Differential Diagnosis in Pediatrics P Ramachandran, S Thangavelu, K Nedunchelian, NC Gowrishankar
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table
A
Aarskog-Scott syndrome 62
Abdomen
acute 715
left upper quadrant of 342
quadrants of 343f
radio-imaging of 173
X-ray of 319, 721f
Abdominal pain 374, 712, 713f, 714fc
causes of 712, 712t, 713t
subacute 285
Abetalipoproteinemia 293, 691
Abnormal red reflex 530, 685
causes of 685b
Abortions 442
Abscess 179, 222
buccal 773f
clinical presentation of 788f
examination of 788f
periodontal 773
Absolute neutrophil count 541
Acanthocytosis 408
Acanthosis nigricans 53
Acetaminophen 117, 537
Achalasia 281
cardia 278, 282f
Achondroplasia 21, 27, 62, 759
Achromic pityriasis versicolor over trunk 590f
Acidemia, isovaleric 68
Acid-fast bacilli 173
Acidosis 107, 184
Acne
neonatal 638, 639f
rosacea keratitis 659
Acquired aplastic anemia 402
etiology of 406t
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 290, 294, 298
Acrocallosal syndrome 62
Acrodermatitis enteropathica 641, 642, 651, 652
Acro-renal-ocular syndrome 669
Activated partial thromboplastin time 132, 134, 304, 704
Acute dysentery 290
etiology of 290t
Acute flaccid paralysis 453, 454t, 457t
etiology of 453t
Acute hepatic failure 537, 540t
differential diagnosis of 537, 537t
Acute hepatitis 305, 306t, 308fc, 308t, 309fc
causes of 305t
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, multiple 68, 91
Adaptive behavior assessment system 3
Addison's disease 222, 499
Additional diagnostic screening tests 540t
Adenitis 175, 297
Adenocarcinoma 324
Adenoid tissue, absence of 256
Adenoma
carcinoid tumor 246
functioning 496
hepatic 336
Adenosine
deaminase activity 319
triphosphate 75
Adenoviral syndromes 174
Adenovirus 168, 233, 251, 261, 537, 683, 706
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency 84
Adhesions 287
Adjustment disorder 43, 47
Adolescent rumination syndrome 273
Adrenal calcifications 97
Adrenal crisis 272, 273
Adrenal cytomegaly 64
Adrenal insufficiency 74, 157, 439, 506
Adrenaline 476
Adrenoleukodystrophy 157, 445, 446448
Adult polyglucosan body disease 103
Advanced life support, pediatric 198, 525
Advanced sleep phase syndrome 27
Advanced trauma life support 747
Agoraphobia 700
Agranulocytosis 706
Aicardi syndrome 669
Airway
diseases, lower 526
dynamics 258
inflammation 235
malacia 241
malformation, congenital pulmonary 252
obstruction
acute 258
causes of 258b
localized 251
major 252
physiology 239
Akinetic mutism 424
Alae nasi, hypoplastic 59f
Alagille's syndrome 311, 312
Alanine
aminotransferase 144, 540
transaminase 307309
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy 507
Albumin 368
Albuminuria 214
Alcohol 117
Aldosterone 211
Alexander disease 445
Alezzandrini syndrome 592, 593
Alfa-fetoprotein 449
Alkaline phosphatase 192, 307309, 374
Allergies, chronic 222
Allo tetrahydrocortisol 211
Alloimmune thrombocytopenia, neonatal 130, 131
Alopecia 86, 617, 506
areata 617
hair loss of 619f
nonscarring 618t
totalis 619
universalis 619
Alpers disease 86
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency 145
Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde 85, 86
Alpha-fetoprotein 333, 337
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency 76
Alport's syndrome 21, 360, 663, 677, 691
Alström syndrome 494
Amanita phalloides 537
Amblyopia 18
Ambulatory blood pressure monitor 209, 214
Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, congenital 401, 402
Ametropia, high 687
Amino acid 82, 90
deficiency, essential 641
Aminoacidopathies 442
Aminoglycosides 155, 293
Amiodarone 537
Ammonia 82, 275
Amniotic band
streeter anomaly 655
syndrome, congenital 655
Amoxicillin 537, 540
Amyloidosis 293
Anagen effluvium 622
Anal fissure 729
Analgesics 553
Anaphylaxis 708
Andersen's disease 103
Andreasen's classification 778f
Anemia 97, 107, 117, 198, 223, 254, 341, 400, 405, 407, 597, 692, 798
aplastic 401
causes of 127b
chronic 128
classic pernicious 407
classification of 128t
congenital
dyserythropoietic 400, 403
sideroblastic 405
diagnosis of neonatal 129fc
investigation of 401fc
neonatal 127, 128t
physiologic classification of 405t
transient 597
Anesthesia, alternate 184
Aneurysm 433
Angelman syndrome 7, 34
Angioedema 239, 605f, 708
Angiofibroma, juvenile nasopharyngeal 704
Angiokeratomas 94f, 103
Angiosarcoma 338
Angiotensin
converting enzyme 329, 674
receptor blockers 155
Anion gap 80
Aniridia 668, 671f, 671t, 679
Ankle jerks 296
Ankyloglossia 278
Anophthalmia 657
Anorectal malformation 720, 741, 743fc
Anorexia
infantile 278
nervosa 223
Anovulatory disorders 519fc
Anthropometry 159, 508
Antiarrhythmics 553
Antibiotics 133
Antibody deficiency 252
Anticonvulsant 602
drugs 540
Antidepressants 298
Antidiarrheals 298
Antidiuretic hormone 156, 157, 355
Anti-dopaminergic drugs 562
Antiepileptic drugs 113
Antigen detection test, rapid 262
Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease 586
Antihistamines 298, 562
Anti-liver kidney microsomal antibody 309
Antimalarials 647
Antimicrobial agents 540
Anti-Müllerian hormone 483, 503
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody 365, 366, 575, 586
Antinuclear antibody 309, 362, 366, 517, 575, 577, 580, 581, 607, 674, 795f
Antistreptolysin O 365, 366, 795
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factors 18
Antley-Bixler syndrome 55
Anuria 156fc
Anxiety 48, 198, 218
disorders 13, 38, 43, 47, 700
Aorta, coarctation of 73, 79, 206, 228
Aortic arch
interrupted 73
syndromes 586
Aortic regurgitation 226, 228, 229
significant 226
Aortic root, left atrial to 142
Aortic stenosis 226, 228, 229
Aorticopulmonary window 228
Aortopulmonary collateral arteries, major 229
Apert syndrome 21, 53, 54, 58f
Aphakia 682
Aplasia cutis congenita 621, 622f
Aplastic crisis, transient 597
Apnea 258
Apparent life-threatening event 31
Appendicitis 179, 273, 289, 712, 717, 719
Aqueductal stenosis 416
Arachnodactyly 55
Arcanobacterium hemolyticum 261, 601
infection 646
Arginase deficiency 68, 70, 71
Arginine
succinicaciduria 68
vasopressin V2 receptor 356
Argininosuccinatelyase deficiency 68, 70, 71, 94
Argininosuccinic acid 71
Argon plasma coagulation 304
Arnold-Chiari malformation 278, 708
Array comparative genomic hybridization 442
Arrhythmia 70, 106, 184, 196, 483, 532, 579
Arterial blood gas 142, 163, 207, 477
analysis 552
Arterial oxygen, partial pressure of 142
Arterial pressure
mean 138, 139, 142, 550
systolic 139
Arteriovenous malformations 245, 246, 303, 433, 438, 735, 736
Artery
aneurysm, coronary 585
disease, coronary 373
Arthralgia 569, 582
Arthritis 286, 374, 569, 570, 579, 582, 687, 690, 759
chronic 597
juvenile
enthesitis-related 566
idiopathic 400, 499, 566, 567, 571, 572, 574, 577, 581, 586, 597, 672, 674, 759, 795
rheumatoid 97
reactive 566, 569, 570
Arthropathy, multiple 449
Ascites 317
albumin gradient, high serum 319t
biliary 318
causes of 317b, 318b
grading of 318t
Ascitic fluid, cytology of 319
Aspartate
aminotransferase 144
transaminase 307309
Aspergillus niger 263
Asphyxia 107
intrapartum 7
Aspiration 106, 233, 237, 258, 547
pneumonia 532
syndromes 240
Aspirin 117
slow-release 347
Asthma 195, 201, 222, 233, 235, 241, 242b, 547
predictive index 242, 242t
suspicion of 236
Astrocytoma 438
Ataxia 449, 457, 461fc, 691
causes of 467b
telangiectasia 449, 466
vestibular 458
Atelectasis, linear 235
Atopy, external markers of 242
Atresia 106, 259
congenital 272, 275
Atrial contractions, premature 197
Atrial ectopic focus 556
Atrial fibrillation 556, 556f
Atrial flutter 556, 556f
Atrial septal defect 205, 226, 228
Atrial tachycardia, multifocal 556
Atrichia, congenital 622
Atrioventricular defect 205
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 11, 36, 37t, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 48, 396
differential diagnosis of 37b
Auditory brainstem response 21
Auranofin 293
Auricle 265
Auscultation 242
Autism spectrum disorder 4, 11, 23, 27, 32, 34t, 35t, 36, 36b, 37, 39, 4446, 49
features of 35t
social communication in 33t
Autoantibodies 575
Autoimmune
disease 603, 683
disorder 47, 583, 684
hemolytic anemia 409
classification of 410t
lymphoproliferative syndrome 410
polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy 506
polyglandular syndrome 506
syndromes 410
Autoinflammatory diseases 573
Autoinflammatory syndromes 570
Autosomal dominant disease 407
Autosomal recessive disease 402
Avulsion, clinical presentation of 783f
Axillary freckling 64
Azithromycin 540
B
Babesiosis 602
Back pain 753
lower 755b
upper 754
Bacteremia 72, 167
Bacteria 167
encapsulated 252
Bacterial bronchitis
persistent 233, 249
protracted 236
Bacterial infections 170, 639
Bacteriuria, asymptomatic 387
