Basic Concepts in Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology Krishnakumar Thankappan, Subramania Iyer
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abscess 82
Acetylation 303
Acinic cell 72
carcinoma 55, 56, 56f, 57f, 75, 83, 143
Adenocarcinoma 72, 143, 158
intestinal type 143
nonintestinal type 143
polymorphous low grade 59, 61, 75, 143
Adenoid cystic carcinoma 58, 59, 59f, 59t, 62, 64, 70, 90, 101, 143
Adenolymphoma 68
Adenomas
benign 51
multiple 45
Adenomyoepithelioma 63
Adipose tissue 89
tumors 150
Adjuvant treatment, planning of 308
Advanced laryngeal cancers, management of 238fc
Aerodigestive tract
structures, invasion of 21
upper 300
Aesthesis, maintain 310
Air embolism 132
Airway
management 255
obstruction, upper 255
Albinism 279
Allelic imbalances 303
Alveolar
carcinoma 173f
nerve, inferior 81, 215
process, minimal involvement of 216
ridge 207
Alveolar ridge carcinomas 181
American Academy of Otolaryngology 118t
American Association of Endocrine Surgeons 51
American Joint Cancer Committee 16, 25, 39, 122, 138, 139, 192, 235, 243, 265, 267
American Thyroid Association 1820, 32, 39
Analogue secretory carcinoma, mammary 64
Anaplastic thyroid cancers 26
guideline in management of 23
Anesthesia, general 250
Angiogenesis, sustained 302
Angiogram, conventional 85
Angiography 91
conventional 84
Angiomyolipoma, monotypic 150
Angiosarcoma 4, 144
Angular nuclei 59
Anteromedial flap 129
Antithyroglobulin antibody 40
Apocrine 60
Apoptosis, suppression of 301
Apron incision 129
Artificial larynx 253
Aryepiglottic fold 224
Arytenoid 225
Aspiration 298
cytology, needle 135
shunt 253
Ataxia telangiectasia 302
Auditory canal, external 101, 102
Auricular artery, posterior 79
Auricular nerve, greater 78, 112
Auriculotemporal nerve 78, 81
Autotransplantation 24
B
Babysitter procedure 112
Balloon occlusion test 91
Baroreflex failure 92
Basal cell
adenoma 62
carcinoma 273, 281
clinical features 281
diagnosis 281
management 282
nodular 282f
nonsurgical treatments 282
radiotherapy 282
risk factors for 283
surgical treatment 282
Basaloid cells 57
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma 143, 145f, 264
Basaloid tumor 58
Basilar skull fracture 110
Basophilic zymogen granules 56f
B-cell lymphoma 149
Beahr's triangle 29
Beam radiotherapy
adjuvant external 52
role of external 24
Bell's palsy 110
Bethesda classification 5t, 308
Bethesda system 15
Biopsy 74, 157, 185, 193
Birth injury 110
Bisphosphonates 50
Blood loss 308
Bloom syndrome 302
Bone
cheek flaps, pedicled 97
destruction 102
disease 48
flaps, vascularized 321
mineral density evaluation 47
resection, lateral temporal 103
tumor of 144
Bony boundaries 95f
Bony invasion, assessment of 213
Bony lesion 87
Botox injection 113
Botulinum toxin
injection 113
therapy 113
Brachytherapy 199, 292, 297
machine 297f
mould 298
types of 298
Bradycardia 45
Brain 153
Brainstem
infarct 110
sparing of 270f
Breast
cancer 70
carcinoma 95
Buccal fat pad flap 320
Buccal mucosa 172, 205, 320f
carcinoma defect 320f
proliferative carcinoma of 184f
transposition flaps 320
Buccopharyngeal fascia 89
C
C-cell hyperplasia
neoplastic 10
reactive 10
Cabozantinib 41
Calcimimetic drug 46
Calcitonin 23
absence of 11
Calcium
auto-analyzers 45
excessive resorption of 45
Calvarial bone 321
Cancer 227
achieving cure of 207
complete gross surgical resection of 32
human papillomavirus related 301
laryngeal 231, 237fc, 247
resection, major 314
treatment of 286, 287
Carboplatin 288
Carcinoembryonic antigen 23
Carcinogenesis 302
Carcinoid, atypical 143
Carcinoma 3, 4, 9, 90, 110, 176, 177f, 229
adenosquamous 143
anaplastic 3, 9, 26, 27t
eroding mandibular cortex 185
ex-pleomorphic adenoma 64, 143
familial medullary 12
hypopharyngeal 253
in situ 234
management of 236fc
intraductal 64
intrathyroidal 18
lymphoepithelial 65, 143
nasopharynx 289
tongue 177f
coronal CT image 176
vocal cord 226f
Carcinosarcoma 10
Cardiovascular disease 43
Carotid 92
artery 84f, 87, 129
risk of internal 92
bifurcation 84, 85f
body tumor 84, 85f
bilateral 85
sinus syndrome 132
stenosis 15, 269
Cartilage, tumor of 144
Cell
block preparation 4
carcinoma, small 143
death protein, programmed 288, 305
dies, particular 291
high-columnar 6
neuroendocrine carcinoma, small 90
promote clonal expansion of 47
small 10
variant, tall 6
Cellular DNA repair mechanism 290
Cellulitis 82
Central compartment
disease 30
neck dissection 24
nodal disease 30
node 18
Central neck
disease 24
lymph nodes 19
Cerebral
blood flow 91
edema 133
Cervical
adenopathy 230f
and mediastinal nodal disease 24
fascia, deep 117
lymph node 184, 200
dissection 122
metastasis 26
status of 15
lymphadenopathy 49, 72, 76
biopsy proven metastatic lateral 19
metastasis 135
sympathetic chain 90
Cetuximab, addition of 288
Cheek flap 97, 207, 210, 211f
Chemical bonds, breakage of 290
Chemoradiation
concurrent 286
postoperatively adjuvant 292
primary 128fc
regimens 204
therapy 285
Chemoradiotherapy 76, 127, 237, 238, 244, 245, 286
adjuvant 188
adoption of 307
postoperative concurrent 287
Chemotherapeutic agents 285t
Chemotherapy 41, 268, 290
cytotoxic 41
induction 285, 286
meta-analysis of 286
role of 63
induction 285
sequential 286
Cholesteatoma 110
