, 801, 801f

Leukopenia 158, 433, 523, 524

Leukotriene 137

receptor antagonist 589, 618, 998

Levamisole 724, 1009

Levetiracetam 773

Levofloxacin 284, 288, 1002

Levosalbutamol 997

LFT. See Liver function test

LH. See Luteinizing hormone

Lichenification 897f

Lid

abnormalities 920

retraction 920

Lidocaine hydrochloride 996

Life expectancy 980t

Lifestyle changes

in hypertension 741

Li-Fraumeni syndrome 742t

Ligament of Treitz 480

Ligandin 440

Light-emitting diodes 444

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 811

Lincosamide. See also Clindamycin hydrochloride

Line probe assays 286

Linezolid 288, 522, 1004

Linoleic acid 137

Lipase deficiency 471

Lipid 137, 188

metabolism defect 887

soluble agents 962

storage disorders 481

Lipoid pneumonia 961

Lipomeningocele 765f

Lipomyelomeningocele 765

Lipopolysaccharides 364, 585

Lipoprotein

high density 57, 722

low-density 137

Liposomal amphotericin B 348

Liquid chromatography, high-pressure 178

Lithium 198

Live born 371

Live virus vaccine, doses of 299

Liver 147, 160, 186, 194, 347, 413, 485

antigen, soluble 499

aspirate 355

biopsy 492, 498, 499

cells 338

cirrhosis of 347

disorder, clinical markers of 482

enzymes 498

failure 229, 558

function test 313, 413, 486, 502, 504

injury, severe 495

midline transverse 646f

palpation of 485f

synthetic 495

Liver disease 148

acute 494, 495

chronicity of 497b

drug-induced 493

LMN. See Lower motor neuron

LMW. See Low molecular weight

Loa loa 349

Lobar consolidation 962

Lobar emphysema 627

congenital 423

Long chain fatty acids 114

Long-acting β-2 agonist. See also Salmeterol

Loop diuretic. See also Furosemide

Loop of Henle 692

limb of 718

Loperamides 462

Lopinavir 320, 321, 1015

Loratadine 1010

Lorazepam 1006

Lordosis 180

LOS. See Late-onset sepsis

Loving attitude 95

Low birth weight 157, 371, 405–10

treatment 407

types of 406

Low fiber diet 138

Low molecular weight 718, 720

Low nutrient density foods 149

Lowe syndrome 928

Lowenstein–Jensen medium 286

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding 480t

Lower motor neuron 753, 757f, 794

dysfunction 757

lesion 756t

signs 755

Lower respiratory tract 275

infections 714

Lower urinary tract 696

disorders of 697

LRTIs. See Lower respiratory tract infections

Lumbar lordosis 810

Lumbar meningomyelocele 380f

Lumbar puncture 287, 433, 775, 782

complications of 758

contraindications for 758

parental counseling for 775

Lumefantrine 344t, 1013

Luminal amebicides 355

Lung 569, 629

and pleura

surface landmarks of 570

surface marking of 570f

and respiratory tract, development of 570

aplasia 627

bilateral hyperinflation of 626f

collapse

right 627f

signs of 610

cysts, congenital 423

hypoplasia 627

maintain adequate oxygen supply 570

maturity, assessment of fetal 418

parenchyma 569

secondary infection in 329

ultrasound 602, 629

volumes 571, 571f

Lupus erythematosus 928

Luteinizing hormone 57

Lymph node

architecture 563

aspirate 281

biopsy, excisional 563

reactive hyperplasia of 565

Lymph vessels 351

Lymphadenitis 351

Lymphadenopathy 493, 611

etiology of 276b

Lymphangiectasia, intestinal 471

Lymphangitis. See also Lymph vessels

Lymphatic filariasis 349, 351, 353

distribution of 350f

Lymphatic imaging 352

Lymphocyte 238, 514, 836

total 319t

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia 319

Lymphocytic pleocytosis 504

Lymphoid growth 5

Lymphoid tissue 158, 347

Lymphokines 238

Lymphoma 324, 493, 562, 565

Lymphopenia 303

Lymphopoiesis 513

Lymphoproliferative disorders 550

Lymphoreticular malignancies 255

Lysine, deficiency of 131

Lysosomal storage disorders 889

MAA. See Mother's absolute affection

Maceration 898f

Macrocephaly 59

Macrocytes 531f

Macrocytic anemia 519, 532

Macrocytic normochromic anemia 191

Macrogametocytes 339

Macrolides 1002

Macronutrient 135, 154

nutritional deficiency of 156

Macrophage 238

activation syndrome 844

Macrosomia 404, 430

Macula, pigmentary degeneration of 927

Macule 896f

Maculopapular rash 291, 367

Magnesium 205, 214, 226

deficiency 163, 205

treatment 205

renal loss of 205

requirement of 205

sulfate 332, 421, 997, 1022

urinary loss of 226

Maintenance fluid

composition of 216

therapy 215

Malabsorption 175

disorders 470, 472, 476

syndromes 193

Malar rash 841f

Malaria 164, 269, 337–46, 492, 707

antigen test 496

chronic complications of 341

congenital 341

diagnosis of 342

life cycle of 338f

parasite 339, 339t

life cycle of 338

pathophysiology of 339

pigment 342

severe 340, 344, 344b

symptoms of 340

transmission of 337

treatment 343, 344

uncomplicated 340, 343b, 345

vaccine 270, 345

development of 345

Malassezia furfur 910

Malignancy 276, 281, 562, 565, 682

diet in 148

Malignant cells, immunophenotypes of 562t

Malnutrition 3, 44, 102, 459, 520, 977, See also Undernutrition

and diarrhea 459

burden of 976

etiopathogenesis of 157–9

IAP classification of 156

in adolescents 102

maternal 3

moderate acute 156, 159, 168, 169

treatment 168

pathophysiology of 158

severe 162t, 163f, 176

acute 154, 156, 159, 160t, 161, 161b, 162, 166, 167, 172, 174, 282, 975

with edema, severe acute 160

without edema, severe acute 160

Wellcome Trust classification 156

WHO classification of 156

Maltase-glucoamylase 470

Maltreatment 107

MAM. See Moderate acute malnutrition 168

Mannitol 221, 1023

Mansonella

ozzardi 349

perstans 349

streptocerca 349

Mansonia annulifera 350

Mansonia uniformis mosquitoes 350

Mantoux test 158, 284, 285, 504

Maple syrup urine disease 888

treatment 888

Marasmic kwashiorkor 156

Marasmus 156

Marfan syndrome 50, 639, 863, 921,

eye findings in 928t

Marrow ablation 266

Mask, nonrebreathing 943, 944, 944f

Mastitis neonatorum 394, 394f

Mastoiditis 291

Masturbation 92

treatment 92

Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination program 333

Maternal hyperglycemia 430

Maternal malnutrition 3

Mathematical disorder, 74, See also Dyscalculia

Maturation defects 523

Mature pincer grasp 29f

Mcburney point 508

MCHC. See Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

MCKD. See Multicystic dysplastic kidney

MCV. See Mean corpuscular volume

MDI. See pressurised metered dose inhaler

Mean 13

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 519

concentration 518, 519

Measles 158, 177, 258, 259, 290–3, 593

containing vaccines 258, 259

control and elimination 292

diagnosis of 291

immunization, second opportunity for 292

mild 259

modified 291

mortality from 291

mumps, and rubella 245

treatment 291

vaccine 292

virus 290

Measles and rubella

combination vaccine 244

vaccine, single dose of 258

Meat 142

nutritive value of 141t

Mebendazole 362, 1009

Meckel diverticulum 491, 506

Meconium 394, 394f

aspiration syndrome 416, 420, 421, 421fc, 455

treatment 421

ileus 452f, 507

plug syndrome 507

Media opacities 919

Median 13

Medicolegal issues

in community 995

Medium chain triglycerides 137

Medium vessel vasculitis 850

Medullary cystic kidney disease 700, 701

Medullary relapse, isolated 561

Medulloblastoma 791

MEE. See Middle ear effusion

Mefenamic acid 1000

Mefloquine 343, 1013

Megakaryocytes, production of 555

Megakaryocytopoiesis 514

Megalencephaly 59

Megaloblastic anemia 531, 532f, 534

treatment 533

Megaloblastic erythropoiesis 520

Megaloblastic red cell precursors 533f

Megaloblastosis, etiology of 531

Megalocornea 921

Melanocortin pathway 55

Melena 439, 480

Membrane defects 535

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 711, 714, 730

Membranous nephropathy 718

Memory T cells 238

Menaquinones 185

Menarche, 828, See also Menstruation

Mendel's laws of heredity 870

Mendelian disorders 862

Mendelian inheritance 862

Meningeal inflammation 775

Meningeal signs 754, 777

Meningeal tubercle 779

Meningeal tumors 792

Meningitis 218, 219, 424, 428, 437, 462, 477, 777, 925

acute 778t

CSF findings in acute 778t

fluids in 218

neonatal 755

tubercular 780

Meningocele 764f

Meningococcal meningitis 778, 779

Meningococcal rash 291

Meningococcal vaccines 264

Meningoencephalitis 294, 298

Meningomyelocele 764f, 765f

Menkes kinky hair disease 887

Menorrhagia 554

Menstruation 5

Mental function test, higher 754

Mental health 106

Mental illness 104

Mental status 947

Merogony 339

Meropenem 1004

Merozoite vaccine 345

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis 721

Mesenteric veins 506

Mesial temporal sclerosis 770

Mesocardia 646f

Metabolic acidosis 227–230, 411, 713, 732

treatment 230

Metabolic alkalosis 228–231, 486

treatment 231

Metabolic alterations 158

Metabolic and storage disorders 481

Metabolic bone disease 407

Metabolic cardiomyopathy 654

Metabolic disorder 442, 494, 500, 510, 859, 938

Metabolic syndrome 57t, 58

Metabolism 179

inborn error of 3, 229, 426, 429, 486, 887, 890, 951

Metal 211

and binding proteins 1065

Metalloprotoporphyrins 446

Metaphyseal 891

osteomyelitis 840f

Metapneumovirus 593

Metarhizium 307

Metastatic adenopathy 565

Metastatic brain tumor, secondary 791

Meter dose inhaler 616, See also Pressurized metered dose inhaler

Metformin therapy 229

Methacholine 958

Methanol 229

Methemoglobinemia 548, 549

treatment 549

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 369, 434

Methionine 956

pathway 888f

Methoprene 353

Methotrexate 192, 520, 845

Methoxamine, injection 668

Methylcobalmin 1020

Methyldopa 1012

Methylene blue 548, 956

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency 192

Methylprednisolone 525

Methylxanthine. See Aminophylline

Metoclopramide hydrochloride 1008

Metoprolol 1012

Metronidazole 510, 733, 1023

Microcephaly 59

approach to 59

causes of 59b

in congenital 449

in Zika syndrome 449

Microcytic anemia 519, 528

Microcytosis 543

Microdeletion syndrome 875

Microduplication syndromes 862

Microfilaremia 352

Microfilaria 350, 351

Microfilarial density 350, 351

Microgametocytes 339

Micronutrient 196, 197

Micronutrient deficiencies

in adolescents 102

in SAM 164

prevention of 209–10

Micronutrient interactions 210

Micropenis 698

Microsporum 910

Microvascular failure 946

Micturating cystourethrography 698, 705

Midazolam 783, 1007

Mid-day meal program 150, 987

Middle ear 572

effusion 574

Middle adolescence 97, 99t

Midparental height, calculation of 43b

Migraine 789, 790

Milestones 27

adaptive 27

cognitive 27

language 30

motor 27

personal social 30

Milia 395

Miliary tuberculosis 283, 284

Milium, 899f, See also Milia

Milk

and milk products 142

expression, method of 121

formula 120

mature 114

not enough 120

nutritive value of 140t

preterm 114

production 120

physiology of 112

transitional 114

types of 114

Milk secretion reflex, 112, See also Prolactin reflex

Milky fluid 504

Miller-Fisher syndrome 796

Milrinone 654, 949, 1020

Miltefosine 348

Mineral 196, 197

and trace elements 207, 208

in breastmilk 115

metabolism defect 887

Mineralocorticoid excess, primary 740

Minoxidil 1012

Mipomersen 882

Missense 556

Minimum dietary diversity 129

Mission Indradhanush 987

Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid 867f

Mitochondrial diseases 887

Mitochondrial disorders 429, 481, 866

Mitochondrial encephalopathy 866

Mitochondrial heteroplasmy 867f

Mitochondrial homoplasmy 867f

Mitochondrial inheritance 866, 867f

Mitral regurgitation 643, 677

Mitral stenosis 654, 677

Mitral valve prolapse 639

Mixed neuronal-glial tumors 791

Moderate acute malnutrition 144t, 156, 168–9

Modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT) 78

Modified family foods 165

Modified measles 291

Molecular mimicry antibodies 712

Molluscum contagiosum 908, 908f

treatment 908

Molybdenum 196, 208

nutritional deficiency of 208

Mometasone furoate 589

Mongolian spots 395, 395f

Mongoloid slant 920

Monoarthritis 840

Monocyte 238

colony stimulating factor 514

Monocytopoiesis 514

Monogenic diabetes 820

Monogenic disorders 862

Monogenic malformation syndrome 877t

Monogenic obesity 55

Monophonic wheezing 609

Monoplegia 800f

Monosaccharides 136

Monosymptomatic enuresis 87

Montelukast sodium 998

Montenegro test. See Leishmanin skin test

Moraxella catarrhalis 578, 593

Moro reflex 389, 389f

Morphine 219, 332, 1000

Mortality indicators 980t

Morquio syndrome 887, 890

Mosaicism 868

Mosquito 309, 351

Mothball intoxication, clinical features of 549

Mother and child protection (MCP) card 63

for 18 months 69f

for 24 months 70f

for 3 years 71f

for 2–3 months 65f

for 4–6 months 66f

for 7–9 months 67f

for 10–12 months 68f

Mother's absolute affection (MAA) program 125

Mother own milk 125

Motor axonal neuropathy, acute 796

Motor development 27

Motor milestones 27

Motor system examination 754, 755t

Motor tics 92

Motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, acute 796

Movement disorders 803, 804, 804t

classification 803

Moxifloxacin 284

MPGN. See Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

MPS. See Mucopolysaccharidosis

MRSA. See Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MR spectroscopy 759