Baller-Gerold syndrome 55
Barbiturates 700
Bardet-Biedl syndrome 376, 494, 691
Barium
enema 717f
meal 717t
swallow 241f, 283
Bartter syndrome 162, 355, 356, 392
Basal cell carcinoma 654, 657, 658
Basement membrane disease 360
Bassen Kornzweig disease 691
Bathing-suit ichthyosis 626, 627f, 643
Batten disease 691
Bayleys scale of infant development 8
Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata 54
Beare-Stevenson syndrome 53
Bears sleep screening questionnaire 31t
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 60f, 62, 122, 320, 321, 337, 478
Behavioral disorders 37, 43, 45, 45b
Behavioral problems 761
Behçet's disease 297, 573, 582, 672, 683
Behçet's syndrome 350
Benedict's syndrome 675
Benzodiazepines 532, 700
Bernard-Soulier syndrome 130
Beta-blockers 532, 553
Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection 683
Beta-hydroxybutyrate 82
Bezoars
clinical manifestations of 347
salient features of 345t
Bicarbonate 82, 207
Bicuspid aortic valve 228
Biemond syndrome 670
Biguanides 293
Bilambdoid posterior brachycephaly 52
Bile acid 293
malabsorption, primary 290
sequestrants, chronic use of 290
synthesis defect 293, 314
Bile ducts, interlobular 313
Bile salt export pump 314
Biliary atresia, extrahepatic 143, 147
Biliary cirrhosis, primary 667
Biliary disorders 310
Bilious vomiting, causes of 720t, 721t
Binocular vision loss 530fc
Biochemical tests, specific 443
Biopsy 174, 298
Biotinidase deficiency 68, 70, 85, 86, 94f, 641
Bipolar depression 47
Bipolar disorder 47, 700
Birmingham vasculitis activity score 583
Birth
trauma 7, 107
weight 17
Bladder 358, 366, 746
dysfunction 384, 396
underactive 385
Blau syndrome 672
Bleeding
causes of 130t
disorder 133, 704
neonate 130
per rectum 728, 730fc
time 704
Blepharitis 654f, 659
differential diagnosis of 654b
posterior 666
Blepharoplasty 666
Blindness, classification of 16b, 17b
Blood 86
counts 480
total 712
disorders 566
gas analysis 374
glucose
capillary 120, 477
concentrations, regulation of 80
high 356
lactate 442
loss, gastrointestinal 286
pressure 138, 139t, 142, 728
measurement of 208
sugar
fasting 442
high 476, 477fc
low 478
random 188
tests 319
urea 207, 213
nitrogen 75, 162, 163, 275, 289
Blount disease 192
Blueberry muffin spots 128
Body mass index 188, 476, 481, 491, 494, 495
Bone
age radiography 480
biopsy 517
densitometry 517
fibrous dysplasia of 64
marrow 99
aspiration 402, 404
depression 533
failure syndrome 128
infiltration 97
transplant 252
mineral
content 516
density 516
Bony deformities 373f
Bordetella parapertussis 236
Bordetella pertussis 236
Borrelia vincentii 706
Boston-type craniosynostosis 54, 55
Botulism, infantile 107
Bourneville's disease 588
Bowel bladder dysfunction 352, 353, 354, 386b
Bowel diarrhea
large 291t
small 291t
Bowel disease, inflammatory 182, 222, 278, 287, 290, 291, 301, 302, 311, 570, 583, 672, 720, 721, 730
Bowel dysfunction 384
Bowel syndrome, irritable 286, 287t
Brachycephaly 61, 420
bicoronal anterior 52
Bradyarrhythmia 220, 553
Bradycardia 532, 553
causes of 553t
clinical presentation of 554b
types of 553t
Bradypnea 532
Brain injury, traumatic 4, 285, 700
Brainstem glioma 438
Branchiootorenal syndrome 62
Breast milk jaundice 117
Breath holding 427
spells 522, 690
Brisk knee 296
Bristol stool chart 385f
Bronchiectasis 235, 237, 245, 256
Bronchiolitis 233, 239, 547
obliterans 240
organizing pneumonia 244
Bronchitis
chronic 201
noninfective 233, 236
Bronchoalveolar lavage 249
culture 257
Bronchoscopy 243, 252, 257
fibro optic flexible 552
Brucella 173
Brucellosis 97, 175, 683
Bruckner test 686
Bruxism 28, 49
effects of 49
Buccolingual movements 110
Bucket handle deformity 741f
Budd-Chiari syndrome 306, 332, 408
Bulbous nose 64
Bulimia 273
Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma 626, 641, 644
Bullous impetigo 167, 639, 645
Buphthalmos 678, 681, 681f
Bupivacaine 117
Buried penis 514
Burkitt's lymphoma 184
Burns 81, 798
Burst injury 746
C
Café-au-lait spots 64
Calcipenic rickets 190, 190fc
subcategories of 190b
Calcium 192, 207
channel blockers 532, 553
phosphorus 374
sensing receptor 126, 393, 507
Calve's disease 755
Campomelic dysplasia 62
Camptodactyly 54, 55
Canaliculitis 656
Canavan disease 445
Candida 665
albicans 650
infection 672, 706
Candidial infection 706
Candidiasis
congenital 640, 647f
cutaneous 641, 647
neonatal 640
Canities
causes of premature 636fc
differential diagnosis of premature 636fc
premature 634f, 636f
Capillary refill time 138, 141, 368
Capillary venous malformation 735
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency 68, 71
Carbon monoxide 527
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 74
Carboxylase deficiency, multiple 70f, 86, 648
Carcinoma, hepatocellular 331, 333, 337, 337f
Cardiac disease 79, 128
Cardiac failure 81, 204
congestive 79, 106, 154, 186, 287, 331, 332, 559
high-output 597
Cardiac output, reduced 201
Cardiac syncope, suggests 218b
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome 62, 610
Cardiomyopathy 70, 106, 205, 255, 554, 556
dilated 186, 222
hypertrophic 205, 557
hypertrophic obstructive 139, 229
Cardiotocography 153
Cardiovascular disease 373
Cardiovascular system 60, 186, 193, 312, 559
Carinatum 55
Carious tooth 773
Caroli's disease 314, 335
Caroli's syndrome 314
Carotid
artery, internal 704
bruit 228
intima media thickness 214
Carpal tarsal fusion 54
Carpal tunnel syndrome 690
Carpenter syndrome 55
Castor oil 294
Cat scratch disease 167
Cataract 64, 679, 680t
bilateral 680f
congenital 17, 662, 687
mimicking 679t
pediatric 680t
Catecholamine secreting tumors 209
Catel-Manzke syndrome 670
Cathode ray tube 142
Cat-scratch disease 724, 725
Caustic ingestion 283
Celiac disease 278, 287, 290, 293, 537
Cellulitis 179, 645, 788
clinical presentation of 789f
Central catheter, peripherally inserted 142
Central hypotonia, features of 471
Central nervous system 5, 28, 64, 97, 114, 123, 137, 157, 162, 163, 202, 272, 280, 309, 432, 483, 486, 516, 527, 559, 586, 640
damage 107
infection 434
Central retinal
artery occlusion 527, 530
vein occlusion 527
Central sleep-disordered breathing 28
classification of 28fc
Cephalic pustulosis, benign 637
Cephalosporins 410
Cerebellar
ataxia 459
acute post-infectious 459, 460
dysfunction
signs 459t
symptoms 459t
Cerebral
artery, anterior 439
creatine deficiency syndrome 442
dysgenesis 112, 624
edema 69
malaria 179
palsy 4, 5, 23, 186, 278, 280, 753, 761, 763t, 776
classification of 762f
differential diagnosis of 762
evolution of 761
types of 762b
visual impairment 18
Cerebrospinal fluid 10, 30, 31, 8587, 90, 112, 136, 137, 151, 153, 177, 457, 462, 599
analysis 289
elevated 77
Cervical ectopic thymus 723
Cesarian section, lower segment 137
Chalazia 659
Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome 94, 641, 648
Chapel Hill Consensus Conference 582
CHARGE syndrome 62, 669
Chemical burns 528
Chemotherapy 708
Cherry red spot 86, 97, 101f, 688, 689, 689f, 689t, 690
Chest
and abdomen, X-ray of 715
computed tomography 243, 268, 283, 552
pain 194, 246
causes of 194t
evaluation of 196t
radiograph 235
retractions 107
wall 194
abnormalities 268
deformities 268
X-ray 136, 137, 162, 173, 186, 188, 196, 206
Chiasma 527
Chickenpox 169f, 594, 595f
Chikungunya 169, 683
Child abuse 272
subdural hematoma from 273
Child syndrome 629, 629f, 633
Children's sleep habits questionnaire 28
Chlamydia 659
pneumoniae 261
trachomatis 234, 351
Chlamydophila
pneumoniae 261
trachomatis 261
Choanal atresia 62, 106, 669
Choking, risk factors for 267b
Cholangitis, autoimmune sclerosing 313, 315
Cholecystitis 287, 719
Choledochal cyst 312, 720, 335
Cholestasis 70, 146fc
causes of neonatal 144b
chronic 290
drug-induced 311, 313
neonatal 70, 293
prolonged 312
Cholesterol ester transfer protein 510
Cholestyramine 293
Chondrodysplasia punctata 86, 626
Chondrodystrophic myotonia 149
Chondrodystrophy 149
Chondrosarcoma 64
Chorea, causes of 466t
Chorioamnionitis 109
Choriogonadotropin receptor gene 483
Chorionic villus sampling 72
Chorioretinal coloboma 679
Chorioretinitis 672
Choroideremia 691
Chromosomal deletions 442
Chromosomal disorders 442
Chromosomal rearrangements 442
Chronic cough 233, 235t, 238fc
causes of 233t
Chronic diarrhea 70, 288, 290
classification of 290t
Chronic endobronchial suppurative disease 237
Chronic granulomatous disease 248, 252, 256
Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis 785
clinical presentation of 787f
Chronic kidney disease 72, 186, 187, 192, 209, 222, 353, 356, 358, 371, 373b, 373f, 374b, 374f, 396, 400
causes of 372b
evaluation of 375
pediatric 374fc
progression of 375
risk factors for pediatric 373t
Churg-Strauss syndrome 573, 582
Chylothorax 106
Chylous ascites 318