Chondro-mucosal graft 318
Chondrosarcoma 87
Chorda tympani branch 94
Choriocarcinoma 150
Chromogranin 10
Chvostek signs 41
Chylous fistulas 31
Ciaglia Serial Dilatational Technique 261
Circumflex scapular vessels 321
Cisplatin 285, 288
Classical radical neck dissection 127
Clear cell 9, 10, 57
carcinoma 64, 143
hyalinizing 62
ductal and myoepithelial appearance 63
morphology 62
tumors 58
variant 7
Clonal expansion 303
Clonogenic potential, loss of 290
Cochlear dysfunction 298
Collision tumor 3
Columnar cell 32
variant 6
Commissure disease, anterior 224, 225
Commissuroplasty 324
Common radiotherapy complications, healing of 290
Computed tomography 47, 70, 136, 151, 157, 214
angiography 96
sagittal image 224f
scan 171, 193
Conley incision, modified 129
Constrictor muscles, pharyngeal 81
Contrast-enhanced
computed tomography image 185f
multidetector computed tomography scan 222
Conus elasticus 223
Cordectomy
extended 248
subligamental 248
total 248
Cortical erosion, minimal 216
Cough expectorants 34
Cowden syndrome 302
Cranial fossa, middle 98
Cranial nerve 81
injury 92
substitution 112
Craniofacial osseointegration 314
Craniofacial prosthesis 314
Craniofacial resection 163, 166
anterior 167f
Craniotomy 166
Cricoid cartilage, aspect of 257
Cricothyroid
joint close 29
space 29
Cricothyroidotomy 261
needle 262
percutaneous 262
surgical 262
Cricovocal ligament 231
Cross-facial nerve grafting 112
Cuboidal cells, single row of 63
Cutaneous nerve, medial antebrachial 112
Cyclophosphamide 288
use of 50
Cystadenolymphoma 68
Cystic hygroma 86
compressing airway 86f
Cystic lymphangioma 86
Cystic nodules 15
Cytogenetics 58, 64
Cytokeratin 13, 64
Cytologic atypia 56
Cytology 8, 49
Cytoplasmic zymogen secretory granules 55
D
Dacarbazine, use of 50
Deltopectoral flap 311, 320
Dental
prophylaxis 268
prosthesis 324
rehabilitation 324
Dentate mandible 213f
Desmoplasia 56
Desmoplastic small cell tumor 150
Diabetes mellitus 41
Diffusion tensor 111
tractography 110
Digastric muscle 78
Digastric ridge 107
Distal nerve 112
Distant free flap 319
Distant metastasis 18, 21, 26, 33, 192, 235
palliative chemotherapy 76
Distant metastatic disease 11
Distraction osteogenesis 313
Donor tissue, nonavailability of 314
Double lumen tubes 260
Drug-free breaks, prolonged 288
Ductal epithelial cells 64
Ductal myoepithelial cells 59
Dysarthria 90
Dysphagia 9, 90
Dysplastic nevi 274
E
Ear
middle 101
reconstruction 319
surgeries, middle 107
E-cadherin
expression, reduced expression of 60
membrane expression, absence of 9
Echelon nodes, primary 18
Ectopic locations, detection of 46
Edema
around nerves 72
laryngeal 298
Elective neck
dissection 124
irradiation 125
Electrolarynx 253
Electromyography 109
Electron microscopy 147
Electroneuronography 108
Electronic portal imaging device 293
Electrons 295
Electrophysiology tests 108, 111
Embryogenesis, part of normal 303
Empiric radioiodine therapy 22
Endocrine neoplasia
multiple 26, 302
syndromes, multiple 45
type, multiple 23, 47
Endoneurium 108
Endoscopic cordectomy, classification of 248
Endoscopic resection 166
Endotracheal tube 257
Eosinophilia 3
Epidermal growth factor 309
receptor 284, 303, 304, 309
Epidermoid cells 57
Epidermolysis bullosa 279
Epigenetic modification 303
Epiglottis 223, 244f
Epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma, respiratory 146, 146f
Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma 63, 64f, 143
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition 303
Epithelial tumor, malignant 8, 143
Epstein-Barr virus 135, 264, 300
Esophageal speech 254
Esophagus 117, 239
Esthesioneuroblastoma 146, 147f
Kadish staging for 160t
Ethmoid sinus 153f, 155f, 157, 158
Ethmoidectomy, external 163, 166
Ewing sarcoma 144, 150
Exocrine salivary gland system 77
Exophytic papilloma 143
External beam radiation 33
therapy 21, 26, 27, 188, 291, 294
Extracapsular extension 287
Extracellular matrix 315
Extracellular signal-related kinase 304
Extracranial portion 77
Extralaryngeal extension 230f
Extralaryngeal spread 241f
Extranodal extension 21, 122, 138
Extraparotid masses 83
Extrathyroidal extension 7, 9, 11
higher frequencies of 9
Extrathyroidal infiltration, extensive 26
Extrathyroidal spread 21
confer adverse outcomes 26
Eye
care 111
protection 105
rehabilitation 113
symptoms 157
Eyelid reconstruction 318
F
Face rehabilitation 113
Facial
artery 78, 80
myomucosal flap 320
edema 133
musculature 111, 112
nerve 77, 79, 94, 105, 107, 110
anatomy of 105, 106f
dysfunction 105
identification of 78
injury 79
intraoperative 78
labyrinthine segment of 107f
management of 75, 79
nucleus 105
palsy 311
paralysis 109, 110, 110t
pathophysiology 108
schwannoma 69, 69f, 110
segments of 105t
structure of 108f
paralysis, treatment of 111
prosthetics 314
reanimation 111
spaces, anatomy of 117
translocation 97
vein 80
Fallopian canal 105
Fanconi's anemia 301
Fascia lata sling 113
Femoral cutaneous nerve, lateral 112
Fibrin glue, utilization of 112
Fibroma 150
desmoplastic 86
Fibromatosis 150
desmoid type 144
Fibro-osseous lesions 87
Fibrosarcoma 143, 150
Fibrosis, desmoplastic 8
Fibrous histiocytoma, malignant 143
Fibular flap 312
Fine needle aspiration 74, 119
