Textbook of Echocardiography V Amuthan, Satish K Parashar
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdominal aorta
proximal 229
suprarenal 614f
Abernethy malformation 547
Abernethy vein, drainage of 548f
Abscess 270, 589, 592, 600
cavity 592
root 598, 787f
Acceleration time 275
Acenocoumarin 265
Acoustic impedance 3, 12
Acoustic quantification 380
Acoustic shadowing 9, 268, 651, 654, 656
Acoustic speckle tracking 306, 319, 335, 340
Acoustic window 38, 407
Acute aortic
regurgitation 559
syndrome 553, 557
Acute cardiac
compression 499
tamponade 598
Acute cardiovascular syndrome 288
Acute chest pain 552
common causes of 553
Acute coronary occlusion 382
Acute coronary syndrome 231, 553, 639, 693
diagnosis of 381
Acute kidney
injury 675
ischemia 641
Acute mitral regurgitation 384, 559
causes of 559
Acute myocardial infarction 385f, 434, 593
complications of 556
Acute pulmonary embolism 288290, 291f293f, 553
severity of 289
Acute rheumatic fever 486, 487f
diagnosis of 486
Acyanotic congenital heart disease 520
classification of 520
Adenosine 400
echocardiography 381
triphosphate 622
Adenovirus 635
Adipogenesis 828f
Advanced echocardiography techniques 163
Adventitia, hypoechoic to 689
Adventitial calcium 697
Akinesia 291, 353, 396, 404
Akinetic myocardial segment 434
Alagille syndrome 247
Alcohol septal ablation 434, 464
Allergies 483
Allograft, implantation of 795
Amelanotic melanoma 630, 630f
Amplatzer cardiac plug 730, 731
Amplatzer duct occluder device 743f
Amplification 12
Amplitude 12
Ampulla, part of 763
Amyl nitrite inhalation 453
Amyloid heart disease 482b
Amyloid infiltration 481, 482, 482f
Amyloidosis 111, 354f, 441, 462, 482, 625
types of 625
Ancillary methods 130
Anderson Fabry disease 462, 621
Anemia 278, 486, 634
sideroblastic 619
Anesthesia 44
local pharyngeal 45, 46
Aneurysm 75, 845
apical 444
common locations of 842f
coronary 839
formation of 525, 737f
morphology of 845
multiple 831f
types of 842f
Angina
symptoms of 202
typical 395
Angiogram, coronary 496
Angiography 19
pulmonary 104
Angiokeratomas 621
Angioplasty 436, 496
Angiosarcoma 578, 859f
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 482, 616
Ankle-brachial index 236, 236f
technique for 236
Ankylosing spondylitis 206
Annular calcification 684
Annular dilatation 486
Annulitis 486
Annuloaortic ectasia 206
Annuloplasty 683
Annulus 170, 681
dilatation of 209f
lateral 115
paradoxus 116, 314f, 507
reversus 21, 480, 507
Anorectic drugs 207, 639
Anteflexion 47, 49, 50f
Antegrade systolic velocity 118
Anteroseptal tricuspid commissure 735
Anterosuperior retroaortic margin 757
Anthracycline 467
cardiotoxicity, types of 850t
therapy 852f
Antibiotic therapy 588
Anticardiolipin 610
Anti-inflammatory
agents 738
drugs 479
Antimicrobial therapy 603
Antinuclear antibody, serologic test for 612
Antiphospholipid antibody 610
syndrome 207, 635, 636f
Antitubercular therapy 602f
Anxiolysis 45
Aorta 4, 37, 114, 132, 170, 173, 174f, 184, 230, 233, 245f, 246, 450, 488, 491, 496, 511, 514f, 516, 524526, 529, 533, 538, 610, 663, 736, 739743, 747, 748, 753, 760, 766, 767, 769771, 845, 871, 875, 876f, 878f
abdominal 39, 228, 230, 514, 514f
aneurysmal dilatation of 216
anterior wall of 66f, 872
arch of 518
assessment of 822
atherosclerotic obstruction of 190f
calcified 669
coarctation of 514, 529, 545, 602, 875
diastolic 539
dilated ascending 527
echocardiographic evaluation of 227
evaluation of 227
fibrous walls of 171
flow 539
interruption of 539
left anterior 538
measurement of 210
mechanical properties of 336
membranous anchorage of 172f
midesophageal ascending 55f
noncompliant 274
overriding of 535f
porcelain 665, 669
posterior walls of 872
proximal ascending 176f
right anterior 538
root of 205
severe atherosclerosis of 190f
short-axis, midesophageal descending 62f
thoracic descending 228, 230f
three-dimensional model of 200f
Aortic access 664
Aortic anatomy 227
Aortic aneurysm 230, 638
location of 230
Aortic annular
calcification 241
diameter 823
dilations 367
rupture 673
Aortic annulus 176f, 177, 363, 514, 516f, 540, 560f, 667, 668, 669f, 738f, 823, 857
assessment of 364
rupture 674
Aortic arch 40, 176f, 228, 229, 518f, 536, 541, 771f, 870
right-sided 875
Aortic atheroma 233, 565
Aortic bioprosthesis 673, 673f, 674f
Aortic cusps 170, 171f, 184, 784
calcification of 857
prolapse 783
Aortic dilatation 822
Aortic dimensions 822
Aortic diseases 823
Aortic dissection 230, 230f, 232f, 381, 411, 557, 559, 561
diagnosis of 231
echocardiography features of 557b
radiological diagnosis of 558b
spectrum of 233
Aortic ejection, Doppler of 115
Aortic flow
variation 564
velocities 503
Aortic hematomas, subadventitial 231
Aortic insufficiency 789
diagnosis of 488
Aortic interruption 541
Aortic intramural hematoma 233
Aortic measurements 228, 229t, 822, 823f
Aortic mechanical prosthetic heart valve 271
Aortic mitral intervalvular fibrosa 857
Aortic obstruction 539
Aortic override 535
Aortic paravalvular regurgitation 673, 674f
Aortic pathologies 233
Aortic pressure 95, 527f
Aortic prosthesis in situ 672f
Aortic prosthetic heart valve 272f
morphology 271
Aortic regurgitation 52, 145, 181f, 183f, 184f, 202, 207f, 208f, 209, 211, 213, 213f215f, 216, 218, 219, 272, 450, 487, 593f, 595, 823, 823f
acute severe 212f, 559
diagnosis of 488
echocardiography in 205
etiology of 206
functional classification of 783t
lesions 783
mechanisms of 206, 207f
mild 182f, 368
mild-to-moderate 207
presence of 209
severe 212f, 213f, 368, 488f, 560f, 595f
severity of 214
signs of 613
three-dimensional evaluation of 367
Aortic rim 521
Aortic root 49, 170, 172, 176f, 206, 227, 229, 669, 744f, 786, 857
abscess
diagnosis of 592f
mimicking of 269
anatomy of 205
aneurysms of 784
angiogram 750f
calcification 670f
diameter 822
dilatation 785
dissections 557
normal 172
posterior wall of 337f
rupture 283
Aortic sinus, calcification of 670f
Aortic stenosis 27f, 40, 67, 73, 173f, 176f, 177f, 179b, 183f, 188, 189f, 196, 202b, 330, 439, 528, 553, 809, 810, 823
assessment of 180
clinical diagnosis of 179
critical 541
echocardiography in 179, 180b
low-gradient 196
pathological anatomy of 179t
severe 197, 629f
severity of 191t, 195, 195b
special considerations in 200
stages of 204b
subvalvular 182, 529
supravalvular 184, 529
three-dimensional evaluation of 367
velocity 193f
measurement of 177f
Aortic stiffness, measures of 822
Aortic surgical annulus 363
Aortic transection 233, 566
complete 566
partial 566
traumatic 233
Aortic tumor 233
Aortic valve 32, 49, 52, 111, 116f, 132, 170, 173f175f, 178, 186f, 195, 198f, 210, 213f, 227, 244, 284, 364, 366f, 367f, 450, 491, 529f, 535, 577f, 580f, 587f, 591f, 599f, 629f, 630f, 667f, 668f, 670, 750, 783, 787, 872
anatomy of 170, 205, 205f
area 195, 368f, 660
calcification 241, 241f
changes 492
closure 20, 320f, 716f, 717f, 718
timing of 717
complex 205
measurement of 225f
coronet-shaped attachment of 172f
cusps of 172, 735
direct planimetry of 44
disease 184f, 602
congenital 180
disorders 239
endocarditis 592, 593
endocardium 605
function 230
leaflet 743
mobility 740
leakage for 788t
M mode of 212f, 452f
motion 231
noncoronary cusp of 599f
normal 195
opening 20, 718
timing of 717
pathology 27f, 782
prolapse 488f
quantification 366
regurgitation 263, 487
moderate 233, 368
severe 233
repair, prediction of 784
replacement 615, 675
pre-transcatheter 665b
thickened 491f
thin 657
three-dimensional evaluation of 363
Aortic valvulitis 638
Aortic velocity tracing 503f
Aortic wall 558
thickness of 210
Aortocoronary connection, proximal 542
Aortopathy 203f
part of 535
Aortopulmonary window 768
restrictive 771f
Apical ballooning syndrome 558
Apical basal muscle bundle 458
Apical dysfunction 451
Apical five-chamber 451, 710
Apical four-chamber 31, 35, 36, 398, 401, 406, 512, 520, 710
Apical muscular ventricular septal defect 750
Apical myocardial ventricular septal rupture 756f
Apical perfusion defects 444
Apical strain 320
Apical two-chamber 37, 398, 401, 406
Arantius, nodule of 170
Arrhythmias 572, 579, 611, 616, 617, 641, 830, 835
conditions, primary 831
malignant 467
risk of 413
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
cardiomyopathy 436, 826, 828, 833
diagnosis of 831, 833
dysplasia 826
Artefact, acoustic shadowing 9f
Arterial stiffness 237t, 821
Arteriovenous guidewire circuit 743
Arteritis, coronary 637
Artery
brachiocephalic 227, 518f
circumflex 846f
disease, peripheral 853
infarct-related 554
large 237
mesenteric 229
posterior descending 842, 846f
subclavian 228
vertebral 229
wall 821
Artifacts 8
Artificial intelligence 807, 811
branch of 807
transcendence of 807
Ascending aorta 55, 56, 176f, 177, 196, 202, 210, 227230, 541, 587, 662, 669, 823
aneurysm 208, 230f
circumferential strain of 337f
dissection of 206
surgery 785
Aspirin, low-dose 635
Asplenia 877
Asthalin 641
Asthma, worsening of 475
Asymmetric ventricular septal occluder device 742f
Asynchrony index 473
Atheroma 795
Atherosclerosis 238, 697, 841
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 624
Atherosclerotic plaque 230
Atherosclerotic ulcer, penetrating 558
Athlete's heart 439, 460t
adaptive hypertrophy of 460
Athletic field deaths 460
Atresia 542
functional pulmonary 543f
membranous pulmonary 541f
Atria 43, 370, 513
Atrial appendages, juxtaposition of 534
Atrial arrangement 533
Atrial contraction 278, 880f
wave of 116, 313
Atrial deformation parameters 810
Atrial dilation 486
Atrial ectopy 336f
Atrial enlargement, severe 505
Atrial fibrillation 65, 73, 74, 105f, 125, 128f, 137, 145, 154, 168, 239, 270, 280, 337f, 375f, 486, 726, 727f, 881f
chronic 474
development of 138
Atrial fibrosis 122
Atrial function, components of 335f
Atrial level shunt 533
Atrial myxoma 573
Atrial natriuretic peptide 727
Atrial reversal wave 119f, 126f
Atrial septal defect 52, 93, 370, 371f, 514, 520, 522f, 534f, 544, 546, 546f, 547, 654, 680, 735, 755, 757, 757f, 760, 761, 763f, 768, 873
device closure 663f
gradient across restrictive 534f
large 80, 521f
margins of secundum 756
occluder device 604f
pulmonary hypertension in 521
restrictive 533f
secundum type 662, 663
Atrial septal
malalignment 533
puncture 283
Atrial septum 513
malalignment of 534
Atrial systole interrupts 117
Atrioventricular block 128
Atrioventricular node 170
Atrioventricular septal defect 535, 537, 874
Atrioventricular valve 513
overriding of 540
single 540
straddling of 540
Atropine 407
Autoantibody 610
Autografts 264
Autonomic neuropathy 482
Autopsy 489, 495, 584
Axial resolution 3, 12
Axilla 487
Axillary artery 534
Azathioprine 612
Azygos system 533
Azygos vein 879f
B
Bacteremia 583, 596
Bacterial infections 856
Balloon mitral
regurgitation 143
valvuloplasty 141, 144f, 148t, 151, 678
Balloon septostomy 534
Balloon test 765f
Balloon-assisted technique 761f
Barlow's disease 780, 781
Bartonella infection 585
Basal anterior wall, peak velocity of 718f
Basal anteroseptum, peak velocity of 718f
Basal inferior wall 718f
Basal inferoposterior wall, true aneurysm of 386f
Basal inferoseptum 406f
Basal interventricular septum 618f
Basal lateral wall 307, 717f
Basal septal segment 722f
Basal septolateral contraction 717f
Basal septum 333f, 444, 460, 717f
peak velocity of 718f
Bat sign 566
B-cell lymphoma 579, 579f, 632, 632f
Beaded appearance 489
Beau's line 838f
Beck's triad signs 504
Bedside transthoracic echocardiography 40
Behcet's vasculitis 616
Benfluorex 639
Benzodiazepines, intravenous 45
Beriberi 622
Bernoulli's equation 14, 24, 194f
modified 191
Beta-adrenoreceptors 415
Beta-blockers 407
Bevacizumab 851, 856
Bicaval valves 264
Bicuspid aortic valve 180, 180f, 181, 185f, 191f, 197f, 199f, 203f, 206, 208f, 211f, 230, 367, 368f, 529
Bicuspid pulmonary valve 245f, 246f
Bicuspid valve abnormality 247
Bifurcation intervention 695
Bileaflet mechanical valves 278, 280, 599f
Bileaflet prosthetic valve 787f
Bimodal deceleration slope 145
Biologic valves 264
Bioprosthetic aortic valves 592f, 594f, 595f
endocarditis 592f, 594f
Bioprosthetic heart valves 263, 264, 269f
thrombosis 282
Bioprosthetic mitral valve 686f
Biphasic motion 313
Bisphosphonates 625
Biventricular dysfunction 646
Björk–Shiley tilting disk valve 268
Blood
cells 233
cultures 601f
etiology on 584
flow 15f
direction of 39
quantification of 24
pool 460
gadolinium kinetics 626
pressure 29, 279, 500, 815
abnormal 458
control of 817
diastolic 815
high 398
measurement 271, 275, 281
systemic 500f
systolic 158, 198, 290, 399
Blooming artifact 658
B-mode 12
Body surface area 829, 832
Bolam's test 803
Bone fracture 289
Bortezomib 851
Brachiocephalic branches 229
Bradyarrhythmia 849
Bradycardia 118
Brain cancer 289
Breast carcinoma 631
Breathlessness, acute 552
Broken heart syndrome 558
Bronchopulmonary
carcinoid metastasis, primary 620
pulmonary metastasis, primary 620
Bronchospasm 46
Brucella 585
Brugia malayi 638
Bubble test 790
Bulboventricular foramen 540
Bull's eye 379, 445
display 380f
plot 354f, 355f, 357f, 626f
view pattern 819f
Bundle branch blocks 639
Bundle of His 171
C
Cactus morphology 373
Calcific aortic stenosis
asymptomatic severe 201f
severe 192f
Calcific aortic valve
disease 181, 183f
stenosis 201
Calcified medial commissure 141f
Calcified papillary muscles 656
Calcimimetics 625
Calcium 651
channel blockers 627
chunks of 651
Cancer 849, 857b
range of 857
therapy 849, 853, 856
valvular involvement in 857, 857b
Candida 584
albicans 601f
Cannula, correct placement of 790
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer 3
Capillary blood volume 434
Carbon ion 631
Carcinoid syndrome 249