MRI lung 629

MRSOPA 376

MTDNA. See Mitochondrial DNA

MUAC. See Mid-upper arm circumference

Mucociliary clearance disorders 609

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 346

Mucocutaneous involvement

in JDM 848

in SLE 845

Mucopolysaccharidosis 887, 889

Multicystic dysplastic kidney 700, 701, 702f

Multicystic encephalomalacia 801, 801f

Multidrug resistance, in TB 284

Multidrug resistant S. typhi 335

Multifactorial inheritance 869

Multilocular cysts 702

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 891t

Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency 830b

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MISC) 314

diagnostic criteria 313b

management of 315fc

Mumps 293–5

control 295

infection with 293

meningitis 294

neurological manifestations of 294

prophylaxis 294

treatment 294

vaccine 249

Murine typhus 367, 368

Murmur 662

appearance of 636

diastolic 644

ejection systolic 643, 644, 662, 671

indicates 671

mitral diastolic 662

systolic 643

types of 644f

Muscarinic receptor antagonist 618

Muscle

deltoid 263

detrusor 691

dysfunction 757

mass 160

pain 193

tone, decreased 757

weakness 222

Muscle relaxant. See Baclofen

Muscular dystrophies 809–11

Musculoskeletal diseases

in JDM 848

Musculoskeletal injuries 415

Musculoskeletal pain 839f

Mushrooms, muscarine-containing 958

Mutations 861

Myalgia 309, 310, 367

Myasthenia gravis 231, 919

Mycobacteria 711

growth indicator tube 286

Mycobacterium 282, 289

avium 323

bovis 251

infections, atypical 565

kansasii 324

tuberculosis 251, 282, 323, 779

Mycophenolate mofetil 724, 847

Mycoplasma pneumoniae 329, 601, 682, 796

Mycotoxins 211

Myelitis, transverse 298, 335

Myelodysplastic syndrome 523

Myelomeningocele 762

treatment 763

Myelopathy, compressive 796

Myelophthisic anemia 523

Myeloproliferative disorders 520

Myocarditis 291, 298, 309, 335, 676

Myoclonic seizure 426, 804t

Myoclonus 804

Myoglobinuria 952

Myopathy 331

Myotonic dystrophy 866

My plate 147

Myxedematous cretinism 199

NAAT. See Nucleic acid amplification test

Nada's criteria 645, 645t

Nail biting 91

Naked eye single tube red cell osmotic fragility test 542

Nanovalent HPV vaccine 270

Nalidixic acid 548, 1002

Naloxone 956

Naproxen 1000

Narcolepsy 92

Nasal allergen provocation test 585

Nasal bridge, depressed 640f

Nasal cannula 943, 943f

Nasal catheters 943

Nasal congestion 310, 574

Nasal decongestants 589

Nasal diphtheria 326

Nasal discharge 615

Nasal flaring 943

Nasal prongs 943

Nasal saline irrigation 589

Nasogastric losses 217

Nasogastric tube 461f, 503, 660

Nasolabial dysbacea 188

Nasopharyngeal aspirate 612

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 562, 565

Nasopharyngeal catheter 944, 944f

Nasopharyngitis 582, 583

treatment 583

Natal teeth 395

National anemia control program 530–1

National guidelines on infant and young child feeding 131

National health mission 981–3

National Immunization days (NID) 271

National immunization program 243–4

National immunization schedule 244t

National iodine deficiency disorder control program 200

National nutrition program 150

National nutritional initiatives 150–1

National program for TB 284

National program on breastfeeding 124

National rural health mission 982f, 983

National strategic plan for tuberculosis elimination 284

National tuberculosis elimination program 284

National urban health mission 982f, 983

Natural growth rate 980t

Natural immunity 235

Natural killer cells 238

Navjaat shishu suraksha karyakram 986

Natural killer cells 235, 238, 316

Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram 986

NBCCs. See Newborn care corners

NBSUS. See Newborn stabilization units

NCD. See Non-communicable disease

Nebulization 1019

Nebulizer 618

NEC. See Necrotizing enterocolitis

Necator americanus 360

Neck

edema 722

mass 576f

Necrotizing enterocolitis 392f, 407, 424, 451, 452f

Necrotizing fasciitis 583, 905

Necrotizing infection 905f

Neglect and negligent treatment 968

Neglected tropical diseases 353

Neisseria

gonorrhoeae 437, 583, 680

meningitidis 682, 711

meningitis 777, 778

Nelfinavir 320, 1015

Nematodes 358

Neomycin 900

Neonate. See Newborn

Neonatal and infantile cholestasis syndromes 481

Neonatal bilirubin nomogram 443f

Neonatal bleeding, causes of 438

Neonatal cholestasis 496, 497

causes of 497b

Neonatal encephalopathy 411

Neonatal fluid requirements 216

Neonatal growth charts 455

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia 440, 446

Neonatal hypocalcemia 431

treatment 431

Neonatal hypoglycemia 429

treatment of 429

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, grading of 412t

Neonatal intensive care unit 125, 401, 407

disinfection protocols in 401

visitor policy in 401

Neonatal jaundice 440

Neonatal lupus erythematosus 846

Neonatal mortality

causes of 402

rate 402, 978, 980

Neonatal mortality rate 402, 978b, 980, 980t

causes of 979

Neonatal nomenclature 371

Neonatal reflexes 389

Neonatal resuscitation 372, 374b, 378, 378t

Neonatal screening 884

Neonatal seizures 425, 428, 755

causes of 428

management of 428fc

treatment 426

Neonatal sepsis 432, 433, 437

antibiotics for 435t

therapy for 434t

treatment 433

Neonatal tetanus 331–333, 435

prevention of 332

treatment 436

Neonatal transport 453

Neostigmine 956

Nephritic syndrome 711, 711t

Nephritis 294

Nephritogenic antigen, implantation of 712

Nephrogenesis, early 742

Nephron, structure of 692f

Nephronophthisis 701

treatment 701

Nephrotic syndrome 711t, 713,721–5

edema in 726t

parental counseling for 749t

referral in 749t

terminologies used 724t

Nerve injuries 415

Nervous system 145

peripheral 756, 963

tracts of 756t

NESTROFT. See Naked eye single tube red cell osmotic fragility test

Net acid excretion 694

Neural tube 763f

Neural tube defects 762–6

and folic acid 192

risk factors for 762b

Neuraminidase inhibitor. See Oseltamivir

Neuraxis 757f

Neuritis, peripheral 326

Neurocutaneous syndrome, stigmata of 772

Neuroblastoma 276, 565

Neurocutaneous syndromes 787

Neurocysticercosis 363, 785, 786, 786t

management of 786fc

stages of 785fc

treatment 786

Neurodegenerative disorders 951

Neurodevelopmental disability 455

Neurodevelopmental disorders 74

Neuroendocrine tumors 740

Neurofibromatosis 772f, 863, 919, 928

Neurogenic bladder 696

Neurohypophysis 813

Neuroimaging

in cerebral palsy 801

in febrile seizure 776

in neonatal seizures 426

in seizures 772

in status epilepticus 951

Neurological diagnosis 754, 756

Neurological evaluation 752–8

Neurological examination 754

Neurological history 753

Neurological lesion 755

Neurological symptoms 752

Neuromuscular junction

disorders 808f

symptoms of involvement 758t

Neuropsychiatric involvement

in SLE 846

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses 925

Neuronal injury, pathophysiology of 412fc

Neuronal-glial tumors, mixed 791

Neuropathy 191, 331

Neuroretinitis 926

Neurosonogram 767

Neurotoxic, risk factors 442

Neurotransmitters, synthesis of 189

Neutropenia 320, 836

Neutrophil 514

Neutrophilia, severe 836

Nevirapine 320, 321, 324t, 1015

syrup 324

New Ballard score 384f

Newborn

anthropometric examination in 382

apena in 424

assessment of 386–7

at birth 993

bilirubin nomogram in 443f

bleeding in 438

care at birth 379–82

cause of deaths in India 979

classification of 382

common problems of 393

danger signs in 387

deaths prevention of 403

discharge of 399

examination of 388–93

follow-up care of 399

gestational age estimation in 383