cytology 4, 14, 17, 24, 26, 75, 90, 136, 227, 308
ultrasound-guided 87f
First bite syndrome 92
Fisch approaches, lateral 100
Fistula, cutaneous 133
Flaps
elevation 78
second 319
vascularized 311
Flexor hallucis longus or soleus 321
Floor of mouth 175, 177f, 205
invasion 176
lesions 181
reconstruction 321
Fluid attenuation, homogeneous 86
Fluorodeoxyglucose 154f
Fluorouracil 285, 286
use of 50
Follicular adenoma 3
Follicular carcinoma 3, 8, 8f
diagnosis of 8
Follicular cell
alterations of 11
neoplasms 9
Follicular dendritic cell tumors 4, 150
Follicular epithelium, tumor of 3
Follicular neoplasm 15
Follicular stimulating hormone 37
Follicular thyroid
cancer 32
carcinoma 12
neoplasm, noninvasive 4
Foramen ovale 174f
Foramina 263
Forehead flap 311
prelaminating 319
Fossa, posterior 85
Fractionation 291
conventional 200, 202, 291
Free flaps 312
Frey's syndrome 78, 80
Furosemide 50
G
Galea aponeurotica 315
Galectin 3 13
Ganglioneuromas 84
Gardner's syndrome 7
Gastric acid secretion 45
Gemcitabine 288
Genetic 45, 47, 60
susceptibility 301
testing 49
Geniculate ganglion 106
branch of 106
Geniohyoid muscle 68
Germ cell tumors 144
Germline mutations 301
Giant aneurysm 87
Giant cell 10
morphology, multinucleated 10
Giant congenital nevi 274
Giemsa staining 4
Gilles fan flap 320
Gingiva 172
buccal sulcus 184f, 319
Gingivobuccal sulcus, right lower 322f
Gingivolabial sulcus, superior 98
Glomangiopericytoma 144
Glomus jugulare 84, 86, 86f, 110
displace 86
Glomus vagale 8486
Glossectomy defects, total 322
Glottis 125, 224
Gonadal failure 37
Gorlin's syndrome 279
Granulomatous disease 70
Gross tumor volume 268, 293, 294f
Growth signals, self-sufficiency in 302
Guillain-Barré syndrome 110
Gustatory sweating 80
H
Hard palate 174, 175f, 206
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 4, 23
Head and neck
cancer 134, 285t, 286, 307
molecular biology of 300
role of chemotherapy in 285
carcinoma 117
irradiation 47
malignancies, radiotherapy in 290
reconstruction 310
squamous cell
cancers 300
carcinoma of 263, 285
surgery 118
Hearing
impairment 269
loss, conductive 95
Heat shock protein 303
Hemangioma 87, 110, 111, 144
Hematoma 80
evacuation of 30
Hemiglossectomy defects 321
Hemilaryngectomy 249, 249f
extended 249, 249f
frontal 249, 249f
frontolateral 249, 249f
Hemithyroidectomy 18, 28, 29
Hemorrhage 30, 68
Hernia formation 313
Herpes zoster oticus 110
High-molecular weight cytokeratins 58
High-resolution computed tomography 81
Hirschsprung's disease 23
Histiocytomas, fibrous 150
Hoarseness 9, 240
Hodgkin lymphoma 149
House-Brackmann
score 109t
stage 110
Human papillomavirus 51, 122, 135, 300, 307
infection 301
negative 301
positive 301
relationship of 307
role of 307
strains, high-risk 301
Hurthle cell 16t
adenoma 3
cancers 33
carcinoma 3
Hyams’ histologic grading system 147t
Hyoid
bone, greater cornu of 81
cartilage 252
Hypercalcemia
plus, symptoms of 48
prior, severe 46
symptoms of 48
treatment of 50
Hypercalcemic crisis 48
Hyperesthesia, subjective 41
Hyperfractionation 291
pure 203
Hyperkinesis, management of 113
Hypernephroid 55
Hyperparathyroid 45
Hyperparathyroidism 23, 24, 47, 48
asymptomatic primary 45
causes of 49
changes of 49
familial isolated 45
primary 4446, 47t, 51, 52
symptoms of 48
Hyperplasia 47
adenomatous 6
Hypertension 41
Hyperthyroidism 23
Hypervascular mass 82
Hypocalcemia 41
management, postoperative 42fc
permanent 30
postoperative 30, 41, 42fc
symptoms of 30
temporary 51
Hypofractionation 291
Hypoglossal nerve 78, 112
Hypoparathormonemia 41
Hypoparathyroidism 30, 41
greater risk of 31
symptoms of 41
Hypopharyngeal cancers 240, 247, 287
anatomy 239
clinical features 240
management of 239, 247
treatment 242
Hypopharyngeal tumor
management of
advanced stage 245fc
early-stage 244fc
Hypopharynx 219, 227
cancers, surgery in 247
carcinoma of 239
Hypophosphatemia 46
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis 39
Hypothyroidism 269
period of 41
Hypovascular mass 82
I
Iliac crest flap 312
Immune cells, expansion of 305
Immunosuppressive factors, release of 305
Immunotherapy 288
role of 305
Implants
permanent 298
temporary 298
In situ hybridization 301
Incision 78
J-shaped 129
Induction chemotherapy, integration of 286
Infertility 37
Infratemporal fossa 94, 95f, 97, 100, 152f, 173f
approach 92
surgical anatomy 94
tumors of 94
Infusional 5-fluorouracil 285
Injury, common sites of 29
Internal carotid artery 81, 82, 8587, 94
dissection 87
occlusion 91
Internal jugular vein 81, 85, 87, 91, 117, 127
Internal mammary artery perforators 311
Internal maxillary artery 81, 94
Intrathyroidal disease 26
Invasive carcinomas, widely 8
Invasive follicular carcinomas, minimally 9
Iodine, stable 34
Ionized calcium 41
J
Jaw tumor 45
Joll's triangle 28
Jugular foramen 85
Jugular neck dissection 121
Jugular node, lower deep 18
K
Karapandzic flap 320
Keratinocyte carcinomas 273
Kinase pathway 11
Kocher incision 129
L
Labial competence, loss of 320
Labyrinthine 105
Lactoferrin 56
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 65
Laryngeal cancer
cardinal symptom of 232
guideline in management of 231
management of 247
Laryngeal nerve
injury, primarily recurrent 19
paralysis 30
recurrent 29
superior 29
Laryngeal squamous carcinoma 286