treatment of 620
Carcinoma
breast 852f, 858f
post-radiotherapy for 629f
stomach 579f
Cardiac amyloidosis 339, 481, 482, 625, 625f627f
diagnosis of 625, 626f
treatment of 627
Cardiac anesthesiologist 774
Cardiac anomalies, congenital 520
Cardiac arrest 562
echocardiography in 562
in-hospital 562
Cardiac arrhythmia 641, 880f
diagnosis of 879
Cardiac carcinoid, echocardiographic features of 620f
Cardiac catheterization 109, 190, 249
Cardiac chamber 507
dimensions 266
evaluation of 868
function 810
volumes, evaluation of 864
Cardiac cycle 172
Cardiac decompensation 413
Cardiac defects, signs of 880
Cardiac deformation 317
methods of assess 307b
Cardiac device 583
Cardiac diseases 298
Cardiac dysfunction 853
therapeutics-related 850
Cardiac echinococcosis 638
Cardiac embolic source, diagnosis of 566t
Cardiac enzymes, elevation of 381
Cardiac events, major adverse 410
Cardiac function, parameters of 306
Cardiac interventions, number of 587
Cardiac involvement 479, 482, 610, 632
spectrum of 479
Cardiac lymphomas, primary 578
Cardiac magnetic resonance 69, 444, 458, 458f, 460, 617f, 826, 832
imaging 622f, 631f, 728
role of 222
Cardiac manifestations 572, 610b, 616, 621, 623, 633635, 870
secondary 622, 635
treatment of 624
Cardiac masses 859
assessment of 859
differential diagnosis of 434
Cardiac metastases 579, 631
Cardiac movement, vectors of 303b
Cardiac multidetector computed tomography 605
Cardiac neoplasm, primary 574, 578
Cardiac output 500f
Cardiac pacing 702, 704, 706, 707
Cardiac perforation 578, 680, 702
diagnosis of 706
Cardiac prevention, echocardiography for 236
Cardiac problems 864, 868
diagnosis of 868
Cardiac resynchronization therapy 168, 431, 703, 704, 709711, 715, 719
echocardiography in 709
Cardiac rhythm 159
Cardiac sarcoidosis 482, 616f618f
coronary vascular distribution typical of 617f
Cardiac segments 881
Cardiac standstill, identification of 563
Cardiac structure 582, 610, 661
Cardiac surgeon 790
Cardiac surgery 584, 603
period of 774
Cardiac surgical operation theater 774
Cardiac tamponade 499, 502, 503, 578, 674, 680
pathology of 494
postoperative 504
Cardiac troponin 440
Cardiac tumor
malignant 577
primary 572, 577, 580
secondary 579
Cardiac ultrasound 552
Cardiac valves, realistic visualization of 374
Cardiobacterium hominis 584
Cardioembolic stroke 611
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema 568t
absence of 567
Cardiology 22
modern 349
Cardiomyocyte
detachment of 828f
membrane 640
Cardiomyopathy 111, 356, 411, 413, 479, 645f, 704
alcoholic 473
apical 444f, 445f, 459f
arrhythmogenic 826, 827
diabetic 113, 356f, 624, 864866, 868
familial dilated 467
idiopathic
dilated 329f
restrictive 479, 483
infiltrative 462
ischemic 469
peripartum 473
post-COVID dilated 723f
postpartum dilated 355f
stress-induced 558, 646
tachycardia induced 467
Cardio-oncology 849
role of echocardiography in 849
Cardioprotective drugs 868
Cardiorenal syndrome 641
Cardiotoxicity 628, 849, 850, 854fc, 855
development of 631
radiation-induced 628
types of 849
Cardiovascular complications, treatment of 616
Cardiovascular disease 379, 849
risk of 236
Cardioverter-defibrillator, internal 619
Carditis 486, 489
acute 492
autopsy image of 489f
chronic 492
clinical diagnosis of 486
echo evidence of 486
overdiagnosis of 486
severity of 137
subclinical 487, 489
Carillon 683
Carnitine 473
Carotid
artery, internal 229
intima-media thickness 237
Carpentier's classification 157f, 207f, 361, 783
Catastrophic consequences 381
Catecholamine 623, 624
Catheter
directed thrombolysis 295
oximetric calculations 763
Caval devices 261
Cell carcinoma, small 858f
Cellular calcium 387
Central aortic valve 210
Central fibrous body 171
Central mitral
regurgitant 777f
regurgitation jet 362f
Central secundum defect 521f
Cerebral lesions 877
Chamber
collapse, sequence of 561
dilatation 520, 523
dimensions 474
quantification 65, 79, 88
stiffness 112
Chaotic motion 231, 489
Chemocardiotoxicity 628, 628f
Chemotherapeutic agents 855
cardiovascular toxicity of 849t
Chemotherapy 77f, 431, 849, 852f, 853t, 858
cardiotoxic 854fc
taxane-based 467
Cherry on top appearance 626f
Cheshire cat syndrome 504
Chest
computed tomography of 636f, 859f
pain 292, 395, 401, 495, 553, 554f, 555f, 600, 632
atypical 288, 395
emergency room triage of 430, 434
evaluation of 553
radiography 585
structural deformities of 81
trauma 566
Chiari network 600
Chordae 681
abnormality of 154
distribution of 133f
insertion of 454
tendineae 132, 135, 540, 639
Chordal rupture 559, 588, 589f
Chordal tear 486
Chordoplasty 683
Chronic ischemic
dilated cardiomyopathy 413
mitral regurgitation 781
myocardium, pathophysiology of 416
Chronic total occlusion 688
Chylous pericardial effusion 498
Cinefluoroscopy 279, 284
Circumcardiac pericardial effusion 625f
Circumferential strain 322, 382
Circumflex coronary artery, left 371
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy 642
Classical wind-sock deformity 603f
Clefts 459
Clip implantation, valve morphology for 681
Close multiple defects 753
Coandă effect 156
Cocaine 640
diagnosis of 640
Collagen
diseases 498
vascular disease 870
Collapsibility index 791
Collateral arteries 536
Color detection, absence of 786
Color Doppler
aliasing 161
evaluation 280, 281
flow mapping 490
imaging 511
interrogation 521
limitations of 19
myocardial imaging 306, 309f, 310f
myocardial velocities 311f
Color flow Doppler 246
imaging 212
Color kinesis 380
Color tissue Doppler 714, 716
imaging 20f
Comet tail 656
appearance 568f
Commissural fusion 138, 151, 247, 251
degrees of 529
Commissuring scoring system, classification of 148t
Common carotid artery 62, 228, 238, 238f, 518f
Computed tomography 227, 395, 566, 638f, 728, 842, 846
scan images 627f
Conal septal hypoplasia 539
Conal septum 526, 746
Conduction
disturbances 674
system 610, 616, 849
vulnerability of 738
Congenital cyanotic heart disease 532
classification of 532
Congenital heart disease 338, 356, 486, 519, 520, 735, 786, 870
diagnosis of 511
infective endocarditis in 602
management of 511
prenatal diagnosis of 870
Congenital left ventricle diverticulum 446
Congestion, pulmonary 399
Congestive heart failure 495f, 585, 594, 595, 628, 639, 644f, 706
signs of 613
Conjunctivitis, nonpurulent 838f
Connective tissue
disease 505f
disorder 206, 230
tumors, low-grade 576
Conoventricular ventricular septal defect 526
Constrictive pericarditis 111, 313f, 314f, 479, 480, 481, 481t, 494, 505, 506f, 508, 508t, 630, 630f
pathophysiology of 505
Consumer Protection Act 798
Continuous wave 33, 36, 52, 116, 161
Doppler 16, 16t, 158, 218, 219, 257, 260, 454
across tricuspid valve 257f
based techniques 713
Contractile dysfunction 387
severity of 353
Contractile element 300
Contrast stress echo 431f
Conventional continuity equation method 367
Convolutional neural network 808
Cor bovinum 211
Cor pulmonale 288
Core genes 440
Coronary angiographic image, conventional 613f
Coronary angiography 382, 386, 394, 688
quantitative 695
strategy 412
Coronary artery 494, 536, 610, 629, 689f, 837, 838, 841, 843, 844f, 846, 846f
abnormalities 615
angiogram 841f
anomalies 536
anterior descending 536
bypass graft 381, 395
calcification 697
compression 593
delineation 844
disease 111, 168, 239, 379, 381, 389, 394, 471, 479, 611, 613, 665, 671, 674, 760, 795, 849, 853, 837
detection of 434
diagnosis of 381
evaluation of 394, 837
multivessel 405f
echocardiogram, techniques in 842
ectasia 847f
evaluation of 842
histopathology of 839b
imaging of 841
lesions 615f
measurement of 842
non-left main 689
normal adult 688
orifices 171
ostial anatomy 669
proximal 536
segments of 843t
stenosis 542
visualization of 615
Coronary atherosclerosis 692
phenotype of 411
Coronary blood flow, adequate 412
Coronary branches, apical five-chamber modified for 847
Coronary calcification, proxy for 412
Coronary compression 596
Coronary disease, detection of 434
Coronary echo report 841
Coronary embolism 611
Coronary flow
abnormal 411
reserve 412, 457, 621
Coronary fossa 842, 844, 844f, 847f
Coronary sinus 33, 80f, 496, 516, 516f, 518, 544, 547, 757, 757f, 844, 846f
apical four-chamber modified for 846
left 172, 536
ostium 542
type 520
unroofed 532
valve of 579
Coronary vasodilators 381
Coronavirus myocarditis 639
Corticosteroids 619
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 637
Costello syndrome 462
Cough 600
chronic nonproductive 288
Coumadin ridge 877f
COVID-19 639
pandemic 859
Coxiella 584
Coxsackie
A virus 635
B virus 635
Cranial cardiac structures 47
C-reactive protein 240, 497, 613
Crevices 446, 459, 634f
Cricopharyngeal sphincter 47
Crista supraventricularis 735, 746
Crushed native aortic valve 673
Crypts 446
Cushing's syndrome 623
Cusp 170
dysfunction 674
dysplasia of 545
morphology of 670f
prolapse 783
thickened 247
Cuspal geometry 783
Cutaneous vasomotor flushing, symptoms of 620
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors 640
Cyclophosphamide 612
Cyst perforation 639
Cystic necrosis 231
Cytomegalovirus 635
D
Darling's classification 544
David's procedure 785, 785f
De novo acute left heart failure, causes of 559
Deep vein thrombosis 288, 290
Degenerative mitral stenosis 138, 139t
Degenerative mitral valve 780f
disease 781t
Delivery cables, respective 759
Dengue virus 635
Deoxyribonucleic acid 585
Descending aorta 223, 496, 499, 518, 527, 790, 879
Descending thoracic aorta 52, 176f, 227, 229, 230f, 232f, 274, 496f, 546f, 558
Desmocollin-2 827
Desmoglein-2 827
Desmoplakin 827
Desmosomal genes 827
Dexfenfluramine 206, 639
Dextrocardia 511
Diabetes mellitus 111, 623, 624, 644, 760, 864, 868, 870
echocardiographic evaluation of 864
Diaphragm 513
Diastasis 113
Diastolic dysfunction 108, 112, 112fc, 117, 129f, 130, 146, 315, 315f, 317f, 439, 463, 471, 564, 632, 864
assessment of 125, 625f, 791
basic rule of 113, 115f
consequences of 112fc
degree of 791
grading of 124, 313
methods to assess 113
pathophysiology of 112
practicality of 792
subclinical 310
types of 471
Diastolic function 14, 36, 128, 239, 447, 791
echocardiographic
assessment of 114, 864
evaluation of 111
grades of 315
parameters 474
Diastolic mitral
flow 146
regurgitation 120, 721f
Diastolic pressure 106
gradient 96
Diastolic retrograde 249
Diastolic strain 410
Diastolic stress 316f
test 128
Diastolic velocity 308, 310
Diastolic ventricular strain 122
Diastolic wall thickness 430, 432f
Diastolic waves 313
Diffusion tractography 302f
Digital echocardiography 800
Digoxin 627
Dilated cardiac chambers 642f, 644f
Dilated cardiomyopathy 73, 75, 331f, 362, 467, 469, 469f, 472f, 474f, 487f, 727, 786, 830
diagnosis of 467
echocardiography in 467, 468b
natural history of 467
Dilated root 785f
Dimensionless index 195
Diphtheriae myocarditis 637
Dipyridamole 400
stress echocardiography 474
Discollagenosis 498
Distal pulmonary arteries 108
Distal septum 444
Distal thoracic aorta 514
Distal tip, flexion of 49
Dizziness 632, 637
Dobutamine 397, 400, 410, 415f, 433, 474
dose 401
echocardiography 381, 387, 402, 407, 414, 414f, 556
low-dose 413, 474
infusion 328, 381, 400, 401, 405
stage starting from 401
stress 129, 197, 410
echocardiography 149, 197, 199f, 397f, 401f, 402, 403f, 414f, 415f
Dopamine agonists 206
Doppler
assessment 248, 249, 281, 729
based techniques 710
color flow imaging 18, 19f
derived parameters 285
display 15
echocardiography 22, 37, 439, 471
addition of 508
applications of 22
modes of 16
quantitative 184
effect 14
equation 14
gain 21
interrogation 763
methods 217
myocardial velocities 310
optimization 7
parameters, hemodynamic surrogates of 130
principle 14
signals 248
strain 410
technology 14
ultrasound equipment control panel 21
velocity
curve 74
index 271, 273, 275, 276, 279, 280, 675
waveform 452
asymmetrical configuration of 452
Down's syndrome 537
Doxazosin 624
Ductal ampulla 766
Ductus arteriosus 873, 875
Dynamic subaortic obstruction 183
Dyselectrolytemia 610, 640
Dyskinesia 353, 402
Dyslipidemia 182, 644, 645
Dysphagia 46
Dysplasia 251
arrhythmogenic 333
Dysplastic aortic valve 180
Dyspnea 95, 111, 152f, 292, 617, 623, 632, 645, 856
exertional 123, 129f
progressive exertional 288
severe 595
Dyssynchrony 314, 468, 472, 703, 709, 721
index 718f
assessment of 712, 718f
intraventricular 20f, 325f, 472, 473, 473f
longitudinal 716
mechanical 709
E
Eagle eye catheter 688
Early diastolic
mitral annular velocity 20, 21
pulmonary regurgitation acceleration time 107f
Early systolic
dysfunction 322
measures 318
Ebstein's anomaly 33, 532, 542, 543
Echinococcus granulosus 638
Echocardiogram 553, 748, 841f
Echocardiographer's screen 661f
Echocardiographic examination, essential components of 179b
Echocardiographic signs 289, 291, 505
Echocardiographic technique 713, 720, 774
Echocardiographic valvulitis 486
Echocardiography 24f, 25, 97, 140, 152, 154, 166, 205, 227, 269, 344, 380f, 487f, 499, 511, 532, 552, 553, 558, 561, 579f, 585, 597, 605, 606, 651, 665, 685, 719, 726, 735, 763, 798, 803, 807, 814, 833, 852f, 864
advantages of 864
applications of 389
artifacts in 652t
clinical 21
detects 786
functions of 808
imaging, role of 166
indications of 774, 775f
intraprocedural 672
limitations of 605
machine 32, 398
medicolegal aspects of 798
periprocedural 685
postinterventional 766
postprocedure 674
quantification methods 156
role of 236, 467, 486, 553, 557, 596b598b, 709, 850
sensitivity of 499
status of 814
timing of 840t
two-dimensional 88, 106f, 140, 238, 247, 249, 265, 367f, 489, 511, 543f, 651
unique phenotypes in 808
Echodensity, abnormal 267
Echogenic adventitia 689
Echogenicity 12