growth charts for 455

head-to-toe examination in 389

hyperbilirubinemia in 440–7

hypocalcemia in 431

hypoglycemia in 429–30

infection control in 400–1

maintenance of temperature 396–9

respiratory distress in 416

screening for hypothyroidism 816

seizure in 425

stools in 394

surgical conditions in 449–53

survival 402–5

temperature maintenance 379

tetanus in 436

thrombocytopenia in 439

vital signs in 388

Newborn care

corners 986

facility-based 991

Newborn stabilization units 986

Newer vaccines 269–71

Newly diagnosed ITP 554

Next generation sequencing 880

Niacin 186, 188, 193

deficiency 189, 193

toxicity of 189

Nickel 208

Niclosamide 1009

Nicotine 219

alkaloids 958

Nicotinic receptors 963

NICU. See Neonatal intensive care unit

Niemann-Pick disease 481, 887, 889,

eye findings in 928t

Nifedipine 653, 1012

Night awakening 92

Night blindness 923

Nipple

and areola 112

confusion 120

cracked 120, 122

retracted 120f

Nitazoxanide 357, 1009

Nitisinone 888

Nitric oxide 340

synthase 412

therapy, inhaled 421

Nitroblue tetrazolium test 836, 836f

Nitrofurantoin 510, 548, 705, 1004

Nitroglycerin 653

Nitroprusside 949

NLPHL. See Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma

NMDA. See N-methyl d-aspartate

NMDAR. See N-methyl d-aspartate receptor

N-methyl d-aspartate 412

receptor 784

NMR. See Neonatal mortality rate

NNRTIS. See Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Nocturnal paroxysmal cough 351

Nodular lesions 907f

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma 562

Nodular scabies 907

Nodule 897f

Nonaccidental traumatic brain injury 971

Nonarticular pains 839

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema 366

Non-communicable disease 104, 106, 106b, 107

Non-concomitant squint 922

Non-glomerular hematuria 708

Nonhereditary kidney cysts 700

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 281, 562, 562t, 564, 564t, 565

treatment 565

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 320, 1015

Non-mendelian inheritance 866

Non-obstructive hydrocephalus 767

Non-polio AFP rate 798

Non-purulent conjunctivitis 852f

Non-rebreathing mask 944, 944f

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 999

Non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia 543

Noonan syndrome 639

Norepinephrine 654, 949, 1020

infusions 940

Norfloxacin 1002

Normal delivery 991

Normal saline 216t

Normocytic anemia 520

Norwegian scabies 907, 907f

Norwood operation 688

NOS. See Nitric oxide synthase

Nose

anatomy of 574, 574f

bleed 577

block 585

examination of 574

external 574

internal 574

Not enough milk 120

NOVA classification 149

NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Nucleic acid 175, 205

amplification test 284, 285, 289, 780

Nucleoproteins 175

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 320, 321, 1014, 1015

Nucleotide polymorphism, single 861

Nurturing care 1

Nutrients 135–8

and nutritional requirements 135, 138

categories of 135

Nutrition 43, 103, 408, 413, 604

and pneumonia 604

education, strategies for 153b

for LBW 408

in chronic diseases 147, 498

indicators 980

interventions 148

maternal 7

normal 135

status, trends in 155f

supplementary 150

surveillance system, essential elements of 152t

Nutritional anemia 521, 522

treatment of 522

Nutritional anthropometry 143

Nutritional counseling 689

Nutritional deficiency 158, 483, 977

Nutritional disorder 3, 154

Nutritional education 152

Nutritional problems 100, 498

Nutritional rehabilitation 153

Nutritional requirement 102

Nutritional rickets 182t

prevention of 183

treatment of 183

Nutritional status 143, 172

classification of 159t

Nutritional surveillance 151

Nutritional therapy

for diabetes 823

in CKD 736

Nutritional value

of foods 138-43

of nuts 141t

of pulses 139t

Nuts and oil seeds 142

nutritive value of 141t

NVP. See Nevirapine

Nystagmus 923

OAE. See Otoacoustic emissions

Obesity 51–58

and growth 4

and screen time exposure 93

approach to a child 55

diet in 148

in adolescents 102

indices of 51

prevention of 57

secondary 55

Obligatory shunt 637

Observing a breastfeed 118

Obstetric disorders 3

Obstructive airway disease 571

Obstructive hydrocephalus 766

Obstructive lesions 655, 656, 672

Obstructive pulmonary arterial hypertension 658, 663

Obstructive sleep apnea 92, 615

Occipital encephalocele 765f

Occult bacteremia, risk of 279

Ocular abnormality 296

Ocular motility 922

Ocular motion, disturbances of 412

Ocular myasthenia gravis 920f

Odontogenic abscess 331

Ofloxacin 284, 335, 705, 1002

OGTT. See Oral glucose tolerance test

Oilseeds

nutritive value of 141t

Oligoarthritis 842, 843

Oligogenic inheritance 869

Oligosaccharidosis 887

Oliguria 217, 729

Olopatadine 589

OME. See Otitis media with effusion

Omega-3 fatty acids 137

Omega-6 fatty acids 137

Omphalitis 436

Omphalocele 380f

Onchocerca volvulus 349

Ondansetron hydrochloride 1008

Onychomycosis, dermatophyte 911f

Oophoritis 294

Ophthalmia neonatorum 437

Opioid analgesic 999

Opioid toxic syndrome 958

Opportunistic infections 322

Opsoclonus 923

Opsonization 240

Optic atrophy 926

Optic neuritis 926

OPV. See Oral polio vaccine

Oral candidiasis 391f

Oral cholera vaccines 264

Oral glucose tolerance test 821

Oral live vaccines 267

Oral polio vaccine 244, 245, 254, 255, 993

Oral rehydration salt (ORS) 460. Also see ORS

Oral rehydration therapy 460

Oral thrush 575

Oral ulceration 575

Orbit 919

Orchitis 294

Organic acids 138

Organic aciduria 426

Organophosphate

intoxication 962

poisoning

signs of 963t

symptoms of 963t

treatment of 964b

Organophosphorus poisoning 795, 962, 964

treatment 964

Organ-threatening complications 846

Orientia tsutsugamushi infection 367

Orobuccal pigmentation 490

Oropharynx, cobble stoning of 586

ORS. See Oral rehydration salts

physiological basis of 460

through nasogastric tube 461

Orthomyxoviridae 310

Orthostatic proteinuria 718

Orthostatic test 718

Oseltamivir 311f, 1019

Osler nodes 641

Osmolarity, reduced 460t

Osmotic fragility 547

Osteitis fibrosa cystica 735

Osteochondritis 448

Osteogenesis imperfecta 892, 893f, 921

Osteomalacia 180

Osteomyelitis 625

Osteopetrosis 891, 892, 893f

Osteoporosis 204

Ostium primum 633

Ostium secundum 633

atrial septal defect 664

defect 666

Otalgia 578

Otitis media 81, 330

chronic suppurative 579

with effusion 579

Otoacoustic emissions 72

Otogenic tetanus 330

Otoscope 573f

Otoscopic evaluation 578

Otoscopic examination method 573f

Otoscopy 572

Ovarian cyst 479

Overfeeding 82

Overhydration 163

Overweight and obesity 102

Oxazolidinone. See Linezolid

Oxcarbazepine 773

Oxidative hexose monophosphate shunt pathway 547

Oxybutynin 89

Oxygen 956

delivery devices, types of 943t

requirement, increased fetal 411

saturation 375t

measurement of 389f

therapy 613, 943, 945

toxicity 966, 967, 967t

treatment 967

Oxygen hood 945

Oxygen mask 944

Oxygen saturation 389f

Oxygen tent 945

Oxymetazoline 589

Oxyphenylbutazone 524

Oxytocin reflex 112, 113f

P wave 648

Packed cell 249

volume 172, 514

Packed red blood cell transfusion 541

indications of 522b

Paladai feeding 123f, 400

Palliative cardiac surgeries 688

Pallor 276

Palmar cyst 897f

Palmar erythema 483, 483f, 497

Palmar pallor 482f

Palpable purpura 490

over legs 366f

Palpebral conjunctiva

congestion 640f

loses 177

PALS. See Pediatric advanced life support

PAMP. See Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PANCA. See Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