Laryngeal surgical procedures 247fc
Laryngeal tumor 247
advanced 237
Laryngeal ventricle 226
Laryngectomy 247, 252, 253, 324f
partial 249f
pharyngeal defect after 324f
supracricoid partial 250
types of 249f
vertical partial 248, 249
contraindications 249
indication 249
with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy, supracricoid partial 250
Laryngopharyngectomy, partial 242
Laryngoscopy 221
direct 233
Larynx 219, 231
anatomy of 221, 222f
cancers, surgery in 247
early stage diseases of 292
postradiotherapy 228f
sites of 231f
sparing of 270f
subsites of 232
Laser cordotomy 30
Lateral arm flap 323f
Lateral tongue, infiltrative carcinoma of 184f
Latissimus dorsi muscle flap 315
Leg cramps, nocturnal 41
Leiomyoma 144
Leiomyosarcoma 143
Lenvatinib 41
Lesions
advanced 187
cartilaginous 87
small 247
Leukemia, incidence of 37
Lhermitte's syndrome 269
Lichen amyloidosis, cutaneous 23
Lid, lower 318
Linear accelerator 295f
Lingual nerve 81
Lip 318
commissure of 320f
normal 171f
reconstruction 320
split 308
midline 98f
Lipoma 87
Liver
cross-sectional imaging of 24
metastasis 26
Lobe tumors, malignant deep 77
Lobectomy 18, 28, 33
Local flaps 311, 320
Locoregional advanced disease 193
Locoregional control 21, 26, 27
Locoregional metastases, evidence of 18
Locoregional recurrence 51, 75
Lumen tubes, single 260
Lumpectomy 33
Lung 95
cancer 70
cross-sectional imaging of 24
metastasis 6
Lyme disease 110
Lymph nodal
extension 193f
presence of 33
Lymph node 11, 33, 81, 86, 89, 125
disease 278
involvement 9
management of enlarged 51
metastases 7, 18, 119t, 134
multiple positive 287
pathological staging of regional 280t
periparotid 55
Lymphadenopathy 72
Lymphatic
drainage 229, 239, 263
regions 268
spread 151, 157, 192
Lymphoepithelioma 10
Lymphoid
cells, tumor of 4
follicles 55
tumors 149
Lymphoma 10, 87, 119, 227
angiotropic 149
intravascular 149
malignant 4
Lymphoreticular malignancies 301
Lymphovascular emboli 8
Lymphovascular invasion 287
Lyre's sign 84, 85
M
Macroglossia 248
Magic bullet 34
Magnetic resonance
angiography 157
imaging 81, 120, 151, 157, 184, 193
Malar eminence 99
Malformations, congenital 37
Malignancy
cytologic features of 56
guideline in management of 156
indolent 3
spectrum of 101
Malignant salivary neoplasms, features of 70
Mandible
alveolar margin of 173f
erosion of 173f
gross invasion of 215
invasion of 212
Mandibular canal, invasion of 215
Mandibular erosion 185f
Mandibular reconstruction 320
Mandibular swing 210
approach 207
Mandibulectomy 214
marginal 216, 216f
segmental 215, 215f, 322f
visor flap for 207, 209
Mandibulotomy 210, 308
approach 164, 211f
Marfanoid body habitus 23
Marginal mandibulectomy, contraindication for 216
Masseteric muscle 77, 113
Masseteric nerve 112
Masson's tumor 90
Mastoid bone 78, 79, 106, 107
Mastoiditis 110
Maxilla
malignant tumors of 164
posterior 97
Maxillary reconstruction 316
Maxillary sinus 153f, 155f, 156, 158, 163, 175f
Maxillary swing 98
Maxillectomy 163, 164
defect 317f
infrastructure 164, 165f
medial 164, 165f
steps of total 165
total 164, 166f
Maxilloethmoid complex, tumors of 163
McFee incision 129
Medical therapy 50
Medullary carcinoma 3, 6, 10, 11f
hereditary 12
molecular genetics of 12
Megavoltage photon beams 295
Melanocytes, tumor of 148
Melanoma 10, 70, 273
acral lentiginous 275
classification of 274
desmoplastic 275
epidemiology 273
family history 274
lentigo maligna 274
localized 278
malignant 101
metastatic 275
nodular 274
risk factors 273
risk of 274
skin
cancer 273
type 273
superficial spreading 274
treatment of primary 278
Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor 144
Meningioma 87f, 110, 144
extracranial 90
Merkel cell carcinoma 279
Mesenchymal origin, express proteins of 303
Mesenchymal tumors 4, 10
Metaiodobenzylguanidine 33, 91
Metaplasia, cartilaginous 65f
Metaplastic squamoid cytoplasm 5
Metastasectomy, role of 76
Metastasis 70, 179, 227
management of distant 76
presence of 50
staging 277t
of distant 281t
therapy 35
uncommonly sites of 70
Metastatic carcinoma 215
Metastatic disease 48, 193, 283, 284, 288
Metastatic head and neck cancer 288
Metastatic lymphadenopathy 127
Metastatic thyroid cancer cells 32
Metastatic tumors 95, 150
Methotrexate, use of 50
Methylation 303
Meticulous surgery 24
Metronomic chemotherapy 288
Microcalcifications 15
Microcarcinomas 33
Micrognathia 248
Micrometastases 302
Micropapillary cancer 33
Microscopy 55, 59, 60, 146
Microsomia, hemifacial 313
Midfacial degloving 164
approach 165f
Mitogen-activated protein 11
kinase 304
Mobius syndrome 110
Modern surgical techniques, advent of 307
Molecular genetics 11
Molecular studies 135
Monoclonal antibody 304
Mucin stains 58
Mucinous carcinoma 3
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 3, 57, 58f, 60, 64, 70, 72, 83, 143, 318f
low-grade 75
sclerosing 3
Mucosal malignant melanoma 144
Mucosal primary tumors 137
Mucosalized flap 324
Mucositis 269
Mucus cells 57
Mucus-secreting carcinoma 57
Multinodular goiter, dominant nodule of 14
Muscle
superior constrictor 89, 94
tumors, smooth 4, 150
Musculoaponeurotic system, superficial 314
Mustarde flap 318
Mustarde rotation flap, large 314
Myelin sheath 108
Myeloid sarcoma 149