Echonav system 661f
Ectasia 841, 845
Edema 269
pulmonary 568f, 595, 596
Edward–Sapiens valve 664
Effective orifice area 196, 271273, 275, 279, 280
Effector cells, major 240
Effusive constrictive pericarditis 504, 505b, 631f
Ehlers-Danlos
disease 785
syndrome 206
Eisenmenger syndrome 545, 546f, 761, 766, 770f
Ejection fraction 82, 91, 112, 298, 436, 442, 463, 470, 810, 818
assessment of 788
lower 556
preserved 111, 196, 481
reduced 865
Ejection systolic murmur 623
Ejection time 74, 275
Elasticity 304
Hooke's law of 301
Electrical conduction system 610
Electrical dyssynchrony 709
Electrical wave, propagation of 702
Electrocardiogram 74, 124, 395, 497, 553, 840
abnormalities 441
Electrocardiography 114, 585
Electrolyte disorders, common 640
Electronic
interference 651, 655, 656f
noise 656
processing artifacts 654
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate 613
Ellipsoid shape 467
Elliptical disks 851
Elliptical regurgitation orifice 163f
Embolism, peripheral 596
Emergency room 381, 552, 553
echo in 552
Encode sarcomeric proteins 440
End-diastolic
diameter 166
pressures, ventricular 592
volume 442, 489
fraction of 70
wall thickness measurement 416f
Endocardial border visualization 469f
Endocardial delineation 445
Endocardial excursion 429
detection of 408
Endocardial fibers 320
Endocardial fibroelastosis 876f
Endocardial fibrous plaque 458
Endocarditis 489, 559, 561, 565, 590b, 592f, 684, 706
complications of 596b
culture negative 584
episode of 586
nosocomial 582
right-sided 583, 585
stigmata of 586
tuberculous 600
Endocardium 68, 301, 326f, 446, 610, 615
Endocrinal disorders 623
Endomyocardial disease 483
Endomyocardial fibroelastosis 138, 481
Endomyocardial fibrosis 483b, 634f, 849
Endomyocardial thrombosis 634
Endothelial dysfunction 241
Endothelin 612
receptor antagonists 108
Endotracheal tube, dislodgment of 46
Endovascular devices 582
End-systolic volume 442, 489, 818
index 353, 469
Energy loss index 281
Enigma 298
Enterococcal infection 598
Enterovirus 635
Enzyme, lysosomal 627
Eosinophilic endomyocardial disease 483
Ephelides 573
Epicardial coronary
arteritis 838
artery
disease 467
normal 444
Epicardial echocardiography 790
Epicardial fat 240, 842, 844, 844f
abnormal 240
Epicardial fibers 320
Epicardial probe 774
preparation 790
Epicardium 68, 301
Epithelioid cells 602f
Epsilon waves 830
Erb's area 487
Ergonovine 400
Ergotamine 639
Erythematous maculopapular rashes 839f
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 497
Esophageal arch 50
Esophageal carcinoma 31f, 631
Esophageal infiltration 46
Esophageal intubation 47
Esophagus 143
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 853
Eustachian valve 33, 579
prominent 292, 600
Exercise 96, 381, 410
echocardiography 397f, 400
hemodynamic 96
impact of 381
intolerance 645
mode of 149
stress 402
echocardiogram, abnormal 404f, 405f
echocardiography 164, 198, 397, 397f, 398, 398f
tissue Doppler imaging 315
Extracardiac abnormalities 870, 874
Extracardiac masses 859
Extracellular matrix 840
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 639
Extremity, peripheral 837
F
Fabry's disease 439, 441, 448, 619, 621, 622f
diagnosis of 621
echocardiographic features of 621f
Fascicular blocks 639
Fatigue 637
Fatty acid-binding protein 815
Femoral arterial cannula 790
Femoral artery 665, 822
Femoral venous route 534
Fenfluramine 639
Fentanyl 45
Fetal
cardiac defects 873
cardiovascular hemodynamics 871
echocardiography 870, 870f, 872f, 876, 877, 880, 881b
indications for 870t
report format 879
screening 871
heart 871, 879, 880
four-chamber view of 871f
size of 871f
liver, level of 872
position 872
ultrasound 803
upper abdomen, color Doppler image of 873f
Fever 486
F-fluorodeoxyglucose 602f, 614f, 618f, 627f,
Fibers, subepicardial 388
Fibrinolysis 386
Fibroelastic tissue 171
Fibrofatty biventricular involvement 827f
Fibrofatty myocardial replacement 826, 830
Fibrogenesis 619, 828f
Fibroma 576, 576f
Fibromuscular subaortic stenosis 185f, 187f
Fibrosarcomas 578
Fibrosis 181, 457, 469, 857
pulmonary 849
replacement 459
Fibrotic thickening 210
Fibrous aortic wall 170
Fibrous dysplasia, advanced 781
Fibrous plaque 689
Fibrous trigone
left 172
right 172
Fish mouth appearance 539
Fissures 459
Fistulae 593
Flail aortic cusp 784
Flail mitral valve 492f
Flavivirus 635
Flow convergence method 215
Fluorouracil 856
Fontan surgery 534
Forleft atrium strain measurement 334
Forme fruste 781
Fossa ovalis location 515
Four-cardiac segment, description of 880
Four-chamber longitudinal systolic strains 319f
Four-dimensional deformation imaging 336
Fraunhofer zone 12
Free fatty acid 645
Free wall rupture 384, 557
Fresnel and Fraunhofer zone 3f
Friedreich's ataxia 333, 441, 462
Fundamental frequency 5, 11f
Fungal endocarditis 600, 601f
Fusiform 841
aneurysms 230, 841f
Fusion echocardiography 659, 660
role of 660
G
Gadolinium 416
contrast agent 631f
Gastric cancer 289
Gaucher's disease 616
Gene
carriers, large number of 459
mutation 462, 827
General surgery, major 289
Genetic 827
abnormalities 874
disorder 483
heart muscle disease 826
restrictive cardiomyopathy 481, 484
Gerbode defect, indirect 735, 738
Giant aneurysm 840, 841f, 847f
Giant cell arteritis 206, 616
Giant coronary artery aneurysm 841
Giant lymphangioma 578f
Global area strain 353f, 355f
Global circumferential strain 318, 353f, 355f, 819
Global longitudinal strain 75, 77, 168, 224, 284, 304f, 319, 341, 353f, 447, 460, 463, 481f, 555f, 556f, 818, 854
role of 469
Global wall motion abnormality 469
Glomerulonephritis 641
Glucocorticoids 612
Glucose intolerance 645
Glycogen storage disease 439, 462
Glycosphingolipid 621
Gorlin formula 143
Granuloma, infiltrating 617
Granulomatosis, eosinophilic 612
Granulomatous disorders 616
Great arteries 513, 538, 545, 587
D-transposition of 529, 539
L-transposition of 539
transposition of 523, 876, 878
Growth hormone 624
Gut malrotation 877
H
H2FPEF scoring system 123
Hair 494
Hairy heart of Hoary Heroes 494, 494f
Harmonic frequencies 5
Headache 401
Heart 240, 298, 399, 616
amyloid infiltration of 482b
block, complete 612, 881f
blood vessels of 95
defects, complex 870
disease
carcinoid 619, 620
chronic rheumatic 486
coronary 241
cyanotic 548
hypertensive 239, 814
ischemic 635, 840
left-sided 293
metastatic 631
pathogenesis of 240
radiation-induced 849, 856b
rheumatic 559, 583, 590f, 651, 678, 728f, 777f, 779, 786
structural 660
valvular 166, 205, 263, 265, 467, 559, 615, 629f, 775, 849, 857, 858f
dysfunction 240
failure 46, 73, 112fc, 123, 168, 239, 314f, 325f, 338, 356f, 449, 481, 486, 491, 559, 576, 586, 596, 597, 612, 638, 641, 645, 717, 849, 864, 865, 866f
acute 559
advanced 315f
causes of 479, 594, 596
detection of 313
development of 579
diastolic 67, 111, 337f
higher incidence of 406
high-output 634
hospitalization for 447
intractable 578
risk of 449
scoring system 123
significance of 111
signs of 130
symptoms of 130, 507
systolic 702
with preserved ejection fraction, diagnosis of 111
worsening 384
hydatid disease of 638
hypertrophied 439
left side of 795
lymphomatous involvement of 632
model 351f
murmur 586
muscle 299
behavior of 299
mechanical structure of 299
motion 303f
part of 590
position of 533
rate 111, 159, 236, 290
maximum 399, 401
sounds 500
transplant 710, 795
valve
mitral prosthetic 275
prosthetic 263, 266f, 267f, 269f, 271, 273, 275, 278f, 279, 285f, 586
Heartbeats 213
Hemangioma 435f
cardiac 577
Hematologic disorders 633
Hematological malignancies 289
Hematoma 269
intraluminal 790f
intramural 386, 386f, 557, 558, 692f, 693
intramyocardial 386
mediastinal 232f
Hemiazygos vein, enlarged 514f
Hemochromatosis 619
cardiac magnetic resonance of 620f
hereditary 483
Hemodynamic 727
monitoring tool 790
pressure gradient 770f
status, management of 791
trauma 455
Hemopericardium 499
Hemoptysis 600, 616
Hemosiderosis 483
Hepatic vein 97f, 505, 513, 548
dilated 546f
Doppler signal in 504
middle 97f
Hepatic venous
congestion 202
Doppler 499f
Herbal products 879
Heterotaxy 877
Hilum 544
Hip replacement 289
Histamine 288
Histoplasma 584
Hodgkin's lymphoma 857
Holosystolic spectral envelope 490f
Homografts 264, 602
Host immune response 282
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 854
Human herpesvirus 635
Human immunodeficiency virus 578
infection 636
Human rights commission 798
Hydatid cysts 580
Hydrocephalus 627
Hydroxychloroquine 612
Hypercholesterolemia 190f
familial homozygous 190f
Hyperdynamic basal function 451
Hyperechogenic submitral structures 488f, 490
Hypereosinophilia 479, 633
chronic 638
secondary 483
Hypereosinophilic syndrome 139f, 483, 634f
Hyperkalemia 640, 641
Hyperkinesia 353
Hypermetabolic mediastinal lymph nodes 618f, 638f
Hypernephroma 39
Hyperoxaluria, primary 627
Hyperparathyroidism 625
Hypertension 67, 68, 73, 109t, 111, 164, 201, 238, 240, 330, 337f, 407, 613, 621, 644, 645, 760, 814, 815f, 818, 819, 841, 849
imaging 823
role of echocardiography in 814
severe 123
systemic 91f, 201, 439, 461, 479
Hypertensive crisis 624
Hypertensive population 816
Hyperthyroidism 278, 467, 623f
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 19, 128, 311f, 328f, 354f, 432, 436, 439, 439f, 440, 441, 442f, 444, 448f450f, 455f457f, 459f, 460, 461, 463, 463b, 553
infective endocarditis in 605
phenotypes of 443f
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 182, 188f, 192f, 193f, 434, 435f, 436, 453f, 763f
Hypertrophy 354f, 440, 441f, 447, 454
apical 458
asymmetrical 442f
distribution of 442
extensive 463
infundibular 248
left ventricular 67, 179, 202, 238, 439, 440, 461, 817, 818
mild 461
milder degrees of 442
regression of 448
severe 440
Hypocalcemia 467, 473
Hypokalemia 640
Hypokinesia 291, 292, 353, 404
akinesia 402
Hypomagnesemia 641
Hypophosphatemia 473
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 540, 541, 870, 875, 876f
Hypotension 111, 500
persistent 295
Hypoventilation 645
Hypovolemia 561, 563
echocardiographic features of 561
Hypoxemia 288
I
Imatinib 851
Immune
checkpoint inhibitors 632
complex vasculitis 838, 839b
Impaired diastolic function 456
Implantable cardioverterdefibrillator 439, 834
function 709
Infarction 553
Infections
parasitic 638
persistent 597
systemic 635
Infective endocarditis 181, 203f, 206, 207, 361, 455, 559, 582, 586, 590, 590f, 596, 598, 599f, 603f, 604f, 605, 786, 858
complications of 588
diagnosis of 580, 583, 584, 595
echocardiography in 582
epidemiology of 582
incidence of 582, 583
lead-related 603
molecular diagnosis of 585
prevention of 595
right-sided 599
sequel of 270
specific clinical situations of 598
treatment of 595
Inferior vena cava 480f
Infiltrative disorders 111, 481, 610, 625
Inflamed edematous valves 489
Inflammation 181, 240
active 611
persistent 610
progression of 619
role of 112
systemic 644
Inflammatory cell 617
infiltration of 495
Inflammatory disease 379, 483
Infundibular constriction, severe 253
Inguinal lymph node 602f
Injury
neurologic 646
penetrating 566
Innominate artery 52, 227, 228
Innominate vein 533
Inspiratory augmentation 503
In-stent restenosis 693
Insulin
deficiency 623
sensitivity 240
Intensive care unit 294
Interatrial communication 662f, 775
persistent 762f
Interatrial septum 52, 172, 256, 347f, 370, 371f, 601f, 654
three-dimensional evaluation of 370
Interpapillary muscle distance 167f
Intervalvular fibrosa pseudoaneurysm 593
Interventional cardiac procedures 729
Interventional cardiology 659
Interventional closure 749, 762, 766, 768
Interventional echocardiography 659, 659b, 662
role of 659
Interventional therapy 603
Interventricular communication, adequacy of 540
Interventricular dyssynchrony 472, 473f
Interventricular septal
dimension 65, 818
thickness, measurement of 67f
tumor 435f
wall thickness 67
Interventricular septum 32, 52, 66, 172, 211, 247, 323f, 369, 384, 440, 441, 574, 616f, 662, 662f, 763, 816, 832f, 846f, 879f
abnormal 71
anterior 846f
part of 172
thickened 625f
Intima, tear in 233
Intimal dysfunction 838
Intra-aortic balloon pump 635, 775
Intracardiac clot formation 386
Intracardiac defibrillators 582
Intracardiac device 582, 605, 606
implants 586
Intracardiac echocardiography 1, 247, 661, 728
Intracardiac fistula 593
Intracardiac mass
complete resolution of 602f
types of 859
Intracavitary gradient 449f
Intraconal defect 746
asymmetric ventricular septal defect occluder of 749f
Intraconal ventricular septal defect 746
Intraluminal thrombus 788f
Intramyocardial electromechanical heterogeneity 299
Intraoperative echocardiography 597, 786
indications for 774
role of 597b
Intrapericardial pressure 95, 500, 502, 502f
mild elevation of 500f
Intraplaque echolucency 689f, 690
Intrathoracic pressure 507
Intravascular ultrasound 688
clinical applications of 689
guided
coronary intervention 694
percutaneous coronary intervention 690
stent optimization 696
Intravenous immune globulin, single dose of 615
Intravenous sedation 45, 46
Intraventricular conduction defect 709
Invasive coronary angiography 615f
Iron
absorption, abnormal 483
deficiency anemia 634
overload 483
Ischemia 330, 405, 484, 553f, 554f, 611, 641, 849
accentuating 399
acute 412
coronary 382f
detection, clinical relevance of 411
dobutamine-induced 413
effects of 326
inducible 404f
precipitates 405
recognition of 404
Ischemic heart failure, surgical treatment of 416
Ischemic left ventricle systolic dysfunction 387
Ischemic mitral regurgitation 167f, 361
causes of 782
repair of 779
Ischemic stroke, acute 565
Isolated anterior leaflet prolapse 777, 779f
Isomerism 877
Isovelocity surface area, proximal 146, 160162, 166, 215, 216, 249