Cicatricial alopecia, central centrifugal 621
Ciliary dyskinesia, primary 244, 246, 253, 255, 256
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake cycle disorders 27
Cirrhosis
cholestatic 667
cryptogenic 667
Citrin deficiency 70
Clavulanate 540
Clavulanic acid 537
Cleft larynx 258
Cleft lip 62, 280
syndrome 62
Cleft palate 62, 63f, 162, 280
syndrome 62
Cleidocranial dysplasia 62
Clonic seizures 110
focal 110, 111
Clotting disorders 518
Clozapine 476
Clubbing 242, 792
elicitation of 792
grading of 792, 793t
Coat's disease 679, 688
Cobalamin metabolism, inborn errors of 407
Cockayne syndrome 21, 682
Codeine 294
Coffin-Siris syndrome 62
Cogan syndrome 582
Cohen syndrome 494
Colitis, infectious 730
Collagen vascular disorders 666, 713
Collodion baby 626, 626f
Collodion membrane 626b
Coloboma 657, 668f, 669, 679
cataracts 64
eyelids 655, 655f
iris 668, 669t
Colony forming units 249, 382
Color vision testing 19
Coma 532
Combined capillary-lymphaticovenous malformation 735
Common bile duct 147, 308
Communication disorder 39
Comparative genomic hybridization 421
Complement fixation test 596, 597
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome 480
Complete blood count 129, 136, 137, 142, 163, 173, 177, 180t, 196, 207, 213, 254, 343, 382, 401, 404, 442, 480, 517, 530, 552, 559, 607, 646, 704, 794, 795
Complete DiGeorge syndrome 253
Complex genetic syndromes 505
Concussion injury, mechanism of 782f
Conduct disorder 39, 44
Cone rod dystrophy 691
Congenital corneal opacities, anatomical classification of 663t
Conjunctiva, disorders of 658
Conjunctivitis 528, 659
allergic 654
Connective tissue
disease 570, 573, 576, 580t, 581, 586
mixed 573, 580
disorder 97, 133, 195, 222, 576, 580
Conradi syndrome 678
Conradi-Hünermann syndrome 626, 641
Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome 629, 633, 645
Consciousness
altered level of 559
loss of 217, 218t
transient loss of 215t
Constipation 157, 295, 295fc, 384, 396, 712
acute 295
chronic 296
functional 287
organic causes of 296t
Contact dermatitis 596, 642
allergic 650, 652, 654
irritant 649, 650f, 652
Continuous positive airway pressure 109, 142, 550
Convulsive status epilepticus mimics, partial 522, 523
Coombs test, direct 308, 407
Copper deficiency 404, 405
Coppola syndrome 113
Cornea verticillata 95f
Corneal defects, posterior 663, 664
Corneal disorders 661
Corneal injuries 527
Corneal micropannus 660
Corneal opacity 103
Cornelia de Lange syndrome 57, 62, 58f, 662
Coronal synostosis, unilateral 54
Coronary cameral fistula 228
Coronaviruses 233, 261
Corpus callosal agenesis 420f
Corpuscular hemoglobin, mean 304
Corrosive poisoning 534
signs of 534
Corticosteroids 117, 476, 553
inhaled 242
Cortisol deficiency 123
Corynebacterium diphtheria 261, 706
Corynebacterium hemolyticum infection 601
Cough 246, 258
cardiogenic 233
characteristics of 237, 237t
dominant asthma 238
evaluation of 234
isolated chronic productive 249
mechanisms, normal 234
nature of 234
nonspecific 234, 238
pathological 234
reflex 234
specific 233, 235
Cow's milk 290
protein
allergy 163, 558
intolerance 162
Cowden syndrome 62
Coxa vara 752
left hip 753f
Coxiella burnetii 602
Coxsackie virus 683
Cradle cap 643f
Cranial nerve palsy 665
Cranial trauma 7
Craniofacial abnormalities 669
Craniofacial anomalies 62t
Craniofrontonasal syndrome 55
Craniostenosis 52, 52t, 56fc, 438
syndrome, autosomal dominant 54
X-linked 55
Craniosynostosis 27, 53, 52, 192, 421, 422f
isolated 53
syndrome 53t, 54, 55
autosomal recessive 55
types of 52, 52b
Craniotabes 189
C-reactive protein 136, 137, 142, 177, 304, 382, 558, 559, 570, 575, 580, 795
Creatine
deficiency 84
kinase 442, 524
phosphokinase 308, 559
synthesis defect 85
Creatinine 442
phosphokinase 162, 163
Cri-du-chat syndrome 2
Crigler-Najjar syndrome 117
Crohn's colitis 291
Crohn's disease 283, 287, 291, 293, 297, 573
Croup 233, 258, 547
Crouzon syndrome 21, 53, 54, 678
Crown fracture, clinical presentation of 780f
Crown root fracture, clinical presentation of 780f
Crush injury 745
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis 586
Curry-Jones syndrome 56
Cushing's syndrome 211, 212, 222, 494
Cyanide toxicity 72
Cyanosis 201, 203b, 204
central 201
intermittent 202
mixed 201
neurological causes of 204
transient 202
types of 201
Cyclitis, posterior 672
Cyclosporine 476, 774
Cyst
anechoic 334f
branchial 722, 723
dermoid 326, 723
Cystic adenomatoid malformation 106
Cystic fibrosis 117, 162, 241, 248, 255, 290, 293, 547, 570
dermatitis 641
Cystic hygroma 722
neck 736f
Cystic lymphatic malformation 735
Cystic pancreatic neoplasms 323
Cystitis 350, 712
Cytogenetic microarray 62
Cytomegalovirus 21, 127, 131, 146, 149, 182, 261, 307, 309, 410, 454, 674, 794, 795
congenital 763
infection 597
D
Dacryocystitis 656, 656f
differential diagnosis of 656b
DADA syndrome 586
Darier disease 612
Day-time sleep disorders 523
Day-time sleepiness scale, pediatric 28
Deafness syndrome 356
Decongestants 298
Deep sedation 201
Deep tendon reflex 445, 459
Degenerative brain
diseases 88, 536
disorders 89t
Dehydration 70, 72
hypernatremic 162
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 486
Dehydroxy cholesterol 502
Delayed puberty 286, 479, 480, 481t
etiology of 480t
evaluation of 481fc
Delayed sleep phase syndrome 27
Delirium 424
Delta anion gap 79
Dengue 537, 683
fever 169, 179, 601
associated exanthem 595
hemorrhage fever 169
infection 169
shock syndrome 169
Dent's disease 393
Dental 767
abscess, features of 788t
caries 768
emergencies 784, 786t
injuries, complications of 778, 778b
malocclusion 776f
pulp, diseases of 786b
trauma
mechanical factors affecting 778
predisposing factors for 777
Dentin 784
Dentures 297
Denver's development screening tool 8
Deoxycortisol 502
Deoxyguanosine kinase gene 538
Deoxyribonucleic acid 62, 65, 362, 405, 473, 683
Depigmentation disorders 594
features of 594t
Depression 38, 46, 47b, 223, 700
substance-induced 47
unipolar major 47
Depressive disorder 13, 43, 45
major 13
unspecified 13
Dermal melanocytosis 103
extensive 95f
Dermal melanosis 100f
Dermatitis 86
atopic 609, 641, 642, 642f, 651
extensive 94f
Dermatomyositis 578, 581, 641
facial rash 578f
hand rash 579f
juvenile 570
Dermatophytosis 600
Dermatoses, acquired hypopigmentary 589, 590
Descemet's membrane 681
Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia 352
Developmental speech and language delay 23
Diabetes 476
insipidus 155, 356
central 355, 356, 397
juvenile 704
maternal 117
mellitus 107, 222, 355, 356, 506, 519
gestational 154
Diabetic ketoacidosis 72, 74, 79, 439, 476, 477, 712, 713, 720
Diamond-Blackfan anemia 128, 406t
Diamond-Blackfan syndrome 400
Diaper dermatitis 609, 610, 649, 649b
candidal 650, 652
causes of 652t
Diaphragmatic injuries 747
Diarrhea 72, 74, 288
acute 288, 289t
bloody 311
chronic
fatty 292fc
inflammatory 292fc
osmotic 292fc
secretory 291fc
nocturnal 286
Diazepam 117
Diepoxybutane 401
Dietary protein intolerance 272
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid 374, 383
DiGeorge syndrome 62, 505, 641
clinical diagnosis of 63f
Digoxin 553
Dihydroepiandrostenedione sulfate 514
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency 76
Dihydrotestosterone 513
Dimercaptosuccinic acid 354, 383, 384f
Diospyrobezoars 346f
Diphtheria 706
pertussis-tetanus 559
Disability adjusted life years 16
Disaccharidase deficiency 293
Disciform keratitis 665
Discoid lupus erythematosus 593, 621
Disruptive behavioral disorders 15, 43, 44, 44b
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 118, 127, 128, 131134, 140, 142, 149, 155, 304, 404
Distal pancreatectomy 293
Distal phalangeal depth 792
Distal renal tubular acidosis 356
Disturbed sleep 395
Diverticulosis 293
Dizziness 468
Dolichocephaly 61, 420, 422f
Dolichostenomelia 55
Doll's eye movement 550
Down syndrome 2, 7, 10, 27, 34, 39, 58f, 62, 128, 514, 610, 663, 680, 708
Doxycycline 439
Dravet syndrome 536
Dried blood spot 86
Drug
allergy 172
hypersensitivity syndrome 641
overdose 477
rash eosinophilia systemic symptoms 308
reaction 167, 562, 563
Dry eye, classification of 666t
Dry mouth 298
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 184
Duke's disease 601
Dull reflex 530
Duodenal injuries 746
Duodenitis 302
Duodenojejunal flexure 299
Duodenum 746
Duplication cyst 321
Dwarfing syndromes 54
Dysarthria 23
Dysautonomia, familial 708
Dyscalculia 41
Dysfunctional voiding 351, 385
Dysgenesis, anterior segment 679
Dysgraphia 41
Dyshormonogenesis 496
Dyskeratosis congenita 401
Dyskinesias 562, 563
Dyslipidemia 512fc
clinical manifestation of primary 511t
Dysmorphic syndromes 62, 763
Dysmorphism 8, 86, 90, 91, 133
Dysostosis multiplex 97, 102f, 103, 690
Dyspepsia, functional 273, 286