Myocutaneous flap, pectoralis major 311, 320, 321
Myoepithelial anaplasia 63
Myoepithelial carcinoma 6264, 143
treatment of 63
Myoepithelial cells 58, 65f, 92
modified 59
Myoepithelioma 64, 65, 143
Myofibroblastic tumor 150
inflammatory 144
Myxoma 144
N
Nasal cavity 154f
sinus 143, 158
Nasal endoscopy 157
Nasal reconstruction 318
goal of 318
principles of 318
Nasal sinus malignant tumors 163
Nasal symptoms 157
Nasolabial flap 311, 319
Nasolacrimal duct 165
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 90, 263, 288
anatomy 263
cause of 264
classification of 264t
clinical presentation 265
diagnosis 266
epidemiology 263
etiology 264
hematogenous spread 265
lymphatic spread 265
pathology 264
routes of spread 264
Nasopharynx 97, 219, 263, 268, 292
management of carcinoma of 263
tumor in 269f
Neck 115, 188
disease
early stage 137
extent of 18
management of 18
dissection 31, 245
anterolateral 121
bilateral 242
bilateral lateral 252
bilateral selective 237, 238, 245
classification of 117
complications of 132
comprehensive 75, 121
extent of 18
intraoperative complications 132
ipsilateral 125
ipsilateral lateral 24
lateral 19, 52, 121
modified radical 121, 131
posterolateral 121
postoperative complications 132
prophylactic central compartment 19
prophylactic lateral 24
selective 121, 124
specimen 132
terminology of 121
undergo 283
irradiation, postoperative 127
lymph nodes 120f
lymphatics 117
management of 24, 75, 161
metastasis, predictors of 120
neoplasms 72
nodal levels 117
classification of 117
node 120
evaluation of 134
management of 136fc
pain 240
skin
crease incision, transverse 129
low anterior 29
squamous cell carcinoma 305
staging of 122
treatment of 137
ultrasonography of 46
ultrasound 49
Necrosis, areas of 59
Neoadjuvant radiation treatment 292
Neoplasms
benign 91
small 91
Neoplastic cells 55
Nephrocalcinosis 48
Nerve
infiltration of 79
injury 80, 132
classification of 109t
mandibular 80
of Wrisberg 105
palsy, superior laryngeal 30
sheath tumors
malignant 84
peripheral 4
substitution 103
tumors, peripheral 148
Nervus intermedius 105
Neurilemma 108
Neuroblastoma 90
Neuroectodermal tumor 150
primitive 144
Neuroendocrine tumors 143
Neurofibroma 90, 144
Neurogenic tumors 83, 90
Neuromuscular free flap transfer 113
Neuropathy 269
Neuropraxia 79
temporary 79
Neurorrhaphy 112
primary 112
Nevus, multiple 274
Newer systemic agents 309
Nodal disease
advanced 127
radiological evidence of 24
Nodal extracapsular spread 287
Nodal mass, large 179f
Nodal metastasis 134
extent of 26
Nodal staging 277t
Node 227
negative
neck, management of 19, 124
treatment of 124
positive neck 18
management of 18, 127
positive status 75, 76
Nodular basal cell carcinoma nose, early 281f
Nodule, vascularity of 4
Noncuffed tubes 260
Nondiagnostic biopsy 18
Nonfunctioning tumors 51
presentation of 48
Nonkeratinizing carcinoma 264
Nonmelanoma
skin cancers 273, 279
risk factors 279
staging 279
types of 279
Nonsurgical management 309
Nonthyroid
malignancies 37
related neck problems 15
Nonvascularized bone grafts 320
Nonvascularized grafts 310
Nose
reconstruction of 318
rehabilitation 113
tumors of 143
Nuclear factor-kappa b 303
Nuclear medicine, role of 32
Nucleotide excision repair system 301
O
Odynophagia 240
Ohngren's classification 157
Olfactory neuroblastoma 144, 146, 147t
Omohyoid 252
Oncocytic carcinoma 9, 60
Oncocytic cells 65
Oncocytic morphology 6
Oncocytic papilloma 143, 148f
Oncocytic tumor 65
type 9
Oncocytoma 64, 143
Oral cancers
advanced stage 187fc
early stage 186fc
Oral cavity 89, 125, 169, 171, 181, 182t, 208
cancers 205
guideline in management of 181
squamous cell carcinoma of 171
subsites of 205f
Oral commissuroplasty 113
Oral rehabilitation 113
Oral symptoms 157
Oral tongue 175, 177f, 183, 206
lateral border of 176
squamous cell carcinoma of 176
Oral tumors 171
Orbital exenteration 317
Organ preservation, strategies for 286
Oropharyngeal cancer 124, 194, 194t196t, 204
guideline in management of 190
Oropharyngeal carcinoma 87
Oropharyngeal malignancies 190
Oropharyngeal mass 91
Oropharyngeal tumors 171, 191
positive 307
Oropharynx 89, 169, 177, 177f, 190292
CT scan of 193f
malignancies of 190
squamous cell carcinoma of 171
subsites of 191
Orthopantomogram 184, 185f, 213, 214f
Osseous tumor, primary mandibular 215
Osteitis fibrosa cystica 45
Osteochondroma 87
Osteocutaneous fibula free flap 322f
Osteogenic sarcoma 87
Osteoma 87
Osteopenia 48
Osteoradionecrosis of mandible 298
Otalgia 240
Otic ganglion 94
Otitis media, acute 110
Ovary 95
P
Palatal flap 318f
Palmaris longus tendon sling 321f
Palmaris tendon sling 113
Papillae, combination of 5
Papillary carcinoma 3, 5, 6f, 7, 9
follicular variant of 15
lacking diagnostic nuclear features of 8
predictive of 5
prognosis of 8
Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum 68
Papillary microcarcinoma 7
multifocal 21
Papillary thyroid
cancer 32
carcinoma 5, 6f, 12
Papilloma, inverted 143
Paracarotid tunnel 29
Parafollicular C cells 33
Paragangliomas 4, 6, 82, 84, 86, 90, 148, 227
Paraglottic extension 241f
Paraglottic fat 226f
Paraglottic space 225
Paramandibular tumor involvement 215
Paramedian mandibulotomy 98f
Paranasal sinus 89, 143, 163