Isovolumic acceleration time 84
Isovolumic contraction 716f
phase 329
time 20, 73, 74, 83, 114, 116
Isovolumic relaxation
period 113, 300
time 20, 74, 83, 114, 116
wave 116
J
Jerky septal motion 506
Jet velocity, contour of 271
Jones criteria 486
Jugular venous pressure 499
K
Kaplan–Meier curves 810
Kawasaki disease 610, 615, 615f, 837839, 841, 842, 847
diagnosis of 847
signs 837
symptoms 837
vasculitis in 837
Kidney
disease, chronic 600, 621, 641, 642f, 643f, 665
injury, acute 675
Kinase inhibitors 849
Knee replacement 289
Kyphoscoliosis 40
L
Lagrangian strain 321f
Lambl's excrescences 577
Langerhans giant cell 602f
Lapatinib 851
Laryngoscope 47, 396
Laryngospasm 46
Late diastolic mitral annular velocity 20, 21
Late gadolinium enhancement 444, 445, 463, 827, 832
Lateral edge mitral annular tissue velocity 309f
Latter's function 334
Leaflets 255, 680, 681
abnormality of 154, 156
aneurysm 589
body of 133
clipping 261
dysplasia 247
mobility of 679
motion 266
Carpentier's classification of 777f
perforation 588
rupture of 789f
thickness of 679
Left anterior descending artery 615, 840, 842
Left atrial
appendage 43, 52, 57, 274, 495, 726728, 730, 731, 877f
closure, echocardiographic-guided 729
echocardiographic imaging of 727
occlusion 660
orifice 375f
three-dimensional evaluation of 371, 373
cardiomyopathy, predominant 334
diastolic longitudinal strain, reduced 334
enlargement 137, 239, 819
filling index 122
function 122, 334
longitudinal strain 335f
maximum volume index 117
myxoma 575f
pressure 95, 114, 137, 471
reservoir strain, significance of 335
strain 151, 335, 821
volume 91
assessment 88
clinical relevance of 91
index 124, 239
measurement 239f
Left atrium 6, 32, 35, 37, 38, 5257, 60, 61, 72, 114, 137, 155, 158, 174, 227, 228, 291, 292, 300, 351, 385, 436, 449, 488, 491, 496, 516, 521523, 525, 526, 546548, 662, 727f, 728, 759763, 765, 767, 858, 874
echocardiographic evaluation of 865
evaluation of 82
posterior wall of 876f
pressure 95
strain, normal values of 336
techniques for measurement of 819
three-dimensional evaluation of 371
Left bundle branch block 71, 394, 395, 702, 709, 714f, 715, 719, 834
atypical 712f
complete 472
typical 712f
Left coronary cusp 170172
Left heart 595
dilatation 524
disease 108
hypoplasia of 541
Left lower pulmonary vein 517
entry of 518f
Left main coronary 844846
angiogram 842f
artery 34, 44, 842
Left ventricle 47, 58, 60, 66, 71, 71f, 81, 137, 164, 170, 174f, 228, 291, 295, 301, 351, 385, 436, 441, 488, 496, 517, 524526, 563, 575, 580, 661, 703, 736, 739743, 753, 755, 761, 771, 815, 827, 832, 854, 874, 878
chamber quantification 76
clot formation 386
diastolic
dysfunction 112, 118, 818
function assessment 556
dysfunction 472, 474, 482
mild-to-moderate 472
dyssynchrony 457
ejection fraction, depression of 830
end-diastolic diameter 467
end-systolic diameter 223
fibroma 576
function 790
assessment 374, 818
global longitudinal strain 124
hypertrophy, degree of 529
myocardial
segments 409
volume 446
wall thickness 469
myocardium, inferior 446
outflow tract 205
pressure 95
segments 429
systolic
dysfunction 382, 388, 413, 818, 830
function 165, 385, 412, 469
thrombus 557
true aneurysm of 385
volumes 556
wall thickness 460
Left ventricular
aneurysms, subvalvular 593
angiogram 750f
apical
aneurysm 458
pathology 432
assist device 711
cavity 446
opacification 428, 429
collapse 502
contractile, absence of 164
diastolic function 315
dilatation 467
dysfunction 74f, 704
pathophysiology of 818fc
ejection fraction 69, 69f, 71, 72, 72t, 77f, 154, 168, 196, 239, 284, 300, 300f, 319f, 348, 350, 556, 629, 704, 709, 710, 793, 850, 852f, 853, 854, 865
assessment of 851
limitations of 851
reduced 196, 832
end-diastolic
pressure 108, 206, 212f, 213f, 446, 460, 866
volume index 818
endocardial electrical mapping 712
end-systolic
diameter 168
volume 446, 818
filling time 713, 715
fractional shortening 72
free wall 444
pacing 704
function 72, 202, 555, 702, 788
assessment of 788
internal dimension 442, 818
mass 67, 67f, 816, 818
assessment 864
index 124
measurement of 238, 814
mechanical contraction 702
myocardial work 721
myocardium 300
myxoma, large 574f
opacification 401f, 428
contrast 430f, 432f
use of 429
outflow tract 16, 24, 32, 52, 72, 116, 138, 146, 173f, 175f, 273, 358, 365f, 367f, 450, 454, 513, 539, 660, 667f, 671f, 721, 763, 823, 878
area 193
diameter 24f, 358f, 367
flow 175f, 432f
obstruction 453f, 454f, 456f, 528, 779
velocity 194f, 367
posterior wall, thickness of 442
preejection interval 715
pressure strain 721
pseudoaneurysm 384
quantitation 75
regional function, three-dimensional evaluation of 353
remodelling, prediction of 387
reverse remodeling 473
strain 163
four-dimensional 351
three-dimensional 352
systolic dysfunction 383, 628f, 644f, 855
diagnosis of 850
management of 850
moderate 642f
prevention of 850
systolic function 595, 620f, 818, 853
echocardiographic assessment of 850
evaluation of 774
thrombus 470
torsional deformation 867
volumes, evaluation of 68
wall
dimension 818
posterior 132
Legionella 584
Leiomyosarcomas 578
Lentigines 573
Leopard syndrome 462
Lesions
duct-dependent 870
subclinical 489
Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic 633
Levoatriocardinal vein 545
Levocardia 172, 511
Libman–Sacks endocarditis 610, 611
Linear echocardiographic method 238
Lipomas 577
Lipoprotein
low-density 623
low-high-density 240
Lips 837
Liver 511, 596, 616
cirrhosis of 642, 644f
disease 278, 290, 665
ultrasound image of 6f
Lobar pulmonary artery 291
Loeffler's cardiomyopathy 479
Loeys–Dietz syndrome 206
Loffler's endocarditis 634, 634f
Longitudinal strain 321, 331, 353, 447
measurement 388
Low diastolic pressure 524
Low mechanical index 409f, 428f
Lower esophageal
coronary sinus 58f
pleural spaces 58f
window 49
Low-pressure tamponade 504
Lung 616, 858f
cancer 289
ultrasound 566
Lupus
anticoagulant 610
erythematosus 495, 497f
Lymph node 616
histopathology of 602f
syndrome 837b
Lymphangioma, cardiac 577
Lymphatics 494
Lymphoid enhancer factor 828
Lymphoma 632
cardiac 578
disseminated 632
primary 631
M
Macaroni sign 614f
Machine learning 807, 808
role of 810, 811
types of 807, 808t
Macrophages 240
Mahan's equation 104
Malignant carcinoid syndrome 138
Marfan's syndrome 206, 209f, 210, 211, 233, 495
Mass
heterogeneous 578, 859f
homogeneous 636f
malignant 859
multiple echogenic 879f
Massive pulmonary embolism 290
Matrix metalloproteinase activation 241
McConnell's sign 291, 293, 296, 561
Mean arterial pressure 236, 500f
Mean pulmonary artery pressure 96, 99, 99f
Mean tricuspid regurgitation gradient 99f
Mechanical index, high 433f
Mechanical prosthetic valve 599f, 651
Mechanical systems 688
Mechanical valves 263
Mechanical ventilation 564
Melanoma 631
Melody valve 264
Melphalan 627
Membrane, obstructive nature of 150
Membranous septal aneurysm 735
formation 737f
Membranous septum 172, 172f, 545
Membranous subaortic stenosis 461
Mercedes Benz sign 174f
Mesocardia 511
Mesothelioma, pericardial 631
Metabolic disorder 619, 870
Metabolic syndrome 111, 624, 644
Metallic prosthesis 651
Metastasis 572
Methemoglobinemia 46
Methotrexate 612, 614
Methysergide 639
Microbubbles 269
Microvascular dysfunction 411, 621
Midazolam 45
Mid-cavity obstruction 407, 446f, 448, 458f
Midesophageal bi-commissural view 53f
Midesophageal window 49
Midmuscular defect, closure of large 753f, 754f
Milky-white pericardial effusion 498
Minimally invasive cardiac surgery 789, 790
Mitochondrial dysfunction 112
Mitraclip 680
procedure 681t
Mitral A
velocity 471
wave transit time 130f
Mitral annular
calcification 117, 128, 134f, 138, 138f, 651
motion 21f
plane systolic excursion 72, 73, 73f, 854
systolic velocity 854
tissue Doppler 115, 645f
velocity 115
Mitral annuloplasty surgery 684
Mitral annulus 135, 200f, 309f, 310, 312f, 313f, 365f, 472, 516, 516f
calcification, posterior 451
lateral 36
medial 36f
edge of 312f, 314f
severe 201
Mitral apparatus 449
Mitral bioprosthesis 686f
Mitral closure, funnel-shaped 451f
Mitral commissures, assessment of 679
Mitral diastolic annulus 166
Mitral Doppler pattern 217
Mitral E velocity 118, 471
Mitral inflow 26f, 479
Doppler 115f
pattern 503f
restrictive 383f
propagation velocity 120
velocity 17, 17f, 115, 503f
Mitral insufficiency, diagnosis of 488
Mitral leaflet 137, 156, 361f, 441, 450, 682f
anterior 69, 134, 135, 138, 141f, 170173, 183, 188f, 205, 491, 492f, 589f, 591f, 599f, 601f, 630f, 782, 858
basal parts of 454
diastolic flutter of 211
fibrosis of 139f
posterior 134, 135, 138, 141f, 455, 491, 492f, 681, 858
rupture of 680
separation index 141, 143f
Mitral mechanical prosthetic valve 685f
Mitral orifice 679
Mitral prosthesis paravalvular regurgitation, transcatheter closure of 684
Mitral pulsed Doppler-based methods 720
Mitral regurgitation 27f, 31, 52, 75, 152, 154, 157f, 158f, 159f, 161, 163, 164f, 165, 166f, 168, 168fc, 179, 202, 364f, 439, 451f, 454, 455, 455f, 456f, 476f, 486, 487f, 488f, 490, 556, 557, 590f, 595, 601f, 611f, 678, 703, 763f, 786
absence of 137
Carpentier's classification of 361
chronic 154, 156
severe 154
diagnosis of 487
Doppler signal 26f
etiology of 154
evaluation of 164, 165t, 362, 706
functional 472, 487f
grades of 157f
jet 26f, 364f
mechanism of 156
secondary 156f
mild 184f, 643f
moderate 611f, 642f
primary 154, 157f
secondary 156, 157f
asymptomatic 164f
severity of 23f, 671f
stages of 156t
step-by-step evaluation of 154
three-dimensional evaluation of 361
Mitral rim 521
Mitral stenosis 14, 26f, 137, 148, 201, 360t, 580, 590f, 611f, 786
diagnosis 140
echocardiographic evaluation of 137
low gradient 147
mild 590f
mimickers of 150
pathophysiology of 137, 137fc
severe 140, 145f, 184f, 671, 728f
severity of 147t
stages of 141, 142t
three-dimensional evaluation of 360
Mitral valve 11f, 32, 43, 52, 114, 132, 134f, 143, 146b, 150, 168, 170, 192, 211, 282f, 347f, 358, 359f, 360, 360f, 361f, 365f, 442f, 451, 481f, 489, 490, 542f, 574, 587, 589f, 590f, 611f, 659, 671, 777, 778f, 779f, 787, 858f
acute 492
anatomy of 132, 132f, 154, 671f
annulus 133, 362, 857
apparatus 681
area 25, 36, 137, 142, 143, 143f145f, 146, 151
estimation of 25f
balloon positioned across 680f
beaded appearance of 490f
calcification 241
chronic 137, 492
closure 111
types of premature 212f
deformation 167f
disease 88, 201, 776
echocardiographic evaluation of 132, 133
endocarditis 596
evaluation of 135
function of 135
infective endocarditis of 601f
involvement 611f
ischemic 781
leaflets 132, 133, 364f, 645f, 857
left-sided 515
M mode of 31f, 452f
medial annulus of 507f
normal 140
motion of 141f
obstruction 575f
opening 880f
orifice 143, 146f, 490
area 681
pathologies 384
places 132
planimeter 30f
premature closure of 212f
preprocedural assessment 681
prolapse 452f, 488f, 491f, 521, 553, 605
abnormalities of 361, 440
reconstruction of 166f
regurgitation 487
repair 138, 167f, 776
history of 776
indications for 776
postdegenerative 780
techniques of 777
replacement 211f, 684
stenosis 143
structural analysis of 776
structure 132f
surgery 116
systolic anterior motion of 451f
three-dimensional
acquisition of 358, 360
evaluation of 358, 362
velocity, product of 146
Mitral valvular
disease, severe 665
dysfunction, Carpentier's classification of 361b
verrucous nodules 491f
Mitralign 683
Mitral-semilunar valve 538
M-mode 39f, 249, 489
echocardiography 133, 140, 246, 495, 501, 505
linear method 67f
Modern cardiac surgery, role in 774
Modern noncardiac surgery 774
Monoclonal antibodies 621
Monocuspid valve 783
Morganroth hypothesis 461
Morphofunctional ventricular abnormalities 829
Motion abnormalities 405
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome 615
Mucocutaneous myxoma 573
Mucopolysaccharidosis 441, 488f, 627
Multidetector computed tomography 839, 840
angiography 615f
images 613f
Multimodality imaging, role of 458
Multiplanar reconstruction 351f
Multiple defects, spatial orientation for 757
Multiple duct occluder devices 755f
Multiple muscular defects 753
Multiple nodular masses 575
Multiple polyphasic diastolic tissue velocity 313f
Multiple ventricular septal defects 755f
Murmurs 858
functional 486
Muscle fibers 300
Muscular defect 526, 749
anterior 752f
single 752
Muscular dysfunction 483
Muscular septum 526
Muscular ventricular
septal defect 526, 749
septal occluder device 743, 743f, 755
septum 170
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 600, 601f
Mycophenolate mofetil 612, 614
Mycoplasma 585
Mycotic aneurysm 595
Myectomy 464
surgical 755
Myelodysplastic syndrome 619
Myeloid neoplasm 633
Myeloproliferative neoplasm 634f
Myocardial abnormalities, structural 830
Myocardial blood 387
flow 387, 412, 434
volume 413
Myocardial contraction, waves of 307
Myocardial contrast
echocardiography 72, 416, 428, 433, 433f, 434, 435f, 556
use of 434
opacification 433
Myocardial contusion 566
Myocardial crypts 459
Myocardial damage 382, 388, 628, 855
extent of 382
Myocardial deformation 298f, 469, 851
estimation of 351
measurements 122
Myocardial density 446
Myocardial diastolic stunning 396
Myocardial disease 118b
inflammatory 637f
measure of 412
nonspecific 311
Myocardial Doppler imaging 298
Myocardial dysfunction 326, 387, 412, 619
Myocardial fiber 73, 183, 301f
disarray 448
Myocardial fibrosis 112, 483
Myocardial function 301, 311, 341, 482
assessment 808
Myocardial hibernation 387, 412
Myocardial infarction 69, 355f, 383, 385, 395, 436, 495, 580, 594, 596, 627
acute management of 386
anterior 314f, 554
complications of 383, 384fc
inferior 554, 755
transmural extent of 388f
