Clinical Assessment and Examination in Orthopedics C Rex
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table
A
Abdomen 26
examination of 5
Abduction 46, 157f
contracture 39
extension 155
Abductor paradox 54
Abductor pollicis
brevis 113, 114
strength of 93
longus 86, 117, 118
Abscess 219
Acetabular fracture 219
Achilles
tendon 199, 205
tendonitis, palpation of 199f
Acromegaly 104
Acromioclavicular joint 42, 44f, 45, 47
arthritis of 45
Acromioclavicular tests 45, 62
Active compression test 59
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 23
Acute trauma 183
coagulopathy 18
Adam's forward
bending test 141f
flexion test 129
Addison's disease 98
Adduction 46
contracture 39
Adductor tightness 39
Adhesive capsulitis 64
Adolescent Scheuermann's kyphosis 141
Adson's test 120, 120f
Adult respiratory distress syndrome 35
Advanced trauma life support 8, 9b, 31
Aggressiveness 6
Airway 9, 10
maintenance 10, 12b
obstruction 27
Alcohol 164
consumption 2
Alkaptonuria 182
Allen's test 105, 118, 119f
Allergy 2, 151
Allis's sign 159, 163
Amputations, traumatic 107
Anal anomalies 96
Anal reflex 136
Anemia 3, 5
Angiography 27
Angular kyphosis 141
Ankle 41, 196, 198, 207
anterior aspect of 194f
clonus 137
examination of 186
foot orthosis 38
instability, recurrent 207
jerk 137, 137f
mobility, abnormal 207
Ankylosing spondylitis 143, 143f, 144f, 145, 163
Annular ligament 69f, 73
Anterior cord syndrome 148
Anterior cruciate ligament 167
injury 184
Anterior drawer test 174, 174f, 197, 197f, 211, 212f
Anterior fat pad syndrome 183
Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament 187
Anterior interosseous syndrome 119
Anterior knee dislocation, congenital 181f
Anterior relocation test 46
Anterior slide test 59
Anterior superior iliac spine 152, 178f
Anterior talofibular ligament 194, 207
Anterior translation test 57, 58f
Anterosuperior iliac spine 159f
Antiepileptics 163
Anxiety, alleviate 1
Ape-thumb deformity 115, 115f
Apley's grinding test 176
Apley's method 152
Apley's scratch test 46, 50, 51f
Apley's test 176
Apophysitis 183
Apparent leg length discrepancy 158
Apprehension
sign 74
test 58, 58f, 178, 179f
Arcade of Frohse 120
Arm
elevation test 120, 121f
length 71
discrepancy 122
medial cutaneous nerve of 122
muscles, wasting of 71
shoulder and hand score, disability of 78
Arnold-Chiari malformation 141
Arteries 4
Arthritic pain 150
Arthritis 207
carpometacarpal 87
infective 150
inflammatory 163, 182
nonrheumatoid 182
post-traumatic 207
psoriatic 163
radiocarpal 86
secondary 207
stage of 165
subtalar 212
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 210f
Arthropathy
generalized 205
inflammatory 188
nonrheumatoid 163
psoriatic 182
seronegative 166, 182
Asthma 2
Atherosclerosis 188
Athlete's foot 187
Auscultation 6
Avascular necrosis 150, 163, 220
Avulsion 183
Axillary nerve 122
palsy 20
Axon reflex test 123
B
Babcock's triangle 164
Babinski's sign 136
Back pain 125, 126, 148
Baker's cyst 170, 181, 219
Bankart's lesion 63
Barlow's test 162, 162f
Barton's fracture 94
Battle's sign 25
Bear-hug test 46, 54, 55f
Beck's triad 26, 29
Becker's muscular dystrophy 39
Beevor's sign 134
Beighton score 46, 176
Belly press test 54
Best motor response 16
Best verbal response 16
Biceps 75, 124
brachii 46
lesion 47
load test 60, 61, 61f
long tendon of 48f
reflex 136, 136f
rupture of long head of 22
tear 66
tendinitis 66
test 61
tendon 63
tests 45
Bicipital tendinitis 63
Big toe 192
Blount's disease 180
Blunt abdominal injury 26
Bone 4, 21, 31
densitometry 220
examination of 5, 6
fragmentation 215f
infection 219, 220
loss 32f
malignancy 220
sarcomas 5
scan 220
tumors 219
Bony alignment 186
Bony injury 111
Bony mass, abnormal 70
Bony metastasis 220
Bony thickening 69
Book test 116
Bouchard's nodes 98
Boutonniere deformity 99, 100f, 102, 103f
Bouvier's sign 99
Bow leg 169, 180, 180f
Bowstring test 133, 133f
Brachial plexus 110, 121, 121f
examination of 122
injury 121
palsy 41
Brachialgia 43, 144
Brachialis 75, 122
Brachioradialis 75, 117, 124
reflex 137f
Bragaard's test 133
Brain injury, traumatic 16
Breathing 9–11, 13b
Brown-Séquard syndrome 148
Bryant's triangle 159, 160f
Bulbocavernosus reflex 112, 136
Bunnel's intrinsic tightness test 101
Bunnell's OK sign 114
Bursitis 52, 219
Buttock, abnormality of 39
Buttonhole deformity 102
C
Café-au-lait spots 111
