Biochemistry Pankaja Naik
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table
A
Abetalipoproteinemia 186, 249, 257, 286
Absorption 195
Acanthocytes 257f
Acetaldehyde 102
Acetate 196, 568
Acetic acid 197, 198
Acetoacetate 267, 307, 310, 341
Acetoacetic acid 384
Acetoacetyl enzyme 273
Acetone 267
Acetylation 570
Acetylcholine 162, 208
esterase 102
Acetyl-coenzyme A 206
carboxylase 171, 264, 273, 340
conversion of 214
metabolic fate of 207f
Acetyl-malonyl enzyme 273
Acid 383
load test 512
maltase 219
metabolic sources of 384
nongaseous 384
phosphatase 11, 106, 108, 110
synthase complex 271
Acid-base
abnormalities 392
balance 300, 358, 376, 383, 389, 504
maintenance of 84
renal mechanism in 387
respiratory mechanism in 387
role in 384
behavior 65
disorders 391t
disturbance 389, 391
imbalance 391, 391t
regulation 362
Acidemia 389
lactic 207
Acidic amino acid 61, 295
metabolism of 322
Acidic pH 360
Acidosis 383, 389, 390
causes of 389f
compensated 390
lactic 163, 206, 207, 222
metabolic 270, 300, 380, 380f, 389–393, 393t, 505, 512, 518
normochloremic 392
respiratory 390, 391
Acne, treatment of 181
Aconitate hydratase 209
Acrodermatitis enteropathica 370
Actin 16, 70
filament 10
Actinomycin D 430
Active methionine, formation of 316f
Acute coronary syndrome 570
Acute myocardial infarction 284, 520t
diagnosis of 519
Acyl-carnitine 262
Acyl-carrier protein 272–274
Acyl-coenzyme A
dehydrogenase 165, 263
desaturase 275
fates of 275
synthetase 248, 261
thioesters 307
Acyl-glucosylceramide 43
Adaptive immune system 536, 536t, 538
Addison's disease 237, 379, 517, 518
Adenine 125, 126f, 129, 460
nucleotide 122
series of 459
phosphoribosylation of 399f
Adenoids 534, 536
Adenoma, adrenal 518
Adenosine 316, 400, 403
deaminase 113, 400
deficiency 403, 470
monophosphate 122, 397
phosphoribosyl-transferase 399
triphosphate 122
Adenosylcobalamin 175
Adenylate cyclase 122, 220
Adipokine 487
Adiponectin 260
Adipose tissue 186, 233, 258–260, 337, 339, 374
role of 336
Adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone 569
Adrenal function tests 498, 518
Adrenal gland 225
disorders of 517
functions of 516
Adrenal hormone tests, purpose of 518
Adrenal hyperfunction
diagnosis of 518
signs of 518
Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital 518
Adrenal insufficiency 517, 518
primary 517
secondary 518
Adrenal stimulation test 519
Adrenaline 220, 231, 516, 518
Adrenoleukodystrophy 9
neonatal 449
Adriamycin 5
Agar 23
Aglycone 28
Alanine 59, 66, 202, 204, 206, 212, 213, 231, 296, 336, 339, 341, 528
amino transferase 108, 168, 300
catabolism of 307, 307f
metabolism of 307
synthesis of 307f
transaminase 298, 503
urinary loss of 315
Albumin 35, 70, 79–82, 259, 312, 384, 385, 502, 509
functions of 80
serum 351, 502
Albuminoid 70
Alcohol 13, 178, 499
abuse 256
consumption, moderate 280
dehydrogenase 102, 113, 180
Alcoholism 171, 261, 286
Aldehyde 22
dehydrogenase 105
derivative 21
Aldolase 92, 108, 228
Aldose
ketose isomerism 24f
reductase 228, 229
Aldosterone 516, 518
production 380
Alkalemia 389
Alkaline phosphatase 106, 108, 109, 503
normal value of 109
Alkalosis 383, 389, 390
causes of 389f
compensated 390
metabolic 380, 380f, 390, 391
respiratory 305, 390, 391
uncompensated 390
Alkapton body, formation of 312f
Alkaptonuria 312
Allergy 552
Alloenzymes 107
Allopurinol 95, 104, 123, 402
Allosteric enzyme 99, 99f, 99t, 264, 272, 275
modulator of 99f
Allosteric feedback regulation 99
Alopecia 182
Alpha-amanitin 430
Alpha-amino
acid, structure of 60f
nitrogen 300
Alpha-amylase 110, 196
action of 195f
Alpha-anomerism 25
Alpha-carbon 60
Alpha-carboxyl group 72
Alpha-fetoprotein 560, 561
Alpha-globin gene 144
Alpha-helix 73
Alpha-imino acid 299
Alpha-keratins 70
Alpha-keto acid 299
dehydrogenase complex 307
Alpha-ketoglutarate 211, 297, 298, 300, 323f
dehydrogenase 163, 209–211
Alpha-lipoprotein 249
Alpha-oxidation 265
significance of 266
Alpha-thalassemia
trait 141, 144
type of 144, 144t
Alpha-tocopherol 185
structure of 185f
Alzheimer's disease 6, 43, 74, 570, 579
Amenorrhea 519
Amidotransferase 402
Amine 160
Amino acid 14, 58, 63, 63t, 64, 64f, 66, 66f, 71f, 72, 100, 141, 208, 211, 212, 231, 261, 295, 296f, 308, 336–339, 341, 439, 448, 481, 481t, 504, 527f, 568, 569
absorption of 295
activation of 443, 443f
aliphatic 61
alpha-R groups of 66
buffering action of 66
carbon skeleton of 297f
carboxylation of 448
catabolism 298f
chemical nature of 61
chemistry of 58
classification of 58, 60–62, 62f, 63, 63t
codon 440f
condensation reactions of 170
conjugation 570
decarboxylation of 325, 326f
dehydratase 298, 299, 299f
essential 62, 62t, 71, 72, 261, 313, 478, 481, 481t
functions of 58
glucogenic 63, 212, 234, 307, 321
heterocyclic 61
hydrophilic 61, 62, 66
hydroxylation of 527f
ionic forms of 66f
ionization of 65, 65f
ketogenic 63
large neutral 295
metabolism of 305
mutual supplementation effect of 481
neutral 61
nonessential 62, 62t, 63, 210, 335, 478, 480
nonpolar 62
nonprotein 64
nonstandard 64
normal 58
oxidase 165, 298, 299, 299f
polar 61
polymers of 58
pool 295, 296, 296f
primary 58
properties of 65
R groups of 76
requirement of 480
semiessential 62
sequence of 58, 72
serine 46
side chain of 61, 64
small neutral 295
stages of catabolism of 296
standard 59t
sulfur-containing 61, 316, 318, 481
transport system 295, 295t
uncharged hydrophilic 61
Amino aciduria 315
Amino alcohol sphingosine 39, 50
Amino groups 64, 65, 296
catabolism of 301f
Amino hydrogen 73
Amino sugars 26, 33
structure of 27f
Aminoaciduria 512
Aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid 442f, 443
Aminoglycans, structure of 33
Aminopeptidase 293, 294
Aminotransferase 92, 108, 297
clinical significance of 298
Amitriptyline 315
Ammonia 296–298, 300, 302, 304f
formation of 297, 389
intoxication 303
storage form of 63
transport of 297, 299–300, 301f
Ammonium 509
chloride loading test 512
ions 388f
excretion of 389
Amphibolic pathway 210
Amphipathic phospholipid 46f, 52
Amylase 106, 108, 112, 113
Amyloid
beta peptides 579
proteins 6
Amyloidosis 6, 74
Amylopectin 30, 31f, 196, 494
Amylose 30, 196, 494
Analbuminemia 80, 82
Analgesia 68
Anaplerotic reactions 211
significance of 212
Anderson's disease 222
Androgens 54, 516, 517, 563
Anemia 83, 165, 348, 505
clinical features of 368
hemolytic 78, 143, 186, 205, 225
hypochromic 144, 364
microcytic 171, 368
macrocytic 174, 177
megaloblastic 106, 174, 176, 406
severe 145
Angina 255
Angiogenesis 563
Angiotensin 68
converting enzyme 68, 378
Angiotensinogen 68, 68f, 377, 499
Anhydride 386
Animal starch 31
Anion 65
gap 392
acidosis 392, 393
significance of 392
Anomeric carbon
atom 23
group of 28
Anomerism 25
Anorexia 163, 185
Anoxia 143
Anserine 324
Anthracyline glycosides 28
Anthrax 474
Antiangiogenic drugs 563
Antibiotic 448
bacitracin 65
cytotoxic 563
resistance genes 1
Antibody 35, 79, 83, 472, 516, 536–539, 543, 545
antimicrosomal 516
coated viruses 545
dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity 545, 563
functions of 542
mechanism of action of 546
producing plasma cells 545
production 545, 546f, 571
structure of 539
types of 539t, 540, 540t
Anticancer therapy 416
Anticholesterol agent 50
Anticodon 441, 441f, 443
Antidepressant drugs 315
Antigen 539, 542, 545, 549
binding sites 540
endogenous 549
exogenous 549
incomplete 550
molecules, binding of 546f
presenting cell 534, 537, 547
Antigenic determinants 549
Anti-inflammatory drug 102, 284
Antimalarial primaquine 225
Antimetabolites 101, 172, 562
synthetic analogs of 123
Antimycin 105
Antioncogenes 557, 559
Antioxidant 67, 186f, 566, 573, 576, 576t, 577, 578, 578f
defense systems 575
types of 576
function 180, 369
water soluble 177
Antirachitic factor 182
Antithyroglobulin antibodies 515
Antithyroid peroxidase 515
Antitubilin agents 563
Anuria 506
Apoenzyme 93
Apoferritin 366
Apolipoprotein 52, 249
synthesis 261
Apoprotein 52, 93, 249, 280
Apoptosis 7, 47, 422, 535, 545, 559, 563
causes of 560
promotion of 559
Apotransferrin 367
Appendix 534, 536
Appetite, loss of 369
Aquaporins 13
Arabinosides 562
Arabinosylcytosine 123
Arachidonic acid 40, 43, 281, 283, 284
structure of 281f
Argentaffin tissue 314
Argentaffinomas 315
Arginase 302
Arginine 8, 59, 62, 63, 301, 302, 305, 307, 318, 324, 481
administration of 304
degradation of 323, 324f
formation of 301
group of 110
metabolism of 323
synthesis of 324f
Argininemia 304
Argininosuccinate 301, 305
formation of 301
synthetase 301
Argininosuccinic aciduria 304
Ariboflavinosis 165
Aromatic amino acids 61, 293
metabolism of 309
Arsenate 194
toxicity of 208
Arsenite 103, 201, 209
Arterial blood gas 384, 391, 392t
analysis 391, 391f, 391t
Artery, hardening of 279
Arthritis 8, 401
Ascorbic acid 160–162, 177, 226, 527
active form of 177
structure of 177f
Asparaginase 113, 322
Asparagine 59, 60, 315
degradation of 322
metabolism of 322
Aspargine 461
Aspartame 69
Aspartate 156, 301
aminotransferase 168
argininosuccinate shunt 303
transaminase 108, 112, 298, 298f
transcarbamoylase 404
Aspartic acid 59, 61, 63, 322
metabolism of 322
synthesis of 322
Aspirin 104, 105, 284
low dose of 284
Astrocytes 304
Ataxia 9, 169, 304
cerebellar 163
Atherosclerosis 45, 64, 276, 279, 575, 578, 579
development of 280
prevention of 280
Atherosclerotic plaque 255, 578
rupture 519
Atractyloside 154
Atrial natriuretic
factors 378
peptide 358
Augmentin 105
Aurovertin 154
Autism 171
Autoimmune disease 500, 548, 549, 552t, 571, 571f, 575, 578
Autoimmunity 552
Auto-oxidizable flavins 299
Autosomal dominant disorder 255
Autosomal recessive disease 348
Avitaminosis 165
Azathioprine 123
Azidothymidine 123
Azo compounds 568
Azobilirubin 501
Azotemia 509
B
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens 466
anthracis 474
Backbone 73
Bacteria 1, 534
Bacterial cell 467
Bacterial enzyme 114
B-glucuronidase 351
Bacterial plasmids 466
Bacteriophages 2, 466
Barbiturates 165
Basal lamins 529
Basal metabolic rate 482, 513
normal values of 483
Basic amino acids 61, 66, 295
metabolism of 323
Basophils 534, 537, 538, 541, 546
B-cell 536, 538, 539
activation of 545f
receptor 546
Bees-wax 39
Bence-Jones proteins 509
Benedict's qualitative test 235
Beriberi 160, 163
cerebral 163
dry 163
infantile 164
wet 163
Beta-alanine 63
Beta-anomerism 25
Beta-carotene 179f, 180
dioxygenase 179
Beta-cell failure 233
Beta-chains 136
Beta-galactosidase 455
Beta-globin
chain 136, 144
gene 142
copies of 145
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 560
Beta-hydroxybutyrate 206, 267, 341
dehydrogenase 267, 268
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid 384
Betaine 261
Beta-ketoacyl-CoA transferase 269
Beta-lactamase 113, 114
Beta-lipoprotein 249
Beta-oxidation 262f
regulation of 264
sequence of reactions of 262
Beta-pleated sheet structure 73, 74
Beta-thalassemia 141, 144
major 145
minor 145
Bicarbonate 196, 294, 385, 389
buffer
mechanism of action of 385
system 385, 389
ion 282, 386
Bile 368
acid 54, 254, 278, 279, 480, 498
formation of 306
synthesis of 279f
pigments 350
salts 247, 254, 278, 354, 507
presence of 186
Biliary tract 15, 107
enzymes 109
Bilirubin 350, 351f, 352, 354, 501, 508, 577
conjugated 354, 501
diglucuronide 351
direct 354, 501
excretion of 350, 351
formation of 350
indirect 354, 501
metabolism 352f, 500, 501f
disorders of 351
secretion of 351
serum 354, 501
unconjugated 354, 501
Biliverdin 350
Biocytin 171
Biogenic amines 325, 326t
synthesis of 326f
Biomolecules, kinds of 63
Biotin 93, 160, 161, 171, 214, 266