Dysphagia 258, 279, 284fc, 286, 579
Dysphonia 449
Dysplasia 759
bronchopulmonary 201, 242
cranioectodermal 62
Dystonia 70, 522, 562
causes of 466b
Dystopia canthorum 593
Dysuria 350, 351fc
causes of 350t
E
Ears
anomalies 91
creases and pits 64
low set 61, 91, 669
middle 264
sensory innervation of 263f
Eating disorders 275
Eating habits, parental perceptions of 276
Ebstein-Barr virus pharyngitis 261
Echinococcus granulosus 334
Echocardiogram 142, 207, 252, 297
Echocardiography 196, 314, 646
Ectodermal dysplasia 62, 610
Ectopia lentis 677
Ectopic atrial tachycardia 222
Ectropion 657, 657f, 659
Eczema, atopic 612
Edema 374, 796, 797fc
cardiogenic pulmonary 532
causes of 798t
generalized 797
localized 797
Edwards syndrome 669
Eextraocular muscle 529
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 130, 516, 517, 662, 663
Ehrlichiosis 602
Eisenmenger physiology 203
Ejection systolic murmur 227229
Electrocardiogram 126, 142, 151, 197, 207, 220, 224, 524
indications for 221b
Electrocardiography 559, 576, 646
Electroencephalogram 3, 9, 432, 439, 443, 450
Electroencephalography 36, 84, 86, 111, 151, 461
amplitude-integrated 151
Electrolytes 75, 275
Electromyogram 384, 457
Electromyography 151, 153, 473, 581, 755
Electroretinogram, full field 691
Elliptocytosis 341
hereditary 407
Elubbing, causes of 793t
Ely's test, prone 763, 764f
Embryonal sarcoma, undifferentiated 338
Emergency medicine course, pediatric 551fc
Emotional disorders 37, 45, 45b
Emotional disturbance 12
Emotional problems 11, 39, 41
Enamel 784
fracture, clinical presentation of 780f
hypoplasia 768, 769f
Encephalitis 597
Encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated 453, 457, 459, 461
Encephalopathy 419
acute 523
early myoclonic 153, 536
epileptic 86
hepatic 307
hypoxic-ischemic 107, 111, 114, 148, 149, 162
neonatal 121
syndrome, posterior reversible 214, 451
with seizures, neonatal 84
Enchondromas 64
Encoparesis 289
Encopresis 295, 396
Endemic typhus 602
End-expiratory pressure, positive 142
Endocarditis 647
bacterial 167, 566
Endochondromatosis 64
Endocrine 225, 708
disorders 47, 222
tumors 291, 323
Endophthalmitis 527, 528, 647, 665
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 147, 718
Endoscopy 196
Endosonography 283
Endothelial growth factor, vascular 319
Entamoeba histolytica 334
infection 538
Enteric fever 167, 170
rose spots in 171f
Enteritis, eosinophilic 288
Enteropathy
autoimmune 290
eosinophilic 290
Enteroviruses 168, 233, 261
Entropion 659
Enuresis 394
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 577, 597, 674, 679
Eosinophilia 254
Ependymomac 438
Epicanthic fold 91
Epidermal nevus 64, 736
syndrome 670
Epidermolysis bullosa 708
Epidermolytic ichthyosis, annular type of 627
Epididymo-orchitis 727
Epigastric pain syndrome 286
Epiglottitis 258, 259, 707
Epilepsia partialis continua 86
Epilepsy 49, 85, 86
benign familial infantile 536
idiopathic 85
syndromes 536
Epileptic spasms 536
Epileptic syndromes 113, 113t
features of 35t
Episcleritis 665
Episodic viral wheeze 242
Epistaxis 703, 705fc
causes of 704t
Epstein-Barr virus 261, 307, 309, 454, 537, 538, 583, 706, 794, 795, 799
Erlenmeyer flask deformity 98f
Eruption, premature 771
Eruptive vellos hair cysts 612
Erythema 642f
infectiosum 179, 595, 597
multiforme 599
neonatorum over forearms 638f
toxicum 637, 638t, 647
Erythematous macules, multiple 603f
Erythroblastopenia, transient 406t
Erythroblastosis fetalis 117, 122
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 304, 382, 480, 490, 517, 559, 570, 575, 607, 674, 795
Erythroderma 641, 648b
classification of 641t
Erythrokeratodermia variabilis 629, 643
Escherichia coli 112, 177
Esophageal atresia 162, 278
Esophageal dysphagia, causes of 281t
Esophageal sphincter, lower 280
Esophagectomy 293
Esophagitis 302
eosinophilic 278
Esotropia 687
Ethambutol 684
Ethanol 74
toxicity 72
Ethylene glycol 74
toxicity 72
Evans syndrome 410
Exanthem 594
bacterial 600
classification of 595b
drug-induced 602, 603f
Exanthematous diseases 594
Exanthematous drug eruption 597
Excessive daytime sleepiness 2931
Exostosis, multiple 64
Exotropia 687
Expectoration 246
Expressive language disorder 23
External auditory canal 264, 265
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 21, 131
Extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease 708
Extrahepatic portal venous obstruction 302
Extrauterine growth restriction 158, 159
Extravaginal torsion 727, 727f
Extrusive luxation, clinical presentation of 783f
Eye
coloboma of 670
focusing 16
hand coordination 16
movement
nonrapid 28, 29, 30t
rapid 2830, 49
pain 659
teaming 16
tracking 16
Eyelid
coloboma, differential diagnosis of 655b
disorders of 654
ectropion, differential diagnosis of 657b
intradermal carcinoma of 655
scarring 659, 666
swelling 659
trauma 655
F
Fabry disease 94, 94f, 95f
Facial
asymmetry 54
dyskinesia 562
dysmorphism 56, 63f, 91
hemiatrophy 663
nerve palsy 666
Fahr's disease 466
Failure to thrive 79, 97, 128, 145, 186, 240
causes of 186, 186t
classification of 186
Fairbanks syndrome 610
Falciparum malaria 798
Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 574
Familial intrahepatic cholestasis, progressive 147, 315
Fanconi anemia 128, 132, 401
Fanconi syndrome 393
Farber disease 95, 449, 708
Fasting glucose insulin ratio 512
Fatigue 222
causes of 222b
stepwise approach to 223
syndrome, chronic 223
Fatty acid
deficiency, essential 641, 648
oxidation 70, 80, 85, 86
defects 68, 70, 71, 81, 82, 84, 86, 123, 442, 478
disorders 73
very long chain 86, 90, 449
Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase 627
Fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 331, 332, 494
Febrile
fits 86
illness, acute 543fc, 544fc
Fecal chymotrypsin 294
Feeding disorders, post-traumatic 278
Festooned pupil 671f
Fetal alcohol syndrome 2, 62, 662, 682, 763
Fetal hyperechogenic kidneys 375, 376, 376t, 380f
differential diagnosis of 376
Fetal vasculature, persistent 17, 679
Fever 135, 137fc, 166, 172, 176, 198, 246, 264, 296
causes of 136b, 176b
documentation of 181
etiology of 179t
glandular 258
maternal 109
of unknown origin 181, 182, 186, 572
causes of 182fc, 573f
infectious causes of 182fc
syndromes, familial periodic 574t
unexplained 286
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 56
genes 52
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma 337
Fibroma 774
Filaggrin gene 623
Fine-needle aspiration
biopsy 688
cytology 172, 173, 496, 497
Fistula
arteriovenous 64, 438, 735, 736
branchial 723
jejunocolic 293
vestibular 742, 742f
Flat nasal bridge 91, 690
Flegel disease 614
Flexible bronchoscopy 239, 240f, 241f, 243f, 244
Floppy eyelid syndrome 657
Floppy infant 470
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 9, 10, 62, 162, 163, 188, 494, 625
Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption 674
Fluoroscopy 552
Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome 669
Folate deficiency 87, 222
Folic acid deficiency 405
Follicle-stimulating hormone 480, 481, 483, 485, 513
Follicular dermatoses 610, 615t
Folliculitis 167, 639
Fontanelle, large 91
Food
allergy 278, 289, 297
and ankle assessment 763, 765f
bolus impaction 280
intolerance 275, 289
poisoning 289
Forced expiratory volume 561
Forced vital capacity 561
Forceps injury 663
Foreign body 232, 258, 703
aspiration 235, 239, 244, 259, 788
Fossa lesions, posterior 280
Fossa tumors, posterior 438
Fractures 64
Fragile X syndrome 2, 7, 10, 34, 62, 442
Fragmented sleep, disorders of 27
Francisella tularensis 261
pharyngitis 261
Free androgen index 520
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin 10
Friedreich's ataxia 466
Frontonasal dysplasia 59f, 62
Frothy urine 374
Fructose intolerance 123
hereditary 82, 538
Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis 672
Fumarase deficiency 76
Functional abdominal pain
diagnosis of 285
disorders 286
Functional defecation disorders 286
Fundus 688
fluorescein angiography 688
Fungal infection 340, 640
Funnel chest deformity 268
Furunculosis 639
Fusiform bacilli 706
Fusobacterium necrophorum 261
pharyngitis 261
G
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase 146
Galactosemia 82, 439, 537
Galactosialidosis 667
Galeazzi sign 752f
Gallstone 720
disease 332
Gamma-glutamyl transferase 314
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 192, 304, 307, 308, 309, 312, 314
Ganglionitis, ciliary 675
Gangliosidosis 95f, 100f
Gas
chromatography mass spectrometry 188
pharyngitis 262
Gastrectomy 293
Gastric
bypass surgery 293
mucosal prolapse 303
peristalsis, visible 162
volvulus, acute 718, 719, 719f
Gastritis 179, 302
autoimmune 302
drug-induced 300, 302
eosinophilic 303
Gastroenteritis 179, 272, 273, 275, 706, 712