Pancarditis 676

Pancreas 813

parenchymal involvement of 357

Pancreatic amylase deficiency 470

Pancreatic disorders 510

Pancreatic divisum 511

Pancreatic duct scars, post-traumatic 511

Pancreatic insufficiency 471

Pancreatic lipase 471

Pancreatitis 294, 363, 510–512

Pancytopenia 347, 523, 550

PANK2 gene 192

Pansystolic murmur 643, 644

Pantothenic acid 186, 192, 193, 193t

supplementation, treatment 192

Papilledema 925, 926f

Papillitis 926

Pappenheimer bodies 541

Papular urticaria 902, 902f

Parechoviruses 782

Paracetamol 229, 275, 278, 733

poisoning 964, 965

acute 965fc

treatment 965

toxicity, stages of 964t

Parainfluenza virus 269, 329, 595, 609

Paralysis

ascending 794

descending 794

diaphragmatic 231

periodic 795

Paralytic poliomyelitis

natural 255

vaccine-associated 254

Paranasal sinuses 629

Paraphimosis 745

Parapneumonic effusion 605

Parasitic infections 322

Parasitized erythrocytes 340

Parasternal impulse 665

Parasympathetic peripheral junctions 963

Parathyroid

fever 334

glands 813

hormone 204, 227

Paratyphoid fever. See Salmonella paratyphi

Paraphimosis 745

Parapneumonic effusion 605

Parasomnias 92

Parent counseling and education

for asthma 623

for breastfeeding 121

for celiac disease 475

for complementary feeding 132–4

for developmental delay 72

for epilepsy 773

for failure to thrive 42

for febrile seizure 776

for fever 278

for genetic disorders 894–5

for heart diseases 689–90

for kidney disease 749–51

for liver diseases 505–12

for newborn care 400

for prevention of anemia 529–30

for prevention of respiratory disorders 630–1

for undernutrition 171-2

for vaccination 273

Parents’ evaluation of developmental status (PEDS) 63

Parietal lobe, dysfunction of 756t

Parkinsonism 804

Paromomycin 348, 355

Paronychia 91, 905, 905f

Parotitis 294

Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria 550

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 549

Partial rebreathing mask 943, 944f

Passive immunity 236

Passive immunization 242

Pasteurella multocida 680

Pasteurized donor human milk 125

Parvovirus B19 447, 449

Patau syndrome 874

Patent ductus arteriosus 296, 447, 635, 636, 655, 661–664

hemodynamics of 662f

treatment 664

Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis 716

PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction

PCV. See Packed cell volume

PDA. See Patent ductus arteriosus

Pea soup diarrhea 335

Peak nasal inspiratory flow meter 588

Pearson syndrome 522

Pedal edema 611, 722

Pediatric advanced life support 938, 948

Pediatric intensive care unit 948, 953

Pediatric migraine disability assessment tool 790

Pedigree drawing 862

Pegabtinib 882

Pellagra 189

Pellagrous boot 189

Pellagrous glove 189, 189f

Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction 479

Pemphigus, infected lesions of 903f

Penicillamine 956

Penicillin 332, 546, 677

G 778

aqueous 1003

benzathine 1003

high-dose 222

prophylaxis 545

V 1003

Penile epstein pearl 395f

Pentamidine 348

Pentazocine hydrochloride 1000

Pentoxiphylline 436

Peptic ulcer disease 479, 487

Peptidoglycans 585

Percentiles 13

Perforins 238

Perianal desquamation 852f

Perianal excoriation 473

Perianal itching 361

Pericarditis 298, 676, 682–4

Pericardial rub 645

Pericardial tuberculosis 283

Perinatal asphyxia 59, 406, 411, 428

and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy 411, 413, 414

treatment 413

Perinatal infection 447–9

Perinatal mortality rate 402, 978b, 980, 980t

Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody 491, 716

Periodic limb movement disorder 92

Periostitis 448

Peripheral blood

film 535

picture 541

smear 342, 439, 536f, 545f, 733

Peripheral smear 492, 532, 545, 560

examination 517, 551

Peritoneal cavity 725

Peritoneal dialysis 221, 225, 732, 737, 737t, 957

Peritoneal signs 486

Peritonitis 606

Peritonsillar abscess 331, 583, 590

Periurethral itching, causes of 361

Permanent teeth 8

eruption, timing of 9f

Pernicious anemia, causes of 190

Peroxisomal disorders 887

Persistent diarrhea 357, 458, 467, 468

treatment 467

Persistent organic pollutants 211

Persistent proteinuria 718, 720

Persistent pulmonary hypertension 417

Personal social milestones 29, 30t

Personality problems 80

Personal-social development 27, 32

Pertussis 267, 328–330

toxin 328

treatment 329

vaccine 330

Pervasive developmental disorders screening test 78

Pesticides 211

Petechiae 439, 520, 551, 899

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 490

Peyer patches 334, 335

PFT. See Pulmonary function test

Phagocytes 235

Phagocytic defect 835, 838

Phagocytosis, role in 238

Phakomatoses 927

Pharyngeal arches and uvula, inspection of 575

Pharyngitis 575, 581, 584, 713, 715, 774

acute treatment 583

Pheniramine maleate 1011

Phenobarbitone 438, 733, 1007

Phenothiazine 926

Phenylalanine 136, 470

restricted diet 888

Phenylephrine 589, 669, 949, 739

Phenylketonuria 887, 887f, 888

treatment 888

Phenytoin 192, 438, 524, 733, 773

sodium 996, 1007

Philadelphia chromosome 560

Phimosis 704, 745, 751

parental counseling for 751t

referral for 751t

Phlebotomus 346, 348

Phlyctenular keratitis 921

Phosphate 214

binders 217

Phosphatidylglycerol 418

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor 654

Phospholipids 137

Phosphorus 142

Photophobia 188

Phototherapy 443, 444

Phylloquinone 185

Physical abuse 968

Physical activity 54, 55b

for diabetes 823

in obesity 57

Physical development

in adolescence 99t

Physical barriers 158

Physical examination 46, 108, 109b

Physical growth

assessment of 10

velocity of 12

Physical handicaps 2, 977

Physician

role in community 995

Physiological jaundice 394, 441

Physostigmine 956

Phytic acid 204

Pica 87

cause of 87

history of 515

treatment 87

PICU. See Pediatric intensive care unit

Pigeon chest 180

Pimecrolimus 913

Pincer grasp 29f

Pineal region tumors 792

Pingueculae 920

Pinworm infestation, 361, See also Enterobiasis

Piperacillin 1003

Piperazine 1009

Pituitary tumor adenoma 814

Pityriasis versicolor 910, 910f

treatment 910

Pityrosporum ovale 910

Placenta 636

transfer 3

Plane warts 909f

Plantar creases 383, 385f

Plasma 213, 249, 725

ascorbic acid 194

glucose, random 821

iron 526

osmolarity increases 221

protein 136, 722

reabsorption phase 303

regain, rapid 448

Plasmapheresis 797

Plasminogen 438

Plasmodium 337

aldolase 342

falciparum 270, 337, 340, 342, 548, 711

infections 527

knowlesi 337

malariae 337

infection 339

ovale 337

parasite 526

vivax 337, 345

Plastic wrap 378f

Plasticizers 211

Platelet 438

aggregation 365

count 439, 554fc

disorders 438, 551, 558t

function 438, 552

production, decreased 438

role of 305

transfusion 555

Platynychia 515

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 791

Pleura 626

Pleural effusion 283, 571, 627f, 722, 962

Pleural fluid 605

cytology 606

examination 287

Pleural tap 608

Pleural thickening 608

Pleurocentesis 287

Plexiform neuroma 919

PLMD. See Periodic limb movement disorder

Plumbism 209

PMDI. See Pressurized metered-dose inhaler

Pneumatic otoscope 572, 573f

Pneumatoceles 603f

Pneumatosis coli 355

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 243, 260

Pneumococcal disease 259

Pneumococcal meningitis 778, 788f

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 259

Pneumococcal vaccine 259, 260

Pneumococcus 259, 682, 711

Pneumocystis jirovecii 319, 322

pneumonia 323, 324

Pneumomediastinum 422, 962

Pneumonia 231, 291, 417, 420, 420f, 424, 462, 467, 601, 602, 602b, 604–606, 610, 975

antibiotic for non-severe 604t

atypical 602

childhood 243

congenital 407

etiology of 601

hospital-acquired 601

prevention of 604

severe 603, 604, 608

stages of 602

symptoms of 602

treatment 603

types of 601b

Pneumonitis 298, 322

Pneumopericardium 422

Pneumoperitoneum 422

Pneumothorax 231, 417, 422, 627f, 962

in newborn 417

X-ray in 626

PNH. See Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

PNIF. See Peak nasal inspiratory flow meter

POCSO Act 970

Podocytes 718

Pointers to abuse 969

Poisoning 954–9

approach to a child with 955f

first aid 955b

general management 954

predisposing factors 954

Poliomyelitis 158, 231

eradication 255

vaccine 244, 254–6

Polyarteritis nodosa 707

Polyarthralgia, severe 309

Polyarthritis 676, 840, 842–844

Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis 844

Polycystic disease 221

Polycythemia 640f, 927

Polydactyly 381f

Polydrug resistance 284

Polyenes 998

Polyethylene glycol 90, 956

Polygenic inheritance 870

Polygenic obesity 55

Polymerase chain reaction 281, 342, 368, 448, 543, 648, 729, 810, 873, 879, 880f, 952

Polymicrobial typhlitis 490

Polymorphonuclear cells 238

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte defect 836

Polymyxin 1004

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 866

Polyphonic wheezing 609

Polysaccharide 241

capsular antigen 334

vaccines 242, 264

Polysaccharide-protein conjugate meningococcal vaccines 264

Polyserositis 302, 503

Polyuria 217

Pompe disease 889

Pork tapeworm 785

Portal hypertension

causes of 501t

splenomegaly in 490

Port-wine stain 772f

POSHAN Abhiyaan 530, 987

Positioning, for breastfeeding 117, 117f

Positive pressure ventilation 375

Posterior fossa

malformations 766t

tumors 791

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome 713

Posterior rhinoscopy 574

Posterior urethral valves 698

Postexposure prophylaxis 263t, 297, 299, 324

vaccines for 263

Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus 768f

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis 347

Postnatal examination 993

Postnatal growth 6

factors affecting 3

Postnatal rubella 296

Postnatal ward 118

visitor policy in 401

Postneonatal mortality rate 978

Postobstructive diuresis 217

Postpyoderma scars 712f

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis 708f, 709, 710, 712f, 713f, 715, 720

treatment 715

Post-term baby 392f

Potassium 214, 222, 224, 715

balance, regulation of 215

channel activator 1011

chloride 216, 460, 1023

containing 224

deficiency of 163

homeostasis 215

Potassium sparing diuretic. See Spironolactone

Potts shunt 688

Poxvirus infection 908

Prader-Willi syndrome 55, 78, 866, 875

Pralidoxime 956, 958

Praziquantel 1009

Precordial bulge 642

Precordial pain 682

Precordium 672

Prednisolone 623, 727, 1000, 1007

Preeclampsia 3

Pregnancy, multiple 406

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 884

Prelacteal feeds 111, 126

Premature peptide chain termination 556

Prenatal diagnosis 884

for hemophilia 558

for thalassemia 542

Prenatal growth 5

Prenatal teeth 391f

Prenatal testing 558

Preschool wheezing 621

Pressurized metered-dose inhaler 618, 620b

Preterm 406f

breastfeeding in 122

immunization in 265

milk 114

vs. IUGR 407

Preterm birth complications 402

Preterm low birth weight 406, 406f

problems of 407

pRIFLE criteria 729

Primary amenorrhea 830b

Primary antibody defects 834t

Primary complex 283

Primary dentition 8

Primary enuresis 88, 695t

Primary headache 789

Primary immunodeficiency disorders 834

Primary mediastinal large B-cell 564t

Primary nephrotic syndrome 721

Primary pulmonary tuberculosis 282

Primaquine 345, 548, 1014

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor 791

Privacy 107

Progressive pulmonary tuberculosis 283

Priority signs, assessment of 933b

Procaine penicillin 1003

Prochlorperazine 1008

Prochlorperazine. See Phenothiazine

Proguanil 341

Prokinetic agent 1008

Prolactin reflex 112, 112f

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy 925

Promethazine hydrochloride 1008, 1011

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase 193

Proportionate short stature 43

Propranolol 996, 1012

Proptosis 919

Prostaglandin 137

synthesis of 274

Protease inhibitors 320, 1015

Protective food 138

Protein 114, 136, 205, 214, 235, 471

absorption of 470

balances 54

complete 136

content, high 142

C-reactive 112, 312, 423, 648

deficient 882

digestion of 470

energy malnutrition, severe 194

functions of 136

low level of 882

requirements 136

source of 140

Proteinuria 717–22

estimation of 719

nephrotic-range 719

overflow 718

persistent 718, 720, 721

treatment 719

tubular 718

Proteus mirabilis 364, 703

Prothrombin time 498, 551, 554

Proton pump inhibitor 1022

Provitamin A 176

Prunus amygdalus. See Almond

Pruritic lesions, extensive 906f

Pruritic papules 906f

Pruritus 188

Pseudobulbar palsy 220

Pseudoephedrine 589

Pseudohematuria, causes of 708b

Pseudomonas 322, 432, 435

aeruginosa 592, 605, 703, 903

Pseudoparalysis 194, 448

causes of 195

Pseudotumor cerebri 925

PSGN. See Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Psoriatic arthritis 842, 843, 844