coenzyme form of 171
independent carboxylation reaction 172
structure of 171f
Biotransformation 566
Bishydroxy coumarin 102
Bisphosphoglycerate mutase 202
Bisphosphoglycerate shunt 202
Bitot's spot 181
Blindness 181, 234
Blood 507, 508
18-hydroxycortisol 519
ammonia 305
buffers 385
calcium, homeostasis of 361f
cells 534
cholesterol 8, 44
clotting 82
coagulation 84, 360
role in 84, 187
cortisol 518
glucose 230, 231, 235, 236, 336, 338f, 340f
concentration of 229
curve 236
estimation 235
homeostasis of 220, 229
level 229, 237, 337
maintenance of 230
regulation of 307
lactate 206
clinical significance of 202
menstrual 368
pH 305
plasma 300
pressure 489, 504
high 491
maintenance of 84
regulation 282, 504
principal buffers of 385t
sugar
fasting 236
postprandial 236
random 236
testis barriers 15
urea 305, 509
Blot transfer procedures 471, 471f
Blunt ends 466
B-lymphocytes 534, 541
Body
circadian rhythm of 170
composition 483
defense mechanism of 84
fluids 384
normal pH of 383, 384, 384t
immune system 542
lipoproteins 499
mass index 487
part of 556
potassium homeostasis 359
temperature 374
tissues of 335f
water
compartments 374f
distribution of 375
Bone 177, 183, 530
cancer 109
constituent of 362
demineralization of 361
disease 109
formation of 360, 365
hardness of 365
marrow 533, 534, 545
Bradykinin 68
Brain 43, 97, 210, 295, 299, 402
dysfunction, types of 174
function 176
role of 336
swelling of 304
tissue 374
Branched chain amino acids 308f, 338
catabolism of 307
metabolic disorders of 308
Breast
cancer 362, 434
types of 563
Brittle bone syndrome 530
Broad beta disease 256
Brown adipose tissue metabolism 155
Burn 84
Burning feet syndrome 169
Burnt sugar 308
Butyrate 196
Butyric acid 197, 198
C
Caffeine 402, 483
Cahill cycle 213, 213f
Calbindins 184
Calcitonin 122, 513, 561
effect of 513
gene 458
hormone 361
Calcitriol 182, 183, 361
action of 183, 184
Calcium 358, 359, 359t, 361, 376
absorption of 360, 361
complex 359
dietary sources of 360
homeostasis 182
metabolism of 359
metalloenzyme 110
paracaseinate curd 294
phosphate 509
physiochemical states of 359f
reabsorption of 361
tubular reabsorption of 361
Calthrin 16
Camptothecin 413
Cancer 6, 123, 174, 417, 499, 570, 571f, 575, 578
abdominal 106
advanced 482
biochemistry of 555
cell 111, 123, 206
characteristics of 555, 555f
spread of 556
diagnosis of 474
drug treatment of 562
growth blockers 563
human 558t
molecular basis of 556, 556f
prostate 362, 563
therapy
biochemical basis of 562
options of 562
type of 561
Captopril 104
Carbaminohemoglobin 135, 139
Carbamoyl aspartate 405
Carbamoyl glutamate 304
administration of 304
Carbamoyl phosphate 300, 305, 405
formation of 300
synthetase 172, 300, 302
Carbhemoglobin 139
Carbohydrate 5, 21, 30t, 33, 70, 80, 208, 209, 211, 233, 333f, 334, 335, 350, 478, 479, 482, 484, 486, 498
absorption of 197
antigen 560, 561
chemistry of 21
classification of 21
complex 22, 478
conversion of 334, 35
derivatives 25
dietary 194
digestion in 195, 195f
flame of 267
functions of 23
markers 561
metabolic fate of 198
metabolism 162, 194, 333
roles in 499
requirement of 478
side chains, attachment of 448
simple 478
source of 194
storage form of 31
transport of 195, 197
tumor biomarkers 562t
Carbomycin 26
Carbon 21
acid 41, 266
asymmetric 24, 25
atoms
number of 21
source of 398f, 404f
dioxide 13, 300, 302, 383, 386
metabolism 173f
monoxide 140, 154
endogenous source of 351
toxicity, symptoms of 141
skeleton 339, 340
Carbondioxide 78
Carbonic acid 383, 384, 386, 389, 390
Carbonic anhydrase 97, 370, 386, 393
Carbonyl
carbons 67
cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone 155
oxygen 73
Carboxyhemoglobin 139–141
Carboxyl 65
carbon 41
metabolites 566
terminal modifications 448
Carboxylic acids 570
Carboxypeptidase 92, 293, 294
Carcinoembryonic antigen 560, 561
Carcinogenesis 131, 556, 556f, 557
initiators of 557
promoters of 557
Carcinogens 556, 557
direct 557
indirect 557
Carcinoid syndrome 167, 168, 315
clinical symptoms of 315
Carcinoma
adrenal 560
hepatocellular 500
Cardiac markers 111, 519
Cardiac muscle, diseases of 107
Cardiac tissue 107
Cardiac troponin 112, 521
Cardiolipin 4, 39, 49
Cardiomyopathy 64
Cardiovascular disease 171, 174, 175, 255, 488, 491
risk of 45, 286
Cardiovascular disorders 498, 578
Cardiovascular system 163
Carnitine 261, 262
acylcarnitine translocase 92
acyltransferase 262, 264, 265, 270
deficiency of 266
deficiency 265
symptom of 265
oral supplementation of 266
palmitoyltransferase 2 262
shuttle 262, 262f
transport system disorders 265
Carnosine 324
Carotenoids 577
Carrier protein 5, 12, 14
Casal's necklace 168
Catabolism 81
pathways for 333f
Catabolite activator protein 455
Catalase 8, 11, 149, 266, 299, 347
Catalytic activity 90, 130
Cataract 234
Catecholamines 170, 177, 313, 326, 516–518
biosynthesis of 313
synthesis of 313f
Cell 1, 533
adhesion 35, 525
cycle 172, 421, 559
phases of 422
signaling 47
damage 380
disease 8
division 10, 123, 422
cycle 414, 423
fractionation 10
growth 555
integrity 293
lysis 543
malignant transformation of 10
membrane 2, 3f, 13, 46, 47, 54, 254
active transport 14
composition of 3
functions of 3
passive transport 12
permeability 358
structure of 3
organelles 10
power house of 7
respiration 147
subcellular fractionation of 11f
surface glycoproteins 549
toxicity 571f
types 1
wall 1, 3
Cellular metabolism, normal 574
Cellulose 32, 196, 479
structure of 32f
Central nervous systems 7
Centrioles 10
Cephalin 39, 47, 321
Ceramide, structure of 49f
Cereal proteins 481
Cerebral arterial occlusion 234
Cerebral function 234
Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome 267
Cerebroside 50, 51, 123
Cerebrospinal fluid pressure 182
Ceruloplasmin 35, 83, 364, 367, 577
Cervical cancer 559
Chaperones 447
clinical significance of 447
Chargaff's rule 126
Cheilosis 165
Chemical
agents 77
carcinogens 556, 557t
action of 557, 558f
hydrophilic 566
Chemiosmotic theory 152
Chemokines 543, 544
Chemotaxis 543
Chemotherapy 552, 562
biochemical basis of 562
Chenodeoxycholic acid 278, 306
Chloramphenicol 448, 569
Chloride 376, 504
ions 386
Cholangiocarcinoma 500
Cholangitis, primary biliary 500
Cholecalciferol 39, 161, 162, 182
Cholecystokinin 196, 247, 294
Cholera toxin 51
Cholestasis, enzyme in 113
Cholesterol 4, 40, 52, 53, 180, 203, 246, 249, 250, 253–255, 276, 353, 480, 500
acyltransferase 253f
biliary 278, 279
biosynthesis 202, 277f
stages of 276f
concentration of 285
deposition of 258f
diet, high 261
ester 39, 52, 54, 246, 249, 250, 252–254
exchange of 252f
hydrolase 247, 284
hydrolysis of 247
transfer protein 251, 254, 280
esterase 247
estimation of 284
excretion of 279
formation of 277
functions of 54
group of 284
high levels of 275
interpretation of 285
metabolic fate of 278, 278f
metabolism 275, 279
nodules of 255, 255f
reverse transport of 50, 253f, 254, 280
structure of 53, 54f, 276f
synthesis 276, 499
energy cost of 277
regulation of 278f
yellow patches of 255
Cholesteryl esters 252, 278, 279
Cholestyramine 280
Cholic acid 278, 306
Choline 46, 261
Cholinesterase 108
Chondroitin sulfate 34
Choriocarcinoma 560
Chromatin 127
Chromoproteins 71
Chromosome 2, 9, 124, 128f, 420, 457
number of 414
Chylomicron 52, 248–251, 337
metabolism of 250, 251f
Chylomicronemia, familial 256
Chyme 247
Chymosin 294
Chymotrypsin 92, 97, 113, 294
Chymotrypsinogen 90, 294
Cilia 537, 543
Ciprofloxacin 413
Circular chromosome 1
Cirrhosis 260, 499
Citrate 204
formation of 208
lyase 271
synthase 208
Citric acid 207f
cycle 7, 208, 211, 211f, 211t, 212–214, 297, 303, 303f, 333, 335
amphibolic nature of 211
anabolic role of 210f
location of 208
reactions of 208, 208f
regulation of 210, 211f
significance of 209
Citrulline 64, 305
formation of 301
Citrullinemia 304
Clathrin 16
Clavulanic acid 105
Clearance test 510, 511t
Clindamycin 448
Clofibrate 280
Cobalamin 160, 175
structure of 175f
Cobalt 294
atom 175
Cockayne syndrome 421
Cockcroft-Gault formula 511
Codon 439, 441f
bias 440
number of 439
Coenzyme 90, 92, 148, 149, 207, 207t
A 169, 266, 318
active 162f
form 161, 166, 169
functions 93t
Q 93, 577
Cohn's syndrome 379
Colicin 449
Colipase 110
Collagen 70, 525, 526, 527f, 529t
biosynthesis 177
formation 307
function of 526
structure of 526, 527
synthesis of 364
types of 527, 527t
Collagenase 103, 113
Colloidal osmotic pressure 80, 375, 376, 377
maintenance of 84
Color vision 180
Colostrum 295, 540
Coma 265
Complement system 546
role of 543
Connective tissue 530, 534
Constipation 514
Cooley's hemoglobin 78, 144
Cooperative oxygen binding 135
Copper 364, 552
absorption of 365
metabolism, inborn errors of 365
toxicity 365
Coproporphyria 349
hereditary 349
Coproporphyrinogen 347
oxidase 347
Core protein 33
Cori's cycle 212, 231
pathway of 212f
Cori's disease 222
Cornea
keratinization of 181
ulceration of 181
Coronary artery disease 45, 285t, 286, 570, 575
Corrin ring 175
Cortex, renal 214
Corticosteroids 54
binding globulin 83
Corticotropin 122
releasing hormone 517, 519
Cortisol 516, 518
Cosmids 466
COVID-19 474
Cow's milk 247
C-reactive protein 83, 84, 85
Creatine
kinase 107–109, 112, 519, 520
diagnostic importance of 107
isoenzymes 107t
phosphate 148, 307, 510
synthesis of 307
Creatinine 482, 509
clearance tests 510
Cretinism 237, 366
Crigler-Najjar syndrome 352, 353
Cristae 7
C-type lectin receptors 545
Cushing's syndrome 237, 379, 517, 518
Cutis hyperelastica 530
Cyanide 103, 154
Cyanocobalamin 175
vitamin B12 93
Cyanopsin 180
Cyanosis 140, 144
Cyclines 423
Cycloheximide 448, 449
Cyclooxygenase 105, 574
enzyme 284
isoforms of 284
pathway 283, 283f
Cyclopentane 281
ring 53
Cyclopentano-perhydro-phenanthrene ring 275
Cynocobalamin 161, 175
Cystathionine 317
beta-synthase deficiency 319
synthase 170, 319
Cysteine 59, 61, 63, 67, 76, 151, 316–318, 318f, 527, 530, 568, 570
biosynthetic pathway of 317f
catabolism of 317, 318f
dioxygenase 569
metabolism of 317
proteases 559
residue 272, 420
synthesis of 317
transaminase 317
Cystic fibrosis 5, 15, 110, 434, 468, 474
transmembrane conductance regulator 5
Cystine 295, 316, 317f, 318, 509
reductase 317
storage disease 318
Cystinosis 318
Cystinuria 318, 512
Cytarabine 123
Cytidine 436
triphosphate 123
Cytochrome 6, 210, 346, 347
A 151
B 149, 151, 154
C 149, 151
C1 149, 151, 154
oxidase 11, 91, 149, 364
P450 149, 266, 346, 347, 350
enzyme complex 567, 574
Cytokine 543–545, 547, 563
burst 544
production 552
types of 563
Cytokinesis 422
Cytoplasm 1, 2, 5, 130, 199, 214, 223, 453, 459
Cytosine 119, 125
deamination of 419f
nucleotide of 123
Cytoskeleton 1, 6, 10
functions of 10
protein 10
structure of 10
types of 10t
Cytosol 3, 6, 11, 12, 271, 300, 347
osmolarity of 32
Cytosolic carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 404
Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 155
enzyme 302
Cytosolic oxaloacetate, decarboxylation of 214
Cytotoxic B-cells 547
Cytotoxic T-cells 538, 538t, 547
role of 548, 548f
D
Dactinomycin 430
D-amino acid oxidase 8
D-aspartic acid 65
De novo fatty acid synthesis 272
phases of 271
De Novo purine biosynthesis 399f
De Novo synthesis
cholesterol 277
precursors for 404
purine nucleotide 398
pyrimidine nucleotides 404
steps for 404
Decapeptide 68
Decarboxylation 170, 326, 347
reaction 170
Dehydration 198, 378
hyperosmolar 378
hyponatremic 378
hyposmolar 379
normonatremic 379
simple 378
Dehydroepiandrosterone 517
sulfate 519
Dehydrogenases 69, 90, 149, 370
Dendritic cells 534, 537, 544
Dental caries 365
Dentin formation 177