malignant tumors 163
tumors 151
Paraneoplastic syndromes 10
Parapharyngeal schwannoma, duplex Doppler image of 84f
Parapharyngeal space 72, 77, 81, 89, 91, 94
axial representation of 82f
coronal view of 81f
infections of 82
lesions 81, 84
lipomas of 86
primary tumors of 83
tumor 89, 90
anatomy 89
boundaries 89
metastasis to 90
surgical treatment 91
treatment 91
Parapharyngeal tumor 53
anatomy 81
imaging assessment 81
pathology 82
surgery, complications of 92
Parathyroid
abnormal 46
adenoma 44, 47
excess hormone 45
excision of 24
single 45
cancers 47, 48
carcinoma 47, 49, 51, 52
development of 47
diagnosis of 52
histologic diagnosis of 52
disease 15, 23
gland 29, 44
autotransplantation of 29
inferior 44
hormone 41, 44, 45
secretion of 44
malignancy, secondary 48
tumors 47
evaluation 44
management 44
Parathyroidectomy 46, 52
subtotal 24
Paratracheal nodes 118
Parenchymal extension 76
Parenchymal invasion 103
Parotid defects 79
Parotid fascia 77
Parotid gland 67, 69f, 7779, 83f, 89, 92, 94, 97
deep portion of 81, 82
high-grade ductal-type carcinoma of 61f
malignant neoplasms of 70
normal 67f
Parotid injury 110
Parotid malignancy 110
Parotid salivary gland 67f
Parotid surgery 107
Parotid swelling 72
Parotid tumor, malignant 70f, 74, 75, 75fc
Parotidectomy
adequate 79
complications of 79
extended 79
superficial 79
surgical technique 78
total 79
Pembrolizumab 288
Perineural extension 174f
Perineural invasion 72, 200, 287
Perineural spread 60, 152
Perinodal infiltration 179f
Periodic-acid Schiff-positive 63
Periorbital areas, skin of 314
Peripheral echoes, absence of 15
Peripheral nerve sheath tumor, malignant 144
Permanent injury, incidence of 30
Peroneal artery perforator 321
Peroneal septocutaneous perforater 312
Peroneal vessels 321
Persistent disease 46
Pes anserinus 112
Petrosal nerve, superficial 106
Pharyngeal defect reconstructed 324f
Pharyngeal leak 253
Pharyngeal mucosa 83
Pharyngeal reconstruction 323
Pharyngeal wall, posterior 228, 230f
Pharyngectomy
defect, partial 324f
partial 247, 324f
Pharyngocutaneous fistulas 323
Pharyngoesophageal defects 323
Pharyngoesophageal segment 254
Pharynx 117
Pheochromocytoma 23, 24
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase 11
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor 150
Photons 295
Phrenic nerve 117
Pinna, nodular melanoma of 274f
Pittsburgh staging system, modified 102t
Pituitary
adenoma 148
dysfunction 269
Plasma calcium, concentration of 44
Plasmacytoma 4, 149
extramedullary 149
Platysma muscle 78
Pleomorphic adenoma 59, 64, 65, 65f, 68, 69f, 83, 143
Pleomorphic cells 9
Pneumothorax 132
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes 10
Polymorphous adenocarcinoma 61
Polyposis, familial adenomatous 7
Positron emission tomography 136, 185, 213, 227, 228f
image 154f
role of 135
Post-chemoradiotherapy 127
Postcricoid pharynx 228, 230f
normal 229f
Postreconstruction rehabilitation 323
Poststyloid
compartment 81, 89, 90
lesion 81
parapharyngeal space tumors 91
Pretherapy imaging procedure 34
Pretracheal fascia 29
Prevertebral fascia 117
Prever-Tebral muscles 89
Proline-rich protein 56
Psammoma bodies 6
Pseudostratification 6
Psychiatric disorders 36
Psychic moans 45
Psychological support 324
Pterygoid
fascia 89
muscle
lateral 81, 94
medial 81, 89
venous plexus 94
Pterygomaxillary fossa 100
Pterygopalatine fossa 99
Pulmonary metastasis, micronodular 21
Pyramidal shaped sinus 163
Pyriform sinus 228, 230f
normal 228
Pyriform tumor, advanced 241f
Q
Quadrangular membrane 223f
R
Radial forearm
flap 312, 321
free flap 320f, 321f
osteocutaneous flap 321
Radiation
dose 292
physical interaction of 290
source 298
Radiation delivery
methods of 291
techniques, advances in 309
Radiation therapy 188, 268, 290
adaptive 297
course of 297
image-guided 296
intensity-modulated 197, 269, 270f, 295, 296f
oncology group 287
options 197199
role of 21
three-dimensional conformal 197, 295
Radiation treatment 291
adjuvant 292
planning 292
side effects of 298
Radical concurrent chemoradiation 292
Radical neck dissection 117, 121, 127
anesthesia 129
contraindications 129
incisions 129
indications 127
techniques 129
Radical radiation treatment 292
Radical radiotherapy 188
Radioactive iodine 6, 18, 20
therapy 40
Radioiodine
ablation 32
after thyroidectomy, role of 20
properties of 34
refractory patients 41
role of 21
scan 15
therapy 9, 22
trapping 11
treatment 21
Radiotherapy 24, 51, 17, 201, 228f, 237, 238, 314
accelerated 203
adjuvant 75, 187, 200
complications of 204
conventional 244
hyperfractionated 203
postoperative 127, 197
primary 76, 188
role of 63
simultaneous integrated boost 203
Ramus, mandibular 97
Random mucosal biopsies 135
Rapamycin, mammalian target of 303
Rectus abdominis flap 312
myocutaneous 312, 317, 319, 321
Regional flap 311, 319
Regional lymph node 266, 280t
Regional muscle transfer 113
Rehabilitation, aesthetic 325
Reinke's space 248
Renal cell carcinoma, appearance reminiscent of 55
Reoxygenation 291
of tumor 291
Replacement therapy 40
Repopulation 290
Respiratory tract
lower 63
upper 63
Ret germline
mutation 24
testing 24
Ret proto-oncogene 10, 12
Retinoblastoma 301, 302
protein 48
Retroesophageal space 44
Retromandibular vein 67, 67f