Caisson's disease 151
Calcaneal malunion 207
Calcaneal stress fracture 207
Calcaneocuboid joint 194
Calcaneofibular ligament 194
Calcaneum
joint 194
plantar medial aspect of 210
Calcific tendinitis 45, 63
Calcium hydroxyapatite crystal arthritis 182
Calcium pyrophosphate arthritis 182
Calf muscle
hypertrophy 39
stretch pain in 36
Callosities 207
Camptodactyly 101, 103
Canal stenosis 146
Capener's sign 164
Capital femoral epiphysis 163f
idiopathic necrosis of 164
Capitellum, osteochondritis dissecans of 66
Capsule, myxomatous degeneration of 96
Caput-ulna 80
Card test 115, 115f
Cardiac tamponade 12, 28, 29
Carpal compression test 94f
Carpal tunnel syndrome 80, 93, 119
Cauda equina syndrome 139, 142
Cavus foot 191, 191f, 207
Central cord syndrome 148
Central venous
catheters 15
pressure 15
Cerebral
injury 16
palsy 37, 41, 142
Cerebrospinal fluid 25
Cervical
kyphosis 144f
rib 145
spine 125, 145f
control 9
examination of 144
fusion, congenital 148
injury 18, 25
protection 10, 12b
spondylosis 147
stenosis 147
Chair push-up test 74, 74f
Charcot's ankle 207
Charcot's arthropathy 214
Charcot's deformity 207
Charcot's foot 207
Charcot-Marie-tooth disease 101, 191
Cheiralgia paresthetica 86, 120
Chemotherapy 7, 163
Chest 25
expansion 131, 132f
injuries 27
problems 2
wall
asymmetrical 132f
scanogram of 141
X-ray 14
Chiene's line 160, 160f
Chondromalacia patellae
idiopathic 183
secondary 183
Cinema sign 182
Circulation 9, 10, 13
Claudication pain 127
Clavicular fracture 45
Claw hand 100, 101f
Claw toe 207
Cleidocranial dysostosis 45
Clergyman's knee 180
Clinodactyly 103
Club foot 209
bilateral 209f
Cobb's angle 141, 142f
Codman's point 49, 52
palpation of 53f
Coleman's block test 191, 206, 208f
Colles’ fracture 94
malunited 95f
Combined abduction test 46
Compartment pressure monitoring 19
Compartment syndrome 20, 22, 32, 34, 34f
Complex regional pain syndrome 107, 185
Compression
and distraction stress test 166
neuropathy 118
syndrome tests 74
Computed tomography scan 219
Contusion 67, 183
pulmonary 28
Coracobrachialis 122
Coracoid
impingement sign 52
process 43
Cord 122
compression 147
injuries 148
Coronoid fracture 66
Cozen's test 69, 69f
Cremasteric reflex 112, 136
Crepitus 33
Cross-body adduction test 46, 51, 51f
Cruciate ligament injury 184
Crucifixion fossa 81f
Crutch palsy 119
Crystal arthropathy 168, 182
Cubital tunnel 118
compression 68
syndrome 66
Cubitus valgus 67f
deformity 66
Cubitus varus 66, 67f
Cuff defect 52
Cullen's sign 26
Cutaneous nerves, traumatic neuralgia of 183
Cyanosis 3, 5
Cycle test 127
Cysts 219
D
Damage control
orthopedic surgery 8
resuscitation 8
Dashboard injury 19, 31
Davidson sign 144
Deep reflex 112, 136
absent 38
exaggerated 38
Deep vein thrombosis 23, 35, 35f, 220
Deformity 19, 31–34, 45, 79, 98, 100, 110, 122, 144, 150, 187, 192, 207
Degenerative joint disease 98
Deltoid ligament pathology 207
De Quervain's
disease 78, 86
syndrome 80
tenosynovitis 86
Diabetes 2, 188, 205
Diabetic foot ulcers 207
Diabetic neuropathy 188
Dial test 175
Diaphragm 123
traumatic rupture of 28
Diaphyseal sequestrum 7f
Differential lignocaine injection test 93
Dinner fork deformity 79f
Direct carpal compression test 93
Disability 9, 10, 16, 16b
Discogenic neck pain 147
Dislocation 19, 106, 183, 192, 219
Distal fibula, stress fracture of 207
Distal interphalangeal joint 98, 113, 192
Distal neurovascular
examination 33, 104
symptoms 32
Distal pulp, subcutaneous abscess of 108
Distal pulsation 171
Distal radioulnar joint 89, 93, 98, 99f
test 93f
Distal tibia 207
Distal ulna ballottement test 93
Distraction test 138
Dizziness 144
Doppler studies 19
Dorsal central wrist pain, assessment of 90
Dorsal ganglion 96f
Dorsal impingement pain 204
Dorsal radial wrist pain, assessment of 85
Dorsiflexion 81, 82f, 195f
normal range of 81
Drop arm
sign 46
test 53, 54f
Dropped finger 99, 104
Dry scaly skin 98
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 39
Duck walking 152
Duga's sign 64
Duncan-Ely's prone rectus test 40
Dupuytren's contracture 101, 104, 104f
Dupuytren's diathesis 104
Dural tension signs 131
Durkan's test 93
Dynamic ankle foot orthosis 38
Dysbaric osteonecrosis 164
Dysmorphism 111
Dyspepsia 2
Dysplasia 150, 180
patellofemoral 183
E
Eichhoff maneuver 87f
Elbow
examination of 65
flexion test 74, 118f
hyperflexion test 68
joint 65
muscles, motor muscle testing of 75