acute viral 273
Gastroenterology 271
Gastroesophageal reflux 27, 163, 240, 251, 273, 427, 579, 708
disease 233, 234, 242, 252, 258, 259, 265, 273, 275, 278, 302, 434, 551, 558, 708, 720, 721
severe 283
Gastrointestinal bleeding, lower 729t
Gastrointestinal disorders 222
functional 288
Gastrointestinal endoscopy, upper 49, 281, 283, 297, 298, 319
Gastrointestinal systems 57
Gastrointestinal tract 186, 299, 584, 721
Gastroparesis 273
Gaucher cells 99, 99f
Gaucher disease 86, 96, 97, 97fc, 98f, 176, 626, 690, 708, 763
types of 97
Gender dysphoria 14
Genetic cholestatic diseases 313
Genetic disorders 157
Genetic syndromes 46, 209
Genetic testing 390, 441
Geniculate body, lateral 684
Genitourinary surgeries 210
Genome sequencing, whole 62
Genu valgum, differential diagnosis of 760fc
Genu varum 758
differential diagnosis of 760fc
German measles 596
Gestational age 17, 138, 139t
large for 121, 123
small for 121, 123, 145, 158, 487, 490, 495
Giardiasis 293, 468
Gilbert disease 117
Gilbert syndrome 117, 315
Gillespie syndrome 671
Gingival enlargement 772
Gingival fibromatosis, hereditary 774
Gingival overgrowth 772
Gingivitis 773
hypertrophic 772
Gingivostomatitis 261
herpetic 599
Glanzmann thrombasthenia 130
Glaucoma 64, 528, 662, 681
acute 527
infantile 17, 663, 681
juvenile 681
true congenital 681
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor 389
Glioneuroma 688
Global developmental delay 4, 6, 440
Glomerular basement membrane 365, 369
Glomerular diseases 365t
Glomerular filtration rate 154, 371, 374, 396
Glomerulonephritis 359, 365fc
acute postinfectious 210
chronic 210
crescentic 372
rapidly progressive 369
Glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental 360, 364, 372
Glossoptosis 280
Glottic stenosis, posterior 258
Glucagon deficiency, congenital 123
Gluconeogenesis
defects 123
disorders of 77
pathway 84
Glucose 90
6-phosphate dehydrogenase 127129, 307, 315
deficiency 117, 129, 408
storage disease 333
transporter 83, 84
Glutamate dehydrogenase 69
Glutaminase 69
Glutaric aciduria 415f
Glycine 90
Glycogen storage
disease 75, 82, 91, 97, 103, 331, 490
disorder 81, 84, 96, 123, 442, 512
Glycosaminoglycan 9, 90, 92
Glycosphingolipids, synthesis of 97fc
Glycosylation, congenital disorder of 84, 91, 103, 442
Glyoxylate reductase 390
Goiter 496, 496t, 497, 497fc
causes of 496t
congenital 722
endemic 497
simple physiological 496
Goldenhar syndrome 60f
Goltz syndrome 669
Gonadal dysgenesis 514
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 480, 481, 483, 485, 486, 514
Gonioscopy 667, 667f
Gonococcemia 602
Goodpasture syndrome 245, 246
Graber's classification 776f
Graft-versus-host disease 406, 645
Granular cell tumor 774
Granuloma
eosinophilic 755
gluteale infantum 650, 652
Granulomatosis 245, 246
Granulomatous diseases 573
Granulomatous disorders 704
Graves’ disease 496, 497
Gray matter diseases 446fc
Great arteries, transposition of 205
Greenish irregular epithelial defects 665
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly 54, 55
syndrome 62
Growth
chart 484f
constitutional delay in 480, 481, 487, 490
failure 373f, 375
syndromes 187
hormone 82, 375, 487
deficiency 491, 494
reference study, multicentre 492
restricted neonate 158
retardation of 670
Grunting 107, 560
causes of 561t
G-trisomy syndrome, partial 669
Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase 86
deficiency 84
Guanosine triphosphate 333
Guillain-Barré syndrome 280, 439, 453, 457, 467
Gut 716
Guttate psoriasis 600
Gyrate atrophy 691
H
Haemophilus influenzae 167, 177, 656, 707
Hair 94
cycle disturbances 622
loss 618fc
transient neonatal 621
traumatic 620
premature graying of 634
shaft disorder 623
Hajdu-Cheney syndrome 517
Halitosis 298
Hallermann-Streiff syndrome 682
Hallermann-Streiff-Francois syndrome 680
Haloperidol 700
Halothane idiosyncratic reaction 537
Hamartoma 725
Hamstring tightness, medial 764f
Hand foot and mouth disease 166, 168, 595, 596, 598
Hard dental tissues and pulp 779t
Harlequin ichthyosis 625, 625f, 641, 643, 644, 644f
Harrisons sulcus 189
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 496, 498
Hashitoxicosis 496
Head
abnormal
shape of 412
size of 412
circumference 57, 114, 412, 418
chart 413f
injury 527
Headache 433, 433b, 436fc
chronic
nonprogressive 433
progressive 433
cluster 700
low intensity chronic 433
pattern of 434t
temporal profile of 433f
Hearing
impairment 4, 20, 39
severe 4
loss 20t, 24, 54, 264, 311
progressive 21b
risk indicators for 20
syndromes with 21t
tests, summary of 22t
Heart block
atrioventricular 554
clinical presentation of 554b
complete 554f
Heart defects 670
congenital 669
Heart disease
acquired 229
acyanotic congenital 106, 228
congenital 109, 162, 197, 205, 245, 255, 554, 680
coronary 186, 255
critical congenital 142, 201
cyanotic 186, 202, 202fc
congenital 106, 201, 202b, 222, 229
Heart disorders, congenital 556
Heart failure 204
causes of 205b
clinical features of 206t
congestive 128
Ross classification of 207t
staging severity of 207
Heart rate 141, 142
Heart sound 226
second 226
third 226
Heart valve, mechanical 128
Heiner syndrome 245, 246
Helicobacter pylori 286, 302
HELLP syndrome 131, 133, 306
Hemagglutination
antibody test, passive 597
indirect 602
inhibition test 597
Hemangioblastoma 438
Hemangioendothelioma 326
Hemangioma 64, 106, 128, 335, 336f, 704, 723, 733, 734b
choroidal 688
congenital 733, 733f
infantile 733f, 734
noninvoluting congenital 734f
partially involuting congenital 734f
Hemangiomata 64
Hemarthrosis 570
Hematemesis 299
Hematochezia 299
Hematoma, resorption of large 133
Hematuria 359, 360t, 361fc, 362, 374, 712
causes of 363t
detection of 359
differential diagnosis of 359, 360t
glomerular 361, 363
macroscopic 362
microscopic 363
Hemifacial spasms 523
Hemihyperplasia 64, 64t, 65f
evaluation of 65fc
Hemihypertrophy 57, 64
Hemiparesis 449
acquired 451
acute 451
insidious-onset 452
Hemiplegia 426, 451t
causes of 450b
congenital 450
Hemobilia 299
Hemochromatosis, neonatal 537, 539
Hemodynamic stability 108
Hemoglobin
abnormal 107
abnormalities 201
Hemoglobinuria 358
Hemolysis 128, 597
elevated liver enzymes, low platelets 306
Hemolytic anemia 128, 342, 407
overproduction due to 117
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 210, 360, 404, 597, 713
Hemophagocytosis 573
Hemophilia 566, 712
Hemoptysis 245, 246, 247fc, 374
differential diagnoses for 246t
etiology 245
Hemorrhage 107, 530
antepartum 154
intracranial 7, 132, 201, 433
intraventricular 107, 112, 140, 142
vitreous 528
Hemorrhoids 732
Hemosuccus pancreaticus 299
Hemothorax 747
Henoch-Schonlein purpura 210, 288, 302, 360, 363, 364, 573, 582, 584, 602, 712
Hepatic disorders 641
Hepatic failure 81
Hepatitis 41, 222, 506, 597
A 315, 454, 537
acute viral 312
autoimmune 307, 313315
B 537
virus 145
C 537
virus 319, 537
chronic 337f, 342, 667
D 537
E virus 319
ischemic 537
neonatal 667
viruses 537
Hepatobiliary disease 272, 273
Hepatobiliary disorders 293
Hepatobiliary scintigraphy 147
Hepatoblastoma 336, 337f
Hepatocellular dysfunction 483
Hepatomegaly
causes of 333t
differential diagnosis of 124fc, 331fc
Hepatorenal syndrome 368
Hepatosplenomegaly 103t
cellular disorder 667
causes of 97b
Hepatotoxins, intrinsic 540
Hereditary ectopia lentis, differential diagnosis 678t
Hereditary hemolytic anemia, splenectomy suggests 117
Hernia
congenital diaphragmatic 201
incarcerated 728
umbilical 103
Herniation, central transtentorial 439
Herpangina 261, 595, 599
Herpes simplex 706
infection 597, 640
neonatal 647
iridocyclitis 682
virus 114, 136, 261, 454, 538, 674
infection, disseminated 596
Herpes stomatitis 599
Herpes virus 672
Herpes zoster 683, 712
Heterochromia iridis 593
Hiccups 285
Highly active antiretroviral therapy 293
High-resolution computed tomography 237, 244, 249251
Hinman-Allen syndrome 386
Hip
adductor, testing 764f
deformities 690
developmental dysplasia of 751, 752
dislocation, left 752f
Hipemic serum, etiology of 510, 511t
Hirschsprung disease 272, 290, 296, 720
Histiocytosis 174
Histoplasma 173
Histoplasmosis 340
Hoarseness 258, 707
Hodgkin's disease 293
Hodgkin's lymphoma 173, 174, 725
Holocarboxylase deficiency 68, 70, 641
Homeostatic model assessment 512
Homocitrullinuria 71
syndrome 68, 70
Homocystinuria 442, 517
Hook worm infestation 293
Hormone, adrenocorticotropic 123, 211, 481
Horn cells, anterior 454
Horner's syndrome, partial 700
Howell-Jolly bodies 254
Human chorionic gonadotropin 482, 483, 503, 513
Human herpes virus 307, 537, 538, 598, 794
Human immunodeficiency virus 144, 153, 162, 163, 187, 188, 251, 255, 256, 261, 289, 297, 314, 328, 419, 512, 583, 725, 795
infection 129, 187, 294, 328, 400
Human simplex virus 307
Human tooth, anatomy of 784f