Psychiatric problems 74

Psychological trauma, degree of 747

Psychological treatment 77

Psychomotor changes 161

Psychomotor defects 296

Psychosocial assessment 55

HEEADSSS tool for 108b

Psychosocial history 108

Psychosocial management 42

Psychosocial stressors 93

Psychosocial symptoms 586

PT. See Pertussis toxin

Pteroylglutamic acid. See Folic acid

Ptosis 794, 919, 920f

Pubertal development 97

Pubertal status 56

Puberty 5, 97, 826–7

delayed 830

physiology of 826

precocious 827

PUD. See Peptic ulcer disease

Pulmonary abscesses 606

Pulmonary air-leak syndromes 422

treatment 422

Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula 644

Pulmonary artery 636, 646

hypertension 647, 657

main 632, 647, 665

Pulmonary ascariasis 359

Pulmonary blood flow 632, 669

Pulmonary capillaries 421

Pulmonary circulation 662

Pulmonary component, abnormalities of 643

Pulmonary dysfunction 413

Pulmonary edema 341, 571, 732, 949

Pulmonary function test 611, 616

Pulmonary hemorrhage 417, 438

Pulmonary hypertension 417, 421, 423

Pulmonary index score 622t

Pulmonary interstitial

emphysema 422

fluid 605

Pulmonary oligemia 669

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity, risk for 967

Pulmonary stenosis 296, 639, 655, 658, 668, 670

peripheral 655

severe 650f

Pulmonary symptoms 967

Pulmonary thrombosis 960

Pulmonary toxicity 961

Pulmonary tuberculosis 282, 284

diagnostic tests for 286

evaluation of 285fc

progressive 283

Pulmonary valve autograft 688

Pulmonary vasculature 647f

Pulmonary vein 636f

Pulmonary venous hypertension 647

Pulmonic stenosis, peripheral 644

Pulse 638

polio immunization 271

Pulseless

arrest 938

ventricular tachycardia 940

Pulsus paradoxus 682

Pump failure 941

Punnett square 864f

Pupil 921

Pure red cell aplasia 523

Purified chick embryo cell vaccine 263

Purified duck embryo vaccine 263

Purified protein derivative 282

Purified vero cell vaccine 263

Purpura 899

fulminans 298

Purpuric lesions 709f, 899f

Purpuric rash 841f

over palm 366f

Purulent pericarditis 606

Pyelonephritis 703

Pyloric stenosis 481, 506

symptoms of 506

Pyoderma 436, 715, 903, 905

classification of 903t

primary 903

secondary 903, 903f

treatment 903

Pyogenic meningitis 777, 778

treatment 778

Pyopneumothorax 606

Pyrantel pamoate 1009

Pyrazinamide 287, 288, 780

Pyridoxine 186, 189, 190, 193, 956, 1007

deficiency 189, 522

dependency 189, 190

responsive anemia 519

toxicity 190

Pyrimethamine 1014

Pyrimidine 859

metabolism defect 887

Pyrogens 274

Pyrosequencing 880

Pyruvate kinase 521

deficiency 548

Pyuria 704

Q fever 281, 364, 365, 367, 368

QoL. See Quality of life

QRS

amplitude 649

complex, low voltage 649

QRS amplitude 649

QRS axis 648

QT interval 649

Quadriplegia 800f

Quadrivalent HPV vaccine 270

Quality of life 584

Quantitative buffy coat 342

Quinacrine 357, 524

Quincke edema 901

Quinidine 926

Quinine 344, 1014

Quinine-stimulated hypoglycemia 341

Rabies 236

immune globulin 242, 267

vaccine 263, 264

Rachitic rosary 181f

Radiant warmers 401

Radiation 396, 523

Radio-frequency ablation 684

Radiolucent paranasal sinuses, normal 629f

Radiotherapy 523, 564

Raltegravir 320, 321, 1016

Ranitidine 495, 503, 733, 1023

Rapid aneuploidy detection 873

Rapid antigen

detection tests 582, 583

test 312, 313

Rapid dipstick-based tests 704

Rapid eye movement sleep 92

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 716, 716t, 717, 730

treatment 717

Rasburicase 548

Rash 276, 309

Rashtriya bal swasthya karyakram 988

Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) 110, 988

RAT. See Rapid antigen test

RBBB. See Right bundle branch block

RBCs. See Red blood cells

RBS. See Random blood sugar

RDS. See Respiratory distress syndrome

Reabsorption 471

Reactive nontreponemal test 448

Reading disorder. See Dyslexia

Ready-to-use therapeutic food 165, 167, 169, 170

Rebreathing mask, partial 943, 944f

Rectal examination 507

Rectal polyp 506

Rectal temperature 396

Recurrent abdominal

distension 505

pain 105

Red blood cell 187, 203, 249, 518, 521, 523, 524, 710, 720, 962

deficient, production of 524

destruction 535

dysmorphic 709f

enzyme defects 547, 549

folate 192

reduced 209

Red blood counts enzyme assay 517

Red cell

morphologic abnormalities 517t

production 694

Red flag signs

abdominal pain 488t

for developmental delay 73

in a child with joint pain 840b

in constipation 489t

in failure to thrive 41t

in headache 790

of development 32

Reductive adaptation 159

Referral

for global developmental delay 73

for growth-related problems 46

for kidney disease 749–51

for obesity 58

of sick newborn 453

Refsum disease 925

Regurgitation 393, 478

Rehabilitation 168

Rehydration fluid 160

Reiter syndrome 928

Renal angina index 731

Renal biopsy 709, 713, 723, 725

indications of 709b, 723b

Renal blood flow 694

Renal causes 503

Renal cell carcinoma 742

Renal cortical necrosis 734

Renal cysts, simple 702

Renal disease 720

edema in 727

end-stage 701, 734, 744

Renal dysfunction, progressive 720

Renal dysplasia 221

Renal failure 229, 341, 344, 466

acute 217

chronic 88

indices 731, 731t

polyuric phase of 217

Renal function 735

test 413, 463, 713

Renal glomerular disorders 739

Renal impairment 159

Renal injury 718

Renal neoplasms 744

Renal osteodystrophy 735

management of 736

pathophysiology of 735fc

Renal papilla 691

Renal parenchymal disease 739

Renal perfusion 159

Renal plasma flow 694

Renal regulation 227

Renal replacement therapy, continuous 732

Renal response 229

Renal scintigraphy 705

Renal tubular

acidosis 222, 230

dysfunction 209

Renin 692, 693

angiotensin system 214

Renoprotection 720

Replacement fluid 221

therapy 217

Reproductive tract infections 99

Reproductive and child health programs 983

Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Plus Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Program 984–6