Retromolar trigone 171, 172, 173f, 174f, 207
Rhabdomyosarcoma 87, 110, 143, 149
Rhinotomy, lateral 165f
Rhombic transposition flap 282f
S
Saliva 80
Salivary duct carcinoma 60
high-grade 61f
Salivary fistula 80
Salivary gland 53, 77, 101
cribriform adenocarcinoma of 64
intraoral minor 60
major 68
malignancies 77
guideline in management of 72
malignant epithelial neoplasm of 55
minor 55, 77
neoplasms of 68
origin 83
tissue 55
tumor 67, 82, 83, 145
advanced metastatic 309
major 73t
management of submandibular 76
pathology of 55
surgery, principles of 77
surgical technique 80
type
adenomas 143
carcinoma 143
Salivary tumor 89
treatment of 74
WHO classification of 56t
Salt and pepper chromatin 11f
Salvage laryngopharyngectomy 323
Salvage neck dissection 137
Sarcomatoid squamous carcinoma 62
Scalp and forehead reconstruction 315
Scalp, squamous cell carcinoma of 316f
Scapular flap 312, 313
Schirmer's test 108
Schneiderian papilloma 143
Schobinger incision, modified 129
Schwannoma 82, 90, 144
vestibular 110
Scintigraphy 8, 46, 49
Seldinger technique 262
Selumetinib 41
Semicircular canal, superior 105
Sentinel lymph node biopsy 278
Seroma 30, 80
Serous acinar cell differentiation 55
Serum
basal calcitonin measurements 24
calcium, reduction of elevated 46
parathyroid hormone levels 42
Sestamibi, combination of 46
Sestamibi's scan 46
Shamblin's classification 91
Short tau inversion recovery 152f, 153f, 155f
Shoulder dysfunction 132
Shunt stenosis 253
Sialadenitis 37
chronic 58
Sialometaplasia, necrotizing 58
Sinonasal carcinoma 144
Sinonasal malignancy 160fc
Sinonasal malignant melanomas, primary 148
Sinonasal neoplasms 151
Sinonasal papilloma 143, 148
Sinonasal tumors 156
malignant 161fc
Sinonasal-type hemangiopericytoma 144
Sjögren syndrome 70
Skeletal metastases 36f
Skeletal muscle tumors, benign 150
Skin
cancer 273
careful approximation of 30
crease incision 80
graft
full thickness 310
split thickness 310
Skull
base osteomyelitis 110
base osteoradionecrosis 269
radiographs demonstrate 49
Soft palate cancers 199
Soft tissue 21
flaps, large 317
involvement 154
mass, benign 86
tumor 96f, 143
Solitary fibrous tumors 4, 86
Solitary thyroid nodule 14
assessment of 14
Sorafenib 41
Speech articulation 105
Sphenoid sinus 154f
Spinal accessory nerve 239
Spinal cord 270f
Spindle cell 9, 10
carcinoma 143
melanoma 62
morphology 62
neoplasm 86
Spindle epithelial tumor 4
Spinocellular cancer 70
Squamous carcinoma 60
primary diagnosis of 72
Squamous cell 57, 158
carcinoma 3, 58, 101, 119, 123, 143145, 171, 239, 273, 283, 308, 320f, 322f, 323, 323f
acantholytic 143
clinical features 283
cutaneous 279, 283f
hypopharyngeal 286
keratinizing 264
management 283
nonkeratinizing 145f
papillary 143
radiotherapy 284
risk factors for cutaneous 284
subcutaneous fascia 283
surgical treatment 283
Squamous metaplasia 11
Squamous morules 6
Stensen's duct 68, 77
Sternocleidomastoid muscle 75, 77, 121, 127
Sternothyroid muscle 29
Sternothyrolaryngeal triangle 28
Steroids 111
Strap muscle, routine division of 29
Stroma, sclerotic 6
Styloglossus muscles 92
Styloid process 79, 107
Stylomandibular tunnel 77, 82
Stylomastoid foramen 78, 106, 108, 110
Subcapsular location 5
Subepithelial cordectomy 248
Subglottic carcinoma 226f
Sublingual gland 68
Submandibular fascia 78
Submandibular gland 68, 78, 80
excision 80
fascia 80
surgery, complications of 80
treatment of 80
Submandibular salivary gland
tumor of 76
Submandibular triangle 118
Submental flap 311, 320, 321
Submental triangle 118
Submucosal nodules 63
Subnuclear vacuolations reminiscent 6
Subperiosteal dissection 212
Subtemporal preauricular approach 99
Sun and ultraviolet light exposure 273
Superior laryngeal nerve, external branch of 28
Supraglottic cancers 223
Supraglottic laryngectomy 250
contraindications 250
indications 250
postoperative care 250
procedure 250
Supraomohyoid neck dissection 121
Suprasternal notch 252
Sural nerve 112
Surgery
extent of 79
less
extensive 26
invasive 204
principles of 205
Surgical airway, types of 255
Swallowing dysfunction 298
Swallowing therapy 324
Sympathetic chain 89
Sympathetic chain, superior 83
Sympathetic nerves 81
Synaptophysin 10
Syndromes point towards 302
Synkinesis, management of 113
Synovial sarcomas 150
Systemic therapy 33
T
T-cell
leukemia, increased risk of 302
lymphoma, peripheral 149
Temporal bone 94, 101
carcinomas 102t
malignant tumors of 101
resection 103f
subtotal 103
total 103
trauma, penetrating 110
tumors of 101
Temporal craniotomy 97
Temporal lobe necrosis 269
Temporalis muscle 94, 99
Temporomandibular joint 79, 270f
dysfunction 298
Tensor veli palatini fascia 81
Teratocarcinosarcoma 149
Teratoid carcinosarcoma 149
Teratoma 4, 86
Therapeutic node dissection 125
Therapeutic surgical plan 97
Thigh flap, anterolateral 312, 317, 321
Thoracic tracheostomy 262
Thrombus 87
Thymoma, ectopic 4
Thyroarytenoid muscle 248
Thyroglobulin 19, 21
antibody 39
specificity of 32
stimulated 40
Thyroid 1, 23, 89
artery, inferior 29, 30
cancer 14, 15, 16t, 17, 19fc, 26, 32, 33, 39, 309
advanced radiorefractive 309
incidence of 308
management of 39
medullary 23, 25t
molecular diagnostics in 308
radioiodine treatment of 292
carcinoma 12, 12t, 32, 34, 40