pain
anterior 66
lateral 66
posterior 66
painful 65
pathology 66t
posterior dislocation of 75
Electrocardiogram 17
Electrocardiographic monitoring 17
Electromyography 23, 44
Embolism, pulmonary 23, 35, 36
Empty can
sign 46
test 53f
Endoscopy 27
Entrapment lateral plantar nerve 207
Epicondyle fracture, lateral 66
Epicondylitis, lateral 66, 77
Erb's palsy 110f, 122
Erb-Duchenne palsy 41
Erosion, stage of 165
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 7, 165
Esophageal trauma 28
Exostosis 192
Extension 46, 130
adduction in 155
catch 130
lag-knee 172f
Extensor carpi
radialis
brevis 69, 87, 117
longus 87, 117
ulnaris 89, 117
tendinitis 90, 90f
Extensor digiti minimi 91, 117
Extensor digitorum
communis tendons 91
longus 117, 118f, 139
Extensor hallucis longus 139, 201f
Extensor pollicis
brevis 86
longus 88
rupture 94
Extensor
tendon rupture 99
tenosynovitis 80
External rotation 46
deformity 32f
lag sign 46, 55
recurvatum test 175, 175f
strength test 55f
test 157f
External rotator 46, 123
strength test 55
Exudative joint tuberculosis 47
Eye opening response 16
Eye-to-eye contact 1
F
Faber test 166
Face 24
Facial
deformities 25
injuries 25
Fascia 21
Fasciculation 38
Fat embolism 23, 35
Fat-pad lesion 170f
Felon 108
Femoral nerve stretch test 138, 138f
Femoral trochlea 183
Femoroacetabular impingement 157, 165
Femur
fracture neck of 161
osteosarcoma lower end of 6f
Fever 3
Fibromyalgia 147
Fibromyositis 49
Fibula neck fracture 23
Fingers
active movements of 104
Boutonniere deformity of 99
drop 117
passive movements of 104
ulnar deviation of 99, 99f
Finkelstein's test 86, 87, 87f
First metatarsophalangeal joint 214f
Fisk's forward shift test, modified 81
Fixed flexion deformity 39, 154
Flail chest 12, 28, 29
Flat foot 190, 207
Flexed hip 39f
Flexion 130, 154, 157f
abduction in 156
adduction
internal rotation test 157
test 62, 62f
deformity 95f, 181
lateral 130, 131f
Flexor carpi
radialis 113
tendonitis 86
ulnaris 113, 115f
test 115
Flexor digitorum
profundus 22, 113, 113f
superficialis 22, 113, 113f
Flexor hallucis
brevis 204f
longus 204f, 207
tendon, palpation of 204f
Flexor pollicis
brevis, superficial head of 113
longus 113, 114f
Fluctuation 4
Foot
deformity 192f, 218
dorsiflexion of 195f
drop 193
eversion of 195f
examination of 186
inversion of 195f
plantar flexion of 194f
progression angle 218
size 192
Forearm 38
extensor aspect of 77f
length 71
medial cutaneous nerve of 122
muscles, wasting of 71
Forefoot 192, 207
Forward flexion 46
Fourth extensor compartment 91
Fracture 19, 106, 183, 192, 219
calcaneal 19, 214
healing 219
malunited 207
trochanteric 162
Freiberg disease 207
Friedreich's ataxia 41
diagnosis of 191
Froment's sign 116, 116f
Frozen shoulder 64
Full can test 46, 53f
Full knee flexion 172f
Functional tissues 21
Furrow sign 129
G
Gaenslen's test 166
Gait 38, 151, 169, 188, 189f
antalgic 152
types of 169
Galeazzi's sign 159, 159f, 163
Gamekeeper's thumb 95, 95f
Ganga hospital open injury score 21t
Ganglia 167, 214
Ganglion 91, 96, 120, 192
cyst 47, 80, 91
Gangrene 4f
Gastric catheters 17
Gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa 170
Gaucher's disease 164
Generalized ligament laxity 55
assessment 176
Genitalia, examination of 26
Genu
recurvatum 180, 181f
valgum 179, 179f
varum 180, 181f
Gerber's lift off test 46, 54, 54f, 63, 124
Gerber's subcoracoid impingement test 46, 52
Giant cell tumor 6, 104
Gigantism 111
Gilcrest test 61
Glasgow coma scale 11, 16, 16t
Glenohumeral motion 46
Global pain 66
Golfer's elbow 66, 77
Goniometer 3
Gonococcal urethritis 182
Gout 214
Gouty nodule 66
Gower's sign 41
Great toe 203
distal phalanx of 204f
nail 204
proximal phalanx of 204f
Grey-Turner sign 26
Grind test 87, 88f, 89
Gustilo-Anderson open fractures 20b, 21t
Guyon's canal 118
compression 80
H
Hair 192
tuft of 129f
Hallux rigidus 203, 214
Hallux valgus 203, 207, 213
bilateral 213f
Hamate fracture 89
Hamate injury, hook of 80, 92f
Hammer toe 207
Hamstring contracture 183
Hamstring tightness 39
Hand
examination of 97, 105
infections 108
intrinsic plus deformity of 101
normal attitude of 98f
primary function of 97, 97f
Hansen's disease 111
Hawkins test 51, 52f
Hawkins-Kennedy sign 46
Head 24
injury 31
Heart problems 2
Heberden's nodes 98
Heel 202
bisector line 213f
inversion 193f
pad ulcers 207
pain 210
posterior 210