ReSoMal 163

Rescue seizure medication 776

Reservoir 334, 351, 364

Respiratory acidosis 228, 229, 231

treatment 231

Respiratory alkalosis 228, 231, 232

treatment 232

Respiratory chain disorders 887

Respiratory compensatory response 227

Respiratory disease 388

prevention of 630

Respiratory disorders 227, 568, 581, 624, 629

prevention of 630, 631

Respiratory distress 416, 422, 423, 941, 942t

and failure 940, 942

treatment 942

and mortality 420

causes of 416t, 422

degree of 594, 601

etiology of 416, 941b

pathogenesis of 594fc

score 418f

severe 172, 599, 608, 960

signs of 602, 941b, 942, 942t

surgical causes of 422

Respiratory distress syndrome 407, 416, 418, 423, 424, 455, 730

pathogenesis of 418fc

treatment 419

X-ray of 419f

Respiratory failure, signs of 942, 942t

Respiratory gas exchange 571

Respiratory hygiene 630, 631

Respiratory infection 237, 262, 930

Respiratory insufficiency 219, 795

Respiratory mucosa 297

Respiratory muscle

impairment 941

weakness 231, 571, 810

Respiratory rate 313, 388, 638, 931t

cut-off values for 275t

Respiratory status 947

Respiratory symptoms 962

Respiratory syncytial virus 269, 329, 609, 612

immunoglobulin 1017

Respiratory system 967

classification of 568

examination 611, 671

Respiratory tract 568, 569f

infection 164, 177, 310, 581

Respiratory weakness 795

Restrictive aorticopulmonary septal defect 644

Reticulocyte count 520–522

Reticuloendothelial system 297

Retina, cyanosis of 927

Retinal arterial occlusion 926

Retinal detachment 927

Retinal venous occlusion 926

Retinitis 309

pigmentosa 925

Retinoblastoma 742

Retinoic acid 176

Retinol 176

activity of 176

Retinopathy

diabetic 924

hypertensive 924

of hematopoietic system 927

Retinopathy of prematurity 407, 925

grades of 925b

treatment 925

zones of 925f

Retinyl ester 176

Retracted nipples 120

treatment 120

Retractile testis 747

Retrobulbar neuritis 926

Retroinfection 361

Retroperitoneal skeletal muscles 478

Retropharyngeal abscess 291, 583, 590, 595f

Rett syndrome 78

Reye's syndrome 278, 310

hemolytic disease 444

incompatibility 481

isoimmunization 444

Rhabdoid tumor 791

Rhabdomyolysis 952

Rheumatic diseases 839

Rheumatic fever 928

diagnosis of 678

prevention of 678

prophylaxis 678t

Rheumatic heart disease 677, 678

Rheumatic illnesses 550

Rheumatoid arthritis 682, 928

Rheumatoid factor 841, 844

Rheumatologic disease 281

symptom of 839

Rhinitis 310

Rhinorrhea 589

Rhinoscopy 574

Rhinovirus 593

Rhipicephalus 364

Riboflavin 146, 186, 187, 193, 196

deficiency 187, 188, 924

treatment 188

Ribonucleic acid 200, 290, 295, 518, 861, 861f

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid 861

Rickets 179, 180, 181f, 184, 204

diagnosis of 181

evaluation of 182fc

healing 194

Rickettsia 364

possess 364

prowazekii 365

Rickettsial diseases 364, 367b, 368

treatment 368

Rickettsial fever, typical rash of 366

Rickettsial infections 281, 365, 368

classification of 364, 365t

clinical diagnosis of 367b

Rifampicin 287, 288, 320, 780

resistance 284

sensitive tuberculosis, drug regimen for 287t

Right bundle branch block 666

Right ventricular

function 726

hypertrophy 649

Rigid bronchoscopy 598

Ring-enhancing lesion 785

Ringer's lactate 250, 949

Rinne test. See Tuning fork tests

Risky behaviors, reduction of 109

Risus sardonicus 331

Ritonavir 320, 321, 1015

RNA. See Ribonucleic acid

Roasted bengal gram 131

Rolandic epilepsy, benign 770

Rooting reflex 113, 113f, 389

Rosai-Dorfman disease 562, 565

Rose spots 335

Ross operation 688

Ross procedure 673

Rotavirus vaccine 248, 257, 258, 258f, 468

Roth spots 927

RPR. See Rapid plasma reagin

RSGN. See Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

RSV. See Respiratory syncytial virus

RT-PCR. See Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

RTV. See Ritonavir

Rubella 291, 295–297

childhood 296

incubation period of 296

syndrome, congenital 295–297, 448, 639

vaccination, indications for 296

virus 295, 296, 449

Ruxolitinib 542

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 257

Safe and stable transport, principles of 454

Safe oxygen therapy 403

Safe vaccine practices 248, 249

Salah bone marrow aspiration 566, 566f

Salbutamol 224, 957, 998

nebulized 217

Salicylates 229

Salivary glands 293, 347

atrophy 158

Salmeterol 998

Salmon patch 395

Salmonella 211, 281, 322, 334, 335, 355, 459, 464, 950

infection 459

paratyphi 334, 337

typhi 261, 334, 337, 711

infection 334

SAM. Also See severe acute malnutrition

with edema 160

without edema 160

Sandfly

female 347

infected 347

Sandfly. See Phlebotomus argentipes

Sandifer-Sutcliffe syndrome 486

Sanitation measures 336

Saprophyticus 703

Saquinavir 320, 1016

Sarcoid 221

Sarcoptes scabiei 906

SBI. See Serious bacterial infection

Scabies 898f, 906, 907

treatment 907

Scaly dermatitis 188

Scar 898

Scattered tuberculous foci 779

Schick test 327

Schistosoma mansoni 711

Schizonticidal drugs 343

Scholastic backwardness, causes of 74b

Scholastic performance 73

Scholastic problems 80

School census data 151

Sclera 921

blue 921f

Sclerosing cholangitis 481

Sclerosing panencephalitis, subacute 291

Sclerosis 180, 572, 899, 899f

Scorbutic rosary 194

Screen exposure

guidelines for 93

harmful effects of 93

Screening

for autism 78

for sickle cell diseases 546

Scrofula. See also Tuberculous lymphadenitis

Scrotum 747

Scrub typhus 364, 365, 367, 368

Scurvy 194, 195

treatment 195

Seasonal exacerbations 585

Seborrhea 188

Seborrheic dermatitis 914, 914f

treatment 914

Seckel syndrome 523

Sedative-hypnotic toxic syndrome 958

treatment 958

Seizure 221, 273, 426, 680, 769, 785

etiology of 428

intractable 732

levetiracetam for 783

management 413, 778

myoclonic 426

refractory 773

uncontrolled 952

Selenium 146, 196, 207

deficiency 207

Self-inflating bag 376f

Sensation 795

Sensorineural deafness 448

Sensorineural hearing loss 367, 574

Sensorium 221

Sensory

impairments 795

stimulation 165

system examination 754

Sentinel site surveillance 151

Sepsis 231, 437

antibiotics for 403

screen 433

signs of 432

symptoms of 432

type of 434

Septal defects 296

Septic pulmonary embolism 680

Septic shock 163, 164, 172

Septicemia 424, 442, 462, 730

diagnosis of 433

Septum primum 633

Septum secundum 633

Serodiagnosis 303

Serodiagnostic tests 286

Serological tests 347

Serology 355

Serous fluid, collection of 503

Serum

albumin 498

aldosterone 221

alkaline phosphatase 181, 492

aminotransferase 492

amylase levels 511

bilirubin 492, 498, 541

levels 442

biochemistry 1064

biotin 193

calcium level, normal 181

creatine kinase levels 811

creatinine 722

electrolytes 172, 413

enzymes 1065

ferritin levels 526

glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 505

glutamic pyruvic transaminase 303, 498

holotranscobalamin 533

homocysteine 533

immunoglobulin levels 836t, 1070

level 222, 533

lipase levels 511

magnesium 205, 226

methylmalonic acid 533

osmolarity 221

phosphate, high 732

potassium 222

levels of 224f

retinol 178

sodium 219, 221, 722

declines 219

specimens 303

vitamin

A 177

K 440

levels 1070

Serum-ascitic albumin gradient, determination of 504

Sevelamer hydrochloride 737

Severe acute malnutrition 156, 159–67

approach to a child with 172–4

assessment of 172

community-based management 166

hospital-based intervention 162

in less than 6 months 166

management of 162t

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus disease 312

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) 837t

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) 915

Severe dehydration 461

Severe dengue 300f, 303

Severe hypokalemia

Severe malaria 340

Severe pneumonia 603

Severe undernutrition 144t

Sex and sexuality 101

Sex chromosome abnormalities 874, 876

Sex determination 380

Sex-influence

disorders 865

expression 866

Sex-limited

disorders 865

expression 866

Sexual abuse 968

Sexual activity 107

Sexual characters, secondary 97

Sexual consequences 968

Sexual development 99, 339

Sexual maturity rating 97, 98t

Sexual violence 107

Sexually transmitted infections 99, 101

SGOT. See Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

Shaken baby syndrome 971

Shiga toxin associated hus 727

Shigella spp. 211, 355, 459, 464

Shingles. See also Herpes zoster

Shock 163, 172, 217, 304, 945

cardiogenic 946

classification of 946

compensated 305, 306fc, 946

fluid-refractory 949

hyponatremic 466

hypotensive 217, 395, 307fc

hypovolemic 218fc, 946

irreversible 946

management of 932f, 948fc

obstructive 946

signs of 302, 946

stages of 946t

therapeutic endpoints of 950

treatment 948

types of 947t

Short limb dysplasia 43

Short rib polydactyly syndrome 893f

Short stature 43, 48, 50fc, 51

causes of 43b, 45t

etiology of 45t

growth patterns in 47f

pathological 50b

treatment 50

Short trunk anomalies 43

Short-acting β-agonist. See Salbutamol

Short-chain fatty acids 138

Shunt

large 659

left-to-right 656, 665

lesions 655

moderate 659

obligatory 637

portosystemic 497

reversal of 658

right-to-left 656

SIADH. See Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

Sick

baby 122

day management 823

neonate 439

newborn, care for 403

Sickle cell

anemia, treatment 545

disease 544–546, 709, 887

hemoglobin 546

red blood cells 545f

Sickle hemoglobin 537f

Sickle solubility test 545, 546

Sickle test 545

SIDS. See Sudden infant death syndrome

Sildenafil 421

Silhouette sign 627

Silverman-Anderson retraction score 419t

Simple febrile seizure 775, 781

Simultaneous administration 249

Sinus 629

bradycardia 684, 686

infections 310

rhythm, normal 649f

tachycardia 659f, 684

venosus 664

Sinusitis 291, 583

SIP. See Spontaneous intestinal perforation

Sitamaquine 348

Situs

diagnosis of 645

solitus 646f

Sjögren syndrome 294

Skeletal dysplasia 891, 891t, 894

Skeletal muscles 224

neuromuscular junctions of 963

Skeleton begins, ossification of 12

Skill development 95

Skill training 95

Skin 145, 391, 395

boils 276

care of 387

changes 161, 161f, 947

colored papules, multiple 896f

disorders 896

infections 909

losses 222

pallor of 482

peeling of 392f

pinch, delayed 460f

temperature 396

Skin lesions 188, 896

distinctive 898t

primary 896t

Skinfold

caliper 11

thickness 11

Skin-to-skin contact 397

Skull 415

SLD. See Specific learning disorders

SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus

Sleep

apnea syndrome 231

architecture 88

disorders 92, 93

disturbances 94, 753

hygiene, principles of 93

problems 80

spindles 760f

Slit-lamp examination 499

Small atrial septal defect 644

Small intestine 509

Small maternal stature 415

Small ventricular septal defect 659

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome 887

Smoke 4

SMR. See Sexual maturity rating

Snake bite 795

envenomation 707

fang marks of 795

Snake envenomation 795

SNHL. See Sensorineural hearing loss

Social stigmata, triggers for 89

Sodium 214

bicarbonate 217, 221, 225, 669, 1023

channel blocker 996

toxicity 940

chloride 460

dithionite 545

hydroxide 960

loss 219

nitrite 956

nitroprusside 653, 956, 1012

polystyrene sulfonate 715, 225

thiosulfate 956

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 470

Sofosbuvir 1018, 1019

Soft beverages 143

Soft tissue

injuries 415

neck, X-ray 595

sarcoma 565

Soil transmitted helminths 358

Solid organ transplants 267

Solitary thyroid nodule 819

Somatic disorders 968

Somatic mosaicism 868

Somatic organ 478

Somatic sensory pathways 478

Sorbitol. See Polyols

Sore nipple 120

Sore throat 302, 310

Spasmodic croup. See also Acute spasmodic laryngitis

Spasmodic laryngitis, acute 591

Special education 75

Specific learning disabilities 75

treatment 75

Speech

deficits 72

development 27

problems 80

Spherocytes 517, 531f, 536f

Sphingomyelin 419

Sphingomyelinase, deficiency of 889

Spider angioma 482, 482f, 483, 497

Spina bifida occulta 764f

Spinal arachnoiditis 780

Spinal cord

diseases of 231

injury 231

Spinal dysraphism 89, 697, 764f

Spinal muscular atrophy 881

Spinal tenderness 795

Spinothalamic tract, lateral 756

Spiritual beliefs 100

Spirometry, indications for 616b

Spironolactone 499, 727, 1021

Spleen 194, 485

palpation of 485f

Splenectomy 267, 542, 555

for ITP 55

for thalassemia 542

vaccination in 267

Splenic sequestration 545

Split-mix regime 822

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia 891, 891f

Spontaneous intestinal perforation 451

Sporozoites 338

Spotted fever 364, 365

Spur cells. See Acanthocytes

Sputum analysis 617

Squint. See also Strabismus

testing for 922

SQVn. See Saquinavir

SSPE. See Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Staphylococcal pneumonia 603