Hungry 48
Hunter syndrome 95f, 103
Huntington disease 445
Hurler syndrome 21, 103
Hydatid cyst 334
Hydranencephaly 416f
Hydrocele, acute 728
Hydrocephalus 162, 272, 273, 280, 416f, 708
obstructed 107
Hydronephrosis 210, 360, 383, 737, 738, 738f
Hydrops fetalis 96, 597
Hydroureteronephrosis 737, 738f, 739, 739f, 740
Hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase deficiency 502
Hydroxybutyric aciduria 449
Hydroxyglutaric aciduria 449
Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria 91
Hydroxylase deficiency 190, 502
Hydroxyprogesterone 502
Hydroxypyruvate reductase 390
Hyperadrenalism 439
Hyperaldosteronism 211
Hyperammonemia 6872
causes of 68, 68b
evaluation of 71fc
mechanism of 68
syndrome 68, 70, 86
transient 71
Hyperbilirubinemia
causes of neonatal 117t
conjugated 145t
nonphysiologic 116, 117
physiologic 116
risk of 116
severe 116
Hyperbrachycephalic head shape 420
Hypercalcemia 157, 192, 198, 211, 296, 351, 356, 393
Hypercalciuria
hypocalcemic 393
idiopathic 350, 393
Hypercarbia 184
Hypercholesterolemia, familial 512
Hyperechogenic kidneys, bilateral massively enlarged 379f
Hyperekplexia 429, 522
neonatal 149
Hyperglycemia 532, 647
causes of 476, 476b
medications causing 476b
Hyperinflation, unilateral 235
Hyperinsulinemia 70, 71, 494
Hyperinsulinism 82, 86, 478
congenital 122, 478
Hyperkalemia 184, 198
Hyperkeratosis 64
epidermal 626
Hyperlactatemia 75
moderate to severe 73
Hypermethioninemia 117
Hypermineralocorticoidism 211
Hypernasality 707
Hypernatremia 107, 356
Hyperornithinemia 71
syndrome 68
Hyperoxaluria, primary 390
Hyperoxia test 201
Hyperparathyroidism 64
maternal 126
Hyperphosphatasemia, transient 192
Hyperpigmentation 64, 157
Hyperplasia
congenital adrenal 137, 162, 163, 212, 483, 486, 720
gingival 103, 773
hemifacial 65f
Hyperplastic primary vitreous, persistent 17, 688
Hypersomnolence, central disorders of 30
Hypertelorism 91, 54
Hypertension 64, 208, 211, 214, 704
causes of 211t
idiopathic intracranial 528, 692
intracranial 275, 527
laboratory evaluation of 213t
Mendelian causes of 211fc
monogenic causes of 210
portal 302, 341
primary 209
Hyperthermia 107, 184
malignant 184
Hyperthyroidism 52, 64, 198, 211, 212, 439
Hypertonia 148, 149
childhood 149b, 150fc
etiology of neonatal 150t, 151t
Hypertrophy
adenoid 256
gingival 773, 773t
left-ventricular 373
Hyperventilation 215
disorder 218
Hyperviscosity 122
Hypervolemia 210
Hypoalbuminemia 155
Hypocalcemia 112, 125, 126t, 198, 504, 505, 509fc, 708
autosomal dominant 507
causes of 504b
etiology of 505b
late-onset 126, 126t
Hypogammaglobulinemia 641
Hypoglycemia 70, 71, 80, 82t, 84, 86, 106, 120, 111, 112, 120, 160, 198, 442, 478, 479fc, 532
asymptomatic neonatal 121
causes of 478
persistent neonatal 122t
transient neonatal 122t
clinical features of 81t
etiology of 81t
management approach to 82fc
neonatal 120, 120f, 121t, 124b
Hypoglycorrhachia 86
Hypogonadism 506
hypogonadotropic 480
Hypokalemia 198, 296, 356
Hypomagnesemia 126, 198, 507
familial 393
Hypomelanosis 588
Hyponatremia 107, 533
Hypoparathyroidism 126, 192, 439, 505, 506
etiological classification of 506t
Hypophosphatasia 192, 393, 517
Hypophosphatemic rickets
hereditary 192
X-linked 191
Hypopigmentation 588, 589
Hypopituitarism 117, 478
Hypoplasia, segmental 210
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 73, 140, 142, 206
Hypopyon, congestion 672f
Hypospadias 91
Hypotension 532, 553, 647
Hypothermia 107, 122, 159, 160, 553, 554
Hypothyroid 31
Hypothyroidism 39, 117, 211, 222, 296, 480, 483, 494, 498, 499t, 500, 500fc, 553, 704, 708
central 499
congenital 499
drug-induced 499
Hypotonia 69, 148, 189, 296, 473fc
causes of 471f
Hypotrichosis, congenital 622
Hypoventilation syndrome, congenital central 28, 32
Hypovolemia 198
Hypoxemia 198
Hypoxia 553
severity of 548t
I
Ichthyoses 643
Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital 630, 644
Ichthyosiform syndromes 627
Ichthyosis 624, 628f, 628fc
autosomal recessive congenital 643
hypotrichosis sclerosing cholangitis syndrome 624
hystrix 627, 670
inherited 623, 624b
prematurity syndrome 624
self-improving congenital 644
vulgaris 623, 624f, 630
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 130
Ileocolic intussusception 731
Iliac spine, anterior superior 757, 759, 763
Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome 406
Immature platelet fraction 132
Immune
complexes 583
dysfunction 70
dysregulation 539
thrombocytopenia 131
Immunodeficiency 160, 252, 290, 566
common variable 248, 256, 570
disorders 583
primary 255
state 297, 410
syndrome 287, 642, 647
Immunofluorescence, indirect 602
Immunofluorescent assay 597
Immunoglobulin 188, 574
A 577
E 645, 654
G 132, 576, 577
M 312, 576, 577, 597
Immunological disorders 222, 225
Impetigo 179, 651
Impulse control disorders 44
Incessant cry 558
medical causes of 559t, 558
surgical causes of 559t
Inconspicuous penis 514
Indomethacin 155
Infantile corneal opacities, differential diagnosis of 664t
Infantile dyskinesia, benign idiopathic 430
Infantile epilepsy, benign 536
Infantile tremor syndrome 431
Infections 112, 122, 133, 136, 233, 245, 290, 291, 410, 419, 645
causing capillary leak 798
physeal damage 759
viral 233
Infectious diseases 165, 222, 537
Infective endocarditis, subacute 222
Inferotemporal lens dislocation 678f
Infiltrative diseases 449, 553
Inflammatory disease 553, 724t
Inflammatory neck masses 724
Influenza 261, 656, 657
virus 233, 261
Insect bites 596
Insomnia 26
behavioral 26
Insufficient sleep, disorders of 26
Insulin 82
Intellectual developmental disorder 440, 442t
Intellectual disability 2, 4, 11, 23, 24, 37, 45, 46, 414, 440, 441
differential diagnosis of 4b
etiological diagnosis of 3fc
Intensive care unit 307, 728
neonatal 130, 136, 138, 187, 730
International Classification of Sleep Disorders 26
International Classification of Vesicoureteral Reflux 384f
International League Against Epilepsy 426
International League of Associations for Rheumatology 566, 571
International Obesity Task Force 492
International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes 476
Internet gaming disorder 44
Intersex 480
Interstitial lung disease 233, 234, 237, 240, 244, 256
Intoxication 83
Intracranial pressure 149, 151, 272274, 423, 425, 437, 461, 553
measurement 439
waveform 439
Intrahepatic biliary radical dilatation 308, 309
Intrahepatic cholestasis, benign recurrent 314, 315, 316
Intraocular pressure 529, 663, 671, 674, 676, 681
Intrauterine disorders 419
Intrauterine fetal demise 597
Intrauterine growth
restriction 122, 123, 126, 159, 160, 163, 187, 490, 495
retardation 158
Intrauterine infections 117, 187
Intravaginal torsion 726, 727f
Intrinsic factor deficiency, hereditary 407
Intrinsic renal
diseases, clinical features of 370fc
failure, causes of 369fc
Intrusive luxation, clinical presentation of 783f
Intussusception 289, 712, 716, 719, 729
Iodine deficiency 499
Ion transport defects, congenital 291
Iridocyclitis 527
Iris
coloboma 687
disorders of 668
Iron 74
binding capacity, total 246, 402
deficiency anemia 403405, 439
differential diagnosis of 406t
supplements 770f
toxicity 73
Irreversible pulpitis 786, 786f
clinical presentation of 787f
Isoleucine deficiency 641
Isoniazid 74, 532, 537, 647
toxicity 73
J
Jackson-Weiss syndrome 53, 54
Japanese encephalitis virus 457
Jaundice 115, 128, 133, 311, 312t, 314fc
absence of 332fc
cholestatic 143
conjugated 315
diagnosis of 118fc
hemolytic 342
neonatal 119t
presence of 332fc
recurrent 311, 314, 315b, 316fc
unconjugated 315
Jitteriness 427
Johanson-Blizzard syndrome 59f, 290, 293
Joint
hypermobility 55
stiffness 103, 103, 690
swelling 312
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic-onset 167, 171, 573
K
Kabuki syndrome 670
Kala azar 341
Kallmann syndrome 62
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma 128
Kasabach-Merritt syndrome 128, 131
Kawasaki disease 167, 171, 171f, 174, 179, 183, 195, 297, 582, 584, 585t, 586, 596, 601, 641, 646, 672, 724
Kayser-Fleischer ring 333, 666, 667, 667b, 667f
location of 667
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 554, 691
Keratinization, inherited disorders of 643
Keratitis 527, 664
causes of 665t
deep stromal 665
epithelial 665
exposure 665
filamentary 665
infectious 527
marginal 660
Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness syndrome 624, 629, 633, 641
Keratoconjunctivitis 706
atopic 666
sicca 666
Keratomalacia 666
Keratopathy 506
aniridia-associated 671
Keratosis
circumscripta 612
pharyngeus 706
pharyngis 706
pilaris 610, 611, 611f, 612b, 613
spinulosa 612
Ketoconazole 537
Ketonuria 356
Ketosis
absence of 73, 535
presence of 73
Ketotic hypoglycemia 82
Kidney 358, 366, 746