spur, palpation of 203f
Hemarthrosis 167, 184
Hemorrhage 15
control 9, 10, 13, 15b
internal 14
Hemothorax
massive 12, 28, 29
right lung 29f
Herpes zoster 127
Heterotopic ossification 76
High energy injury 32
Hilgenreiner's line 163f
Hindfoot 207
forefoot angle 218f
varus 207
Hinge joint 65
Hip
abduction of 156f
adduction of 156f
developmental dysplasia of 162, 162f, 220
dysplasia of 150
examination of 150
extension of 161f
external rotation of 155f, 161f
fixed flexion deformity of 39
internal rotation of 155f, 161f
joint 150, 159f
lateral rotation of 218
medial rotation of 218
posterior dislocation of 19
rotation of 155f
transient synovitis of 165
tuberculosis of 164
Histiocytoma, malignant fibrous 6
Hoffman's sign 137
Hoffman's test 147
Holstein-Lewis syndrome 119
Holt-Oram syndrome 96
Homan's sign 35
Hook test 70, 70f
Horn Blower test 46, 55, 55f
Horner's syndrome 41, 122, 123
Housemaid's knee 180, 183
Hueston's tabletop test 104
Hughston and Losee, jerk test of 174
Human bite 109
injury 109f
Humeroradial joint 65
Humeroulnar joint 65
Humerus
chronic osteomyelitis of 7f
shaft fracture 119
Hyperextension 100
Hyperpigmentation 36
Hypertension 2
Hypertonia 38
Hypoesthesia 93
Hypoglycemia 16
Hypophosphatasia 180
Hypopigmentation 111
Hypoplasia 122
Hypotension 13
Hypotensive resuscitation, permissive 15
Hypothermia 10, 17
Hypotonia 38
Hypoxemia, severe 35
Hypoxia 16
I
Ileocecal valve 26
Iliotibial band 157
Impaction syndrome 89
Impingement 46
tests 45, 51
Infection 66, 219
Inflammation 6
signs of 4f
Inflammatory joint disease 98
Infraspinatus 46, 55
Injury severity scale 27, 27b
Injury severity score 27
Injury
acute 19
colorectal 30
levels of 108
mechanism of 31, 105, 168, 187
nature of 107
severe 108
Instability 45, 207
assessment of 81
atraumatic 45
posterolateral 74
tests 45, 55
Integrity 199, 200
Internal impingement 46, 52
Internal rotation strength test 54f
Intersection syndrome 80, 87
Intrinsic minus hand 100
Intubation, endotracheal 11
Inversion eversion stress test 211
Irradiation 164
Irritability 197–199
Ischemia 28
J
J sign 176
Jakob reverse pivot shift test 175
Jamar dynamometer 100f
Jaundice 3, 5
Jersey finger 104
Jobe's relocation test 46, 53, 58, 58f
Joint 4, 21
arthritis 80
carpometacarpal 81, 91
composite 65
deformities 3
effusion 219
feeling of 45
infection, examination of 6
injuries 31
interphalangeal 88, 112
laxity 42
line
anterior 196
posterior 196
metatarsophalangeal 192
midtarsal 198
mouse 168
movement of 205, 206
sepsis 6
stability of 100, 172, 205, 206
subtalar 197
Jones fracture 207
Jumper's knee 183
K
Kanavel's four cardinal signs 108
Kienbock's disease 80, 90, 91
Kirk Watson's test 82, 83f
Klein's line 164
Klippel-Feil syndrome 45, 145, 148
Klumpke's paralysis 41, 122
Knee 40
ankle foot orthosis 38
examination of 167
external rotation of 161f
flexion deformity 40, 40f
jerk 137
joint 167
pain 167
anterior 182, 183, 183b
severe osteoarthritis of 180f
spontaneous osteonecrosis of 182
Kneeling test 142f
Knock knee 169, 179
Knuckle kyphosis 141
Kohler's disease 211
Kyphoscoliosis 129
Kyphosis 129, 141
Kyphotic deformity 142f
L
Labral lesion 219
Lachman's test 173, 173f, 184
Lasegue's test 133
Lateral collateral ligament 73
tear 66
Lateral cord syndrome 148
Lateral patellar compression syndrome 183
Latissimus dorsi 46, 122, 124
Leash of Henry 120
Leg 42
fracture 31
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease 164
Lesser toe 205
deformities 205
Lhermitte's sign 146, 147
Lichtman midcarpal shift test 85
Ligament
collateral 101f
coracohumeral 43
injury 207
laxity tests 177f
Limb
alignment 188
attitude of 32, 110, 122
deformity of 19
hypoplasia 111
length discrepancy 32, 34, 71
Limp 150
Lipoma 120
Lippman test 61
Lisfranc injury 207
Lister's tubercle 81f, 88, 89
Load lunotriquetral joint 84
Local bony tenderness 32
Log roll test 157
Long flexors 113
Long thoracic nerve 121
Low energy injury 32
Low hair line 148
Lower leg, swelling of 36
Lower limb 38, 133, 135, 137, 217
nerve injury 124
Lower motor neuron lesion 38, 38t
Lower spine, abnormality of 39
Lower subscapular nerve 122
Lumbar
disk disease 139, 139t
hyperlordosis 125f
spine 125
vertebral body fracture 19
Lumbrical plus deformity 102
Lump, progression of 3
Lungs, examination of 5
Lunotriquetral instability 80, 84
Lymph node, regional 4
Lymphadenopathy 170
generalized 5