Myocardial infiltration 632f
Myocardial inflammation 602f, 633
Myocardial invaginations 446
Myocardial ischemia 381, 553
pathophysiology of stress-induced 396
principles of 396
Myocardial mechanics 481t
Myocardial motion 351
Myocardial opacification 428, 435f
uniform 433
Myocardial oxalosis 627
Myocardial oxygen 396, 414
Myocardial performance index 36, 73, 74, 74f, 103f, 474
right-sided 83
Myocardial perfusion 237, 241
assessment of 433
imaging, principles for 433
Myocardial region 386
Myocardial relaxation 112
prolonged 309
properties, active 112
Myocardial scar 389, 826
Myocardial segments 36, 37
Myocardial storage diseases 330
Myocardial strain 21, 381, 388
estimation 867
imaging 399, 409
Myocardial stunning 412
Myocardial texture 446
Myocardial thickness 429, 468
Myocardial tissue 384, 617
velocity 628f
Myocardial toxicity 850t
Myocardial twist 303f
Myocardial velocity 312
Myocardial viability 387, 413, 416, 556
assessment of 388, 412, 413, 416, 434
prediction of 388
Myocardial wall 311f
Myocardial work
based techniques 721
index 723f
Myocarditis 553, 594, 596, 610, 632, 637, 838
acute 314f
hemorrhagic 849
inflammatory 617, 638f
Myocardium 298, 300, 304f, 324, 326, 387, 433f, 610, 616, 618f, 621f, 629, 689, 849, 850
adjacent segments of 447
appearance of 625
cavity deformation 298
cross-fiber orientation of 299f
ischemic 387
mechanical properties of 336
replenishment of 433f
sparkling appearance of 625f
thickened 480f
Myocyte 440
contractile units of 300
hypertrophy 440
orientation of 301
Myofiber aggregates, orientation of 300f
Myogenesis 828f
Myopalladin 440
Myopericarditis 857
Myosin 6 440
Myosin
binding protein C 440
light chain kinase 440
Myozenin 440
Myxoid neurofibromata 573
Myxoma 572, 573, 630f
echocardiographic classification of 573
familial 573
simulate 573
small 574
Myxomatous
anterior prolapse 778
mitral valve prolapse 488
valve 488f
N
Native valve
disease 559
endocarditis 598
Native valvular disease 565
Natriuretic peptide 123
B-type 124
Nausea, dobutamine-induced 397
Near-field clutter 10, 653, 654f
artifact 10f
Negative predictive value 117
Neoatherosclerosis 693
Neonatal lupus syndrome 612
Nerve tissue 494
Neurocardiogenic syncope 402
Neuroendocrine tumors 619
Neuropathy, peripheral 621
Neutrophil accumulation 387
Nexilin 440
Night cap appearance 449
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis 206, 858, 858f
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema 568t
Noncoronary cardiac illnesses 381
Noncoronary cusps 171
right and 529
Noncoronary sinus 171
of Valsalva 593f, 594f, 603f
Nongiant coronary aneurysm 841
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 628f, 857
Nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy 379, 723f
Nonparallel beam angle 654
Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 382, 412
Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs 612, 640, 879
Nonuniform rotational deformity 688
Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation 580, 729
Noonan syndrome 247, 462
Nordic aortic valve intervention 675
N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide 853
Nuclear imaging 460, 605
Nucleic acid amplification technologies 585
Nutritional deficiency 622
Nyquist limit 7, 161, 654
adjustment of 121
O
Obesity 111, 238, 645, 645f
cardiomyopathy 645
Obstruction
nitrate-induced 453
presence of 450
severe 451
Obstructive lesions 520
Obstructive proliferative 108
Obstructive sleep apnea 645, 815
Odynophagia 46
Open mitral valve 135
Operation theatre 774, 775, 791
echocardiography in 774
Oral cavity 837
Oral kayexalate 641
Organ
function 298
hypoperfusion
signs of 231
symptoms of 231
normal arrangement of 511
retrieval procedure 795
Orifice mitral valve, double 139, 140f
Orthogonal strain 322
Orthopnea 645
Osteogenesis imperfecta 206
Ostia, coronary 669
Ostial occlusion, coronary 596
Ostium 375f
primum atrial septal defect 520, 523, 523f
secundum atrial septal defect 520, 521
Outflow obstruction, mechanism of 454
Oxidative stress 240
Oxygen
concentration, low 484
supplementation 640
P
Pacemaker 582
dependent rhythm 434
lead infection, assessment of 706
system infections 706
Paget's disease 644
Pain 278
dissection 231
Palliative surgery 532
Pallister–Killian syndrome 495
Palpitations 401, 552, 632, 637
Pancarditis 487f
Pancyclic Doppler alternans 313f
Pannus 268
Pan-systolic murmur 487
Papillary fibroelastoma 576, 577f
Papillary muscle 35, 69, 133, 133f, 134, 143, 154, 223, 321, 454, 540, 542, 637f, 681
abnormal 441
direct 542
displacement 362
hypertrophy 450
kissing septum 446f
lateral 454
posteromedial 566
apical displacement of 167f
rupture 384, 385f, 559, 778
Papillary rupture 486
Paradoxical flow 44f
Paradoxical strain patterns 330
Paraganglia, sympathetic 624
Paraprosthetic mitral leaks 158
Paraprosthetic tissue 582
Parasites 483
Parasternal axis
long 32, 33, 79, 141, 161, 172, 209, 244, 512, 515, 846
short 3335, 172, 244, 398, 401, 512, 516, 557
Parathyroidectomy 625
Paravalvar leak 659
closure 660
Paravalvular aortic
leaks 660
regurgitation 594f
Paravalvular regurgitation 223, 664, 678, 786, 787f
assessing severity of 684
moderate-to-severe 223
Parotid glands 616
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 613, 645
Parvovirus B19 635
Pascal system 683
Patent ductus arteriosus 182, 495, 514, 527, 527f, 528f, 538f, 541f, 602, 763
Patent foramen ovale 45, 565, 566, 795
Peak aortic stenosis velocity 184, 194f
Peak gradient, correlation of 196
Peak stress imaging 401, 410
Peak systolic
contraction velocity 717f
mitral annular velocity 20, 21
strain 317
velocity 718f, 722f
Peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity 108
Pectus carinatum 40
Pectus excavatum 40
Pedal edema 645
Pediatric echocardiography 519
transthoracic 511
Percutaneous coronary intervention 394, 395
Percutaneous interventional procedures 678
Percutaneous mitral valve
interventions, echocardiography in 678
repair 660, 680
Perflutren lipid microspheres 409
Perfusion, peripheral 399
Pergolide 639
Perianal excoriation 838f
Periannular abscess 585, 592, 592f, 594f
cavity, large 595f
echocardiographic features of 592
Periannular complications 598
Pericardial adhesions 494f
Pericardial calcification 506f
Pericardial cavity 498f
Pericardial constriction 379
Pericardial disease 479, 494, 505, 508, 849
diagnosis of 508
Pericardial edema 506f
Pericardial effusion 231, 411, 496, 496f, 497499, 503, 557, 578, 579, 596, 610, 628, 637f, 857
large 451
management of 857
mild 487f
moderate 497
posterior 643f
posterior 630f
small posterior 625f
Pericardial fluid 498
posterolateral collection of 630f
Pericardial friction rub 495
Pericardial inflammatory disease 495
Pericardial pressure 500f
Pericardial spaces 689
Pericardial tamponade 283, 291, 561, 566
severe 501f
Pericardial tumors 579
primary 579
Pericardiectomy 494f
Pericarditis 381, 483, 486, 487, 495, 497, 506f, 596, 632, 635
acute 497, 497b, 497f, 553
rheumatoid 506f
diagnosis of 487
primary acute 497
purulent 596
recurrent 497
refractory 612
viral 505
Pericardium 68, 494, 498, 577, 610, 615, 629, 632f, 689, 849, 856
congenital absence of 495, 496b
congenitally absent 495
functions of 496b
parietal layers of 495f
Perimembranous defects 735
classification of 738f
echocardiographic of 747f
Perimembranous
ventral septal defect 524, 524f, 735
large 187f
Periodic echocardiographic monitoring 852f
Periungual desquamation, typical 838f
Perivalvular complications, risk for 598
Perivalvular extension 586, 597
Pertuzumab 851
Pharmacological stress 396
echocardiography 400, 401
performance of 400
Phasic systolic flow 514
Phenotype negative 462
Phenotypic characterization 826
Phenotypic patterns, high-risk 809
Pheochromocytoma 467, 623, 624
Phlebotomy, therapeutic 619
Piezoelectric effect 12
Placing retrograde cardioplegic cannula 790
Plakoglobin 827
Plakophilin-2 827
Planimetry 145, 195
Plaque 233
Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome 548
Plethora 505
Pleural effusion 567, 567f
left 499
Pneumothorax 553, 567, 600
Polyangiitis 612
Polymorphous exanthema 837
Polyneuropathy, familial amyloid 482
Polypoidal myxoma 574f
Polysplenia 877
syndrome 533
Positron emission tomography 602f, 614f, 627f, 638f
Postcardiac surgery 71
Postcoronary artery bypass grafting 774
Postmyocardial infarction 73
ventricular sepal rupture 383, 755
Postpericardiotomy state 379
Postseptal myectomy ventricular septal defect 755
Poststenotic dilatation 247f, 252
Postsurgical residual ventricular septal defect 755f
Postsystolic shortening 329, 410, 717
Postsystolic strain 381, 447, 448f
concept of 329f
Post-transcatheter aortic valve replacement 674b
Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease 578
Prazosin 624
Precordial leads, lateral 830
Prednisolone 619
Pregnancy, termination of 870
Preinterventional assessment 690
Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act 29
Pressure gradient 26, 527
estimation of 23
Pressure half-time 25, 36, 219, 260, 273, 276, 279, 280
method 25f, 144
Pressure recovery 281
influence of 281
phenomenon 200
Primum defect 757f
Prolate ellipse method 88, 90f
Prominent crista terminalis 579
Prominent postsystolic positive wave 312f
Prostaglandin inhibition 879
Prostanoids 108
Prosthesis 267, 282
durability 668
Prosthetic aortic paravalvular regurgitation, severity of 274t
Prosthetic heart valve 263, 266f, 267f, 269f, 271, 273, 275, 278f, 279, 285f, 586
evaluation 265, 265f, 271
mitral regurgitation 276
Prosthetic mitral
paravalvular regurgitation 277f, 278f
regurgitation, severity of 277t
valve 656
Prosthetic paravalvular leak 133
Prosthetic valve 367, 582, 583, 599, 602, 605, 606, 684
dehiscence of 594
disease 561, 565
dysfunction, detection of 596
endocarditis of 270, 590, 594f, 604, 605f, 787f
evaluation 786
gradients, high 274, 278
infective endocarditis 598
regurgitation 561, 787
stenosis 561
Proteinuria 621
Proton 631
Pseudoaneurysm 385, 557, 593
cavity 385
Pseudonormal filling pattern 124
Pseudo-systolic anterior motion 452f
Psoriasis 644
Pulmonary acceleration time 250, 251t, 563
Pulmonary annulus 536, 748
assessment of 252
diameter, measurement of 252f
Pulmonary arterial
acceleration time 547
hypertension 109, 138, 151, 157, 612f, 715, 785
moderate 612f, 623f
pressure
moderate 645f
severe 642f
system 631
systolic pressure 291
Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula 532, 547, 548f
Pulmonary artery 4, 85, 99, 228, 230, 244, 260, 281, 293, 296, 513, 516, 518, 520, 524, 526, 532, 536538, 600, 600f, 736, 739, 740, 748, 766, 768, 770, 845, 846, 871, 878f
bifurcation of 245f, 293f
branch 534, 636f
catheter 775
dilatation of 249
end-diastolic pressure 250
flows 4f
hypertension 137, 158
idiopathic dilatation of 253
left 52, 62, 293, 518, 600f, 766, 770, 771, 845
main 33, 38, 52, 55, 56, 174, 227, 246, 516f, 517, 525527, 536, 600f, 712, 771, 771f
obstruction 106f
peak Doppler gradient 252
pressure 95, 97, 288, 474, 542, 595
assessment of 472
estimation of 147, 251t
right 55, 246, 293f, 518, 521, 522, 538, 600f, 636f, 770, 845
shunt 539
size of 537
small 878f
stenosis 184
systolic pressure 52, 117, 168, 293, 448
thrombus 636f
to-left atrial communication 547
Pulmonary atresia 253, 536, 537, 541
anatomic 542
Pulmonary atrial wave 126f
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 95, 96, 112, 476f
Pulmonary circulation 521
Pulmonary embolism 288, 289t, 290, 333, 333f, 381, 561, 578, 595, 706
chronic 289
echocardiographic signs of 563t
high-risk of 706
pathophysiology of effect of 289
Pulmonary gradients, development of 253
Pulmonary hemodynamics 574
components of 96
Pulmonary hypertension 80, 95, 96, 96t, 108t, 109, 112, 154, 246f, 250, 273, 293, 295, 332f, 338, 356, 411, 448, 502, 524, 617
causes of 293
criteria of 95
development of 288, 520
diagnosis of 106
echocardiography in 95, 96
etiology of 107
moderate-to-severe 273
prognosis in 108
quantification of 546
severity of 763
signs of 107
treatment of 95
Pulmonary infarction 585, 600
Pulmonary parenchymal disease 117
Pulmonary pressures 521
Pulmonary prosthetic heart valve 281
morphology and function 281
obstruction 281
Pulmonary regurgitation 99f, 253, 281
diastolic jet of 537f
echocardiographic assessment of 249
grading severity of 250t
severity of 281
Pulmonary septic emboli 600
Pulmonary stenosis 250t
echocardiographic assessment of 247
Pulmonary thromboembolism 288, 290, 295f, 296
diagnosis of 290
Pulmonary trunk 587
Pulmonary valvar obstruction 252
Pulmonary valve 33, 38, 52, 81, 172, 174, 192, 244, 244f, 245, 245f, 246, 246f, 247, 247f, 251, 253, 369, 505, 516, 517, 528, 535, 537539, 712f, 748, 750, 763, 846, 876, 877
assessment of 250, 251, 253
biplane view of 370f
dysplasia 251
echocardiographic assessment of 244
flow 246
full volume of 370f
leaflets 252
morphology 247
normal 244
ring hypoplasia 251
short-axis view of 245f
stenosis 247
Pulmonary vascular
disease 251, 520, 524
resistance 95, 96, 101, 484, 760
low 524
tree 610
Pulmonary vein 18f, 43, 119f, 163, 277, 513515, 518, 520, 533, 544, 547
confluence of 544
Doppler 118
drainage of 517
flow 18, 19
inferior 859f
left
inferior 52, 58
superior 52, 57, 58
upper 517, 877f
reconnection 137
right 755
inferior 52, 56
lower 517
superior 52, 55, 56
upper 520, 765f, 768
Pulmonary velocity 521
reciprocal increase in 503
Pulmonary venous
connections 537
Doppler 464, 499f
flow 118
flow pattern 503
hypertension 109, 154
pressure 95
reflect 112
Pulmonic stenosis 532
Pulmonic valve 244
Pulse 279
measurement 275, 281
pressure 236, 815
repetition frequency 12