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 392f

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 292

Staphylococcus 322, 682

albus 432

aureus 164, 294, 298, 432, 578, 593, 601, 605, 608, 682, 903, 912

epidermidis 680

saprophyticus 703

Status epilepticus 951, 952b

etiology of 951b

management of 953t

treatment 952

Stavudine 320, 321, 1014

Steatorrhea 158, 226

Steeple sign 595

Stem cell transplant 546

Stenotic valves, balloon dilation of 651

Stensen's duct 294

Sterile technique 248

Sternomastoid muscle, heads of 641f

Steroid 336, 595, 715, 733

dependent nephrotic syndrome 724

hormone 208

intranasal 589

resistant nephrotic syndrome 721, 724

sensitive nephrotic syndrome 721

therapy 222, 266

toxicity, features of 722

Sterols 137

Stevens-Johnson syndrome 291, 915, 916f, 928

Stickler syndrome 891

Stillbirth 371

rate 978

STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections

Stokes-Adams attacks 996

Stomach 470

Stool 394, 490

examination 466, 491

sample 798

specimen 1070

Strabismus 922

treatment 922

Stranger anxiety 83

treatment 83

Strawberry hemangioma 391f

Streptococcal antibody tests 583

Streptococcal infection, treatment of 715

Streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis, recurrent 584

Streptococcal rash 291

Streptococci bovis 680

Streptococci viridans 680

Streptococcus 279, 298, 682

bovis 680

faecalis 680

pneumoniae 239, 259, 280, 291, 322, 578, 593, 601, 605, 680, 777, 778, 835

pyogenes 578, 592, 903

infection 711

viridans 680–2

Streptomycin 287, 780

sulfate 1001

Streptozyme test 713

Stress, areas of 105b

Stridor 581, 590, 592, 594

chronic 591

etiology of 590, 591f

treatment 591

String test 357

Stroke 680, 788t

cause of 787

types of 787t

Stroma 742

Strychnine poisoning 331

Sturge-Weber syndrome 772f, 919

Stuttering 90

treatment 90

Subconjunctival hemorrhage 391f, 524f, 920

Subcutaneous emphysema, bilateral 627f

Subcutaneous injection 264

Subcutaneous insulin infusion, continuous 823

Subcutaneous nodules 641, 641f, 676

Subgaleal hemorrhage 438

Subglottic stenosis 591

Subperiosteal hematoma, calcification of 194

Substance abuse 3, 105, 106b

Suckling reflex 113, 113f, 389

Suckling technique, supplementary 166, 166f

Suck-rest-cycle 637

Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency 470

Sudden infant death syndrome 115

Sugar and jaggery, nutritive value of 141t

Sugar-sweetened beverages 149

Suicidal behavior 105

Suicidal gesture 954

Sulfadoxine 1014

Sulfamethoxazole 329, 548, 1005

Sulfasalazine 510, 548

Sulfates 214

Sulfonamides 510, 524

Sulfur dioxide 4

Sun setting sign 766f

Superior mediastinal syndrome 565

Supplemental oxygen 595

Supplementary immunization activities 271, 333

Supportive therapy 344, 960

Suppressive therapy 677

Suppurative lymphadenitis 835f

Supraglottic airway placement 938

Suprapubic aspiration 704

Suprasternal notch 672

Supratentorial tumors 791

Surfactant replacement therapy 420

Surgical conditions, common 449, 453

Surma. See Kajal

SVC. See Superior vena cava

Swallowing reflex 113

Sweat chloride test 499, 1070

Swine flu 311, See also H1N1 influenza

signs of 311

symptoms of 311

Sydenham chorea 676, 677

physical signs of 677t

Sympathomimetic syndrome 957

treatment 957

Symptomatic seizure, acute 769

Symptomatic therapy 499

Symptomatology 667

Syncope 638

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone 218–220, 606

Synovial fluid examination 841

Synpharyngitic hematuria 714

Syphilis 406, 447, 448

congenital 194, 447, 500, 921

Systemic arthritis 842, 843

Systemic hypertension 674

Systemic infections 707

signs of 457

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis 840

Systemic lupus erythematosus 438, 481, 494, 516, 550, 707, 709, 714, 727, 730, 839, 845, 846, 846f, 847, 847t

nephritis 711

treatment 846

T cell 238

cytotoxic 238

helper 317

lymphoblastic lymphoma 564

memory 238

T2DM. See Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Tachyarrhythmia 684, 996

Tachycardia 275, 278, 436, 486, 654, 946

atrioventricular re-entry 685

supraventricular 684, 685f, 996

Tachypnea 275, 278, 279, 420, 486, 608, 674

transient 416, 421, 422

Tacrolimus 723, 724, 913

Tactile stimulation 374f

Taenia solium 362, 785

Taeniasis 362, 363

treatment 363

Taeniasis. See also Tapeworm

Tall stature 50

Tandem mass spectrometry 492

Tapeworm 362

Tay-Sachs disease 889, 929

Tazobactam 1003

TBG. See Thyroxine-binding globulin

TDF. See Tenofovir

Teardrop ulcers 354

Teeth 145

eruption of 8

yellow 97

Teicoplanin 1005

Telangiectasia 899, 920

Telecanthus 919, 920

Temper tantrum 86

treatment 86

Temperature

interpretation of 397

maintenance 379

Temporal hyperintensity, bilateral 783f

Temporal lobe epilepsy 770

Tendon reflexes, deep 795

Tenofovir 320, 321, 1015

Tension pneumothorax right side 422f

Teratogens 3

Teratoid rhabdoid tumor, atypical 791

Teratomas 422

Terbutaline 957, 998

Testes

bilateral undescended 392f

develop 747

Testicular atrophy 747

Testosterone 812

Tetanolysin 331

Tetanospasmin 331

Tetanus 158, 253, 330–333, 402

antitoxin 333

booster 267

diagnosis of 331

following injury, prevention of 332

immune globulin 242, 333

immunization 332

following injury, guidelines for 333t

local 331

maternal 333

organism 330

toxoid 109, 237, 253, 333

vaccine 253

treatment 332

Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine, type of 327

Tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine 330

Tetracycline 510

Tetralogy of Fallot 633, 640f, 655, 656, 667, 667f, 668f, 669

treatment 668

Thalamic hyperintensity, bilateral 783f

Thalassemia 520, 539

intermedia 543

major 540, 541, 544

genetic counseling for 885

minor 543

nontransfusion-dependent 543

trait 543

transfusion-dependent 543

Thalidomide 3

Thanatophoric dysplasia 891

T-helper lymphocytes, activation of 237

Theophylline 222, 618, 957, 998, See also Methylxanthine

Therapeutic diets 169, 170

Therapeutic food 169

type of 162

Therapeutic monitoring 823

Thermochemical kilocalories 135

Thermometers 401

Thermoneutral environment 396

Thiamine 129, 159, 186, 193

deficiency 186, 187, 649f, 924

pyrophosphate 186

Thiazide 230, 438, See also Hydrochlorthiazide

Thiocyanates 198

Thio-oxazolidone 198

Thoracic roentgenogram 674

Thoracocentesis 608

Threadworm 361

Throat

anatomy of 575f

culture 582, 583

examination of 275, 574

Thrombasthenia 551

Thrombocytopenia 184, 259, 296, 298, 438, 523, 524, 553, 558, 713, 714

absent radius syndrome 439

diagnosis of 439fc

purpura 294

vitamin B12 521

Thrombomodulin 727

Thrombopoietin

mimetics 555

receptor agonists 525

Thrombotic microangiopathy 727

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 707

Thromboxane 137

Thumb 199

for interpretation, rules of 229f

sign 592

sucking 83, 84

treatment 84

Thymic carcinoma 565

Thymic hypoplasia 431

Thymus

atrophy of 158

normal 629f

Thyroglobulin 199

Thyroid

disorders 815

dysfunction 296

enlargement, diffuse 818f

stimulating hormone 199

Thyroid gland 199

disorders of 815

structure, abnormal 815

Thyroid hormone 3

abnormal production of 815

deficiency 815

Thyroiditis 294

Thyromegaly, etiology of 818t

Thyroxine 3

Thyroxine-binding globulin 819

TIBC. See Total iron-binding capacity

Tibia 840f

Tic 91

symptoms, range of 91

treatment 91

Tick typhus 364

Tick-borne 365

typhus 368

TIG. See Tetanus immune globulin

Tinea capitis 910

black dot 910f

gray patch 911f

Tinea pedis 911

dry type 911f

Tinea unguium 911

Tipranavir 320, 1016

TLC. See Total leucocyte count

T-lymphocytes 236

TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor

Tobacco 105, 106

related diseases, die of 105

Tobramycin 1001

Tocilizumab 845

Togaviridae 308

Toll-like receptor 237, 781

Tolvaptan 220

Tonic contraction 331

Tonic muscle spasms appear 435

Tonic neck reflex, asymmetric 32f

Tonic seizure 426

Tonic-clonic seizures 769

Tonsillar

abnormal 575t

diphtheria 326

Tonsillectomy 584

Tonsillitis 275, 581

Tonsillopharyngitis 582, 583

etiology of 583t

Tonsils

absent 835f

enlarged 587

Tooth decay 136

Topiramate 773, 1078

TORCH. See Toxoplasmosis, rubella cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex

Torsades de pointes 686

Tourniquet test 300

Toxemia, maternal 7

Toxic 481

amino acids 210

epidermal necrolysis 915

ingestion 954, 966

Toxicity 195

acute 967

chronic 209, 967

diagnosis of 178

Toxidrome 957, 959

Toxigenesis 326

Toxin 781, 795

excretion of 956

removal of 955

Toxoid 241, 253

Toxoplasma 492

gondii 447, 449, 711

Toxoplasmosis 323, 372, 565, 929

congenital 447, 448

rubella, and syphilis 3, 59

TPM. See Topiramate

TPV. See Tipranavir

Trabecular defect 657

Trace elements 196

Tracheal toxin 328

Tracheobronchial tree 422, 569, 570f

Tracheoesophageal fistula 417, 422, 449, 450

treatment 450

types of 450f

Tracheomalacia 422, 581

Train with chimney 36f

Transcellular fluid 213

Transcobalamin 533

Transcription-polymerase chain reaction, reverse 313

Transcutaneous bilirubinometry 441

Trans-fatty acids 138, 146

Transferrin, percentage saturation of 527

Transurethral catheter specimen 704

Trematodes 358

Tremors 205, 231, 804

Tremulousness 426

Treponema pallidum 448

Triallelic digenic inheritance 869f

Triamterene 1021

Triamterene. See also Potassium sparing diuretic

Triazine. See also Lamotrigine

Trichophyton 910

rubrum 912

Trichuriasis 362

Trichuris trichiura 362, 526, 527

Tricuspid atresia 655

Tricuspid regurgitation 643, 677

Tricyclic antidepressants, use of 940

Triglycerides 137, 722

Trimethoprim 329, 520, 733, 1005

Tripod grasp 29f

Trisodium citrate 460

Trophic feeding 408

Trophozoites 339, 354f, 357, 491

Truncus arteriosus repair 688

Tryptophan 470

TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Tubal block 574

Tuberculin 285

test 285

Tuberculoma 283, 780, 786t

Tuberculosis 158, 164, 221, 252, 282, 284, 287, 288t, 289, 565, 618

congenital 284, 449

diagnosis of 284, 286

disseminated 283

infection 284, 288

tests for 285

osteoarticular 283

pediatric drug-resistant 288t

pericardial 283

presumptive 284

treatment 287

type of 288

Tuberculous lymphadenitis 283

Tuberculous meningitis 283, 780, 781

Tuberculous pericarditis 283, 682

Tuberculous spinal arachnoiditis 779

Tuberculous vasculitis 779

Tuberous sclerosis 772f

Tubular necrosis, acute 730

Tularemia 682

Tumor

lysis syndrome 217, 565

necrosis factor 238, 433, 845

triphasic 742

types, common 791

Tuning fork tests 574f

Turner phenotype, fetal 875f

Turner syndrome 44, 639, 874, 875f, 875t, 876

treatment 875

Twin babies 123

Two-dimensional echocardiography 650

Two-thumb technique 377f

Tympanic membrane 572, 573f, 574f, 578, 579f

landmarks 573f

Typhoid

fever 334–336

vaccines 261, 323, 336

Typhoid. See also Enteric fever

Typhus 281, 364, 365

Tyrosine 470

Tyrosinemia 887

Tzanck smear 298

UIE. See Urinary iodine excretion

Ulcer 330

duodenal 490

flask-shaped 354

over hard palate 846f

typical nonhealing 837f

Ulnar palmar grasp 29f

Ultra-processed foods 149

Ultrasonography KUB 697

Umbilical cord 379, 379f, 387f

Umbilical hernia 890f

pathological 484f

Umbilical oozing 438

Umbilical sepsis 387f

Umbrella integrated child development services 987

UMN. See Upper motor neuron

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, pharmacological therapy for 446