M
MacIntosh's pivot shift test 174
Madelung's deformity 95, 96f
Magnetic resonance imaging scan 19, 141, 165, 219
Major vessels, tear of 28
Mallet
finger 99
toe 207
Malunited bimalleolar fracture 207
Mangled extremity severity score 27, 28t
Marfan's syndrome 140, 192
Marjolin's ulcer 7
Masquelet's ballotment test 84
Massive cuff tear 46
Mayo wrist score 78
McMurray's test 175, 176f, 184
negative 184
positive 184
Medial collateral ligament 66, 68, 72
femoral attachment of 171f
grading of 173
Medial cord 122
Medial elbow pain 66
Medial epicondyle
fracture 66, 68
palpation of 68f
Medial epicondylitis 66, 77
Medial hamstring tightness 39
Medial ligament complex 196
Medial pectoral nerve 122
Medial supracondylar line 68
Median nerve 113, 119
lateral root of 122
medial root of 122
palsy 114
Meniscal cyst 167
Meniscal injury 182
Menisci 219
Meralgia paresthetica 140
Meryon's sign 41
Metabolic bone diseases 220
Metacarpals, radial deviation of 99
Metacarpophalangeal joint 38, 99, 100, 102, 112
active extension of 118f
Metaphyseal blanch sign 164
Metaphyseal dysostosis 180
Metastatic disease 142
Metatarsal stress fracture 207
Metatarsalgia 207, 212
Metatarsus adductus 191, 207, 213
Mid facet, tarsal coalition of 207
Midcarpal shift test 85, 85f
Midfoot 192, 207
abduction 207
instability 207
Midpalmar infection 109
Mill's maneuver 69, 69f
Milwaukee shoulder 47
Mimori pain provocation test 60, 60f
Miserable malalignment syndrome 217
Missed injuries 27
Mobility, abnormal 33
Monosynaptic reflex arc 112
Morel-Lavallée lesion 26
Morning stiffness 187
Morris bitrochanteric line 160, 160f
Morton's neuroma 212
Morton's neuropathy 207
Motor
examination 106, 112, 113, 115, 117, 123, 133
loss 139
system 195
Movements
active 3, 70104
joint range of 3
range of 45, 197, 198
Moving valgus test 72, 72f
Muffled heart sounds 29
Mulder's click 212f
Multiple bone 3
Multiple extensor tendon injury 105f
Muscle 21
spasm 19, 33
tear 219
tone 39
wasting 39, 98, 111, 116, 116f, 122, 192
Musculocutaneous nerve 122
Musculoskeletal system, examination of 19b
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 142
Myeloma, multiple 142
Myelopathy 147
Myocardial contusion 28
Myositis ossificans 76, 76f
N
Nail
bed problems 204
changes 3
Napolean's belly-press test 46
Napoleon's sign 54
Narath vascular sign 153
National Emergency X-ray Utilization Study 25
Neck 25
examination 62
movements, restricted 148
swellings 146
Necrotizing fasciitis 4f
Neer's sign 46, 52, 52f
Neer's test 46, 52
Nelaton's line 160f
Nerve 4, 23, 106
direct compression of 112
root 139
compression 147t
swelling 111
Nervous system, examination of 5
Neuritis 111
Neurofibroma 111, 127
Neurofibromatosis 111, 140
Neurological disease 188
Neurological examination 19, 23, 112, 133, 146, 191
Neurological symptoms 78, 128, 144
Neuroma 185
Neuromuscular disease, examination of 37
Neuropathic foot 214
Neuropathic joint 214, 215f
Neurovascular examination 62, 75
Neurovascular status 3
Neutral foot 190
Night pain 43, 128
Nonorganic tenderness 138
Nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder 41
Numbness 144
O
O' Brien's test 59, 59f
O'Brien's milking maneuver 72
O'Driscoll, lateral pivot-shift test of 73
Ober's test 39, 40, 157, 158f
Obesity 164, 205
Obstetric palsy 41, 122
Ochronosis 182
OK sign 114f
Olecranon
bursitis 76, 76f
fracture 66
Open fracture 31, 33
Open joint injuries 106
Open pneumothorax 12, 28
Opponens pollicis 94, 113, 114
Orbital fractures 25
Orthopedic surgeries 35
Ortolani's test 162
Osgood-Schlatter disease 183, 184
Osmond-Clarke's test 177, 178f
Osteoarthritis 44, 66, 150, 163, 181
ankle 211
knee 181, 182
secondary 96
shoulder 63
Osteochondral dome fracture 211
Osteochondritis dissecans 66, 183, 184, 207
Osteoid osteoma 219
Osteomyelitis 7, 45
acute 6
calcaneal 207
chronic 7, 7f
Osteonecrosis 182, 219
Osteopenia 220
Osteoporosis 220
Osteoporotic compression fracture 142
Overuse syndromes 183
P
Paget's disease 180, 181f
Paget's test 4f
Pain 2, 31, 42, 65, 78, 126, 144, 150, 167, 186, 207
cause of 3
local 126
location of 66t
mechanical 147
nature of 2, 128
progression of 2
severity of 2
site of 2
sudden onset of 6
Painful arc sign 46
Palmar
flexion 81, 82f
radial wrist pain 92, 93
ulnar wrist pain, assessment of 91
Palmaris longus tendon 92
Palm-up test 61
Palpate
flexor carpi ulnaris 92