Deoxy sugars 27
structure of 27f
Deoxyadenosine 403
Deoxyadenosyl B12, stored in 175
Deoxycholic acid 279
Deoxyhemoglobin 137f, 142f, 387
oxygenation of 136f
Deoxyribonucleic acid 124, 412
cloning of 467
damaging drugs 562
dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase 427
functions of 124, 126
genetical types of 127
glycosylases 418
growth of 473f
ligase 413, 417, 466
organization 126
polymerase 415
primary structure of 124
probes 471
recombinant 465
repair
mechanisms 417
system, types of 417t
replication 410
secondary structure of 124
sequencing 465
structure 124
synthesis of 175, 473
Deoxyribonucleotide 124, 473
synthesis of 399f
Deoxyribose 23, 27
Deoxyuridine monophosphate 173
Dephosphorylation 100, 207, 220, 221, 278
Depot fat 258
Depression 163, 169, 171, 315, 570
Depressive disorder 104
Dermatan sulfate 34, 35, 531
Dermatitis 43, 165
Dermatomyositis 109
Desmosines 529
Desulfuration 567
Detoxification 8, 227, 500, 566
mechanisms 566
processes 123
reactions 63, 306, 317
site of 567
Dexamethasone 518
suppression test 518
Dextran 32, 33
clinical importance of 32
Dextrin 31, 33
Dextrinase 196
Dextrorotatory 24
Dextrose 25, 33
D-fructose 30, 32, 198
structure of 24f
D-galactosamine 26
D-galactose 30, 198
D-glucosamine 26
D-glucose 30
structure of 24f
D-glucuronic acid 28, 33
Diabetes mellitus 6, 45, 204, 232, 233, 234f, 237, 256, 261, 280, 286, 338, 490, 509, 570, 578, 579
classification of 232, 232f
diagnosis of 235
gestational 235
types 232, 232t
Diacylglycerides 45
Diacylglycerol 48
3-phosphate 46
Diamino acids 61
Diarrhea 30, 185, 198, 393
Dicarboxylic acid 61, 265
Dicumarol 102, 155
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 154
Dietary fats, types of 480
Dietary fiber 23, 32, 196, 478, 479
activities of 479t
clinical significance of 480
Digestion 195
Digoxin 28
Dihydrobiopterin
reductase 310
synthesis 310
Dihydrofolate reductase 562
Dihydropteroate synthetase 102
Dihydrouridine 130
Dihydroxyacetone 24, 285
phosphate 156, 213f, 228, 229, 258
Dihydroxycholecalciferol 183, 183f
Dihydroxyphenylalanine 311, 313
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate 103
Dimeric molecule 540
Dimethylbenzimidazole nucleotide 175
Dioxygenase 91, 149, 312
Dipalmitoyl lecithin 47
Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine 47
Dipeptidases 294
Diphosphatidyl glycerol 49
Diphtheria toxin 449
Dipolar ion 66
Dipole dipole interactions 76
Dipstick test 235
Disaccharide 23, 29, 29f, 195, 527
Distal histidine 134
Disulfide bond 76
Disulfiram 104, 105
action of 105f
Divalent metal transporter 366, 367
Divicine 225
Dizziness 369
D-lactose 30
D-mannosamine 26, 27
Docking protein 16
Docosahexaenoic acid 43
Dopa 313
Dopamine 105, 170, 313, 326, 358
beta-hydroxylase 177, 364
Double vision 163
Down's syndrome 82, 171
Doxorubicin 5, 103
Drowsiness 185
Drug therapy 280
Dry eyes 181
Dubin-Johnson syndrome 352, 354
Dulcitol 28
D-xylulose dehydrogenase 227
Dynamin protein 16
Dysbeta-lipoproteinemia 256
Dyslipidemia 579
Dyslipoproteinemias 255
Dysrhythmias, cardiac 383, 384
E
Ectopia lentis 319
Edema 377, 379, 509
development of 81f
peripheral 163
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 530, 530f
Ehrlich's aldehyde reagent 502
Ehrlich's test 354
Eicosanoids 43
synthesis, inhibitors of 284
types of 281
Eicosapentaenoic acid 43
Elastase 92
Elastin 526, 529t
function of 528
structure of 528
synthesis of 364
Elbows, tendons of 255f
Electrical insulators 40
Electrocardiograms, abnormal 369
Electrolyte 6, 374, 376
amphoteric 65
balance 374, 378
disorders of 378
regulation of 376
concentration of 376, 504
deficit 378
distribution of 376
disturbance 234
imbalances 378
number of 376
Electron carrier 149
cytochromes 149
Electron transport chain 147, 149
inhibitors of 153, 154f
reactions of 150
Electron transport system, components of 7
Electrophiles 557
Elenocysteine 369
Embden-Meyerhof pathway 199
Embryogenesis 560
Emphysema 82, 110
Enalapril 104
Enantiomers 24
Endergonic reactions 147
Endocrine organ 260, 368
Endocrinological state 483
Endocyte vesicles 16, 17
digestion in 17
Endocytosis 12, 16
clathrin mediated 16, 17f
constitutive 16, 17f
Endonucleases 92, 429
Endopeptidase 83, 293
Endoplasmic reticulum 2, 6, 12, 130, 266, 275, 276
fractions 276
stress 6
structure of 6f
systems 275
Endothelial cells 279
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 347
Energy
dense foods 488
metabolism, defective 163
storage form of 40
Enkephalins 68
Enolase 92
Enoyl reductase 272, 273
Enterochromaffin cells 168
Enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle 351
Enterokinase 294
Enteropeptidase 294
Enzymatic antioxidant system 576
Enzymatic estimation, reaction of 285f
Enzyme 7, 69, 70, 89, 97, 108t, 111–113, 148, 149, 207, 207t, 222t, 346, 411, 411t, 427, 431, 518, 519, 525, 560, 562, 573
action, specificity of 95
activating 52
activity 63, 77, 96f, 97f, 100t, 520f
regulation of 98, 360, 362
allosteric regulation of 99
carbonic anhydrase 388
cardiac markers 520
cellulase 32
classification of 91t
code number 90
cofactors for 93t
concentration 96
deficiency 348
detects 531t
digestive 15, 110, 341
general properties of 89
gluconeogenic 206
hydrolytic 8, 69
inactive 90t
inducible 204, 205, 284
inhibitors 104t, 105, 105t
kinetics 95
L-gulonolactone oxidase 226
list of 113t
lysosomal 8, 9t, 219, 449
mutations of 349f
noncovalent regulation of 99
pancreatic 196, 247
participates 104
polyamine 327
precursors 543
proteolytic 294t
reactions 101
role of 577f
sequence of 273f
substrate 94, 103
complex 102, 103f
synthesis 101
repression of 101
therapeutic use of 113
translocase 262
tumor biomarker 562t
type of 9
use of 113
Eosinophils 534, 537, 544, 546
Epidermolysis bullosa 530
skin blisters 531f
Epigenetic regulation 456
Epilepsy, drug resistant 271
Epimerases 92
Epimerism 25
Epinephrine 122, 170, 177, 216, 220, 221, 230, 231, 260, 275, 313, 326, 360
Epipodophyllotoxins 563
Epithelial cells 181
keratinization of 181
maintenance of 179
Epitope 549
Epoxidation 567
Epstein-Barr virus 474, 546
Ergocalciferol 182
Ergosterol 182
Ergothioneine 324
Eruptive xanthoma 256
Erythrocyte 7, 107, 202f, 347
membrane, protection of 186
transketolase 164
Erythromycin 26, 448
Erythropoiesis, rate of 367
Erythropoietic porphyria 348
Escherichia coli 466
Esterase 92
Estrogen 54, 183
receptor 560
therapy 256
Ethanol 102
intoxication 401
Ethanolamine 46, 321
Etoposide 563
Eukaryotes 2t, 124, 415f, 431, 435f, 456
proofreading in 415
replicate 423
ribosomes of 443f
transcription in 431
Eukaryotic cell 1, 2, 7, 10, 456
components of 2
cycle, stages of 422f
structure of 2f
subcellular organelles of 3t
Eukaryotic deoxyribonucleic acid replication 413t, 414f
Eukaryotic gene 430
expression 453t
Eukaryotic polymerases, types of 414t
Eukaryotic protein synthesis 442t
Eukaryotic transcription 430, 430f, 432f
stages of 431
Evaporation, latent heat of 374
Excision repair 420
Exocytic vesicles 18
Exocytosis 12, 16, 18
process of 17f
Exonucleases 92, 429
Exopeptidases 293, 294
Extracellular fluid 12t, 17, 357, 376, 385
volume 504
Extracellular matrix 525
components of 525, 526
functions of 525
types of 525
Extracellular pathogens 543
Eyelids 255f
Eyes 180
protrusion of 515f
Ezetimibe 281
F
Fanconi's syndrome 232, 363, 505, 512
Fasciola hepatica 542
Fast-fed cycle 336
Fat 333f, 335, 336, 478, 489, 493
malabsorption 188
requirement of 480
Fatty acids 39–41, 43t, 50, 202, 203, 208, 211, 213, 246, 247, 250, 258, 259, 273, 279, 336, 339, 341, 499
activation of 258f
beta-oxidation of 262, 263f, 264, 265
binding proteins 74
biosynthesis of 271
branched chain 43
carbon, numbering of 41f
classification of 40, 41, 42f
cyclic 43
De Novo synthesis of 274f
degradation 271
pathways of 271t
dietary 250
essential 40, 43, 261, 478
esters of 45
free 246, 251, 252, 259, 260, 513
mobilization of 259f
monounsaturated 41
numbering of 41
oxidation 7, 261
disorders of 266
peroxisomal 266
polyunsaturated 41, 42, 577
saturated 40, 41
short-chain 196
straight chain 41
synthase complex 272
reactions of 272
synthesis 99, 210, 271, 272, 334, 337, 340
regulation of 273, 275f
tails, saturation of 4
thiokinase 261
transport of 261
unsaturated 40, 41, 42f, 575
Fatty acyl-carnitine 264
Fatty acyl-coenzyme A 261
dehydrogenases 265
oxidation of 262
Fatty liver 49, 260, 261, 486
disease 500
nonalcoholic 500
Fava beans 225
Feces 368
Feeding high fat diet 261
Ferric hemoglobin 144
Ferritin 74, 85, 366, 368, 577
Ferrochelatase 347
Ferroportin 366, 367
Ferrous ion 347
Ferroxidase 83, 364, 366, 367
Fetal hemoglobin 137
F-helix, seventh residue of 134
Fiber 478–480
hypoglycemic effect of 479
soluble 479
Fibrillin 526, 529–531
Fibrinogen 79, 84, 85
Fibrinolysin 113
Fibroblasts 526
Fibroin 70
Fibronectin 526, 529
Fibrosis 499
Fibrous proteins 70
types of 526
Figlu, excretion of 174
Filaments, intermediate 10
Fischer's lock 94f
Fischer's model 94
Flagella 1
Flavin
adenine dinucleotide 122, 147
mononucleotide 147
Flavoprotein enzyme 71, 164, 165, 165t
Fludrocortisone 518
Fluid
interstitial 374
mosaic 12
mosaic membrane 3
mosaic model 3f
Fluorescent teeth 350f
Fluoride 103, 194, 201
Fluorine 365
Fluoroacetate 103, 209
Fluoroapatite 365
Foam cell 254, 280
Folate 106
Folic acid 93, 160, 161, 172, 173f, 174f, 177, 261, 320f, 492
atoms of 172f
coenzyme form of 173
deficiency 174, 174f, 175
role of 174f
synthesis of 102
Follicle stimulating hormone 122
Food
iron, utilization of 367f
pyramid 485f
Forbes disease 222
Forensic medicine 470, 474
Formaldehyde 102
Formic acid 567
Formimino glutamate 173, 320
Fouchet's test 354
Fragile stretchy skin 530f
Fredrickson's classification 255
Free cholesterol 249
molecules 52
Free radicals 558, 563, 573
external sources of 575
sources of 574
Friedewald equation 286
Fructofuranose 23
Fructokinase 228, 229
Fructose 30, 197, 228f, 231, 511
1,6-bisphosphate 214
1-phosphate aldolase 228
2,6-bisphosphate 204, 204f
6-phosphate 214
pathway 228
formation of 228
intolerance, hereditary 229
metabolic pathway of 228f
metabolism 228
disorders of 229
reactions of 228
transport of 197f
Fructosuria 231
essential 229
Fumarase 92
Fumarate 209
formation of 301
hydration of 209
Fumarylacetoacetate hydroxylase 311
Furan ring 23
Furosemide 512
G
Galactocerebroside 50
Galactokinase 227
Galactosamine 26
Galactose 23, 50, 227f, 231, 494
1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency 227, 228
disaccharide of 527
metabolism 227
disorders of 227
transport of 197f
Galactosemia 227
Galactoside 28, 455
Galactosuria 231
Galacturonic acid 27
Gamma-amino butyric acid 170, 211, 322, 326
Gamma-globulin 83, 84, 79
Gamma-glutamyl
cycle 295
transferase 109
Gangliosides 40, 50, 51
Gastric
acid 543
glycoprotein 35
lipase 247
secretion 282
regulation of 282
Gastrin 561
Gastrointestinal secretions, nature of 367
Gastrointestinal tract 166, 359
Gatekeeper gene 559
Gaucher disease 51
Gel electrophoresis 473
Gene 126
coding strand of 427, 430
eukaryotic expression of 456f
expression 180, 453, 454f
regulation of 453, 456, 457f–459f
mutation 453
regulation, types of 454
therapy 403, 470
transcription of 123
types of 454
Genetic code 439, 440
degeneracy of 440t
Genetic defects 265, 304t
Genetic diseases 7, 465
analysis of 474
Genetic hemochromatosis 368
Genetic testing 311, 473
Genital tract secretions 540
Genome 1
Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid library 470, 471
Gentamycin 8
Germ cell 460, 470
tumors 560
Gilbert's syndrome 352, 353
Glandular fever 474