and urinary tract, congenital anomalies of 372, 383, 737
congenital dysplastic 210
disease 368, 369t, 372
end-stage 371
glomerular cystic 376
enlarged echogenic 379f
injury, acute 154, 155, 155t, 157, 367, 369t
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease 175
Kinky hair 86
Klebsiella 334
Kleine-Levin syndrome 31
Klinefelter syndrome 480, 514
Klippel-Feil syndrome 21
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome 65f, 736
Knee
angular deformities of 758
assessment 765f
deformities 759t
causes of 758, 759b
Koplik's spots in measles 168f
Kostmann syndrome 252
Krabbe's disease 445, 763
Krebs cycle defects 77
Kwashiorkor 588
Kyperkeratosis, epidermolytic 626, 627, 644, 645f
Kyphoscoliosis 64
Kyphosis 690
L
Lacrimal sac tumors 656
Lactate 80, 82
dehydrogenase 10, 307310, 316, 402, 404
metabolism 75, 76f
Lactic acid 74
Lactic acidosis 72, 75, 78fc, 79b, 79t, 85, 86, 445, 446, 450
causes of, primary 76f
primary 80fc
secondary 77
transient 77
Lactobezoar 345
Lactose intolerance 162, 287
Lagophthalmos 666
Lambdoid suture 52
Lamellar ichthyosis 625, 630, 641, 644, 644f
Langer-Giedion syndrome 62
Langerhans cell histiocytosis 308, 309, 314, 499, 609, 610, 642
Language
delay 24
disorder 39
receptive 23
impairment, specific 4, 11
Laryngeal agenesis 258
Laryngeal carcinoma 708
Laryngeal clefts 258, 259
Laryngeal cysts 259, 708
Laryngeal stenosis 106
Laryngeal trauma 707
Laryngeal web 258, 259
Laryngitis
acute 707
chronic 708
Laryngomalacia 258, 259, 547
Laryngopharyngeal reflux 708
disease 707
Laryngoscopy, transnasal flexible 259
Laryngotracheal clefts 258
Laryngotracheitis, acute 707
Laryngotracheobronchitis 259
acute 258, 551
Laryngotracheomalacia 278
Laser desorption, matrix-assisted 103
L-asparaginase 476
Latex agglutination test 597
Latex fixation 602
Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome 21, 514
Lead poisoning 712
Learners, slow 39, 41
Learning disability 41
specific 4, 5, 38, 42, 43, 44, 440
Learning disorder 440
specific 11
Leber congenital amaurosis 691
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy 683, 684
Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase 510
Leg cramps, nocturnal 29
Leigh disease 445
Leiner's disease 609, 610, 641
generalized 608
Lens, disorders of 677
Lenticonus
anterior 677, 677f
posterior 677, 677f
Lenz Microphthalmia syndrome 670
Leprosy 590, 593
Leptospirosis 167, 170, 537, 683
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 46, 84
Lesions
hypopigmented 588b
level of 675t
Lethargy 341, 647
Leukemia 223, 340, 342, 400, 439, 537, 688, 706, 725
acute
lymphatic 326
lymphoblastic 571
myeloid 401
chronic myeloid 176, 341
congenital 131
Leukocyte adhesion defect 248, 253, 255
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, isolated cutaneous 582
Leukokoria 686, 687f
causes of 688t
Leukoma 662
Lichen
nitidus 612, 613
pilaris 610
planopilaris 621
planus 641
spinulosus 612, 612f, 613
Lid margin 659
Lift lip procedure 788f
Limb
deficiency 753
length discrepancy 763
Limbal phlyctenule, multiple 659f
Limbal stem cell deficiency 671
Limbitis 665
Limping child 750
Linguistic profile test 8
Lip and skin lesions 171f
Lipase deficiency 293
Lipase inhibitor 293
Lipoma 64, 725
Liponyssoides sanguineus 602
Lipoprotein
cholesterol
high-density 510, 512, 636
intermediate density 510
lipase 510
metabolism 510f
very-low-density 510
Liquefaction necrosis 786
Liquid chromatography, high performance 103, 402
Lisch nodules 64
Lissencephaly 420f
Listeria monocytogenes 112
Lithium 610
Liver 293, 745
abscess 334
cirrhosis of 690, 798
cyst, simple 334
disease 192, 342, 368
acetaminophen-induced 316
alcoholic 667
autoimmune 315
chronic 222, 293, 304, 307, 308t, 309, 309fc, 312, 319, 342f
gestational alloimmune 539
dysfunction 70, 133, 518
chronic 70
failure 68, 133
acute 307
acute-on-chronic 309
study group, pediatric acute 307
function test 142, 136, 188, 207, 275, 332fc, 343, 442, 449, 517
injury, drug-induced 309, 313, 316
measurement of vertical span of 330f
phosphorylase kinase deficiency, X-linked 91
space-occupying lesions 333, 339
Lobar collapse 235
Lobar emphysema, congenital 106
Locked-in syndrome 424
Locus coeruleus 395
London dysmorphology database 3
Long chain fatty acid oxidation defects 68
Loose Anagen syndrome 622
Loricrin keratoderma 626
Low back pain 754
Low birth weight 123
very 123, 159
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol 510, 512
Lowe syndrome 393, 677, 680, 682
Lower limb 762
Lower lobe pneumonia 287, 712
Lower respiratory tract infections, recurrent 249, 250fc
Low-urine osmolality 356
Lucey-Driscoll syndrome 117
Lump, abdominal 312
Lung
anomalies 162
disease
chronic 187
chronic obstructive 330
chronic suppurative 233, 236, 237
injuries 747
involvement 70
malformation 245
congenital 241
parenchyma 243
Lupus erythematosus, acute cutaneous 603
Lupus nephritis 369
Luteinizing hormone 480, 481, 483, 485, 513
Lyase deficiency 68
Lyme's disease 222, 602, 672, 683
Lymph node swelling 690
Lymphadenitis, histiocytic necrotizing 175
Lymphadenopathy 585, 793, 795fc
causes of 174
differential diagnosis of 795t
Lymphangiectasia, intestinal 293
Lymphangioma 326, 708
Lymphatic anomalies 64
Lymphatic malformations 736
Lymphatic obstructive disorders 293
Lymphatic-venous malformation 735
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis 328
Lymphohistiocytosis, hemophagocytic 70, 174, 307, 342, 539
Lymphoma 223, 255, 324, 340, 725
Lymphoreticular malignancies 341, 567
Lymphovascular malformation 723
Lysergic acid diethylamide 676
Lysinuric protein intolerance 70, 71, 103
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency 294
Lysosomal storage disorder 96, 97, 97t, 445
M
Macrocephaly 413, 61, 62, 413, 418fc
causes of 414b
Macrocystic lymphatic malformation 736
Macrocytic anemia 403fc, 442
Macrodactyly 64
Macroglossia 60f, 64, 278, 280
Macrostomia 60f
Macules
erythematous 595f
hypopigmented 590f
Maculopapular rash 170f
Magnetoencephalography 702
Malabsorption
causes of 162
intestinal 506
syndromes 222
Malar rash, typical 578f
Malaria 179, 342, 537
chronic 176
Malassezia 590
furfur 638
globosa 589, 638
Malnutrition 81, 798
Malocclusion 775
classification of 775, 775f
etiology of 776
Graber's classification of 776t
role of pediatrician in 777
Malrotation 275, 287, 716, 719
with midgut volvulus 272, 729
Mandibulofacial dysostosis 678
Mannosidosis 103
Mantoux test 255
Maple syrup urine disease 70, 72, 74, 75, 84, 85, 87
Marfan's syndrome 195, 516, 517, 663, 670, 678f, 682
Marfanoid habitus 55
Marfanoid-Craniosynostosis syndrome 55
Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome 467
Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome 103
Mass descending per rectum 732t
Masseter muscle rigidity 184
Massive hepatomegaly 331f, 340f
Massive splenomegaly 341
differential diagnosis of 341fc
with minimal hepatomegaly 176b
Mastocytosis, diffuse cutaneous 641, 648, 648f
Maternal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 155
Maternal idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 131
Maternal pre-eclampsia 131
Maternal shock 154
Mathematics disorder 41
Maturity-onset diabetes of young 476
Maxillary hypoplasia 54
McCune Albright syndrome 483
McLeod syndrome 691
Mean cell hemoglobin 404
concentration 404
Mean corpuscular volume 129, 304, 401, 402, 404, 406
Measles 595, 596, 683
atypical 602
rash 168f
virus 261
Meckel's diverticulum 717, 719, 729
Meckel's scan, hot spot of 729f
Meckel-Gruber syndrome 62, 376, 388, 670
Meconium aspiration 160
syndrome 106, 109
Mediastinal adenopathy 255
Mediastinal masses 240
Mediastinal widening 235
Medical and developmental disorders 46b
Medical causes 45, 46
Medically unexplained somatic symptoms 43, 47, 48
Mednik syndrome 629
Medullary nephrocalcinosis 388, 392fc
Medulloblastoma 438
Medulloepithelioma 688
Megalencephaly 415f
Megaloblastic anemia 405
Megalocornea 662, 662f, 663b
differential diagnosis of 663t
Megaureter, primary 738
Meibomian gland
congenital absence of 666
dysfunction 666
Meier-Gorlin syndrome 56
Melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutation 494
Melena 299
Membrane
defects 407
premature rupture of 109
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 365, 372
Membranous nephropathy 360
Menarche, early 485fc
Meningitis 107, 179, 647, 763
Meningococcal infections 72, 73, 683
Meningococcemia 167, 170, 179, 596, 598, 602
Meningoencephalitis 179
Meningomyelocele 296, 708
Menkes disease 83, 85, 86
Menkes syndrome 84, 86
Mental
status 114
retardation 2, 3, 49, 157, 186, 296, 413, 761
disorders 2, 37, 42
Mercaptoacethyltriglycine 383
Mesenchymal hamartoma 336
Mesenchymal tumors 326
Mesenteric adenitis, nonspecific 712
Mesenteric artery, superior 717f, 719721