triangular soft spot 69
Palpation 3, 19, 22, 23, 81, 197, 198, 203, 205
Paraspinal muscles 19
Paresthesia 144
Paronychia 108
Patella 183
chronic
dislocation of 183
subluxation of 183
infera, acquired 183
recurrent dislocation of 183
reflex sympathetic dystrophy of 183
Patellar
clonus 138
glide test 178, 179f
osseous dystrophy 183
reflex 137f
rotation 176
tap 171f
tendinitis 182
tendon 183
tendonitis 183
tilt test 178, 178f
Patellofemoral arthritis, secondary 183
Patellofemoral disorders, classification of 183b
Patellofemoral joint problems 176
Patellofemoral malalignment 183
Patrick's flexion, abduction, and external rotation test 157
Pecial clinical tests 20
Pectoral
muscles 46
nerve, lateral 122
Pedal edema 3
Peg gait 193
Pelvic
fracture 166f, 219
injuries 29
Pelvis 42
examination of 5
lines 163f
X-ray 14
Pen test 114, 115, 115f
Peptic ulcer disease 2
Perineum, examination of 26
Peripatellar tendonitis 183
Peripheral nerves, examination of 110
Peripheral vascular system 26
Periscapular muscles 46
Perkin's line 163f
Peroneal nerve palsy 23, 124
Peroneal spasm 202
Peroneus brevis 207
Peroneus longus 202f
Pes anserinus bursitis 185
Pes cavus 41, 191, 206, 208f
Peyronie's disease 104
Pfannenstiel incision 30
Phalen's test 93, 94f
Phelps gracilis test 39
Piano key test 93
Pilon fracture 219
Pin tract infection 30
Pinch meter 100f
Pisotriquetral arthritis 89
Pisotriquetral grind test 92f
Pisotriquetral injury 80
Pivot-shift test 73, 73f, 175f
Plantar
fasciitis 207, 210
flexion 194f, 201f
reflex 38, 112, 136
Pneumothorax right lung 29f
Pointing index sign 106, 106f, 114, 114f
Polio 39
Poliomyelitis 142
Polysynaptic reflex arc 112
Popeye's sign 63
Popliteal angle 40, 40f
Popliteal artery aneurysm 170
Positive anterior drawer test 174
Positron emission tomography scan 220
Posterior cruciate ligament injury 167, 184
Posterior dislocation 19, 64, 75
Posterior drawer test 59, 174
Posterior impingement 66, 71
sign 46, 52
Posterior interosseous nerve 117f
palsy 118
syndrome 120
Posterior load shift test 59, 59f
Posterior tibiofibular ligament 194
Posterolateral rotatory drawer test 74, 74f
Post-traumatic
chondromalacia patellae 183
contracture 101
fibrosis 183
patellofemoral arthritis 183
stiffness 34, 94
Posture, types of 125f
Prepatellar bursitis 183
Pressure effects 6
Profundus, ulnar half of 113
Pronation 71f, 81
Pronator
syndrome 119
teres 114
Prone rectus test 40f
Prothrombin time 18
Provocative test 111
Proximal humerus, fracture of 45
Proximal interphalangeal joint 103f, 113, 192
degenerative joint disease of 98
Proximal radioulnar joint 65
Proximal tibial epiphysis 183
Proximal ulna, lateral aspect of 69
Pseudogout 182
Pseudo-locking 168
Pseudostability test 81, 83f
Psoas 219
Psoriasis 3
Pubic
ramus fractures 30
symphysis 217
Pulled elbow 76
Pulmonary function test 141
Pulse oximetry 18
Pump handle test 166, 166f
Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis 142
Q
Q angle 177, 178f
Quadriceps
active test 174
angle 177
fibrosis, acquired 183
tendinitis 185
tendon 183
tendonitis 183
tightness 40
Quadriga effect 101
R
Radial club hand 96
Radial collateral ligament 69, 73
Radial deviation 81, 82f, 99
Radial head fracture 66, 120
Radial nerve 117, 119, 122
Radial styloid
palpation of 81f
process 81f
Radial tunnel syndrome 120
Radiation 2
Radicular pain 43
Radiculopathy 147, 185
Radiocarpal glide test 85f
Radiocarpal joint, palmar subluxation of 99
Radio-frequency pulse 219
Radionuclide scan 220
Radio-scaphoid arthritis 80
Radioulnar synostosis, congenital 77
Radius fracture malunion 89
Raynaud's phenomenon 120
Reagan's shear test 84
Rectal examination 19
Rectus
femoris tightness 40
foot 190
Reflex 57, 112, 147, 195
abdominal 112, 136
loss 139
sympathetic dystrophy 107, 183, 220
Regional lymph node 4
involvement 6
Renal anomalies syndromes 96
Rent test 46, 52
Resuscitation 9
cardiopulmonary 9
Retrocalcaneal bursitis 199f
Rheumatism 2
Rheumatoid 145, 163, 182
arthritis 44, 47, 63, 66, 89, 101, 150, 163, 181, 207
disease 205
neck 146
nodule 66, 76, 77f, 98
synovitis 96, 214
Rhomboids 46, 123
Rib
fractures, multiple 13f
hump 132f
Rickets 180
Rigid flat feet 208
Ring fingers, proximal interphalangeal joint of 103f
Romberg's sign 41, 206
Romberg's test 191
Roos test 120
Root 121
bunch of 142
compression 147
Roser-Nelaton's line 159, 160
Rotational deformities 217
Rotational profile, assessment of 178, 218
Rotator cuff 43
arthropathy 44, 47
complete tear of 45
disease 62
macrotrauma of 62
muscles 46
partial tear of 45, 52
tear 45, 46, 219
tests 52
S
Sacral plexus injuries 30
Sacroiliac joint 138, 157, 166
stress test 166
Sage test 178
Sagittal vertical axis 142f
Saturday night palsy 119
Scaphoid 82
articular-nonarticular junction 88
distal tuberosity of 86f
fracture 80, 85
pathology 87
shift test 82
tuberosity, palpation of 81
waist of 81f
Scapholunate
ballottement test 84f
dissociation 80
instability 82
interval 90, 91f
joint 89
pathology 89
junction 81f
ligament 83
test 84
Scaphotrapezial joint 86
Scapho-trapezio-trapezoid
arthritis 86
joint pathology 88
Scapula
congenital elevation of 148
inferior angle of 132f
normal position of 48f
Scapular protraction 123
Scapulohumeral muscles 46
Scapulothoracic joint 42
Scapulothoracic motion 46
Scarpa's triangle 153
Scars 39, 67, 98
Scheuermann's kyphosis 143
Schmorl's nodes 143
Schober's test 130, 130f
Schoemaker's line 160, 160f
Sciatic nerve 124
Sciatica 125
Scleroderma, progressive 98
Scoliosis 128, 129, 140
Sectoral sign 154
Semmes-Weinstein
filaments 191
hairs 205
Sensory 57
dermatome distribution 135f
examination 106, 112, 114, 116, 117, 135
level surface marking 136f
loss 139, 147
system 195
Septic arthritis 45, 207
hip, acute 165
Serratus anterior 46, 123, 123f
paralysis of 48f
Sesamoid fracture 207
Shake-hand position 89
Shear test 84, 93
Shiny atrophic skin 98
Shock 16, 28
cardiogenic 16
hemorrhagic 14
Short left leg 151f
Short limb gait 151
Shoulder
active abduction of 49f
anterior dislocation of 64f
crane 42, 43f
crepitus 64
disorders 45t
examination of 42, 46t
external rotation of 50f
instability 63
internal rotation of 50f
levels of 132f
schizophrenic muscle of 54
Silliman-Hawkins release test 58
Silverskiold's test 41
Simmond's test 199
Simmond-Thompson's test 211
Simple compartment pressure 22
Simulation test 138
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease 183
Sinus tarsi 194, 198
syndrome 207
Skeletal structures 21
Skeletal system 106
Skewfoot 191
Skier's thumb 95
Skin 3, 20, 21, 39, 105, 111, 190
blistering of 34f
changes 67
condition 192
lumbosacral 37
Skip lesions 6
Slide test 60f
Slipped upper femoral epiphysis 164
Small laceration 105f
Smith fracture 94
Snuffbox 88
Soft tissue 111
condition 39
examination of 33
injury 219
tumors 170
examination of 5
Sound waves 219
Speed's test 61, 61f
Spina bifida 37–39
Spinal cord 134f
injury 135, 148
lesion 39
Spinal disease, malignant 142
Spinal dysraphism 39, 141
Spinal infection 142
Spine 25, 188, 219
disease 43
examination of 125
flexion of 130f
fracture 219
osteochondritis of 141
rotation of 131f
surface marking of 129f
Splints 38
Spondylitis, inflammatory 143
Spondylolisthesis 143
Sprengel deformity 45, 148
Sprengel shoulder 145, 149f
Spurling test 146, 146f
Stability 197–199, 205, 206
tests 72
Staheli's rotational profile tests 40, 218, 218f
Static valgus test 72
Static varus test 73, 73f
Stener's lesion 95
Stenosis 185
Sternoclavicular joint 42
dislocation of 45
Steroids 7, 163
Stiff ankle 193
Stiff elbow 65
Stiff hip gait 152
Stiffness 44, 65, 78, 128, 144, 150, 167
Stinchfield test 157, 157f
Stomach, fundus of 28f
Straight leg raise test 131–133, 133f, 157, 172
Stress
disorder 78
fracture 185, 207, 219, 220
Stretch tests 131
Styloid fracture 85
Subacromial bursa 49f
Subacromial bursitis 45
Subacromial impingement 46, 51
Subclavius muscle 122
Subcoracoid impingement 46, 52
Subscapularis 46, 124
test 46, 54
Sudeck's atrophy 94
Sulcus sign 46, 55, 57f
Superficial extensor muscle injury 117f
Superficial radial nerve neuritis 86
Superficial reflex 112, 136
Superior labral anteroposterior lesion 59, 63
Superior radioulnar joint 65
Supination 71f, 81
compression test 75
Supinator jerk 136
Suppurative flexor tenosynovitis 108
Supracondylar fracture 75
Supracondylar line, lateral 69
Suprapubic cystostomy 30
Suprascapular nerve 122
entrapment 121
Supraspinatus 46, 124
tendon 49f
tendonitis 52
tests 46, 53
Surgery 120
Swan neck deformity 99, 100f, 102, 102f
Swelling 3, 6, 31, 44, 47, 65, 78, 80, 98, 99, 111, 167, 171, 181, 187, 192, 207
around knee 180
cause of 3
diffuse 44
examination of 3, 6
multiple 111
over olecranon 67
plane of 4
Syndesmosis 196
Synovial osteochondromatosis 168f
Synovial plicae 183