Globin 135
Globosides 50
Globular protein 70, 70f, 80
Globulin 70, 82, 135, 502
Glomerular filtration 503
rate 358, 504
estimation of 506, 510
Glomerulonephritis 505
Glomerulus, renal 35
Glossitis 165
Glucagon 122, 205, 216, 220, 221, 230, 230f, 260, 275, 336, 360, 561
effect of 340, 340f
excess of 233
Glucocerebroside 50
Glucocorticoid 47, 54, 230, 231, 516, 517
synthetic 518
Glucokinase 69, 199, 201, 201t, 204, 218, 337, 454
reaction 204
regulation of 204
Gluconeogenesis 99, 209, 212, 212f, 214, 230, 231, 234, 337, 338, 340
characteristics of 214
energetics of 214
oxaloacetate for 209
pathway of 215f
reactions of 214
regulation of 216, 216f
significance of 216
site of 214
Glucopyranose 23
Glucosaccharic acid 28
Glucosamine 26
Glucosan 30
Glucose 6, 14, 25f, 26f, 30, 31, 50, 214, 221, 227f, 231, 336, 455, 494, 507
1-phosphate 219
6-phosphatase 214, 216, 219, 402
absence of 222, 231
deficiency 402
6-phosphate 25, 198, 199, 204, 214, 218, 220, 337
dehydrogenase 107, 223, 225, 352
fates of 219f
metabolic pathway of 198f
absence of 455, 456f
absorption 295
alanine cycle 212, 213, 213f, 300, 301f
calories 217
dehydrogenase 226
disaccharide of 527
epimers of 25f
formation of 63
free 219
maintenance of 230
oxidase 113, 236
oxidation of 27f, 222
peroxidase 113
renal threshold value for 231
stage per molecule of 201
structure of 23
test 235
tolerance curve
lag type of 237
normal 236
types of 236
tolerance test 235, 236, 236f
significance of 237
transporter 14t, 198t, 338
Glucoside 28
Glucosuria 231, 235, 236, 512
alimentary 231
diabetic 232
hyperglycemic 507
Glucuronic acid 23, 26, 27, 226, 351f, 568, 569, 569f
pathway, disorders of 227
Glucuronidation 569
Glucuronyl transferase 353
Glutamate 67, 299, 300, 323f
deamination of 212
dehydrogenase 212, 298–300
clinical significance of 299
oxaloacetate transaminase 298
pyruvate transaminase 298
transamination of 212
Glutamic acid 59, 61, 63, 78, 142, 144, 322, 461
catabolism of 322
hydrophilic 142
metabolism of 322
synthesis of 322
Glutaminase 113, 300
hepatic 300
renal 300
Glutamine 59, 60, 63, 213, 296, 299, 300, 304, 304f, 315, 322, 341, 398, 570
breakdown of 300f
degradation of 322f
formation of 300f
metabolism of 322
synthesis of 322, 322f
synthetase 299, 304
Glutathione 67, 186, 295, 318, 568, 569, 578
conjugation 569
dietary 569
oxidized 68f, 225, 577
peroxidase 64, 369, 574, 576, 577
reduced 577
role of 68f, 577f
synthesis of 306
transferase 557
Glutelins 70
Glyburide 267
Glycans 22, 30
Glycation 36, 139
Glycemic index 491, 494, 495t
Glyceraldehyde 25f, 228
3-phosphate to 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate, oxidation of 201
Glycerol 39, 45, 46, 212, 247, 259, 336, 338
3-phosphate 151, 258
dehydrogenase 258
ester 41
hydrolase 248
kinase 212, 258
enzyme 259
metabolism of 260f
molecule of 49
structure of 46f
Glycerolipids 8
Glycerophosphate shuttle 156, 156f
Glycerophospholipids 4, 39, 46, 47f
hydrolysis of 249f
Glycine 59, 61–63, 65, 67, 173, 210, 261, 278, 295, 304, 307, 320, 346, 527, 528, 570
catabolic pathway of 306f
catabolism of 306
cleavage enzyme 306
metabolic
disorders of 307
importance of 306, 306f
metabolism of 305
reabsorption of 307
synthesis of 304f, 305
Glycinuria 307
Glycocalyx 5
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid 278, 306
Glycocholic acid 278, 306
Glycoconjugates 22
Glycogen 22, 23, 30, 31, 195f, 221, 336, 337
branching enzyme 218
breakdown 230, 337, 338
formation 227
lysosomal degradation of 219
metabolism, regulation of 220f
molecule 32f
pre-existing 218
particles 8
phosphorylase 100, 170, 218–221
primer 218
storage disease 219, 222, 286
investigations for 222
management of 222
symptoms of 222
types of 222t
synthase 218, 220, 221, 230, 338
kinase 221, 221f
synthesis 204, 337
regulation of 221f
Glycogenesis 217, 218, 218f, 219f
pathway of 217f
reactions of 218
regulation of 219
significance of 221
Glycogenin 218
Glycogenolysis 217, 217f, 218, 230, 231
reactions of 218
regulation of 219
significance of 221
Glycolipids 5, 7, 22, 23, 41, 50, 51f, 227, 246, 317, 537
Glycolysis 198, 206, 207f, 214, 215f, 220, 228f, 229, 337
additional pathway of 202
anaerobic 201, 202f, 206
disorders of 205
energetics of 205
in liver, regulation of 204
in muscle, regulation of 203
inhibit enzymes of 201
plus citric acid cycle 205
reactions of 199, 200f
regulation of 203, 203f
significance of 202
Glycolytic pathway 228
phases of 199f
Glycophorin 35
Glycoprotein 4, 5, 7, 22, 23, 26, 35, 70, 71, 111, 180, 227, 448, 525, 529, 537, 538, 545, 549, 562
avidin 172
function of 35, 529
structure of 529
synthesis 266
Glycosaminoglycans 26, 33, 180, 227
accumulation of 531
functions of 34t
sulfated 33
types of 34
Glycosidases 8
Glycosides 28
cardiac 28
therapeutic importance of 28
Glycosidic bond 22, 28f, 29
Glycosphingolipids 40, 50
Glycosuria 231, 233, 234, 512
renal 232, 507
Glycosylation 36, 139, 527
Glyphosate 104
Goiter 366, 514, 514f
causes of 514
Golgi apparatus 3, 6, 6f
functions of 6
Golgi bodies 12
Golgi complex 6, 49
Gonads 225
Gout 401, 403
detection of 403
primary 401
secondary 402
treatment of 95, 402
G-protein 448
Gramicidin 65, 155
Granular casts 508
Granular endoplasmic reticulum 6f
Granules, cytotoxic 545
Granulocytes 534, 537
Granulomatosis, chronic 575
Granzymes 545
Graves' disease 514, 515f, 516
Graves' ophthalmopathy 514, 515f
Growing skeleton 184
Growth 477
Growth hormone 183, 230, 487
Guanase 400
Guanine 125, 399f, 400, 433, 460
Guanine 7-methyltransferase 433
Guanine, nucleotide of 123
Guanosine 400
Guanosine diphosphate 123
Guanosine monophosphate 397
Guanosine triphosphate 123
Guanylyl cyclase 123
Guanylyl transferase 433
Guillain-Barre syndrome 51
Gum 23, 33, 479
H
Haemophilus aegyptius 466
Hair
follicles, keratosis of 181
loss of 182, 514
pigmentation of 312
Hand-in-glove model 94
Hapten 550, 571
Haptoglobin 83
Hartnup's disease 167, 168, 315
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 514, 516
Haworth projection 23
Headache 185
Health and disease, nutrition in 477
Heart 282, 368
attack 234
disease 174, 254
coronary 53, 490
risk of 489
enlarged 163
failure
congestive 369
high-output 163
muscle, role of 336
rate, slow 514
Heartbeat, irregular 176
Heat shock proteins 69
Heavy chains, type of 539t
Heavy menstrual bleeding 514
Helper T cell 538, 547, 548
role of 545, 547, 547f
Hematin 350
Hematopoietic stem cells 538
Hematuria 318, 506, 507, 510
Heme 134
biosynthesis 7, 346
disorders of 348
biosynthetic pathway of 348f
catabolism of 350
iron 366
oxygenase 350
peroxidase 347
proteins 210, 366, 368
copper containing 149
pyrrole ring of 140
significance of 348
synthase 347
synthesis, regulation of 347
transporter 366, 367
Hemochromatosis 368
acquired 368
clinical symptoms of 368
primary 368
secondary 368
Hemoglobin 76, 77, 135, 136, 136f, 137, 138, 141, 210, 346, 351f, 383
abnormal 141
type of 141t
buffer 386
mechanism of action of 386
C disease 78, 144
chemistry of 134
derivatives 138
abnormal 138, 139
normal 138
electrophoresis 143
functions of 134, 135, 202
glycated 139, 139f, 235, 237
H disease 144
irreversible oxidation of 140
M diseases 78, 144
metabolism 346
oxidized 139
quaternary structure of 78
reduced 138, 139
S 142
structure of 134, 134f, 135f
synthesis of 306, 364
type of 138, 138t
Hemoglobinopathy 78, 141
chemistry of 134
classification of 141t
quantitative 141
type of 141
Hemoglobinuria 506, 507
Hemolysis 353, 501, 508
Hemolytic anemia 78, 143, 186, 205, 225
drug-induced 225
mild 144
Hemopexin 83
Hemophilia A 434
Hemopoiesis 175
Hemoproteins 71, 149, 347
Hemorrhagic disease 187
Hemosiderin 368
Hemosiderosis 368
Henle loop 504, 510
Heparan sulfate 34, 531
Heparin 34, 35
Hepatic glucuronyl transferase enzyme 353
Hepatitis 499, 501
A 499
B 499
virus 468, 558
C 499, 558
D 499
infectious 80f
Hepatobiliary disease 109
Hepatocarcinoma 260
Hepatocellular damage 299
Hepatocyte 252
damage, enzyme in 112
membrane of 278
Hepatoma 560
Hepcidin 85, 367
Her's disease 222
Herbicides 225
Heteroglycans 23, 30, 33
Heteropolysaccharides 23, 30, 33
Heterozygous state 143, 145
Hexameric structure 414
Hexokinase 97, 106, 199, 204, 205, 214, 218
catalyzes 95
deficiency 205
Hexosaminidase A 51
Hexose monophosphate
pathway 222, 223, 402
shunt 575
High glycemic index 495
High-density lipoprotein 249, 250, 253
cholesterol 254
clinical significance of 286
metabolism of 253f
Hinge region 539
Histamine 8, 60, 61, 63, 67, 140, 141, 151, 170, 324, 326, 386, 481, 538, 541, 544, 566
Histidine 320
catabolism of 173
degradation of 324, 324f
imidazole groups of 386
metabolism of 324
proximal 134
Histidinemia 324
Histone 2, 70, 127, 457
octamer 127
proteins 127, 457
Hodgkin's disease 106
Holoenzyme 93
Homocitrulline 303
Homocysteine 176, 261, 280, 316, 318
Homocystinuria 318, 319, 319f
types of 319t
Homogenate 11
Homogentisate 310
oxidase 310, 312
Homoglycans 22, 30
Homopolysaccharides 22, 30
Homoserine 64, 317
Homozygotes 255
Homozygous disorder 143
Hormonal therapy 562
biochemical basis of 563
Hormone 35, 41, 67, 182, 220, 229, 260, 313, 513, 560, 561, 561t
adrenocorticotropic 230, 315, 517, 518, 561
anabolic 233
anterior pituitary 230, 231
antidiuretic 360, 377, 504, 561
calcitonin, precursor protein of 85
dependent cancer 188
glucagon 216
hyperglycemic 230
hypoglycemic 229
luteinizing 122
melatonin 314
receptor 5
release of 360
secretion 504
sensitive lipase 230, 231, 259, 260, 339, 340
therapy 562
Host cell 467
Human chorionic gonadotropin 561
Human diseases 434t, 573
Human hemoglobin, normal 137
Human herpes viruses 558
Human immunodeficiency virus 552
Human leukocyte antigen 83, 542, 549
Human papilloma virus 558
Human plasma lipoproteins
apolipoproteins of 53t
classes of 52t
Human T-cell leukemia virus 558
Humoral immune system 536, 538
Hunter's disease 532
Hunter's syndrome 532
Huntington disease 6
Hurler's syndrome 532
Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome 10
Hyaline casts 508
Hyaluronan 34, 35
Hyaluronic acid 33, 34, 113
Hyaluronidase 35, 113
Hydratase 273
Hydration 263
Hydrocarbon chains 40
Hydrochloric acid 293
Hydrogen 21, 386
bond 5, 73, 74, 76, 126, 134, 527
ion 78, 516
concentration 96
peroxide 574
Hydrogenation, catalytic 44
Hydrolase 91, 92
Hydrolysis 258, 568
Hydroperoxidases 91, 149
Hydrophilic deoxyribose 125
Hydrophobic purine 125
Hydrops fetalis 144
Hydroxmethylbilane 347
Hydroxy amino acid 61, 527f
Hydroxy indole acetic acid 560
Hydroxyapatite 362, 365
Hydroxycobalamin 175
Hydroxyindoleacetic acid 315
Hydroxyl amino acid, phosphorylation of 448
Hydroxyl group 91, 567
Hydroxyl radicals 574, 575
Hydroxylation 574
Hydroxylysine 527
glycosylated 528f
Hydroxymethyl 305
Hydroxymethylbilane 350
synthase 349
Hydroxyproline 527, 528
Hydroxypyra zolopyrimidine 123
Hyperalbuminemia 80, 82
Hyperammonemia 304
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 141
Hyperbilirubinemia 165, 352, 352t, 353
acquired 352
congenital 351
conjugated 353
toxic encephalopathy 353
unconjugated 353
Hypercalcemia 362
clinical features of 362
Hypercholesterolemia, familial 254–256, 468
Hyperchylomicronemia 256
Hyperglobulinemia 502
Hyperglycemia 229, 232–234
chronic 490
effect of 229
postprandial 230
Hyperhomocysteinemia 171, 174, 175
Hyperkalemia 248, 378–380, 380f, 518
Hyperlipidemia 280
Hyperlipoproteinemia 168, 255, 256
classification of 256t
familial combined 256
primary 255, 256t
secondary 255, 256, 256t
Hyperlysinemia
periodic 325
persistent 325
Hypermagnesemia 364
Hypernatremia 378, 379