Underfeeding, treatment 82

Under-five children, problems in 975

Under-five mortality and morbidity 930, 975, 977

Under-five mortality rate 976f

Undernutrition. Also see Malnutrition

and growth 3

biochemical changes in 158

classification of 144

classification of 156–7

clinical signs of 145t

etiopathogenesis of 157–9

immunity in 158

in states of India 976f

metabolic alterations in 158

nutritional deficiencies in 158

pathophysiology of 158

predictors of 158

prevalence of 154

Underweight 144

Undescended testis 747, 751

Unhealthy foods 149

Upper airway

diseases 231

X-rays of 629

Upper chest retraction 419

Upper gastrointestinal

bleeding 479, 501–503

etiology of 502t

treatment 502

endoscopy 499, 501

indications of 501t

Upper motor neuron 753, 757f

dysfunction 757

lesion 756t

Upper respiratory symptoms 581, 582

Upper respiratory tract 275

infection 578, 581, 582, 629f, 722

symptoms of 581t

Upper urinary tract, infection of 703

Urea 221

Uremia 229

refractory 713

Urethra 691

disorders of 698

Urethral instrumentation 703

Urethral sphincter 691

Urethral valves, posterior 698

Urinalysis 508, 696, 697, 704

Urinary calculi 479

Urinary chloride 230

Urinary electrolytes 217

Urinary gas chromatography 492

Urinary incontinence 85

Urinary iodine

excretion 152

estimate of 199

median 198

Urinary output 217, 638

Urinary pH 228

Urinary protein 719

Urinary tract 275, 734

congenital abnormalities of 750

disorders of 691

Urinary tract infection 81, 164, 345, 361, 432, 434, 467, 477, 479, 696, 696t, 699, 704–706, 710, 720, 749

cause of 703

diagnosis of 704t, 706

prophylaxis for 705, 705t

treatment of 704, 705t

Urine 394, 991

analysis 708

calcium 183

creatinine ratio 709

cola-colored 708f

culture 704, 709

dipstick 697, 708

examination 731

nitrite test 704

osmolality 220

red 710fc

sodium 220

specimen 704, 713

spot protein 709

Urokinase 608

Urolithiasis 696

Uropathy, obstructive 703

Ursodeoxycholic acid 1023

URTI. See Upper respiratory tract infection

Urticaria 588, 900, 901

and angioedema 900, 902

treatment 902

causes of chronic 901b

contact 900

lesions of 901

nonallergic contact 900

physical 900

pseudoallergic 900

types of 900fc

vasculitis 902

Usher syndrome 925

UTIs. See Urinary tract infections

Uveal tract 921

Uveitis 309, 921

chronic anterior 844

Uvula deviation 575

Vaccine 235, 241, 261, 265, 292, 296, 314

administration of 248, 248f, 249

approval of 237

development 237, 307

dose of 263

effectiveness 241, 243

efficacy 241

freeze-dried 251

handling of 246

heat sensitivity of 245, 245f

in refrigerator, care of 246

inactivated 242

live

attenuated 241, 261, 262, 264

injected 249

parenteral 267

newer 269, 271

observe storage of 246

preventable diseases 241

primary doses of 256

quality defect 250

sensitivity 245f

storage and cold chain 245, 247

subunit 252

types of 241, 242, 242t, 264

vial monitor 158f, 246, 246f

virus 295

transmission of 266

Vaccine product-related reaction 250

Vaccine quality defect-related reaction 250

Vaccine vial monitors 246

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis 254

Vaccine-derived poliovirus 255

Vaccination 241

basic concepts of 241–3

in children on immunosuppressive drugs 266

in children on steroid therapy 266

in HIV infected 266

in immune deficiency 266

infection control during 248

timing and spacing of 249

VAD. See Vitamin A deficiency

Vaginal bleeding and discharge 394

Vaginitis 361

Valaciclovir 1018

Valganciclovir 1018

Vallecula sign 592

Valley sign 810, 810f

Valproate 773

sodium 1007

Valproic acid 510

Valsalva fistulae, ruptured sinus of 644

Valvar aortic stenosis 655, 673

Vanadium 208

Vancomycin 681, 733, 778, 783, 950

hydrochloride 1005

Varicella 267, 297–299

congenital 298

diagnosis of 298

neonatorum 298

treatment 298

vaccine 249, 262, 299

Varicella-zoster immunoglobulin 242, 262, 298, 299, 1017

Varicella-zoster virus 262, 297, 298, 447, 449, 782

Vascular disorders 551

Vascular malformation 709, 787

Vascular occlusion 926

Vasculitis 276, 787

Vasoactive agents 949

Vasoactive medications 949t

Vasodilators 653

Vaso-occlusive disease, severe 366

Vasopressin 949, 1020

Vasopressors 668

Vector 301

and hosts 364

Phlebotomus argentipes 346

Vegetable foreign body 596, 597f

Vegetable oils, hydrogenation of 137

Velocardiofacial syndrome 451

Venereal disease research laboratory 448

Venous thrombosis, deep 726

Ventricular septal defect 636, 652, 655, 657-660, 670

hemodynamics of 658f

non-restrictive 657

subpulmonary 657

treatment 660

Ventricular tachycardia 686, 938

Ventromedial nucleus 55

Venturi mask 945, 945f

Verapamil 222, 996, 1013

Vernal conjunctivitis 615

Verruca plana 908

over face 909f

Verruca vulgaris 908, 908f

Vertical suspension test 807

Very low birth weight 125

Vesicoureteral reflux 703, 706

Vibrio cholera 264, 459, 462, 465

Vigabatrin 1007

Villous atrophy 474

Vinblastine 219

Vinca alkaloid. See Vincristine sulfate

Vincristine sulfate 1005

Viral coxsackievirus 711

Viral croup, cause of 595

Viral encephalitis 781, 783

Viral exanthems 902

Viral hepatitis 345, 505

Viral infections 207, 322, 774, 908

Viral markers 499

Viral nonstructural protein, detection of 303

Viral pharyngitis 583

Viral pneumonia 602, 603

Viral upper respiratory tract infection 578

Viremia 290

Virus 581

isolation 303

shedding of 310

strain of 302

Visceral leishmaniasis 346–348

treatment of 348, 348t

Vision, decreased 917, 918fc

Visual abnormalities 94

Visual acuity 918

Visual analog scale 790

Visual deficits 64

Visual field defects 923

Visual handicap 64

Visual impairments 73

Vital organ dysfunction 340

Vital signs 306, 307, 388, 777

Vital statistics 981

Vitamins 175–195

in breastmilk 115

Vitamin deficiencies

ocular manifestations of 924

Vitamin A 176–9

requirements of 176t

supplementation 179, 987

Vitamin A deficiency 176

eye changes in 924

indicators for 178t

indicators of 178

prevention of 178

Vitamin A prophylaxis program 150

Vitamin B complex 186–93

Vitamin B deficiency

eye findings in 928t

Vitamin B1 186

Vitamin B2 187

Vitamin B3 188

Vitamin B6 189

Vitamin B9 192t

Vitamin B12 190

deficiency 190, 531

Vitamin C 194–5

deficiency, eye changes in 924

requirements of 194t

Vitamin D 179–84

and sunlight and 183

in CKD 737

maternal supplementation 183

requirements of 180t

supplementation 183

Vitamin D deficiency 181

eye changes in 924

screening for 183

therapy of 182

Vitamin D deficiency rickets 180

Vitamin E 184–5

deficiency 184

requirement of 185t

toxicity 185

Vitamin K 185–6

deficiency 185

Vitamin K deficiency bleeding 439

Vitiligo 525

Vivax malaria 345

Vocal cord dysfunction 591

Voice

hoarseness of 577

hypernasality of 588

Voiding disorders 696t, 697fc

Voiding history 696

Vomiting 276, 309, 393, 477, 486fc

causes of 477b

child with 486, 487

severe 966

treatment 487

von Gierke disease 889

von Willebrand disease 438, 551, 554, 558, 559

von Willebrand factor, deficiency of 559

Voriconazole 999

Vulval hemangioma 897f

Vulval synechiae 699f, 748

Waardenburg syndrome 863, 864f

Waist circumference charts, age-wise 54f

Waist-hip ratio 51

Warfarin 558

Warm antibody hemolytic anemia 550

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia 550

Warm chain, steps of 397b

Warning signs 37b, 300, 302

Warts 908

treatment 909

Water and electrolytes, regulation of 692

Water

and sodium balance, regulation of 214, 215fc

depletion 221

loss of 214

Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome 777

Waterston shunt 688

Watery diarrhea, acute 458

WBC. See White blood cells

Weber test. See also Tuning fork tests

Weekly iron 529

folic acid supplementation 987

Wegener granulomatosis 276

Weighing machine 401

Weight and gestation, assessment of 382, 386

Weight loss, mechanism of 396f

Weight pattern 394

Weil-Felix test 367, 496

Wellcome trust classification 156

Wernicke encephalopathy 187

West syndrome 770, 771f

Westley croup score 594t

Wet lung syndrome 421

Wheeze 581, 588, 609–611, 611fc, 624, 942

child with 609, 611

duration of 610

life-threatening causes of 609b

multitrigger 610

treatment 611

viral-induced 613

Wheezy disorder 610

Whipworm. See also Trichuriasis

White blood cell 194, 280, 523

White ring around epiphysis 195f

WHO

classification for undernutrition 144t

classification of xerophthalmia 177t

classification, for undernutrition 156t

growth standards 14

reduced osmolarity ORS 460

Whooping cough 328, 329

Widal agglutination test 335

William syndrome 639, 672

Wilms tumor 276, 702, 742, 742t, 743f, 744, 744t, 745

staging of 743b

treatment 743

Wilson disease 481, 498–500, 887, 929

Wimberger sign 194, 195f

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 564, 836

Working mothers 123

Worm infestation 527

Wound, care of 332

Wright stain 517

Wrists, widening of 181f

Written expression, disorder of See also Dysgraphia

Wuchereria bancrofti 349, 350, 351

X chromosome 56, 861, 866

X syndrome, triple 876

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor. See Allopurinol

Xenodiagnosis 352

Xerophthalmia 176, 177, 177f, 179

classification of 177t

Xerosis 913

Xiphisternum 570

X-linked agammaglobulinemia 835, 835f, 836, 838

X-linked disorders 525

X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets 866

X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome 564

X-linked recessive

disorder 549, 556, 865f, 886

inheritance 865

manner 889

X-linked semi-dominant disorder 866

X-ray chest 624

X-ray

consolidation in 628f

dextrocardia in 646f

empyema in 606

hyperinflation in 626f

interstitial infiltrates in 603f

kidney, ureter, and bladder 697

lobar consolidation in 603f

mediastinal widening in 628f

pleural effusion in 627f

pneumonia in 602

pneumothorax in 627f

rickets 483

subcutaneous emphysema in 627f

upper airways 629

Xylometazoline 589

XYY syndrome 876

Y chromosome 861

Yellow fever 264, 302

vaccine 264

Yellow soles 405

Yersinia 355

enterocolitica 465

Young child, problems of 87

Youth risk behavior surveillance system 100

Zalcitabine 320, 1015

Zellweger syndrome 887

Zidovudine 320, 321, 1014

prophylaxis 324t

syrup 324

Ziehl-Neelsen staining 286

Zika virus 447, 449, 796

infections 449

Zinc 129, 142, 159, 196, 200, 203, 209, 210, 462, 1023

acetate containing 462

bioavailability of 200

contents 200

gluconate 462

requirements of 201t

sulfate 462

supplementation 466

Zinc deficiency 200, 201

clinical features of 203t

measures of 201t

prevalence of 202f

treatment 201

Zoonotic disease 364

Zymogen precursor 712

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes