Complications in Diabetes Mellitus: Bench to Bedside Manoj Chadha
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVW
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Acute kidney injury 3, 11
history of 18
Advanced glycation end products 12, 13, 43, 44
Afferent arteriolar hyalinization 14
Albumin
excretion rate 21
to-creatinine ratio 17, 21
twenty-hour urine collection for 30
Albuminuria 1, 2, 4, 7, 20, 23, 40, 44
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 26, 27
American Diabetes Association 20, 25, 35
American Society of Nephrology 35
Amlodipine 30, 31
Anemia 2
Angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitor 22, 41
receptor blockers 22
Ankle, swelling of 1
Antidiabetic drugs 28, 28t
Apararenone 42
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 26
high risk of 27
Atrasentan 42
Avosentan 42
B
Bardoxolone methyl 42
Baricitinib 42
Blood
glucose control 18
pressure 12, 30, 41
control 29
goal 29
high 2, 33
measurement of 15
systolic 29
sugar, uncontrolled 33
vessels disease 33
Body
mass index 30
weight 35, 41
C
Canagliflozin 42
Carbohydrate 33, 35, 36
Cardiovascular disease 6, 33
Cell injury, progression of 12
Chemokine
cytokine inhibitors 43
ligand 2 inhibitor 44
Chronic high blood glucose 24
Chronic kidney disease 2, 10, 17, 21, 25, 26, 34, 41
classification of 8f
nutritional management of 35
screening for 20
stages of 7t
D
Dapagliflozin 42
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial 12
Diabetes mellitus 4, 14, 17, 18, 22, 24, 34, 35, 39, 40
family history of 18
gestational 18
global prevalence of 1
long duration of 18
natural history of 21t
prevalence of 1
type 1 4, 10, 14, 16, 20, 41
type 2 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 26, 30, 40, 43
vascular complications of 15
worldwide prevalence of 10
Diabetic kidney disease 4, 5t, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 18t, 20, 22, 24, 34–36, 39–41, 42t, 43
biomarkers of 19f, 41f
classification of 7
development of 2
diagnosis of 17, 19
dietary management in 33t
evolution of 21f
family history of 11, 18
food pyramid of 34f
glycemic management in 24, 25, 26fc
management of 32
natural history of 14, 5f
new drugs in 29t
pathology of 13fc, 40
pathophysiology of 10
prevalence of 32
progression of 1
risk factors of 3t, 11t
screening of 15, 20, 20fc
sodium intake in 36
treatment 43
newly approved drugs for 41
Diabetic nephropathy 10, 15fc, 22, 22t, 43
future therapies of 43
management of 39
manifestation of 15
progression of 6, 6f
Dietary
management 35t
protein intake 33, 35
sodium intake 37
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 26
inhibitor 27, 43
Dipstick proteinuria 15
Dyslipidemia 2, 4, 18
E
Empagliflozin 31, 42
Endoplasmic reticulum 44
Endothelial cell dysfunction 12
Endothelin receptor antagonists 29, 42
Energy 36
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 17, 19, 20, 22, 25–28, 30, 34, 41, 43
Ethnicity 18
Excess sodium retention 12
Extracellular matrix 13
deposition of 13
F
Fat 35, 36
Fatty acid 34
Febrile conditions 23
Fibrin cap 14
Fibroblast growth factors 19
Fibrosis, tubulointerstitial 40
Finerenone 42
G
Glimepiride 30, 31
Glomerular basement membrane 5, 14, 40, 41
thickening of 13
Glomerular filtration rate 4, 5, 7, 7t, 8f, 15, 21, 25, 34, 40
Glomerular hyperfiltration 13, 15, 18
progression 1
Glomerular lesions, diffuse 14
Glomerulosclerosis 10
Glucagon-like peptide-1 28, 42, 43
analog 42
receptor agonist 26, 27
Glycemic control 26
Growth factors 12
H
Heart
disease 33
failure 26, 27
decompensated congestive 23
Hematuria 22
Hemoglobin, glycated 3, 12, 19, 25
Hepatitis, viral 22
High protein intake 3, 11
High sodium intake 3
Hyperglycemia 1–3, 11, 15, 24
severe 23
sudden 23
Hypertension 2–4, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 34
accelerates 6
family history of 18
glomerular 13
management of 31
severe 23
sudden 23
Hypertrophy, renal 13
Hypoglycemia 27
I
Incretins 28
Insulin 27
resistance 18
Intensive glycemic control 12
International Diabetes Federation 35
Interstitial fibrosis 10, 14
Intrauterine growth retardation 18
J
Janus kinase 44
signal transducer and activator of transcription 43
K
Kidney
biopsy 45
cells of 24
disease 33
chronic 2, 10, 17, 21, 25, 26, 34, 41
diabetic 4, 5t, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 18t, 20, 22, 24, 34–36, 39–41, 42t, 43
end-stage 25
family history of 18, 33
genetic 3, 11
improving global outcomes 25
nondiabetic 22
outcomes quality initiative 25
injury 3, 25
acute 3, 11
molecule 19, 41
protection 28
structure, abnormal 33
vasculature of 24
Kimmelstiel–Wilson nodules 14, 40
Korean Diabetic Association 25
L
Legs, swelling of 1
Lipid nephrotoxicity hypothesis 4
Lipoprotein, high-density 19
Liraglutide 42
Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein 19
Low-protein diet 37
M
Macroalbuminuria 6
Menstruation 23
Mesangial expansion 12, 40
Mesangiolysis, segmental 4
Mesenchymal stem cells 45
Metabolic syndrome 1, 18
Metformin 30
Microalbuminuria 4, 6, 14, 15, 18
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists 29, 43
Molecular biology discoveries, application of 44
Monounsaturated fatty acid 34, 36
Morning sickness 2
Myeloma 22
N
National Kidney Foundation 7, 7t, 8, 35
Nephropathy
diabetic 10, 15fc, 22, 22t, 43
ischemic 22
nondiabetic 22, 22t
stages of 7f
Nephrosclerosis, hypertensive 22
Nephrotic syndrome 6
Neuropathy, peripheral 30
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 19
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases 43
Nodular glomerulosclerosis 14
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide 19
Nuclear factor-2 erythroid related factor 44
Nutritional therapy 37
O
Obesity 1–4, 11, 18, 33
Oral contraceptives, use of 18
Oxidative stress 12
triggering of 12
P
Periodic acid-Schiff stain 14
Pharmacotherapy 27
Pigment epithelium-derived factor 19
Pirfenidone 42
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 34, 36
Pro-adrenomedullin, mid-regional fragment of 19
Protein 35
kinase C 25
urine dipstick for 30
Proteinuria 6, 15, 18, 22
Pyridoxamine 42
R
Renal artery stenosis 22
Renal disease, end-stage 1, 5, 10, 15, 21, 34, 35, 39
Renal failure 6, 22
Renal replacement therapy 10
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation 12
S
Saturated fatty acid 34
Sclerosis, glomerular 14
Semaglutide 42
Serum uric acids 41
Sodium 35
glucose cotransporter-2 26, 28, 43
inhibitors 27, 28, 41, 42
Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 19
Stem cell therapy 44
Sulfonylurea 26, 27
Sympathetic nervous system activation 12
Systemic lupus erythematosus 22
T
Telmisartan 30, 31
Thiazolidinedione 26–28
Toxins 3, 11
Tubular atrophy 13
Tubule-interstitium 40
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 41
U
Urinary tract infection 23
Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio 30
V
Vitamin D, deficiency of 18
W
Weight gain 1
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