Hypernatremic dehydration 378
causes of 379
Hyperornithinemia hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome 303
Hyperoxaluria, primary 307, 449
Hyperoxia 575
Hyperparathyroidism 363
Hyperphenylalaninemia 310
Hyperphosphatemia 363
causes of 363
clinical symptoms of 363
Hyperplasia, adrenal 518
Hyperprolinemia 323
Hypersensitivity 552
Hypertension 280, 379, 489, 509, 578
Hyperthermia 282
Hyperthyroidism 514
causes of 514
primary 515, 516
secondary 516
Hypertriacylglycerolemia, familial 256
Hypertriglyceridemia 222, 234, 285
familial 256
Hyperuricemia 222, 400, 401, 403
causes of 401f
Hypervitaminosis
A 181
E 186
K 188
Hypoalbuminemia 80, 81, 81f, 486
causes of 81t
Hypocalcemia 361
clinical features of 362
Hypochlorous acid 574
Hypoglycemia 169, 229, 265
neonatal 235
severe 518
Hypokalemia 378, 380, 380f
symptoms of 380
Hypolactasia 198
Hypolipoproteinemia 255, 257
Hypomagnesemia 364
Hyponatremia 378, 379, 518
symptoms of 379
Hyponatremic dehydration 378
causes of 379
Hypoparathyroidism 361, 363
Hypoperfusion 206
Hypophosphatemia 363, 512
causes of 363
clinical symptoms of 363
Hypopigmentation 310
Hyposmolar dehydration 379
causes of 379
Hypotension 518
Hypothalamic failure 515
Hypothalamic pituitary
adrenal axis 517, 517f
thyroid axis 513, 513f
Hypothyroidism 256, 257, 286, 514
Hypovolemia 32
Hypoxanthine 121, 399f, 400, 441
guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase 400, 402
Hypoxia 201, 206
Hypoxic tissues 137
I
Ibuprofen 102
I-cell disease 8
Icterus 352
index 500
Iduronic acid 26
Imino acids 60, 61, 295
metabolism of 323
Immature liver enzyme system 353
Immune dysfunction viral infection 5
Immune response 549, 578
secondary 548
Immune system 84, 403, 533
acquired 536
cell of 535f
organs of 534f
regulation of 547f
Immunity
cell mediated 552
innate 536
long-term 550
nutritional 544
passive 548
Immunization 550
Immunodeficiency disease, severe combined 400, 403, 434, 552
Immunogens 549
Immunoglobulins 84, 295, 535, 539
functions 539
G 539f
light-chain fragments of 509
structure of 539
types 539
Immunotherapy 562
biochemical basis of 563
Impaired glucose tolerance 235, 237, 579
Indole acetic acid 316
Indolepyruvic acid 316
Indomethacin 569
Infant respiratory distress syndrome 235
Infection 84, 123
Infectious agents 474, 533
detection of 474
Inflammation 84, 544, 547, 578
Inflammatory disease, chronic 74
Inflammatory response 84, 282, 284, 543
Injury
glomerular 509
myocardial 521
Innate cellular
immune system 537
response 543
Innate humoral
immune system 536
response 543
Innate immune
responses 543
system 534, 536
Innate immunity 536
part of 538
Inorganic ions 92
Inosine 121, 400
Inositol 46
monophosphatase 104
triphosphate 48
Insulin 67, 183, 204, 205, 216, 221, 221f, 229, 230, 230f, 260, 278, 318, 336, 337, 470, 487, 490, 561
additional release of 233
deficiency of 233, 380
effect of 338f
insufficiency 261
resistance 233
secretion 230, 338
sensitivity 233
Integral membrane proteins 4
Integrins 5
Interferon 470, 543, 563
Interleukin 470, 537, 544, 563
Intermittent porphyria, acute 349, 434
Intestinal brush border membrane enzymes 196
Intestinal lipase 248
Intestinal lumen 250f
Intestinal mucosal cells 248
Intestine 183, 232, 295, 350, 361
digestion in 196, 294
small 195, 214, 247, 293
Intracellular fluid 12t, 17, 357, 376, 385
Intravenous glucose tolerance test 236
Introns 433
Inulin 32
clearance test 511
Iodine 365, 513
Iodoacetate 103, 201
Iodopsin 180
Iodothyronine deiodinase 64, 369
Ion
carrier molecules 155
channels 12
pumps 15
Ionic bonds 76
Ionophores 155
Irinotecan 563
Iron 366, 552
absorption 364
chemical state of 367
coordination bonds of 135f
deficiency anemia 368
excretion of 366
metabolism, disorders of 368
overload 368
stores, state of 366
sulfur proteins 149, 150
toxicity 368
Isobutyric acid 43
Isocitrate 208
dehydrogenase 209, 210, 211
oxidation of 209
via cis-aconitate, formation of 209
Isoelectric pH 65
Isoenzymes 105, 106, 106t, 111, 199
characteristics of 105
pancreatic 111
Isoleucine 59, 60, 63, 66, 297, 307, 315, 338, 528
Isomaltose 29, 196, 494
Isomerase 91, 92, 266, 370
Isomers 24
Isoniazid 102, 348
structure of 102f
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide 102, 348
Isopeptide bond 67
Isoprene 448
units 276, 277
activated 276
Isoprenoids 8
Isoprenyl groups, addition of 448
Isopycnic centrifugation technique 11, 11f
Isovaleric acid 43
J
Jaundice 351, 352, 354, 499, 501, 503
acholuric 353
differential diagnosis of 354t, 501, 502t
hemolytic 352, 501
hepatic 352, 353, 501, 502
hepatocellular 352, 353
neonatal 352, 353
obstructive 352, 353, 501, 503
physiological 352, 353
posthepatic 352, 353, 501
prehepatic 352, 501
types of 501t
J-chains 540
Joints 368
hypermobility 530f
K
Kasahara isoenzyme 109
Keratan sulfate 34, 35
Keratin 70
Keratomalacia 181
Kernicterus 353
Keshan disease 64, 369
Keto aciduria, branched chain 308
Ketoacidosis 234, 270, 390
alcoholic 508
diabetic 401, 508
Ketoacidotic coma, diabetic 234
Ketoacyl
enzyme 273
reductase 272, 273
synthase 272, 274
Ketogenesis
regulation of 269
significance of 269
Ketogenic diets 271
Ketone 22, 508
body 234, 267, 267f, 268, 269, 269f, 270, 270f, 341, 342, 507
breakdown of 268
formation of 268f, 270f
interconversion of 268f
metabolism, disorders of 270
synthesis of 267
utilization of 268f
derivative 21
test 235
Ketonemia 270
Ketonuria 270
Ketose aldose isomerism 24
Ketosis 270, 271, 341
Kidney 108, 183, 214, 295, 299, 360, 361, 377, 389, 400, 505, 513
cancer 362
disease, chronic 504, 505
disorders of 504
function test 32
injury, acute 504
tubular cells of 232
tubule function 232
Killer cells 548
Kinky-hair disease 365
Krebs cycle 155, 208, 301
Kwashiorkor 261, 482, 486, 486t
edematous 486f
Kynureninase 314
Kynurenine
hydroxylase 314
pathway 313, 314
Kyphosis 184
L
Lac operon 454
regulation of 455, 455f, 456f
Lactase 30, 30, 206, 212, 338
dehydrogenase 106, 106t, 109, 112, 113, 201, 519, 520, 560
normal levels of 106
Lactic acid 203, 206, 383
cycle 212, 212f, 231
Lactic acidosis, primary 450
Lactonase 223
Lactose 29, 30, 231, 360, 454, 456f, 494
absence of 455f
intolerance 198
operon 454
presence of 455
Lactosuria 231
Lactulose 30
Lamb's wool 39
Lamin 10, 529
A protein 10
Lamina 9
Laminins 526
L-amino acid 295
oxidase 91
Lanolin 39
Lanosterol 277
L-arginine 323f, 574
L-aspartyl phenylalanyl methyl ester 69
Lauric acid 40
Laxation 479
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 8
Lecithin 46, 47, 261
cholesterol acyltransferase 253
Lectins 543
Leptin 260, 487
gene 488
receptors, deficiency of 487
role of 260
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 402, 403, 434
detection of 404
Lethargy 514
Leucine 59, 63, 66, 167, 294, 307, 315, 338, 528
Leukemia 28, 106, 402
Leukocytes 282, 283, 508, 536, 537, 544
platelets 282
Leukotrienes 281, 282t, 283, 283f
functions of 283
synthesis of 284f
L-glutamate 298, 322f
dehydrogenase 299, 299f
molecules 298
L-iduronic acid 28
Li-Fraumeni syndrome 421, 559
Ligases 91
Lignoceric acid 40
Lincomycin 448
Lineweaver-Burk plot 98, 98f, 101
Linoleic acid 40, 43, 275
Linolenic acid 40, 41, 43
Lipase 8, 92, 110, 113
pancreatic 247
Lipid 3, 38, 40, 71, 209, 333, 334, 498, 575, 578
absorption of 248
bilayer 3, 11
chemistry of 38
classification of 38
derived 40
dietary 248
digestion 246, 247
abnormalities in 249
products of 247
functions of 4, 40
hydrolyzing enzymes 9
insoluble molecules 13
malabsorption 249
metabolism of 246, 333
peroxidation 225
peroxide 575
radicals 577
profile tests 284
serum 489
soluble molecules, simple diffusion of 13
synthesis 6
Lipin 258
Lipoate 93
Lipogenesis 499
Lipoic acid 207, 577
Lipolysis 234, 258, 340
Lipooxygenase 283, 284, 574
inhibitors of 284
pathway 283, 284f
Lipoprotein 40, 52, 53, 71, 249, 254, 280, 549
abnormal form of 53
diagnostic importance of 254
high density 249, 250, 253
lipase 234, 250, 251, 252, 259, 260
low-density 249–252, 257
metabolism 249
pre-beta 249
structure of 52f
synthesis of 261
types of 40f, 52
very low density 185, 249, 250
X 53
Lipotropic factor 49, 261
Lipotropism 261
Lipoxins 281
Lithium
compounds 104
salts 104
Lithocholic acid 279
Live attenuated vaccines 550
Liver 107, 108, 182, 198f, 214, 217f, 220, 221, 225, 227f, 228, 228f, 229, 233, 258, 265f, 268, 271, 299, 350, 351, 368, 513, 543
cancer 168, 500
causes of 499
cirrhosis of 80f, 256
damage 168
diseases 106–108, 111, 188
acute 502
alcoholic 499, 500
diagnosis of 500, 502
enzyme profile for 112, 113
obstructive 286
disorders of 499
enzyme assay 354
failure 260
fatty infiltration of 260
function tests 498, 500, 502
major 500t
functions of 498, 500
hexokinase 201, 201t, 204
inflammation of 499
phosphofructokinase-1 204
pyruvate kinase 205
role of 335
synthesizes 499
transplantation 365
X receptor 281
L-lysine, degradation of 325f
Long-chain fatty acid
oxidation 265f, 267
synthesis of 210
Lovastatin 104, 280
Low glycemic index 491
Low-density lipoprotein 249–252, 257
absence of 286
Lung 386
cancer 106, 362
surfactant 47, 50, 543
vascular tissues 282
L-xylulose 30
dehydrogenase 227
Lymph nodes 533, 535, 536
Lymphatic vessels 536
Lymphocytes 83, 536
Lymphoid
organ
primary 533, 534
secondary 533, 535
progenitor cells 534
tissues 79, 533, 535, 536
Lymphomas 560
Lysine 60, 63, 178, 298, 303, 318, 461, 481, 527
catabolism of 325
group of 110
hydroxylase 177
metabolism of 325
Lysolecithin 253
Lysophospholipid 39, 49, 250
Lysosomal hydrolases 531
Lysosomal storage disease 8
Lysosomes 3, 6, 8, 12, 113, 114, 536, 543
functions of 8
Lysyl hydroxylase 527
Lysyl oxidase 364, 528
M
Macroglobulin 83
Macrominerals 357, 358
deficiency manifestations of 358t
Macromolecules 12, 16
Macronutrients 477, 478
Macrophages 280, 534, 537, 543, 544, 559
activity of 547
Magnesium 358, 359t, 363, 376, 509
metabolism of 359
serum 363
Major histocompatibility complex 535, 542, 547, 549
Malaria 474
Malate 209
dehydrogenase 209, 210, 214, 271, 302
shuttle system 155, 156f
Malic enzyme 212
Malnutrition 552
Malonyl-acetyl transacylase 272, 273
Maltose 29, 196, 494
Mammary glands, lactating 271
Manganese ions 294
Mannaric acid 28
Mannitol 28
Mannose 197
6-phosphate receptors 8
transport of 197f
Mannuronic acid 27
Maple syrup 308
odor of 308
urine disease 308
Marasmus 482, 486, 486t, 487
emaciated 486f
Marfan's syndrome 530, 531, 531f
Mast cells 282, 541, 544
McArdle's disease 222
Meister cycle 295
Melanin pigment 313
biosynthesis of 313, 313f
synthesis of 364
Melanocytes 313
stimulating hormone 122, 315
Melanoma 560
Melatonin 170, 326, 315, 315f, 326
Membrane
carbohydrates 5
functions of 5
cholesterol 4
integrity 360
lipids 3
permeability of 49
phospholipids 3, 283
proteins 4
functions of 5
receptors 51
transport 11
mechanism, types of 13f
Memory 538
cells 538, 548, 549, 550
immunological 548
long-term 548
loss of 163
Menadione 186
Menaquinones 186
Menke's syndrome 365
Mental
confusion 163
depression 314
retardation 51, 310, 311
Mercuric ions 201, 208, 209
Messenger ribonucleic acid 129, 129f
structure of 129, 129f
Mester cycle 68
Metabolic
acidosis 270, 300, 380, 380f, 389–393, 393t, 505, 512, 518
hyperchloremic 393
fate 63, 275, 297f
rate 512
role 337f, 341f
Metabolism 500
integration of 333–335, 335f, 336
schematic representation of 269f
Metal ions 575
Metallic elements 71
Metalloproteins 71
Metallothionein 69
Metamorphosis 560
Metastasis 5, 131, 556
Metformin 233
Methanol 567
poisoning 102
Methemoglobin 78, 139, 144, 461
amount of 139
reductase system 140