anaplastic 10f, 12, 16t
familial 18
management of medullary 26fc
micropapillary 40
post-thyroidectomy 35fc
recurrent medullary 24, 33
cartilage 225, 252
erosion 226f
transglottic carcinoma eroding 227f
cells 34
disease 37
follicular tumors, low-grade 7
function testing 14
gland 117
common malignant tumor of 5
hormone replacement 24
incidentalomas 15
isthmus, require resection of 26
lobectomy 18
lobes 28
malignancy 14, 28, 33
nodule 12
benign 15t
malignant 15t
nonpalpable 15
papillary carcinoma of 33
stimulating hormone goals 40t
surgery 21, 24
bilateral 18
classical techniques of 29
principles of 28
tissue 32, 35f
functioning 32
remaining 34
remaining normal 32
remnant 34
residual 34
tumor 3
modified, classification of 3
pathology of 3
vein 8
middle 29
Thyroidectomy 4, 18, 28, 3033
complications of 30
extent of 18
near total 18, 28, 252
prophylactic 10, 24
total 12
subtotal 28
total 15, 18, 21, 24, 28, 30, 34
troubling consequence of 41
two-stage 18
Thyroiditis 6
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
recombinant 41
suppression of 39
Tissue
adjacent 51
based reconstruction 314
dissection of 117
engineering 315
expansion 313
complications of 314
invasion and metastasis 302
planes 117
variable amounts of 28
TNM staging 15, 24, 25t, 138t, 157, 181, 193, 226, 281t
hypopharynx cancers 241t
larynx cancers 234t
lip 182t
nasopharynx cancers 266t
Tobacco
and alcohol use 239
related cancers 301
Tochronic xerostomia 37
Tongue 321
and mouth, normal anatomy of 175f
anterior 206
base of 178, 196
cancer of 184
discoloration of 37
lesion 202f
mucosal flaps 320
Tonsillar cancers 198
Tonsillar carcinoma 178f
Tonsillar fossa 86
Tonsillectomy, ipsilateral 135
Total laryngectomy 237, 238, 247, 253
indications 253
procedure 253
Total thyroidectomy, endorsed 18
Trabecular adenoma, hyalinizing 3
Trachea 117
Tracheobronchial toilet 256, 260
Tracheoesophageal
groove 29
puncture 253
voice restoration 253
Tracheostomy 30, 252, 255, 256
advantages 256
avoidance of 308
complications of 258, 259t
contraindications 256
disadvantages 256
indications for 255, 256t
pediatric 258
anatomic considerations 258
procedure 259
percutaneous dilatational 260
indications 260
techniques of 261
postoperative care 258
procedure 257
skin incisions for 257f
surgical 260
tube 259
types of 260
Traction injury 79
Transcervical-transmandibular approach 92
Transcervical-transparotid approach 92
Transesophageal puncture 237, 238, 245
Transfacial approaches 99t
Transglottis 226
Transient hypoparathyroidism 19
Transmuscular cordectomy 248
Transoral approach 91
Transoral laser
microsurgery 200, 243, 247
surgery 200, 247
Transoral oropharyngeal surgery, advantages of 308
Transoral robotic surgery 91, 135, 200, 243, 307
Transoral surgery 247
Transoral surgical approaches 200
Transpalatine approach 99
Trapezius muscle 132
Trigeminal nerve 94
Trismus 157
Trousseau signs 41
Tubercle of Zuckerkandl 29
Tuberculous otitis media 110
Tubulopapillary tumors 145
Tumor 3, 4, 87, 90
adjacent 26
advanced 244
primary 19
stage 246
transglottic 232f
anterior spread of 166
benign 65, 95, 144
epithelial 143
mixed 65f
brown 49
carcinoid 148
cartilaginous 150
cells 62, 147f
dedifferentiation 309
dissemination, risk of 49
distorted angiogenic attribute of 291
enhancement of 153f
epithelial 101
excision 321f
extranodal extension of 200
extrapleural solitary fibrous 144
fibroblastic 150
hematolymphoid 144
high-grade 75, 76
high-stage 75, 76
histology of 33
hypervascular 82
hypopharyngeal 221
immunogenicity 305
intermediate signal 155f
invasion 214f
mechanism of 213f
involvement, management of 161fc
large 92
low malignant potential 144
low-grade 57
malignant 55, 65, 83, 95, 143
margins 188
node metastasis 50
staging 265
parapharyngeal 81
percentage of 7
primary 120, 181, 182, 216, 234
recurrence 11
resection
of large 30
sites, examination of 314
second field 303
second primary 303
secondary 144
size 26, 49, 192
slow growing 51
spread 55, 60
pathways of 101
staging, primary 276t, 280t
substantial minority of 55
suppressor gene 301
inactivation of 302
target volumes 268
thickness, greater 275
vascular 149
Tympanic membrane 101
Tympanomastoid suture 78, 107
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 39, 304, 309
U
Ubiquitylation 303
Ultrasonogram 67
Ultrasonography 14, 17, 24, 47
Ultrasound, role of 110
Upper pole, dissection of 29
Urinary vanillylmandelic acid 91
V
Vagal schwannoma 85f
Vagus nerve 84
Vandetanib 41
Vanillylmandelic acid 23
Vein 78, 81
Vena cava, superior 8
Ventilation, prolonged 255
Verocay-like bodies 63
Verrucous carcinoma 143
Visceral structures, invasion of 15, 24
Visor flap 209f
Vocal cord tumors, management of early 237fc
Vocal fold, body of 248
Vocal ligament 248
Voice
conservative surgery 247, 248f
restoration 247
W
Warthin's duct 80
Warthin's tumor 65, 66, 68, 69, 69f
Weber Fergusson incision 165
Weight loss 240
Wharton's ducts 68, 206
Wound closure, primary 310
X
Xeroderma pigmentosum 279, 302
Xerostomia
degree of 298
preventing 295
Y
Yellow-tan lobulated nodule 61
Z
Zoledronic acid therapy, intravenous 22
Zygoma 97, 99
inferior displacement of 99
Zygomatic arch 77, 94, 113
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