Doppler imaging high 17
tissue Doppler imaging 20f
wave across tricuspid valve 257f
wave Doppler 16, 16t, 17f, 158, 172, 256, 575f
recording 15f
wave velocity 237, 822
measurement of 237f, 822f
Pulse-echo ultrasound 12
Pulsus paradoxus 503f
Pump failure 562
Pyrexia, persistent 596
Q
Quadricuspid aortic valve 180, 182f, 209f
Quantitative method 215, 217f
R
Radial dyssynchrony 712
effect of 711
Radial strain 319f, 323, 353f, 447
concept of 324f
waveforms 325f
Radial systolic function 703
Radiation therapy 858f
Radionuclide angiography 83
Radiotherapy 481, 849
Rapid filling period 113
Rapid opening slope 250, 251
Reactive oxygen species 240
Red blood cells 14
sickle-shaped 484
Redo valve surgeries 684
Reflection 13
Refraction 13, 653
Regional contractile dysfunction 291
Regional left ventricular systolic
dysfunction 379b
function, assessment of 379
Regional myocardial
strain 716
tissue velocities 315
Regional strain 331
Regional wall motion abnormality 52, 69, 380, 396, 402, 429, 436, 553, 617, 637, 864
Regurgitant fraction 163, 168, 277
Regurgitant jet 276
continuous wave Doppler of 218
Regurgitant lesion 44, 489, 680
evaluation of 864
Regurgitant orifice 162f
effective 161, 162, 166, 168, 216, 249, 259
shape of 207f
Regurgitant volume 162, 163, 168, 259
Regurgitation 487
acute 231
severe 596
duration of 162
location of 788f
nonrheumatic 487
pathological 489
physiological 489, 786
rheumatic 487
severe 542
Reiter's syndrome 206
Relaxation filling pattern, delayed 124
Relieve angina 399
Renal artery 229
Renal carcinoma 631
Renal cell carcinoma 39
Renal dysfunction 111
Renal insufficiency 112
Renal stone formation 627
Reservoir function 90
Residual myocardial ischemia, detection of 386
Residual ventricular septal defect 754
Respiratory variation 503
Respirometer trace, use of 31f
Restricted leaflet motion 207
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 479, 480, 481t, 483, 505, 507, 508, 508t
causes of 481b
types of 479
Restrictive filling pattern 125
Restrictive phenotype 457
Restrictive physiology, hemodynamics of 479
Resuscitation, cardiopulmonary 562
Retroflexion 49, 50f
Retroviral infection 636
Retrovirus 635
Reverberation 13, 268
artifact 8, 9f
Rhabdomyoma 574, 576f, 877, 879f
cardiac 575
large multiple 192f
Rhabdomyosarcoma 578, 630f
Rheumatic aortic valve
disease 182
pathology 784f
Rheumatic carditis
acute 182
diagnosis of 490
Rheumatic disease 362
Rheumatic fever 137
sequela of 138
Rheumatic heart disease 559, 583, 651, 590f, 678, 728f, 777f, 779, 786
Rheumatic lesions, correction of 143
Rheumatic mitral
regurgitation biplane view 363f
stenosis 139t, 779f
valve disease 184f
diagnosis of 572
Rheumatic pathology 779
Rheumatic valves 138
Rheumatic valvular heart disease 582
Rheumatic valvulitis 492b
Rheumatoid arthritis 206
Rheumatoid etiology 498
Rheumatoid factor, high 290
Right atrial
appendage 52, 56, 245f
collapse 500
diastolic collapse 501f
inversion time index 500
myxomas 574
pressure 96, 500, 500f, 564
strain 338
volume
assessment 92
clinical relevance of 93
Right atrium 6, 34, 35, 38, 56, 61, 57, 72, 83, 155, 172, 174, 246, 300, 338, 351, 491, 513, 517, 521523, 526, 533, 544, 547, 572, 662, 736, 760, 767, 854
pressure 95
Right bundle branch block 709, 755, 830
Right coronary
artery 34, 44, 170, 171, 536, 839, 842, 844, 845
cusp 172, 209
sinus 171, 536
Right heart 595
failure 611
thrombi 292
Right ventricle 47, 52, 53, 58, 66, 71, 79, 137, 155, 174f, 227, 246, 289, 292, 295, 300, 351, 488, 517, 523, 529, 563, 575, 661, 703, 736, 739743, 747, 748, 750, 761, 771, 827, 854, 878
determination of 252
double outlet 247, 538, 877
ejection fraction 82
fractional shortening 101
infarction 554
outflow tract 84
pressure 95
systolic function, measurement of 82
volumetric assessment of 82
wall thickness, measurement of 82
Right ventricular
apical pacing 702, 704
cardiac output 100
deformation 330
dilatation 293
endocardial tissue 755
enlargement 831f
hypertrophy 137, 449f, 463, 502
hypoplasia 251
linear dimensions, measurement of 79
midcavity diameter 81
myocardial infarction 557
outflow view 872
pre-ejection period 251
pressure, suprasystemic 248f
sarcoma, large 578f
Right ventricular diastolic
collapse 500
dysfunction, assessment of 85fc
function 84
measurement of 84
inversion 500
Right ventricular dysfunction 288
pathophysiology of 289fc
Right ventricular ejection
fraction 832
time 251
Right ventricular end-diastolic
diameters 835
pressure 248
volume 832
Right ventricular function 102, 470t, 856
assessment 101, 358
capacity 288
evaluation of 252
three-dimensional evaluation of 356
Right ventricular inflow 743
tract 172
Right ventricular outflow tract 33, 34, 38, 52, 60, 172, 244, 244f, 246, 253, 448, 500, 501, 528f, 535, 536f, 537f, 600f, 736, 748, 834, 842, 844, 845, 846
continuous wave Doppler of 536f
dimensions, measurement of 833f
distal diameter 81
flow 251f
morphology, evaluation of 252
obstruction 528, 536
proximal diameter 81
Right ventricular strain
measurement 333
two-dimensional 835
values, normal 334
Right ventricular systolic
function 257, 383, 470
pressure 164, 257, 623f, 642f, 645f, 736
estimation of 575f
Ringdown artifact 653
Ruptured chordae 455
S
Sarcoidosis 379, 460, 467, 482, 616
clinical 482
suspicion of 482
Sarcoma 577, 631
gene mutation 444
pericardial 579f
Sarcomeres 300
Scleroderma 481
Sclerosis, systemic 612, 612f
Scorpion stings 646
Second order chordae 167f
Secundum defect 757f
Sedation protocol 511
Segment standard deviation 473f
Segmental wall motion analysis 381
Selenium, deficiency of 473
Semilunar cusps, part of 205
Semilunar valves 768
Semiquantitative method 214
Senile
degenerative valvular disease 367
transthyretin 625
Sepsis 278
Septae, invasion of 601f
Septal aneurysm 741f
Septal bounce 506
Septal contraction velocities 717f
Septal curvature 443f
Septal defects 873
Septal flash 507
Septal hypertrophy 458f
asymmetric 441, 621, 621f
Septal muscle bundle 440
Septal puncture needle 680f
Septal reduction therapies 459
Septal segments, passive stretch of 720f
Septal separation 72
Septal tricuspid leaflet 739, 741, 741f, 742, 743, 747, 748, 757
chords 737f
adherence of 737f
Septic pulmonary emboli, signs of 585
Septolateral dyssynchrony 717f
Septolateral resynchronization 722f
Septomarginalis muscle bundle 331
Septum 671f
opposite direction of 712f
peak posterior movement of 714f
secundum 521
thickness of 442
Serum markers 612
Sewing ring artifacts 651
Shear strain 320
Shock 292f, 561
cardiogenic 595, 596
causes of 291
echocardiography in 561
syndrome 839
types of 562t
Shone's complex 202
Short monorail system 688
Shunt
congenital portosystemic 532
ductal 534
interatrial 533
intracardiac 19, 593
left-to-right 520, 524, 768
pericardial 593
portosystemic 548
pretricuspid 521
right-to-left 538, 547, 566
Sickle cell
anemia 633
cardiomyopathy 484
disease 481, 484
Side lobe 9, 656
Sigmoid septum 68
Sigmoid variety 444
Simpson's method 68, 164f, 406f, 431, 432f, 637f, 644f
modified 37, 69, 69f, 88, 89f, 468f
Simpson's rule 73
Simultaneous device delivery 759
Single-chamber ventricular pacing 702
Sinotubular junction 170, 173f, 176f, 205f, 227, 230, 560, 782
Sinus 171, 210, 228, 784
anterior 181
bradycardia 400
right 172
smaller left 181
upper portion of 173
Sinus of Valsalva 172f, 177, 205f, 560f, 592f, 602, 761
rupture 52, 594f, 603f
Sinus rhythm 66, 82, 186, 280, 726, 729f
normal 148
Sinus tachycardia 144, 611, 623
assessment in 126
Sinus venosus 39
atrial septal defect 520, 522, 764
defect 522f, 735, 755, 762, 764f, 765f
superior 767f, 768f
type of 757f, 762, 764f
Sinusoid sign 567, 567f
Situs
ambiguous 511
evaluation of 533
inversus 511
solitus 172, 511, 513f
Skeletal muscle metabolism, peripheral 112
Skeleton, fibrous 154
Skin 616
preparation 398
Sleep apnea syndrome 111
Small restrictive perimembranous ventricular septal defect 525f
Small vessel disease 457
Smiling Dolphin sign 453
Smooth muscle cells 840, 840f
Snake bite 646
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate 641
Soft plaque 689
Solid tumor malignancies 855
Solid-state system 688
Sorafenib 851, 855, 856
Sore throat 46
Sound 13
wave 13
Spatiotemporal heterogeneities 299
Speckle tracking 199, 461
based techniques 716
echocardiography 122, 398, 409, 447, 810, 818
radial strain curves 720f
software 340
technique of 469
Spectral pulsed tissue Doppler imaging 306
Specular reflection 13
Sphygmomanometer tube 119
Spinal cord injury 289
Spine, structural deformities of 81
Spleen 596, 616
Split lateral commissure 142f
Split medial commissure 142f
Spontaneous breathing test 565f
Spontaneous contrast echocardiography 148, 150, 150t, 233
Squeezing deformation 322
Standard transesophageal echocardiography windows 50f
Staphylococcus aureus 583, 586, 589
Starr–Edward valve 268
Static parameters 791
Static pouch 727
ST-elevation myocardial infarction 395
Stenosis 538f, 542
anatomic severity of 407
infundibular 248, 528
mild 197
severe 199f, 203f, 536f
severity of 152
subvalvular 528
Stenotic aortic valve 667f
Stenotic lesion 44, 229, 559, 678
functional significance of 407
Stenotic mitral prosthetic heart valve 269f
Stenotic orifice, accurate planimetry of 668f
Stenotic pulmonary valve 248
Stenotic valve, morphology of 529
Stent
abnormal 223
apposition distance 692
expansion 690
fracture 674
optimization 694
thrombosis, very late 693
Steroid therapy 614f
Stethoscope 811
Stiffness 113
Stitching artifacts 657
Storage disorders 610
Straight back syndrome 253
Strain 305, 319, 409, 448
components of 305
correlates 469
diastolic recovery of 382
Doppler based 409, 410
echocardiography, use of 481
imaging 180, 324, 341, 382, 495, 851, 866
limitation of 853
role of 388, 416
two-dimensional 306
impaired global longitudinal 476f
pattern 179
rate 21, 305, 319
imaging, clinical applications of 339
segmental longitudinal 416
types of 75, 305t
value, negative 818
Streptococcus
bovis 595, 598
gallolyticus 584, 858
Streptokinase 295
Stress
cardiomyopathy 379
electrocardiogram test, positive 394
emotional 646
myocardial perfusion 621
normal 404
vasodilatory 433
Stress echocardiogram
negative 410
positive 410
Stress echocardiography 148, 164f, 165t, 179, 180, 222, 284, 381, 394, 395, 395b, 397, 492, 405t, 407, 411, 412, 417, 430, 434, 458
additional benefits of 411
comprehensive interpretation of 402b
demonstrates 148
diagnostic accuracy of 406
fundamental principles of 396
indications for 394
interpretation of 402
laboratory 396, 397f
performance of 395b, 397
prognostic value of 410
role of 412, 856
use of 394
versatility of 412
Stress test 387, 397, 413
submaximal 387
Stroke 552, 565
premature 621
volume 442
estimation of 24f
Structural valve
deterioration 675
disease 675
dysfunction 685
Strut chordae 133
ST-segment depression 402
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 691
Stuck valve 561
Subaortic conus 516
Subaortic membranous obstruction 186f
Subaortic stenosis 529
Subaortic ventricular septal defect 603f
Subclavian artery
aberrant right 880
left 518f
Subcostal four-chamber view 38
Subcostal right ventricular outflow tract 844
Subendocardial perfusion defects 434
Subendocardium 577
Subepicardium 577
Submassive pulmonary embolism 290
Suboptimal stent deployment 695
Subpulmonary conus 712f
Subpulmonary defect, restrictive 750f
Subpulmonary stenosis 538
Subpulmonic conal septum 525
Subpulmonic defect 526f
Subpulmonic infundibulum 171
Subvalvular apparatus 148, 152, 360f
thickened 780
Subxiphoid views 513
Sudden cardiac death 389, 576, 617
history of 831
prevention of 627
risk 835
Sunitinib 851, 855, 856
Superior vena cava syndrome 578
Supine bicycle ergometer 149, 397
Suprasternal notch 227, 544
Supravalvular stenosis 528
Surgery
assessment for 542
indications for 596
Surgical aortic
porcine valves 282
valve replacement 664
Surgical repair, risk factors for 779
Surgical valve replacement 282
Surrogate parameters 157
Swinging heart 502, 502f
detection of 502
Swirling artifact 410f, 430f
Swiss cheese septum 526
Symmetric membranous devices 743
Symmetric ventricular septal occluder device 742, 745f
Syncope 288, 552, 613, 632
Syphilis 206, 638
Systemic disease 439, 610, 610b, 646
management of 646
Systemic illness, number of 495
Systemic inflammatory diseases 610
Systemic lupus erythematosus 138, 506f, 610, 611f
Systemic systolic pressure 524
Systemic vasculitides, primary 612
Systolic anterior motion 451, 451f, 782
pathophysiology of 450
severe 452f
Systolic arterial pressure 412
Systolic dysfunction 122, 315f, 396, 564, 627
longitudinal 312
subclinical 310
subtle 447
Systolic ejection 307
Systolic function 314, 447
diastolic 702
longitudinal 702
parameters 474
rotational 704
Systolic myocardial thickening 320
Systolic pressure 104, 106, 524
Systolic pulmonary artery 539
pressure 165
Systolic strain 330, 462
Systolic thickening, reduced 404
Systolic ventricular dysfunction 826
Systolic wave 116, 313
T
Tachyarrhythmia 482
supraventricular 623
ventricular 389
Tachycardia 98, 111, 278, 288, 290, 486
diastasis 113
Tachycardiomyopathy 473
Tachypnea 290, 295, 399
Tactile stimulation 45
Tafamidis 627
Takayasu's arteritis 206, 610, 613, 613f, 614f
management of 614
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 379, 553
Takotsubo syndrome 558
diagnosis of 558
Tamponade 503, 578, 849
diagnostic of 503
echocardiographic features of 561
Tardokinesia 404, 406f
Taussig–Bing anomaly 539
T-cell
factor 828
lymphoma 634
Tear 693
Tei index 83
Telethonin 440
Terazosin 624
Tetralogy of Fallot 253, 495, 535, 537, 876, 877
Thalassemia 619
Thallium scintigraphy 387