Methemoglobinemia 78, 140
symptoms of 140
Methionine 59, 63, 122, 176, 261, 294, 307, 316–318, 326, 445, 492, 568
adenosyltransferase 122, 316
catabolic pathway of 317f
from homocysteine, synthesis of 174, 317
metabolism of 316
transfer of methyl group of 316
Methotrexate 102, 104
Methylation 448, 570
histones 457
Methylcobalamin 175
Methylguanine methyltransferase 420
Methylmalonic aciduria 176
Methylphosphotriesters 420
Mevalonate 277
Mevinolin 104
Micelle formation 247
Michaelis-Menten constant 97
Microalbumin test 235
Microalbuminuria 509
Microfilaments 10
Microminerals 357
deficiency manifestations of 358t
Micronutrients 477, 478, 486
Microsomal system 275
Microsome 11
Microtubules 10, 422
Milk, nutritive value of 493t
Mineralocorticoids 54, 516
Minerals 357, 478, 573, 576
antioxidant system 577
elements 478
requirement of 482
Mismatch repair enzyme complex 417
Missense mutation 461
Mitochondria 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 124, 148, 208, 214, 261, 271, 300
activity of 513
functions of 7
lack of 7
largest number of 7
structure of 7f
Mitochondrial allosteric enzyme 347
Mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 300
Mitochondrial electron transport 149, 153
disorders of 157
Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 155
Mitochondrial membrane 150f
inner 149, 271
outer 261
Mitochondrial myopathies 157
Mitochondrion 3, 7, 206, 347
Mitochondriopathy 7
Mitosis 422
Mitotic activity, inhibition of 559
Molecular biology, central dogma of 426, 439, 439f
Molecular genetic testing 305, 404
Molecular oxygen 275, 573, 574f
Molybdenum 369, 400
Monoacylglycerides 45
Monoacylglycerol 250
Monoamine oxidase 105, 314, 315
Monoclonal antibodies 470, 563
Monocyte 534, 537, 543
Monooxygenase 91, 149, 567
Monosaccharide 21, 22t, 23, 29, 195
classification of 22, 22t
derivative 26
type of 22
Morphine 569
Mousy odor 310
Mouth, digestion in 195, 247
M-phase 422
Mucic acid 28
Mucin 35
Mucopolysaccharide 33, 113, 180
Mucopolysaccharidoses 35, 530, 531
types of 531t
Mucus secretion 282, 536, 543
Multienzyme system 98f
Multiple myeloma 80f, 362, 509
Multiprotein complexes 9
Muramic acid 26
Muscle 148, 220, 222, 233
contraction 220, 360
cramps 169, 265, 266
glycogen 217
hexokinase 201, 201t
proteins, breakdown of 339
release alanine 339
weakness 234
Muscular diseases 8
Muscular dystrophy 106, 109, 468, 474
Mutations 460, 556, 575
causes of 460
deleterious effects of 440
types of 460, 460f
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 474
Myelin 162
Myelinated nerves 176, 177
Myeloid progenitor cells 534
Myeloma 560
Myeloperoxidase 574
Myocardial damage 107
Myocardial energy metabolism 163
Myocardial infarction 106, 109, 111, 112f, 112t, 255, 276, 519, 520
enzyme profile for 113
Myoglobin 77, 78, 346, 347, 506
presence of 506
structure of 76f
Myosin 16
Myristic acid 40
Myxoedema 237
N
N-acetylgalactosamine 26, 33
N-acetylglucosamine 26, 33
N-acetylglutamate 302
activation of 302f
N-acetylmuramic acid 26
N-acetylneuraminic acid 26, 27, 40, 50
N-acetyltransferase acetylation 570
N-acetyltyrosin 312
Naïve T cells 535
Nalidixic acid 413
Native protein 73
molecule 71f
Natural killer cells 534, 536, 538, 538t, 546
role of 544
Nausea 168, 185, 369
Necrosis 559
Neoplasia, progression of 5
Nephritis, interstitial 505
Nephrocalcinosis 307
Nephron, components of 503f
Nephropathy 234, 509
diabetic 509
Nephrosis 80f
Nephrotic syndrome 256, 286, 505, 509
Nerves
demyelination of 171
impulses, transmission of 359
Nervous system 163
abnormalities of 207
integrity of 175
Nervous tissue 148
Nervousness 171
Neural tube 174
defect 174
risk of 175
Neuritis, peripheral 163
Neurodegenerative diseases 6
Neurological diseases 6
Neurological disorders 207, 578
Neurological symptoms 176, 315
biochemical basis of 402
Neurons 314
serotonergic 314
Neuropathy 186
peripheral 9, 234
Neuropsychiatric symptoms 349
Neurotransmitter 63, 67, 162, 304, 311, 315, 322, 403
release of 360
serotonin 314
synthesis of 342
Neutral fat 39, 45, 246, 258
Neutral serine amino acid 138
Neutropenia 364
Neutrophil 534, 537, 543, 546, 575f
N-glycosidic bond 28, 120
N-glycosyl bond 418
Niacin 93, 160, 161, 166, 167, 211
active form of 166
adequate intake of 168
coenzyme form of 166f
deficiency of 168f, 315
requirement 167
therapeutic uses of 168
Niacytin 167
Nicotinamide 166
adenine dinucleotide 122
coenzymes 149
structure of 102f
Nicotine 483
Nicotinic acid 166, 167f
Niemann-Pick disease 51
Night blindness 180, 181
Nitric oxide 324, 573, 574
synthase 324, 573, 574
synthesis of 324f
Nitrite 508
Nitrogen 13, 21
atoms, source of 398f, 404f
balance 481, 482
negative 482
positive 482
equilibrium 482
Nitrogenous base 124
adenine 28
Nitroprusside reaction 235
Nocturia 512
Nonapeptide 68
Noncommunicable diseases 488
Noncompetitive inhibitors 102, 103
Nondividing cell 128f
Nonenzymatic antioxidant system 576
Nonheme iron 366
Nonoxidative deamination 170, 299
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 284
Noradrenaline 516
Norepinephrine 122, 170, 177, 311, 313, 326, 517
Novobiocin 413
Nuclear envelope 9
Nucleases 8
Nucleic acid 119, 120f, 121t, 173, 362, 397
chemistry of 119
electrophoretic separation of 33
hydrolyzing enzymes 9
solid-phase synthesis of 465
Nucleolus 9
Nucleoplasm 9
Nucleoproteins 70, 71, 549
Nucleoside 121t
modification 429f
phosphorylase 400
Nucleosome 127, 127f, 457f
Nucleotidase 109, 400
Nucleotide 26, 121, 121t, 362, 397, 429f, 461f, 462f
addition of 429
excision
mechanism 418
repair 418, 419f
functions of 119
metabolism 7
phosphatase 109
sequence of 439
structure of 119, 120f
synthetic analogs of 123
Nucleus 2, 3, 9, 12, 124, 459
functions of 9
general structure of 9f
Nutrients 477, 525
quantity of 454, 455
Nutritional deficits 89
Nyctalopia 180, 181
Nystagmus, horizontal 163
O
Obesity 482, 487
causes of 487
degree of 487t
prevention of 488
Obstruction, biliary 188
Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 137
Octanoic acid 265
Octapeptide 68
O-glycosidic bond 28, 29
Okazaki fragments 412
Oleic acid 40
Oligomycin 152, 154
Oligopeptide 67
Oligosaccharides 5, 22, 50
classification of 23t
type of 23
Oliguria 506
Omega-3 polyunsaturated acids, advantages of 44
Oncogenes 556, 558
Oncogenesis, viral 558
Oncogenic viruses 558
Oncoproteins 556
Oncotic pressure 84, 499
One-carbon
groups
sources of 320
utilization of 320
metabolism 320, 320f
Operon 454
Ophthalmoplegia 163
Opsin 179
Opsonization 543
Optic nerve 176
Optical isomerism 24
Oral glucose 236f
tolerance test 236
Oral nicotinic acid 316
Organ 533
function tests 498
Organelles 1
functions of 1
Organic acids 383, 384
Organic molecule 92
adsorption of 479
Organogenesis 560
Ornithine 64, 318, 326
decarboxylase 326
formation of 302
permease 303
transcarbamoylase 301, 304
translocase 92
Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase 405
Orotic acid 305
Orotic aciduria 304, 405
Orotidylate decarboxylase activity 405
Osmolality, regulation of 504
Osmosis 14
Osmotic diuresis 234
Osmotic pressure 358, 359, 377
gradient of 377
Osteoblasts 361
Osteocalcin 177, 184
Osteodystrophy, renal 185
Osteogenesis imperfecta 528, 530, 530f
Osteomalacia 109, 184, 185
Osteoporosis 5, 362, 364, 365
Ovarian cancer 434
Overhydration 82, 378, 379
Overnutrition 477
Overweight, prevention of 488
Oxalate 360, 509
excretion of 307
Oxaloacetate 206, 211, 214, 267, 270, 303
fates of 303f
Oxidants 578
Oxidases 91, 148
Oxidation 147, 567
biological 147
reduction reactions 68
water of 375
Oxidative deamination 298, 299
Oxidative decarboxylation 162, 307
Oxidative phosphorylation 7, 147–149, 152, 153, 153f, 153t, 157, 157t
inhibitors of 154, 155
mechanism of 152
uncouplers of 154
Oxidative stress 225, 569, 573, 577, 578, 578f
effect of 578
Oxidoreductase 90, 91, 148
Oxphos diseases 157
Oxygen 13, 21, 138, 198, 525
absence of 206
debt, detection of 202
derived free radicals 573
molecule of 567
radicals 350
utilization of 366
Oxygenases 90, 149
types of 90
Oxyhemoglobin 138
Oxytocin 48, 68
Ozone exposure 575
P
P53 protein 560
Paget's disease 109, 111
Pain
abdominal 168, 349
perception of 314
Palmitic acid 40
Palmitoleic acid 40
Palmitoyl enzyme 273
P-amino benzoic acid 172
Pancreas 90t, 107, 110, 293, 368, 560
Pancreatic proenzymes, activation of 294f
Pancreatitis 111
acute 286, 295
enzyme profile for 112, 113
Pancreozymin 247
Pantoic acid 168
Pantothene 168
Pantothenic acid 93, 160, 161, 168, 211, 272
deficiency, symptoms of 169
structure of 169f
Papillomavirus 559
Para-aminobenzoic acid 102f
Paracasein 294
Paracetamol 569
Paraganglioma 152
Paralysis, peripheral 163
Parasites 541
Parathyroid hormone 122, 183, 360, 362, 561
Paresthesia 169
Parkinson's disease 6, 105, 579
Paromomycin 8
Pectin 23, 33, 479
Pellagra 167, 168, 315
symptoms of 168
Penicillamide 171
Penicillamine 365
Penicillin 104
Penicillinase 114
Pentapeptide 68
Pentasaccharide 23
Pentose 231
kinds of 119
phosphate 223
pathway 207, 222, 223, 223f, 223t, 224f, 225, 271
sugar 119
Pentosuria 231
essential 227
Pepsin 69, 92, 294
Pepsinogen 293
Peptidases 92, 370
Peptide 67, 68t
antimicrobial 537, 543
bond 58
atypical 67
formation of 67f, 445, 447f
Peptidyl transferase 90, 130
Percoll 11
Perforins 545, 548
Perilipin 339
Peroxidase 8, 91, 149, 346, 576
Peroxisomal diseases 9
Peroxisomes 3, 6, 8, 12
functions of 8
Peroxynitrite 574
P-glycoprotein 5
pH, effect of 96f
Phagocytic
cells 537
function 552
Phagocytosis 543, 544, 575f
Phenacetin 140
Phenanthrene 53f
Phenylacetate 304, 310
Phenylalanine 60, 63, 66, 104, 294, 297, 309–311, 315
accumulation of 310
catabolic pathway of 309f
catabolism of 309, 310f
hydroxylase 309, 310
metabolic disorders of 310
metabolism of 309
residue 5
Phenylketonuria 310, 474
atypical 310
classic 310
classification of 310
diagnostic test for 311
treatment of 310, 311
Phenylketonurics 310f, 311
Phenylpyruvate 310
Phlorizin 197
Phosphagens, hydrolysis of 148, 149f
Phosphatases 8, 9, 370
Phosphate 361, 385, 509
buffer 362
mechanism of action of 385
system 385
group 71, 124
Phosphatidic acid 46, 46f, 49
phosphatase 258
Phosphatidylcholine 4, 39, 46
Phosphatidylethanolamine 39, 47, 321
Phosphatidylinositol 39, 41, 48
Phosphatidylserine 39, 47, 321, 559
Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate 122
Phosphoadenosyl phosphosulfate 317, 318, 568
Phosphocholine 39, 50
Phosphocreatine 148
Phosphodiester bonds 557
Phosphodiesterase 221
Phosphoenolpyruvate 214, 231
carboxykinase 214, 216, 340
Phosphoethanolamine 39, 50
Phosphofructokinase 199, 203, 203f, 204, 205, 211, 214
positive regulator of 204
regulation of 204f
Phosphoglucomutase 218, 219, 226
Phosphogluconate pathway 223
Phosphoglycerate
kinase 201, 202
mutase 201
Phosphoglycerides 46
Phosphohexose isomerase 199
Phospholipid 39–41, 49, 50, 203, 246, 249, 253, 261, 362
dietary 247
double layer of 3
molecules 4
structure of 4f, 48f
synthesis of 261
types of 39f, 46
Phosphopantetheine 169
Phosphopentose
epimerase 223
isomerase 223
Phosphoproteins 71, 362
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate 398
Phosphoribosylamine 399
Phosphoric acid 39, 46
ester 26f
Phosphorus 21, 358, 359t, 362
metabolism of 359
Phosphorylase 92, 219, 338
kinase 220, 221
Phosphorylates 431
Phosphorylation 15, 100, 207, 260
reversible 220
substrate level 148, 201
Phosphorylcholine 49
Phosphotriose isomerase 199
enzyme deficiency 200
P-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase 312
Phylloquinone 186
Physostigmine 102
Phytanate storage disease 267