Synovitis 207
stage of 165
Syringomyelia 145
T
Talar necrosis, partial 211
Talipes equinovarus, congenital 209
Talus
osteochondral lesion of 211
osteochondritis of 211
Tarsal bones 207
Tarsal sinus, palpation of 198f
Tarsal tunnel syndrome 188, 207, 214
Tarsometatarsal joint 194, 198
destruction 215f
Telescopy test 157f
Tenderness 2, 39, 99, 104, 111, 170
over
distal radioulnar joint 93
lateral epicondyle 69
medial epicondyle 68
Tendo-Achilles 209
rupture 22, 210
Tendon 21, 106
rupture 219
sheath 96
giant cell tumor of 104
Tendonitis 86, 89, 94
Tennis elbow 66, 77, 120
Tenosynovitis 45, 214
Tension pneumothorax 12, 27, 28
Teres major 46
Teres minor 46
test 55
Terminal painful arc 62
Thenar muscles, wasting of 93
Thenar space infection 108
Thigh foot angle 218, 218f
Thomas test 39, 154, 154f, 165
Thompson test 199, 200f, 211f
Thoracic hyperkyphosis 125f
Thoracic outlet syndrome 120, 147
Thoracolumbar examination 128
Thromboangiitis 188
Thrombocytopenia 96
Thromboelastography 18
Thromboelastometry 18
Thumb
deformities 99
drop 118
Tibia
torsion of 40
varum 181f
Tibial fractures 32
Tibial tubercle apophysis, osteochondritis of 184
Tibialis anterior 201f
Tibialis posterior 200, 200f
insertional tendinopathy of 207
insufficiency
staging of 209t
test 208
synovitis 207
Tinel's sign 68, 93, 111, 118, 123, 214
Tinel's test 74
Tissue
injury 28
subcutaneous 4f
Torticollis 45
Total hip replacement 150
Total knee replacement 184
Total kyphosis 125f
Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex infection 41
Tracheobronchial tree injury 28
Tracheoesophageal fistula 96
Tranexamic acid 15
Transillumination 4
Trapeziometacarpal arthritis 86
Trapezius 46, 51f
myofascitis 43
paralysis of 48f
Trauma 8, 179, 180, 183, 188
late effects of 183
repetitive 183
Traumatic anterior dislocation 64
Treitz ligament 26
Trendelenburg's gait 152
Trendelenburg's test 152, 152f, 153, 153f, 163
positive 152
Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries 89
Triceps 75, 124
brachii 46
reflex 136, 137f
tendinitis 66
weakness 117
Trigger finger 103
Triquetrolunate
ballottement test 84f
instability 89
Triscaphe 86
Trochanteric bursitis 153, 165
Trophic ulcer 5f, 39, 215f
True glenohumeral movement 50
Trunks 122, 134
Tubercle 183
Tuberculosis 2, 96, 142, 148, 164, 179
Tumors 66, 120, 142, 220
origin of 6f
staging 219
U
Ulcers 207
examination of 4
Ulna
carpal abutment syndrome 89
dorsal subluxation of 98, 99, 99f
nightstick fracture of 31
Ulnar claw hand 79f, 116, 117f
Ulnar collateral ligament, lateral 69, 73
Ulnar compression test 93
Ulnar deviation 81, 82f, 99, 99f
Ulnar impaction syndrome 80
Ulnar nerve 68, 115, 118, 122
neuritis 66
recurrent subluxation of 66, 68
Ulnar paradox 117
Ulnar snuffbox 84
Ulnar styloid 80, 89
palpation of 81f
Ulnar wrist pain, assessment of 89
Ultrasound 27, 219
scan 19
Upper limb 38, 57t, 134, 135, 136
Upper motor neuron 38
lesion 38, 38t
Upper plexus injury 122
Upper subscapular nerve 122
Upper tibia fracture 34f
Urethritis, nongonococcal 182
Urinary catheters 17
V
Valgus extension
load syndrome 66
overload syndrome 66
Valgus
knee 169f
stress test 72f, 73f, 172, 173, 173f
Varicose eczema 36
Varus deformity 181
Varus stress test 73f, 172, 173, 173f
Vascular claudication 185
Vascular disease 188
Vascular examination 138, 191
Vascular injuries 22, 26
Vascular status 19
Vasculitis 98
Vastus medialis oblique 176
Vaughan-Jackson syndrome 99, 104
Ventilation 10, 11, 13b
Vertebra, osteosarcoma of 149
Vertebral anomalies 96
Volar ganglion 80, 96, 96f
Volar wrist ganglion 92
Volkmann's ischemic contracture 35, 101
Volkmann's sign 35
von Recklinghausen's disease 140
W
Waddell's symptoms and signs 138
Waiter's tip position 110
Walking 193
abnormal patterns of 37
aid 38, 38f
Wartenberg's sign 116, 116f
Wartenberg's syndrome 86, 120
Web space infection 109
Well leg raise test 133
Windswept deformity 169f
Wink reflex 112
Wright's test 120, 121f
Wrist 78
dorsal side of 80
drop 110f, 117
examination of 78
flexion deformity of 95f
fractures 31
pain, assessment of 80t
synovitis 96
volar side of 80
X
X-rays 219
Y
Yergason's test 61, 62f
Z
Z deformity carpometacarpal joint 99
Zigzag pattern 98
Zohlen's sign 178
Zygapophyseal joint 127
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Chapter Notes

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