Therapy, completion of 598b
Thiamine
deficiency of 622
diagnosis of 622
pyrophosphate 622
Thoracic aorta 558, 770f
Thoracic cage 657
Three-dimensional echocardiography 79, 90, 93f, 198, 200f, 246, 256, 408, 458, 588, 657, 669, 736f, 750f, 786, 865f
advantages of 588
clinical application of 348
probes 669
procedure of 345
reconstruction 103f
Throat gargles 46
Thromboembolic complications 729
Thromboembolic events 444
Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, chronic 288, 293
Thromboembolism 849
Thrombogenicity 263
Thrombolysis 434
Thrombosis 706
Thrombus 141, 267, 268, 580
diagnosis of 728
formation 780
regression of 294
Thyroid
disorders 623
dysfunction 473
Time gain compensation 2f, 13
Tissue 288, 305
characterization 439, 688
harmonic 11f
imaging 5
prolapse 692f, 693
region, behavior of 311
Tissue Doppler 481f
and strain imaging 298
based techniques 713
derived strain 333f
waveforms 308f
Tissue Doppler echocardiography
concept of 308f
time intervals 121
Tissue Doppler imaging 19, 20f, 21f, 52, 72, 116, 121f, 224, 225, 299, 306, 309, 312, 313f, 315, 401, 414, 447, 460, 463
appearance of 21
clinical applications of 317, 317b
concept of 307
measurements 317
Tissue Doppler velocity 36f, 82, 482
curves, color-coded 722f
Tissue velocity 313, 341
imaging 306, 380, 717f
waveforms 307
Topological data analysis 809
Torsion 322
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection 543, 876, 877
Total occlusion intervention, chronic 694
Total pulmonary venous drainage 875
Toxic iron 619
Toxic valvulopathies, drug-induced 610
Trabecular muscular septum 749
Trabeculated apical part 79
Trabeculations, extensive 727
Trachea 873
obstruction 875
three-vessel 873
tubes 396
Transaortic gradient, estimation of 24
Transcatheter
aortic valve 605f
implant 659, 664
replacement 46, 223, 263, 264, 604, 605f, 659, 664
closure, assessment for 768
interventions 264, 283
mitral interventions 678
mitral valve 680
replacement 264
pulmonary valve replacement 283, 659
therapy 526
tricuspid valve 260
Transducer components 2
Transducer emits 230
Transducer frequency, right 10
Transducer lens 43
Transesophageal echocardiogram 173, 573, 577f, 591f, 595f
Transesophageal echocardiography 45, 47f, 148, 155f, 161, 177f, 180, 190f, 197f, 198f, 205, 249, 269f, 278f, 283, 362f, 373f, 457, 504, 566, 574f, 577f, 583, 590, 599f, 603f, 651, 652f, 655, 661f, 667f, 668, 680f, 682f, 727, 737f, 759f, 764f, 774, 786, 798
emphasizes 256
guidance 752f, 768f
probe 43, 47, 48f, 50f
insertion, technique of 46
part of 43f
three-dimensional 166f, 284, 348, 370, 667f, 670f, 671f, 685f
torque of 48f
two-dimensional 229, 670f
windows 49
Transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction 232f
Transesophageal views 245, 757
Transfemoral sheath placement 750
Transfusional iron 483
Transgastric transesophageal echocardiography 265
Transgastric window 49
Transient cardiac constriction 507
Transit time effect 655
Transjugular sheath 749
Transmitral Doppler inflow 115
Transmitral pressure 162f
gradient 114
low 494
Transmural strain 323
Transprosthetic hemodynamics 271
Trans-septal puncture 728
Transthoracic echocardiogram 172, 283, 573, 799
Transthoracic echocardiography 43, 155f, 161, 179, 180, 221f, 223, 229t, 359, 486, 487f, 492f, 548, 566, 578f, 586, 590, 603f, 615f, 620f, 629f, 630, 652f, 653f, 664
basic 29
diagnostic accuracy of 290
role of 290
two-dimensional 227, 227f, 621f, 669f, 670f
Transthoracic evaluation 133
Transthoracic views 757
Transverse aorta 228
Transverse aortic arch 230f
Trastuzumab 851, 852
Trauma 40
physical 572
Treadmill 399, 407, 453
exercise 397
protocol 129
test 149, 840
Treponema pallidum 638
Treptococcal antigens 137
Triangle of Koch 757f
Tricuspid annular 310
dilatation 785
motion 82
plane 80
excursion 383
systolic excursion 52, 82, 258f, 785, 786f, 834
systolic
plane exertion 854
velocity 854
Tricuspid annulus 102f, 314f, 514, 636f
dilation 785
lateral 82, 83f, 85f
M-mode cut of 786f
normal 785
planar systolic excursion 102f
Tricuspid aortic valve 187f, 200f
Tricuspid atresia 523, 538
Tricuspid calcific aortic valve disease 198f
Tricuspid commissure, normal anteroseptal 735
Tricuspid heart valve 279
obstruction 279
Tricuspid inflow 84
Doppler 504f
velocity 98f, 503, 630f
Tricuspid leaflet, anterior 601f
Tricuspid prosthetic heart valve 279
Tricuspid regurgitation 33, 52, 82, 97, 98, 106, 117, 124, 212, 256, 280, 292, 471, 491, 521, 563, 575f, 620f, 623f, 642f, 643f, 645f, 703, 736
causes of 256t
Doppler interrogation of 644f
evaluation of 704
functional 138
high-velocity jet of 546f
incidence of 704
jet, continuous wave Doppler of 620f
mechanisms of lead-related 705
pathophysiology of 786fc
severe 24, 601f, 623f, 642f, 705f
severity 257
of prosthetic 280t
velocity 104f
Tricuspid stenosis 256
assessment of 260
severity of 369
Tricuspid tissue Doppler imaging 101
Tricuspid value
three-dimensional image of 261f
transcatheter implantation of 261f
Tricuspid valve 34, 35, 38, 52, 84f, 103f, 172, 192, 255, 257f, 264, 284, 289, 356, 369, 369f, 517, 524, 535, 538, 540, 543, 587, 601f, 612f, 623f, 630, 642f, 643f, 661, 748, 757, 785, 786
anatomy 255
annulus 255
anteroseptal commissure of 736f
apical displacement of 369f
atresia 871
delayed closure of 542f
disease 256
management of 260
Ebstein's anomaly of 763f
echocardiographic assessment of 255
endocarditis 596
Epstein's anomaly of 369f
injury 702
intervention 256, 260
leaflets 620f, 657
orifice 743
physiology 255
planar systolic excursion 101
regurgitation 487f
relative 542
septal leaflet of 599f, 600f
tensor apparatus 255
Triglyceride 498
Trilobed lung 511
Trivial mitral regurgitation 611f
Troponin, normal initial 412
True Gerbode defect 736, 738f
Truncal valve 545
Truncated ellipsoid method 238, 238f
Truncus arteriosus 545
Tube fixation 775
Tuberculosis 636
cardiac 637f, 638f
Tuberculous
constrictive pericarditis 637
infective endocarditis 600
pericarditis, chronic 502
Tuberous sclerosis 575, 576
complex 877
Tubular duct 771f
Tumor 879f
benign 572
carcinoid 619
cardiac 565, 572, 580, 630f, 877
infiltration 632f
left-sided 576
lesions 632f
subepicardial 577
ventricular 572
Turbulence across mitral valve 139f
Twig sign 877f
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 855
U
Ultrasound
basic principles 1
basics of 1
contrast imaging, principles of 428
enhancing agents, safety of 435
guidance, effects of 691
thrombolysis 436
Umbilical vein 879, 881f
Unicuspid aortic valve 180
Unicuspid unicommissural valve 181f
Unicuspid valve 529, 529f
Upper abdomen 877
Upper esophageal window 50
Uremic pericarditis 498, 499f
Urinary tract infection 592f
Urokinase 295
V
Valsalva maneuver 50, 119, 119f, 453, 454f
Valsalva restrictive physiology 127f
Valsalva technique 119
Valve 247, 610, 615, 629
anatomy 141
commissures 139
creates 247
destruction 594
disease 582
dysfunction, etiology of 267
examination of 170
fibrosis 857
hemodynamics 141
insufficiency 486
left-sided 573
morphology 148
obstruction 596
pannus 561
position 255
prolapse 486
right-sided 858
sewing ring integrity and motion 266
strain 338
strands 270
thickening 489
thrombosis 561
types of 263, 664
Valve-in-valve 685
implant 684
Valvular abnormalities 483
Valvular aortic stenosis 180, 192f, 193f, 529
Valvular apparatus, calcification of 610
Valvular coaptation surface 858
Valvular disease 411
Valvular dysfunction 361, 482, 596, 597, 859
acute 291, 561
assessment of 595
Valvular heart disease 166, 205, 263, 265, 467, 559, 615, 629f, 775, 849, 857, 858f
management of 785
radiation-induced 857
Valvular lesion 142, 795
Valvular myxoma 577
Valvular pathology 479
Valvular pulmonary stenosis 247, 248f, 528
Valvular regurgitation 14, 160, 487, 614, 634
assessment of 781
Valvular stenosis 875
Valvulitis 486, 491f
active 490
Valvuloplasty 143, 496
Vasa vasorum, rupture of 230, 233
Vascular disease, peripheral 849
Vascular dysfunction, development of 636
Vascular phenomena 584
Vascular resistance, estimation of 25
Vascular sling 545
Vasculitis 610
acute self-limiting systemic 837
Vasculopathy, state of 237
Vasospasm 621
VATER syndrome 495
Vein
brachiocephalic 544
systemic 513
Velocity 13, 26, 275, 280
time integral 24, 216, 218, 265, 273
vector imaging 323
Vena cava 610
inferior 6, 33, 39, 39f, 52, 57, 57f, 96, 97f, 292f, 414f, 480f, 502, 513f, 533, 546f, 563, 564, 579, 662, 757, 757f, 879f
dilated 97f
left superior 518f, 547
plethora, inferior 502, 502f, 563f
superior 52, 55, 55f, 56f, 57, 57f, 227, 515f, 521, 522, 547, 643f, 644f, 755, 757, 757f, 760, 762f, 764, 764f, 765f, 768f, 845, 878
syndrome, superior 578
Vena contracta 161f, 163, 166f, 212, 213f, 215f, 221f, 259, 590f
four-dimensional assessment of 368
measurement of 365f
method 159
limitations of 160
width 160, 166
Venoatrial situs 513
Venous
drainage 533
flows 7
thromboembolism 288
Ventilation perfusion 290
Ventilator, mediastinal 565f
Ventricular arrhythmias 389, 444, 448, 458, 469, 616, 831
spectrum of 830
Ventricular contraction 719
Ventricular diastole 132
function 761
Ventricular dilation 486
Ventricular dysfunction 486, 612
secondary 586
Ventricular dyssynchrony 472
Ventricular function 446
Ventricular interdependence 503, 503f
sign of 506
Ventricular myocardium 302
inappropriate hypertrophy of 439
Ventricular pacing 71
Ventricular remodelling 156
Ventricular rhabdomyoma 576f
Ventricular septae 540
Ventricular septal defect 32, 52, 182, 514, 523, 524, 524f, 525, 526f, 532, 535, 535f, 537, 543, 602, 603f, 736, 737f, 748, 754f, 874, 878
iatrogenic 458
Ventricular septal rupture 556, 755
Ventricular septum 155, 253, 543
left side of 540f
Ventricular systole 246
Ventricular systolic function 761
echocardiographic assessment of 865
Ventriculoaortic junction 170, 205
Ventriculocoronary communications 542
Ventriculoinfundibular fold 746
Vertical vein, left-sided 544
Vessel cut-off sign 289
Vessel wall injury 693
Vigorous
blood flow 515
chest compressions 674
Vijaya's echo criteriam, application of 487
Vinculin 440
Viral infections 856
Visceral pericardium, thickened 499f
Visual eye balling method 71
Visual regional wall motion, conventional 410
Vitamin
B1 622
D 625
deficiency 622
K antagonists 265
Volumetric method 216
Vomiting 46
dobutamine-induced 397
Vulnerable plaque, assessment of 690
W
Wall motion
abnormalities 407, 553, 616
artifacts 657
score index 379
Warfarin 265
Wasting disease, chronic 72
Wave propagation 654
Wiggle manoeuver 663f
Wilkins echocardiographic score 679t
Wilkins score system 148, 150t
Wilkinson criteria 360
William's syndrome 202, 247
Wind-sock deformity 603f
Wuchereria bancrofti 638
X
Xenografts 264
Xylocaine 348
Y
Yakub's procedure 785
Z
Z-score 541, 841
classification, coronary 840t
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear


Textbook of ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Disclaimer
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the editor(s) of the book.
All brand names and product names used in the book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with a product or vendor mentioned in the book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precaution. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
The book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made, where necessary, to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any has been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Textbook of ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Second Edition Editors-in-Chief
V Amuthan MD DM FACC FEACVI FASE FESC FCSI FIAE Hon Professor, IMA National Headquarters Emeritus Professor The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai Former Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology Madurai Medical College, Madurai Advisor, Journal of Indian Medical Association Convener, IMA National HQ Standing Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance Senior Vice President, South Zone IMA TNSB Director of 4D Echocardiography, Jeyalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai Senior Interventional Cardiologist, Vadamalayan Hospital, Madurai Governor of Tamil Nadu Life Time Achievement Awardee Past President, Indian Academy of Echocardiography
Satish K Parashar MD FACC FCSI FIAE Senior Consultant Cardiologist and Chief Noninvasive Cardiac Laboratory at Metro Group of Hospitals and Heart Institute, New Delhi, India Distinguished Service Award by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India Life Time Achievement Award by Indian Academy of Echocardiography Life Time Achievement Award by World Federation of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology Bestowed by his Excellency, The Former President of India Life Time Achievement Award by Cardiological Society of India (Delhi Branch) Past President, Cardiological Society of India and Indian Academy of Echocardiography Foreword
Navin C Nanda MD DSc (Hon) DSc (Med) (Hon) FACC FAHA FISCU (D) Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease Director, Heart Station/Echocardiography Laboratories University of Alabama at Birmingham and the University of Alabama Health Services Foundation The Kirklin Clinic Birmingham, Alabama, USA President International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
Headquarters
EMCA House
23/23-B, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Landline: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703
+91-11-23282021, +91-11-23245672
Corporate Office
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
Overseas Office
JP Medical Ltd.
83, Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44-20 3170 8910
Fax: +44(0)20 3008 6180
© 2022, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved by the author. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. The CD/DVD-ROM (if any) provided in the sealed envelope with this book is complimentary and free of cost. It is Not meant for sale.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Textbook of Echocardiography / V Amuthan, Satish K Parashar
First Edition: 2018
Second Edition: 2022
9789354651533
Printed at:
All students, Physicians and Cardiologists practicing
Echocardiography in the world
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editors-in-Chief
V Amuthan
MD DM FACC FEACVI FASE FESC FCSI FIAE
Hon Professor, IMA National Headquarters
Emeritus Professor
The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai
Former Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology
Madurai Medical College, Madurai
Advisor, Journal of Indian Medical Association
Convener, IMA National HQ Standing Committee on
Antimicrobial Resistance
Senior Vice President, South Zone IMA TNSB
Director of 4D Echocardiography, Jeyalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai
Senior Interventional Cardiologist, Vadamalayan Hospital, Madurai
Governor of Tamil Nadu Life Time Achievement Awardee
Past President, Indian Academy of Echocardiography
Satish K Parashar
MD FACC FCSI FIAE
Senior Consultant Cardiologist and Chief
Noninvasive Cardiac Laboratory at Metro Group of Hospitals and Heart
Institute, New Delhi, India
Distinguished Service Award by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Government of India
Life Time Achievement Award by Indian Academy of Echocardiography
Life Time Achievement Award by World Federation of Clinical and
Preventive Cardiology Bestowed by his Excellency, The Former
President of India
Life Time Achievement Award by Cardiological Society of India
(Delhi Branch)
Past President, Cardiological Society of India and Indian Academy of
Echocardiography
Editors
Padmashree G Vijayaraghavan
MD DM (Card) FRCP (Edin)
FRCP (Lon) FACC FAHA
Cardiologist and Director
Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
R Alagesan
MD DM
Professor and Head (Retired)
Department of Cardiology
Madras Medical College
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
HK Chopra
MD FACC FAHA FISCU FASE FESC FCSI FIAE FIMSA FGSI
Chief Cardiologist, Moolchand Medcity
New Delhi, India
President, IAE, Chairman, National CSI Affairs
President, WWF, CSI 2015
AHA: Country Head
Hon Editor, Cardio Diabetes Update
AF Update, STEMI Update
CSI Cardiology Update 2014
Formerly Editor, JIAE and IHJ
Rakesh Gupta
MD FASE FISCU FACC (USA) FCSI FIAE FICP
FIMSA FIACTA (India)
Director and Chief Cardiologist
Echo and Color Doppler Center
JROP Institute of Echocardiography
UItrasound and Vascular Doppler
New Delhi, India
Rajan Joseph Manjuran
MD DM PGDHRM FIAE FCSI FACC
Senior Consultant
Pushpagiri Heart Institute
Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
Nitin J Burkule
MD DM DNB FACC FASE
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
Jupiter Hospital
Thane, Maharashtra, India
Ravi R Kasliwal MD DM
Chairman
Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
Medanta—The Medicity
Gurugram, Haryana, India
S Shanmugasundaram MD DM
Consultant Cardiologist
Billroth Hospitals
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Sameer Shrivastava MD DM
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
Director, Noninvasive Cardiology
Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
New Delhi, India
A George Koshy
MD DM FACC FESC FSCAI FIAE FRCP (G) FRCP (L)
Professor of Cardiology
Government Medical College
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Satish C Govind DNB PHD FASE
Chief of Noninvasive Cardiology
Fortis Hospitals
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Srikanth Sola MD FACC
Additional Senior Consultant
Department of Cardiology
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher
Medical Sciences
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Manish Bansal
DNB (Cardiology) FACC FASE FISCU
Senior Consultant Cardiology
Medanta—The Medicity
Gurugram, Haryana, India
S Ramakrishnan MD DM FACC
Professor
Department of Cardiology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi, India
KM Krishnamoorthy MD DM DNB FACC
Additional Professor of Cardiology
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical
Sciences and Technology
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
BRJ Kannan MD DM DCH DNB
Senior Consultant Pediatric and
Interventional Cardiologist
Vadamalayan Hospitals
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
S Balasubramanian MD DM
Professor and Head
Department of Cardiology
Madurai Medical College
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
SR Veeramani MD DM
Professor of Cardiology
Madurai Medical College
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
K Raghu MD DM
Senior Consultant Cardiologist and Director
Noninvasive Labs
Department of Cardiology
Care Hospitals, Banjara Hills
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Current President elect of the Indian
Academy of Echocardiography
P Krishnam Raju MD DM FRCP (ED)
Cardiologist
CARE Super Specialty OPD Center
Banjara Hills
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Rahul Mehrotra
MD (Medicine) DNB (Cardiology)
Director and Head
Noninvasive Cardiology
Max Super Speciality Hospital
Saket, New Delhi, India
CONTRIBUTORS FOREWORD
It is a great privilege and honor for me to also write the Foreword for the second edition of the book Textbook of Echocardiography. The Indian Academy of Echocardiography as well as this book is the brain child of Dr (Col) Satish K Parashar who is most aptly considered the Father of Echocardiography in India. I have had the opportunity to preview in detail the contents of the second edition of this book which is edited by Dr V Amuthan and Dr Satish K Parashar and I found many impressive updates and changes as compared to the first edition. Most importantly, all the chapters have been brought up to date by including the most recent relevant information found in the literature. To help the authors do this, the editors had made concrete suggestions and also provided pertinent references to all of them from the newer literature. At the same time, an attempt was made not to increase the length of the book to such an extent that it becomes unwieldy and loses its objective as a succinct compendium on echocardiography. A case in point was the chapter coauthored by me on the aorta where the invaluable comments and references provided by the editors were most helpful in updating the chapter without adding significantly to the page count. This specific guidance provided to authors of all chapters is to my mind quite unique and is a testament to the hard work done by both editors of this book.
All the 49 chapters from the previous edition have undergone required revisions providing readers with the latest information. A total of seven new chapters have been added to the book to cover the most recent advances in the field of cardiovascular ultrasound which has further mushroomed in the past few years. These are chapters written on artificial intelligence in echocardiography by Dr Karthik Seetharam and Partho Sengupta, echocardiography in hypertension by Dr Rohit Tandon, his group, and Dr Satish K Parashar, echocardiography in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia by Dr Jesu Krupa, echocardiography in Kawasaki disease by Dr Saji Philips, echocardiography in cardio-oncology by Dr Meera R and Dr Hardeep Kaur Grewal, echocardiography in diabetes mellitus by Dr V Amuthan and colleagues and fetal echocardiography by Dr UP Singh. All of them are important additions to the book and are written in a clear and concise manner by luminaries in their respective fields.
The book is being published by M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, who has a very good reputation of publishing high quality books with excellent reproduction of echocardiographic images and movie clips essential for any textbook of echocardiography.
There is no question in my mind that the second edition of this book would be even more popular than the first edition which enjoyed immense popularity all over India and the surrounding countries. This book is a must on the shelves of not only all echocardiographers and cardiac sonographers but also physicians in related fields such as anesthesia, critical care, cardiac surgery, and radiology to name just a few. In addition, it would be useful to general physicians, internists, trainees in cardiology, medical students, and other paramedical personnel. My kudos to both Editors for bringing out the updated second edition of this most useful and popular textbook in the field of echocardiography.
Navin C Nanda
MD DSc (Hon) DSc (Med) (Hon) FACC FAHA FISCU (D)
Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease
Director, Heart Station/Echocardiography Laboratories
University of Alabama at Birmingham and the University of
Alabama Health Services Foundation
The Kirklin Clinic Birmingham, Alabama, USA President
International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
Birmingham, Alabama, USA
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Echocardiography has emerged as one of the leading noninvasive diagnostic techniques in cardiology. The wealth of information it provides is unmatched. No other technique, invasive or noninvasive, has progressed to such an extent as echocardiography. The newer developments and progress, it has made is probably not matched by any other technology. The portability and miniaturization of echo equipment has tremendously increased its diagnostic and prognostic values. Its lifesaving role in critical care unit is well known. It is being extensively used in various cardiac interventions. The intraoperative utility of echo has been a boon for the surgeons.
Echocardiography, during 1980s and early 1990s, was in a developing phase in India, and only few people were actively involved in this field, though many were showing interest in this specialty. That was the period when various young cardiologists and physicians were realizing the potential of echo and wanted training in this specialty. However, there was no forum, where this facility could be provided. Realizing the above facts and to promote echocardiography in India on a scientific basis, the Indian Academy of Echocardiography (IAE) was formed in 1994. The main aims of IAE were to encourage training, teaching, and promote research activities in echo. The IAE, mainly by virtue of its academic activities, is currently the largest imaging society of India, and has gained national and international recognition.
As a highlight of the academic activities, it was decided in the Executive Committee of 2015 that a Textbook of Echocardiography should be written for our members, by our own faculty in both print and digital formats. This great responsibility was bestowed on us, and this became our dream project. It was unanimously decided that the book should be serving to the needs of the novice students of echocardiography, practicing physicians, clinical, and interventional cardiologists as well. It was decided to have the digital format mainly to avoid the difficulty of carrying a heavy voluminous book, and also for readily available authenticated reviews of all the practical aspects of echocardiographic practice in India. This was followed by voluminous task of collecting the scientific manuscripts from the doyens of echocardiography in India and the first edition was brought out in 2017. This tremendous responsibility was taken over by M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.
With the newer developments in this field and need for adding some practically oriented chapters, it was felt to bring out a second edition of this book. As such this state-of-the-art book has 56 chapters. All the new seven chapters added were of clinical and echo significance such as hypertension, diabetes, fetal echocardiography, artificial intelligence, cardio-oncology, full updates on ARVD and Kawasaki disease. All other chapters, from the first edition, have been upgraded. The IAE guidelines on transesophageal echocardiography have been extremely well described. All efforts have been made to maintain the quality and standard of the book. We are confident that this will be a nice reference book for postgraduates, cardiologists, physicians, anesthetists, pediatricians, etc. The book emphasizes on basics of 2D and 3D echocardiography. Great emphasis has been placed on the role of echocardiography during cardiac interventions. There are dedicated chapters on echocardiography for transcutaneous aortic valve replacement, mitral valve interventions, and structural heart disease interventions in both cardiac catheterization laboratory and surgical operation theater. The book further explores the value of echocardiography for electrophysiology: Echo in patients with pacemakers and cardiac resynchronization therapy.
The enormous contribution by a galaxy of eminent authors of international repute and experts in the field of echocardiography is highly commendable, and they deserve our heartfelt thanks. It is our great effort and burning midnight oil which has resulted in the publication of Textbook of Echocardiography by the Indian Academy of Echocardiography. We hope that this book lives up to the expectation of everyone.
Long Live Indian Academy of Echocardiography!
V Amuthan
Satish K Parashar
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Echocardiography has emerged as one of the leading noninvasive diagnostic techniques in cardiology. The wealth of information it provides is unmatched. No other technique, invasive or noninvasive, has progressed to such an extent as echocardiography. The newer developments and progress it has made is probably not matched by any other technology. The portability of echo equipment has tremendously increased its diagnostic and prognostic values. Its life-saving role in critical care unit is well known. It is being extensively used in various cardiac interventions. The intraoperative utility of echo has been a boon for the surgeons.
Echocardiography, during 1980s and early 1990s, was in a developing phase in India, and only few people were actively involved in this field, though many were showing interest in this specialty. That was the period when various young cardiologists and physicians were realizing the potential of echo and wanted training in this specialty. However, there was no forum, where this facility could be provided. Realizing the above facts and to promote echocardiography in India on a scientific basis, the Indian Academy of Echocardiography (IAE) was formed in 1994. The main aims of IAE were to encourage training, teaching and promote research activities in echo. The IAE, mainly by virtue of its academic activities, is currently the largest imaging society of India, and has gained national and international recognition. Both IAE and its numerous branches hold regular academic activities.
As a highlight of the academic activities, it was decided in the Executive Committee of 2015 that a Textbook of Echocardiography should be written for our members by our own faculty in both print and digital formats. This great responsibility was bestowed on Dr (Col) Satish K Parashar and myself, and this became our dream project. It was unanimously decided that the book should be serving to the needs of the novice students of echocardiography, practicing physicians, and clinical and interventional cardiologists as well. It was decided to have the digital format mainly to avoid the difficulty of carrying a heavy voluminous book, and also for readily available authenticated reviews of all the practical aspects of echocardiographic practice in India. This was followed by voluminous task of collecting the scientific manuscripts from the doyens of echocardiography in India. We shall be also updating the digital book annually to enable the manuscripts to be up-to-date, and provide latest information to the readers. This tremendous responsibility has also been taken over by M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.
This state-of-the-art book has 49 chapters and Appendices, which cover all common aspects of echocardiography starting from basics to the current advanced techniques. All efforts have been made to maintain the quality and standard of the book. I am sure that this will be a nice reference book for postgraduates, cardiologists, physicians, anesthetists, pediatricians, etc. The book emphasizes on how to perform basic 2D and 3D echocardiography, and there are chapters fully dedicated on “How to perform two and three-dimensional echocardiography by the uninitiated.” Both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic techniques are described. There are separate chapters on chamber quantification, assessment of systolic, diastolic function, congenital and valvular heart disease. There are dedicated chapters on coronary artery disease, stress echocardiography and myocardial contrast echocardiography, emphasizing the need for strain analysis, regional wall motion abnormalities and ejection fraction.
Great emphasis has been placed on the role of echocardiography during cardiac interventions. There are dedicated chapters on echocardiography for transcutaneous aortic valve replacement, mitral valve interventions, and structural heart disease interventions in both cardiac catheterization laboratory and surgical operation theater.
The book further explores the value of echocardiography for electrophysiology: Echo in patients with pacemakers and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Finally, we have tried to address some unique problems in India: The medicolegal issues and the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act. These are dealt with in great detail in the last chapter. The enormous contribution by a galaxy of eminent authors of international repute and experts in the field of echocardiography is highly commendable, and they deserve our heartfelt thanks.
It is our great effort and burning midnight oil which has resulted in the publication of Textbook of Echocardiography by the Indian Academy of Echocardiography. We hope that this book lives up to the expectation of everyone.
Long Live Indian Academy of Echocardiography!
V Amuthan
MD DM FACC FASE FESC FCSI FIAE
Emeritus Professor of Cardiology
The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University
Formerly, Professor and Head
Department of Cardiology
Madurai Medical College, Madurai
Director, 4D Echo Lab
Jeyalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai
Senior Interventional Cardiologist
Vadamalayan Hospital
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Governor of Tamil Nadu—Life Time Achievement Awardee
Past President, Indian Academy of Echocardiography
Satish K Parashar
MD FACC FCSI FIAE
Senior Consultant Cardiologist and Chief
Noninvasive Cardiac Laboratory, Metro Group of Hospitals
and Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
Distinguished Service Award by Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, Government of India
Life Time Achievement Award by
Indian Academy of Echocardiography
Life Time Achievement Award by
Cardiological Society of India (Delhi Branch)
Past President, Cardiological Society of India and
Indian Academy of Echocardiography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The enormous contribution by a galaxy of eminent authors of international repute and experts in the field of echocardiography is highly commendable, and they deserve our heartfelt thanks. We express our thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Mr MS Mani (Group President), Dr Richa Saxena (Associate Director—Professional Publishing), Ms Pooja Bhandari (Production Head), Ms Nedup Denka Bhutia (Development Editor), Mr Abhijeet Gope (Publishing Coordinator), and all other members of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for getting published this book so well and in time. Their repeated communications to all concerned were noteworthy. This project would not have been possible without active support of Team Sun Pharma. We owe our gratitude to Dr CK Ponde who played an active role in helping us, in his own way, to get the book published. We are extremely pleased to thank echocardiographic machine companies especially senior members of Genworks, GE and Phillips for their valuable hardware and software support in bringing out this textbook.