Phytanic acid, alpha oxidation of 267
Phytanoyl-coenzyme A hydroxylase 9, 267
Phytates 360
Phytochemicals 577
Phytosterols 54, 54f
Pili 1
Pimelic acid 266
Pineal gland 314
Placental alkaline phosphatase 104, 560
Plants, chloroplast of 124
Plaque, formation of 279, 279f
Plasma 78, 374, 377, 511
alkaline phosphatase, levels of 353
amino acids 305
calcium 183, 361, 362
homeostasis of 361
level 361
cells 83, 536
production of 545f
cholesterol 491
reducing 33
copper 364
creatine kinase 112
electrolytes of 376t
free fatty acids 260
lipoproteins 54, 250t, 575
biosynthesis of 261
disorders of 255
magnesium concentration alterations 364
membrane 1–3, 12, 49, 449
functions of 5
nonspecific enzymes 108
phosphate 183
phosphorus 363
concentration alterations 363
protein 486, 502, 536, 537
buffer 385
classes of 79t, 80
functions of 78, 84
separation of 79
synthesis of 79
sodium 358
specific enzymes 107
substitute 32
Plasmalogens 8, 39, 48
Plasmids 1
Plasminogen 53
Plasmodium falciparum 474
malarial parasite 225
Platelet 282, 534
activating factor 49
aggregation 282
Poisons 105, 105t, 201
metabolic 105
Polyadenylation signal 432
Polyamines 325, 326
biosynthesis of 326, 327f
catabolism of 327
clinical significance of 327
excretion of 327
functions of 326
Polycythemia 402
Polydipsia 234
Polyenoic acid 41, 267
Polymerase chain reaction 465, 472, 473f
applications of 473
role of 474
steps of 473
Polymeric protein
hemoglobin 76f
property of 78
Polyol pathway 229f
Polypeptide 58, 67, 527
chain 75
Polyphagia 234
Polysaccharide 22, 30, 195, 317
classification of 23f
hydrolyzing enzymes 9
non-fermentable 479
types of 196
Polyuria 185, 234, 506
Pompe's disease 8, 219, 222
Porphobilinogen 346
deaminase 349
synthase 347
Porphyria 348
classification of 348
cutanea tarda 349, 350f
hepatic 348
signs of 349f
symptoms of 349f
treatment of 350
types of 348, 349t
Porphyrin 134, 348, 498
detection of 350
precursors 348
synthesis 210
Porphyrinogens 349
Porphyropsin 180
Potassium 358, 376, 489
active transport of 15f
metabolism of 357
Pramlintide 233
Prealbumin 80
Prednisolone 284
Pregnancy, disorders of 235
Premenstrual tension syndrome 171
Prion disease 6
Procarboxypeptidase 294
Procarcinogens 557
Procollagen 101
Proenzymes 90, 100, 293
proteolytic cleavage of 100
Progeria 416
Progesterone 54
Prohormone 182
Prokaryotes 1, 2t, 412f, 428f, 431, 454
promoter sequences in 427
replication in 410
ribosomes of 443f
transcription in 427
Prokaryotic cell 1
cell structure of 2f
components of 1
Prokaryotic deoxyribonucleic acid
polymerase 411t
replication 413t
Prokaryotic gene expression 453t
Prokaryotic holoenzyme deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase 427f
Prokaryotic protein synthesis 442t
Prokaryotic transcription 426, 430f
inhibitors of 429
Prolactin 183, 561
Prolamins 70
Proline 60, 178, 298, 323, 323f, 527, 528
degradation of 323
metabolic disorders of 323
metabolism of 323
structure of 60f
synthesis of 323
Prolyl hydroxylase 527
Pro-oxidants 573, 577, 578f
Properdin 535
Propionate 196, 212
Propionic acid 197, 198
Propionyl-coenzyme A 334
carboxylase 264
Prostacyclin inhibits platelet 283
Prostaglandins 41, 281, 282t
biosynthesis of 283
classification of 281, 282f
functions of 281
primary 281
synthesis of 283f
therapeutic uses of 284
Prostanoic acid 281, 281f
Prostate specific antigen 108, 110, 111
Protamine 70
Proteases 8, 543
Proteins 3, 6, 40, 58, 67, 69, 83t, 90, 111, 127, 209, 293, 333f, 335, 342, 376, 411, 411t, 422, 431, 478, 486, 498, 508, 519, 536, 542, 557, 560, 571, 575, 578
absorption of 293
acute phase 83, 84
adhesive 529
alcohol soluble 70
allosteric 78
biosynthesis 72
buffer 385
catabolism of 234
catalytic 69
channels 13
chemistry of 58
classification of 69–71
complement 537
complete 72
composition of 70
conformation 90
conjugated 70, 71t, 549
constituent of 67
contractile 69
deficiency 261, 486
denaturation of 77, 77f
derived 71
dietary 511
digestion in 293
energy malnutrition
classification of 486
types of 485
enzymatic function of 84
first class 72
formation of 63
free diet 304
functions of 72
hydrolyzing enzymes 9
incomplete 72, 481
kinase 220, 221, 459
labile 341
metabolism of 293, 333
molecules 472
ionization of 383
monomeric 76, 78
multidrug resistance 15
mutual supplementation of 481
nonenzyme 112
phosphatase 100, 221, 221f
pore 13
post-translational modification of 6
primary structure of 72, 77
pro-apoptotic 560
processing of 442
production of 468
quality of 71, 481
quaternary structure of 76
requirement of 480, 481
role of 84
secondary structure of 73
simple 70
soluble 74
sorting, mechanisms of 449f
source 481
structure 74f, 76f, 78
bonds responsible for 77
function relationship of 77
levels of 72f
synthesis 6, 7, 230, 337, 439, 442, 512
elongation of 446f
inhibitors of 448t
reduce 544
termination of 447f
tertiary structure of 75
transport 69
tubulin 10
types of 10
ubiquitin 100
viral 472
Proteinuria 505, 506, 509, 512
glomerular 507, 509
moderate 505
overflow 507, 509
postrenal 507, 509
tubular 507, 509
types of 509
Proteoglycan 23, 26, 33, 227, 448, 526, 529, 529t
aggregate 33, 34f
monomer 33
bottle brush structure of 33f
structure and function of 529
Proteolysis 340
Prothrombin time 502
determination of 502
Prothymocytes 534
Proton 136
gradient 155
Proto-oncogenes 557, 558
Protoporphyrin 134, 347
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase 347
Provirus 558
Provitamin 179, 179f
A 180
Pseudopeptide bond 67
Pseudouridine 121, 130, 434
Psoriasis 402
treatment of 181
Psychomotor retardation 8
Pulses 481, 492
nutritive value of 493t
Purine 119, 397, 557
analogues 563
bases 119, 128
de novo synthesis of 397
metabolism, disorders of 400
nucleoside phosphorylase 400
enzyme 400
nucleotide
catabolism of 400, 400f
de novo synthesis of 397
supply of 402
synthesis 398f
salvage pathway of 399
ring
formation of 306
structure of 120f
synthesis of 173
Puromycin 448, 449
Putrescine 326
Pyran ring 23
Pyridine 166
Pyridoxal phosphate 169, 173, 218, 298
structure of 170f
Pyridoxamine 169
Pyridoxine 93, 160, 161, 169, 314
Pyrimidine 119, 121, 125, 300, 397, 404, 557
amount of 126
analogues 562
bases 119, 128, 399
biosynthesis of 404
catabolism of 405f
dimers 418
nucleotide 173, 404
catabolism of 405
metabolism 397, 405
synthesis of 405f
ring 404f
structure of 120f
Pyrophosphate 226
Pyrrolysine 64, 64f
Pyruvate 206, 213, 214, 336
carboxylase 171, 211, 214, 271
catabolic fates of 206f
dehydrogenase 206, 210, 338, 450
activity, abnormalities of 207
complex 162, 207f, 207t, 340
deficiency 450
kinase 201, 204, 205, 214
deficiency of 205
oxidation of 7
Pyruvic acid 27
Q
Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase 151
R
Racemic mixture 25
Radiant energy 557
Radiation therapy 562
Radiotherapy, biochemical basis of 563
Rancid 45
Rapoport-Luebering cycle 202, 202f
Rash 552
Reactive oxygen species 573–575
Red blood cell 134, 504, 534
abnormal 257f
maternal 138f
Redox buffer 68
Redox potential 147, 148
Refsum's disease 9, 267
infantile 449
Regan isoenzyme 109
Regulatory T cells 535, 538, 547
role of 548
Renal calculus, type of 509
Renal disease 362
chronic 402
Renal failure 256, 363, 380
acute 318
chronic 256, 390
Renal function 305
markers of 505
serum markers of 506
tests 498, 505, 506t
urine markers of 509
Renal injury 234
Renal stones 509
Renal tubular
acidosis 505, 512
damage 512
fluid 385
function, tests of 506, 511
reabsorption 503
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 358, 377, 378f
Replication
basic requirements for 411, 414
complexes, origin of 414
origin of 411
stages of 411, 414
Reproductive functions 315
Resistant starch 196, 478, 479
Respirasome 152
depression of 390
obstruction to 390
Respiratory burst 574, 575f
Respiratory chain 149
components of 149, 150
inhibitors of 154
structural organization of 149
Respiratory distress syndrome 47
signs of 47
symptoms of 47
Restriction endonuclease
action of 466, 467f
enzyme 466
Restriction enzyme 466
analysis 465
Restriction fragment length polymorphism 472
application of 472
Retina, development of 43
Retinal aldehyde reductase 179
Retinal epithelial cells 312
Retinitis pigmentosa 9
Retinoblastoma 559
Retinoic acid 178–181
Retinoids 179
Retinol 39, 161, 162, 178, 179f
binding
prealbumin 80
protein 82, 509
Retinopathy 234
Retrolental fibroplasia 186
Retroviruses 558
Reverse cholesterol transport, significance of 254
Reye's syndrome 406
Rhabdomyolysis 380
Rhodanase 113, 114
Rhodopsin 179
cycle 179
Riboflavin 93, 160, 161, 164, 211
coenzyme form of 165
deficiency of 165f, 167
structure of 164f
toxicity 166
Ribonuclease 113, 114
Ribonucleic acid
binding proteins 459f
role of 459
editing 434
function of 127
polymerase 427, 432
primer 412
silencing complex 459
small nuclear 131
splicing 458, 458f
stability 459
structure of 127
synthesis 9
types of 129, 131
Ribonucleotide reductase 398, 403, 563
Ribose 23, 129
5-phosphate 225, 397, 402
moieties 434
sugars 163
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid 130
functions of 130
Ribosome 1, 2, 6, 443
site of 447f
Ribothymidine 130, 434
Ribozyme 90, 130, 426, 434
Ribulose 5-phosphate 223
Richner-Hanhart syndrome 312
Rickets 109, 184, 185, 362
renal 185
Rieske iron-sulfur protein 150, 151
Rifampin 430
Rotenone 105
Rothera's qualitative test 235
Rotor syndrome 352, 354
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 3, 6
functions of 6
S
Saccharic acid 28
S-adenosyl homocysteine 316
S-adenosylmethionine 122, 316, 320, 326
Salicylate 155
Salicylic acid 569
Saliva 540
Sanfilippo's syndrome 532
Scaly dermatitis 43
Scar tissue 499
Scavenger enzymes 576
Schistosoma mansoni 541
Schizophrenia 171, 314
Scleroprotein 70
Scurvy 178, 178f
Secretin 247, 294
Seizures, epileptic 170, 171, 304
Selenium 64, 369, 552
toxicity 369
Selenocysteine 64, 64f, 369
Selenomethionine 369
Selenosis 369
Semenogelase 111
Semiconservative deoxyribonucleic acid replication 410f
Sephadex 32
Serine 59, 67, 100, 261, 299, 305, 315–317, 320, 321
catabolism of 321
degradation of 321f
dehydratase 299
hydroxy methyl transferase 321
hydroxyl group of 67
metabolism of 321
synthesis of 321
Serotonin 105, 170, 311, 314, 326
formation of 315f
Serum aspartate
aminotransferase 520
transaminase 503
Serum cholesterol 500
classification of 285t
Serum creatinine 505, 509, 510
Serum glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase 108, 503, 520
pyruvate transaminase 503
transaminase 112, 519
Serum triglycerides 285
concentration of 285, 285t
Sex hormones 54, 487, 516
female 54
male 54
Shock 206
septic 202
Sialic acid 26, 27, 40, 50, 82
Sickle
cell
anemia 142, 143, 143f, 474
disease 78, 142, 143t, 468, 470
trait 142, 143, 143f, 225
hemoglobin 142, 461
red blood cells 142f
Sickling test 143
Sildenafil citrate 123
Simple lipids 38
classification of 39f
Single stranded binding protein 412
Skeletal enzymes 108
Skeletal muscle 7, 108, 219
diseases of 107
injury 521
role of 336
Skin 180, 182, 359, 368, 536
diseases 181
hyperpigmentation of 518
injuries 350
irritation 552
lesion 350f
pigmentation of 364
protector 43
Sleepiness 265
Small intestine 195, 214, 247, 293
digestion in 247
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 3, 6
functions of 6
Smooth muscle contraction 282
Sodium 357, 358, 376, 489, 504, 516
active transport of 15f
deficiency 378
dependent
glucose transporter 197
unidirectional transporter 198
dithionate 143
homeostasis of 358
loss of 379
metabisulphite 143
metabolism of 357
pump 197
reabsorption 359
urate 400
Soft tissues 401f
Solenoid 127
Solitary thyroid adenoma 514
Somatic cells 460
Sorbitol 28
dehydrogenase 229
metabolism 229
pathway 229f
Southern blot transfer 468, 471
Spermaceti oil 39
Spermidine 326
Spermine 326
Spheroproteins 70
Sphingolipidoses 51
Sphingolipids 39, 50, 51
disorders of 51
types of 39, 39f
Sphingomyelin 39, 40, 47, 49–51
structure of 49f
Sphingophospholipids 39, 49
Sphingosine 39, 49, 50
Sphinogophospholipid 4, 50
Spinal muscle atrophy 434
Spleen 533, 535
Starch 30, 195f
index of 494
partial hydrolysis of 31
Starvation 261, 340
Stearic acid 40, 249
Steatorrhea 249
Stem cells 534
Stercobilin 351
Stercobilinogen 351
Steroid hormone 40, 54, 278, 499, 518
biosynthesis of 6
synthesis 254
Steroid nucleus 53, 53f, 279
lanosterol 277
Steroidal hydroxylation 567
Sterol 246
regulatory element-binding protein 278
Stimulate calcium absorption 360
Stomach 90t, 293, 560
digestion in 196, 247, 293
Stool bulk 479
Streptokinase 113, 114
Streptomycin 8, 28, 448
Stress response protein 69
Stroke 234, 276, 279, 489, 570
Subcellular organelles 3
structure and functions of 5
Succinate 209
dehydrogenase 71, 150, 154, 165, 209, 210
Q reductase 150
thiokinase 209
isoenzyme of 209
Succinic acid 266
Succinyl thiokinase 210
Succinyl-acetone 311
Sucrase
deficiency disorder 198
isomaltase 30
Sucrose 30
Sugar 489, 493
acids 27, 27f
alcohols 28
phosphates 25
types of 35
Sulfa drugs 225
Sulfanilic acid 501
Sulfatase 8, 9
Sulfate 568
conjugation 568
Sulfatides 50
Sulfhemoglobin 139, 140
Sulfhydryl 76, 272
Sulfonamide 102, 140
Sulfonylurea 233
drugs 267
Sulfotransferase transfers 568
Sulfur 21, 64
atom 140
transferase 317
Sulpholipids 317
Sulphonamide, structure of 102f
Sulphuric acid 383
Superoxide 7, 139, 573, 574
dismutase 364, 470, 574, 576, 577
Suppresses gluconeogenesis 337
Synovial fluid examination 404
Synthase kinase 221
T
Tachycardia 163
Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria 510
Tandem mass spectrometry 308
Tangier disease 257, 286
Tauri's disease 222
Taurine 278, 318, 326
formation of 318f
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid 278
Taurocholic acid 278
Taxanes 563
Tay-Sachs disease 8, 51
T-cell 536
maturation of 534, 538
receptors 534, 535, 547
Tears 536, 543
Teeth
constituent of 362
formation of 360, 365
hardness of 365
Telomerase 415, 416
Tendon xanthoma 256
Testosterone 519
Tetracycline 448
Tetrahydrobiopterin 93, 311, 314
Tetrahydrofolate 173, 177, 317, 320, 324
formation of 173f, 320f
structure of 320f
Tetrahydrothiophene 171
Tetrapyrrol
porphyrin ring 346
structure 346f
Tetrasaccharide 23
Thalassemia 141, 144, 433, 468, 470
types of 144, 461
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone 154
Theobromine 402
Therapeutic drugs 429
Thermogenin 155
Thiaminase 164
Thiamine 93, 160, 161, 162f, 211, 225
absorption of 163
coenzyme form of 162
deficiency 207
pyrophosphate 161, 162, 162f, 207, 223, 224
structure of 162f
Thiazolidinedione 233
Thioesterase 272, 273
Thiogalactoside transacetylase 455
Thiolase 269
enzyme 276
Thiolysis 264
Thioredoxin reductase 64
Threonine 59, 63, 67, 100, 298, 299, 315, 321
catabolic pathway of 321f
catabolism of 321
dehydratase 97, 299
hydroxyl group of 67
metabolism of 321
Thrombocytes 282
Thromboplastin 47
Thromboxane 281, 282, 282t, 283
classification of 283f
functions of 283
synthesis of 283f
Thrombus formation 284, 519
Thymidine monophosphate 173
Thymidylate
synthase 173, 404, 562
synthesis of 173
Thymine 125, 126f, 129, 419f
Thymocytes
positive selection of 535
self-reacting 535
Thymol turbidity 500
Thymus 534, 538
Thyroglobulin 313, 516
antibody 515, 516
Thyroid
autoantibodies 516
binding
globulin 516
protein 515
disorders, laboratory diagnosis of 515t
enlarged 366
function tests 498, 514, 515t
functions of 512, 513
gland 513
disorders of 514
failure 515
hormones 513, 569
peroxidase 516
antibodies 515
stimulating hormone 122, 513, 515
tissue 516
Thyroiditis 514
autoimmune 516
Thyrotropin releasing hormone 68, 513
Thyroxine 230, 231, 313, 512, 513
binding
globulin 83
prealbumin 80, 83
protein 82
biosynthesis of 313
Tiredness 514
Tissue 254, 386, 533
extrahepatic 228, 230
functions 8
hypoxia 144
injury 368
T-lymphocytes 534
Tocopherol 161, 185
Tocopheroxy radical 577
Tolbutamide 267
Tonsils 534–536
Topoisomerase 412, 413, 563
Total serum cholesterol 284, 285f
Toxic
ammonia 302
antibiotic valinomycin 155
multinodular goiter 514
proteins 537
xenobiotic substances 15
Toxicity 164, 166, 171, 178, 186, 188, 365
affect, symptoms of 181
Toxins 89, 536
Trace elements 357
metabolism of 364
Trans fats, disadvantages of 44
Transaldolase 92, 223, 224
enzymes 224
Transaminase 69, 92, 108, 297
clinical significance of 298
Transamination reaction 170, 297, 298f
Transcarbamylase 370
Transcobalamin 175
Transcortin 83
Transcription
factors 431, 458
stages of 427
Transfer ribonucleic acid 129
structure of 129
Transferrin 35, 577
Transketolase 92, 207, 223, 224
Transmethylation reactions 316
Transport across cell membrane 1, 13f
Trans-sulfuration reaction 170
Transthyretin 74, 80
Trauma 84
Trazodone 315
Treponema pallidum 49
Triacylglycerol 39, 45, 52, 203, 246, 249, 250, 253, 257–260, 271, 334, 337, 487
biosynthesis of 258, 259f
breakdown of 259
core of 249
cycle 258, 259, 259f
depot 342
dietary 247
hydrolysis of 248f
metabolism 257
disorders of 260
regulation of 260
simple 45
structure of 258f
synthesis 248, 260
Tricarboxylate citrate 208
Tricarboxylic acid cycle 208
Trichinella spiralis 541
Triglyceride 39, 45, 203, 246, 259f, 285f, 486
concentration of 286
estimation of 285
transfer protein 257
Tri-iodothyronine 512, 513
biosynthesis of 313
Trinucleotide 120
Triose phosphate, interconversion of 199
Tripalmitin 39, 45
Tripeptide 68
Triple helical structure 527, 527f
Trisaccharide 23, 33
Tropocollagen 527
Tropoelastin 528
Troponin 70, 521
Trypsin 69, 92, 108, 110, 113, 114, 294
Trypsinogen 294
Tryptophan 60, 63, 65, 167, 294, 297, 309, 315f, 320, 527
adequate intake of 168
dioxygenase 364
histidine glycine 315
hydroxylase 91, 314
metabolic disorder of 315
metabolism of 313
oxygenase 314
pyrrolase 314, 346
threonine 63
transport of 315
Tumor 5, 518
biomarkers 560
carcinoid 315
cells, types of 322
marker 111, 561t
enzymes 110
types of 561
primary 562
suppressor
gene 558, 559
protein 559
surveillance 544
Tumorigenesis 64
Tylenol 569
Tyramine 326, 566
Tyrosinase 313, 364
Tyrosine 59, 63, 67, 100, 140, 144, 294, 297, 309, 310, 311, 313f, 315, 321, 513, 527
aminotransferase 312
catabolism of 309
hydroxylase 91
kinase 221
metabolic disorders of 310
metabolism of 309
transaminase 309, 312
Tyrosinemia 311, 312
diagnostic test for 311
hepatorenal 311
neonatal 312
tyrosine in 311f
Tyrosinosis 311
U
Ultraviolet
light 65
rays 557
Unicellular organisms 1
Uniport transport 14
Unsaturated fatty acids 40, 41, 42f, 575
advantages of 44
cis and trans forms of 44f
oxidation of 266
synthesis of 275
Uphill transport 14
Uracil 119, 129
glycosylases 418
nucleotide of 123
Urate crystals deposited 402f
Urea 297, 300, 503, 509
biosynthesis of 7
clearance test 511
concentration 305t
cycle 296, 300, 303
disorder 303, 304
energy cost of 302
enzymes, genetic defects of 304t
metabolic inborn disorders of 303
regulation of 302
significance of 302
excretion 342f
formation of 302
synthesis 300
Uremia
postrenal 305
prerenal 305
renal 305
Ureter 318
Uric acid 383, 397, 400–402, 482, 503, 509, 577
excretion 400
formation 400
overproduction of 404
Uricase 113, 114
Uridine 436
diphosphate
glucose 218
glucuronate, metabolic role of 227f
Urinary buffer 361
Urinary tract 318
infections of 318
recurrent infections of 307
Urine 359, 388f, 389, 502, 504, 506, 511
abnormal constituents of 507t
acidification test 512
alkaptonuric 312f
amylase 113, 505, 506
bilirubin 501
concentration test 511
dipstick, interpretation of 508f
glucose 235
multi-dipstick 507f
organic acids 305
samples 312f
sugar in 231
testing 235
urobilinogen 501
Urobilin 351
Urobilinogen 351, 354, 502, 508
Urocanic aciduria 325
Urokinase 113
Urolithiasis 307
Uronic acid 27, 33, 226
pathway 226f
reactions of 226
significance of 227
structure of 28f
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase 347
V
Vaccine 550
types of 550
Valeric acid 171
Valine 59, 66, 296, 307, 338, 461, 528
Van den Bergh's
diazo reagent 501
reaction 501
test 354
Van der Waals forces 76
Vasopressin 48, 68, 122, 318
Venturicidin 154
Viagra 123
Vinblastine 5
Vinca alkaloids 563
Virus 2, 534
Vision
loss of 181
responsible for 181
Vitamin 92, 160, 169, 207, 207t, 478, 493, 573, 576
A 161, 162, 178, 179, 179f, 181, 182, 246, 499, 552, 576
deficiency 180, 181, 181f
ester 39
functions of 179
role of 179
structure of 179f
therapeutic use of 181
active form of 182, 185
antioxidant system 576
B
complex 160, 211t
coenzyme form of 169
B1 93, 160, 161, 492
B12 106, 160, 161, 174, 174f, 175, 175f, 176, 261, 264, 317, 499
coenzyme form of 175
deficiency of 174, 176, 319
role of 174f, 176f
B2 93, 160, 161, 164, 492
B3 160, 161, 166, 314
B5 160, 161, 168
B6 93, 160, 161, 169, 169f, 170, 170f, 171, 314, 319, 552
deficiency of 167, 171
sources of 170
B7 161
B9 161, 172, 176
C 160, 161, 162, 177, 186, 226, 493, 527, 552, 569, 576, 577
antioxidant role of 577f
deficiency 178f
classification of 160
D 40, 54, 160, 161, 162, 182, 184, 246, 360, 361, 499
deficiency 184, 361
clinical manifestations of 184f
ester 39
hormone 278
intoxication 185
lack of 362
receptor, defective 185
resistant rickets 185, 311
role of 183f
supply of 184
D2 182, 182f
D3 182, 182f, 183f
deficiency 261
E 161, 162, 185, 186, 246, 261, 499, 552, 569, 576, 577
deficiency 186
major site of 186
role of 186f, 577f
supplements 186
fat soluble 40, 161, 162, 178, 246
folic acid, role of 173f
K 161, 162, 186–188, 246, 499
cycle 102
deficiency 187
dependent carboxylation 187
functions of 187
role of 187f
structure of 187f
K1 186
K2 186
K3 186
niacin 314, 315
biosynthesis of 314f
role of 211
water soluble 161
Volatile acids 384
Voltage-dependent anion channel 7
Vomiting 168, 185, 265
von Gierke's disease 222, 402
W
Wald's visual cycle 179, 179f
Water 374, 386
balance 358, 376
disorders of 378
hypothalamic regulation of 377f
regulation of 376
deficiency 378
deficit of 378
depletion 379
deprivation test 511
distribution of 375t
extracellular 374
extravascular 374
free 378
holding capacity 479
insensible 375
interstitial 375
intoxication 378, 379
intracellular 374
intravascular 374
metabolic 375
retention of 379
Waxes 39
Weaning disease 486
Weight
gain 514
loss 234, 486
Welder's arcs 558
Wernicke's encephalopathy 163
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome 163, 164, 225
Western blots transfer 472
White blood cells 536
types of 537
Wilson's disease 83, 365
Wobble hypothesis 441
Wound healing 44, 177
X
Xanthine 400
oxidase 91, 95, 165, 400, 574
Xanthomas 255, 255f
Xanthurenate 314
X-chromosome 127, 225
Xenobiotics 566
metabolic reactions of 567f
reactions of detoxification of 567, 568
role of 570, 571f
source of 566
Xeroderma pigmentosum 421
Xerophthalmia 181
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 267
Xycholesterols 278
Xylulose kinase 227
Y
Y-chromosome 127
Yellow tonsils 258f
Z
Zellweger's syndrome 9, 267, 449
Zinc 347, 369, 370, 552
content of 370
deficiency 370
Zwitterion formation 66
Zymogen 90, 90t, 100, 293
proteolytic cleavage of 100
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Chapter Notes

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