Mesenteric lymphatic disease 293
Mesenteric vein, superior 717f, 719
Mesocephaly 420
Metabolic abnormalities 121
Metabolic acidosis 72, 74fc
causes of 72b
high anion gap 356
hyperchloremic 356
normal anion gap 74b
Metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemic 356
Metabolic and nutritional disorders 648
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis 184
Metabolic disease 713
inherited 538
Metabolic disorder 7, 10, 68, 96b, 272, 275, 759
causes of 104f
inherited 77, 79
Metabolic epilepsy 83
Metabolic genetic testing 62
Metabolic investigations 86
Metabolic seizures 83, 85fc
characteristics of 84
Metabolic syndromes 126
Metabolic testing 442
Metabolic-endocrine conditions 117
Metabolism, inborn errors of 67, 72, 77, 83, 86t, 106, 113, 163, 186, 721
Metachromatic leukodystrophy 84, 90 445447, 449
Metaherpetic ulceration 665
Metaphyseal epiphyseal dysplasia 759
Metapneumovirus, human 233, 261
Metastasis 340
Metastatic disease 339, 725
Methanol 72, 74
Methemoglobinemia 204f
Methyldopa 293, 410
Methylmalonic acidemias 68, 70
Metopic suture 52
Mevalonic aciduria 91
Mickey mouse sign 739f
Microagglutination 602
Microalbuminuria 214
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism 418
Microcephaly 61, 62, 64, 128, 415
causes of 419b
presence of 8
Microcornea 661, 661f, 662, 662b, 662t, 669
Microcytic hypochromic anemia 402fc
Micrognathia 61, 91, 280, 669
Microhamartomas, biliary 335
Micropenis, etiology of 514, 514t
Microphakia 662
Microphthalmia 64, 669
Microphthalmos syndrome 670
Microretrognathia 64
Microsporum 619
Microtia 60f, 62
Microvillous inclusion disease 290
Micturating cystourethrogram 383, 386f
Micturating cystourethrography 353, 354
Micturition 179
frequency of 179
Midas syndrome 670
Midfacial hypoplasia 91
Mid-parental height 495
Mid-upper arm circumference 188
Migraine 527
abdominal 287t, 720
basilar 215
hemiplegic 426
related acute vestibular ataxia 461
Migrainous headache 527
Miliaria 638, 650
crystallina 639f
rubra 647
Milk protein
enteritis 272
induced enteritis 272
Miller Moses test 357
Mineral bone
disease 373
disorder 374
Minocycline 540
Miosis 675
Mitochondrial cytopathies 442
Mitochondrial disease 445, 449
Mitochondrial disorder 77, 83, 84, 86, 91, 506
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy 450
Mitochondrial encephalopathy 85, 445, 446
Mitochondrial hepatopathies 537, 538
Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects 77, 81
Mitomycin C 401
Mitral regurgitation 226, 228, 229
Mitral stenosis 226
Mitral valve prolapse 197
Molecular confirmation 100
Molecular genetic testing 62
Molybdenum cofactor 91
deficiency 84, 87, 89
Mongolian spots, extensive 97
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor 676
Monoarthritis 569
acute 569
chronic 569
Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia 200f, 557, 557f
Mononucleosis, infectious 169, 175, 410, 596, 601, 646, 706, 724
Monosymptomatic enuresis 394
Mood dysregulation disorders 13
Moraxella catarrhalis 264
Morbilliform exanthem 601
Motility disorders 281
Motor activity 424
Motor axonal neuropathy, acute 457
Motor coordination disorders 44
Motor neuron
lower 472
upper 471
Mouth breathing 774
Movement disorders 462
pediatric 463b
Muckle-Wells syndrome 573, 574
Mucocutaneous candidiasis 506
Mucolipidosis 52, 664
Mucopolysaccharide 340
Mucopolysaccharidosis 3, 52, 62, 90, 93, 93fc, 96, 102, 102f, 103, 103t, 446448, 490, 491
different types of 92t
Mucosal irritation 704
Muenke syndrome 53, 54
Multicystic kidney 210
Multilobar pneumonia 248
recurrent 253, 253b
stepwise approach to recurrent 253
Multinodular goiter 496
Multiple domains disorders 6
Multiple malformation syndrome 57
Multiple synostosis syndrome 55
Multisystem disorders 583
Multisystem inflammatory disease, neonatal-onset 574
Mumps 327, 683
Munchausen syndrome 223, 272, 360
Murine typhus 602
Murmurs 226, 227
cardiac 162, 312
delayed diastolic 227
diastolic 227
early diastolic 227, 228
innocent 226
mid-diastolic 227
pathological 228
physiological 226
systolic 227229
vibratory 228
Muscle
antibody, antismooth 309
relaxants 298
rigidity, generalized 184
twitching 532
weakness 189
Muscular disease 107
Muscular dystrophies 222, 280, 708, 752
congenital 442
Musculoskeletal system 60
Mushroom poisoning 537
Myalgia 582
Myasthenia gravis 107, 222, 280, 708
neonatal 708
Mycobacteria, atypical 327
Mycobacterium 659
leprae 583
tuberculosis 327, 583
Mycoplasma 112, 173, 222, 410, 454
pneumoniae 167, 168, 170, 171, 223, 261
infection 171
Myelitis, acute transverse 453, 454, 457
Myelodysplastic syndrome 128, 401, 404
Myelofibrosis, idiopathic 176, 341
Myeloma, multiple 667
Myelomeningocele 184
Myelopoiesis, transient abnormal 131
Myeloproliferative leukemia 403
Myelosclerosis 176, 341
Myocardial dysfunction 220
Myocardial ischemia 556, 582
Myocarditis 222, 205, 553, 556, 597
Myoclonic encephalopathy, neonatal 113
Myoclonic epilepsy 447, 536
progressive 86
Myoclonic seizures 70, 86, 110, 111, 535
Myoclonus 522, 690
causes of 466b
syndrome 690
Myoglobinuria 184, 359
Myopathic face 91
Myopathies 278
congenital 280
inflammatory 573
Myopia, high 678
Myosis 675
Myositis 579, 582
inflammatory 579t
Myotonia congenita 184
Myotonic myopathy 149
Myringitis 264
N
N-acetyl glutamate 68
synthase deficiency 68, 71
Nail pitting 506
Nalidixic acid 439
Nance-Horan syndrome 662, 680
Nanophthalmos 662
Nasal
choanae, atresia of 670
decongestants 553
flaring 108
stenosis 106
Nasogastric tube 162
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 704
Nasopharyngoscopy 243
Natal tooth 771, 772f
National Neonatal Perinatal Database 106
Natriuretic peptides 207
Nausea 272
disorders 286
Near infrared spectroscopy 138
Neck
masses, congenital 722
swellings 722
Necrosis, types of 787f
Necrotizing enterocolitis 73, 131, 134, 139, 140, 142, 159, 160, 272
neonatal 142, 720, 729, 730
Necrotizing vasculitis 360
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 261, 351
Neonatal course 57
Neonatal herpes 763
Neonatal hypocalcemia, early 504
Neonatal myoclonus, benign 427
Neonatal seizures
benign familial 113
benign idiopathic 113
Neonatology 105
Neoplasia 688
Neoplasm 106, 329
benign 335
malignant 336
Neoplastic lesion 293
malignant 725
Neoplastic
neck
masses 725
swellings 725t
predisposition 64
Nephritis 360
Nephrocalcinosis 356, 374, 388, 393
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 355, 356
Nephrology 349
Nephronophthisis 372, 376
Nephropathy 70
Nephrotic syndrome 368, 798
congenital 376, 379
Nerve
conduction studies 449
conduction velocity 473
fiber layer 691
stimulation, repetitive 457
Netherton syndrome 624, 629, 641, 645
Neu-Laxova syndrome 85
Neumann's tumor 774
Neural lipid storage disease 624
Neuritis 708
Neuroblastoma 725
Neurocognitive symptoms 70
Neurocutaneous syndromes 7, 211
Neurodegenerative disorders 4, 5, 89fc, 280, 445t, 446fc
investigations for 90t
Neurodevelopmental disorders 12, 37, 45
course of 45
Neurofibroma 64, 725
Neurofibromatosis 21, 64, 209
Neurogenic
bladder 386
stuttering 702
Neurohypoglycemia 123
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 73
Neurological causes 700t
Neurological deficits 527
focal 439
Neurological disease, secondary 98
Neurological examination 90
Neurological lesions 666
Neurological movements, abnormal 563fc, 564
Neurological symptoms 57
Neurology 411
Neurometabolic
diseases 448t
disorders 445t
Neuromuscular
causes 279, 281
disorders 28, 162, 233
scoliosis 757
Neuromyelitis optica 457
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 83, 84, 445448
Neuronal function, impaired 84
Neuropathy 624
congenital 280
enteric 293
Neuroregression 88, 97
cherry red spot 97
Neuroretinitis
diffuse unilateral subacute 691
infectious 692
Neurotransmitter
defects 86
disorders 85
Neurotrophic keratitis 661, 665, 666
Neurovisual pathway problems 527
Neutral lipid storage
disease 629, 632, 641, 648
disorder 626
Neutropenia 254, 442, 541, 543fc, 544fc, 597
congenital 253
cyclical 252
severity of 542t
Neutrophil
age-wise distribution of 541t
counts 712
Neutrophilia, extreme 254
Nevoxanthome juvenile 688
Nevus
achromicus 588, 592, 592f
anemicus 588
depigmentosus 588, 592
Next-generation sequencing 53, 62
Nickosky's sign, positive 645f
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 69, 75
Niemann-Pick disease 85, 97, 99, 176, 447, 512, 537, 763
Nifedipine 347
Nightmares 30
Nitroblue tetrazolium 244
Nitrofurantoin 117, 540
N-methyl-D-aspartate 83
Nocturnal secretion, diurnal instead of 31
Nodular episcleritis 659
Nodular hyperplasia, focal 333, 336, 338
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia 336
Nodular thyroid disease 496, 497
Nodules 707
Noisy breathing 546, 560
Nonaccidental injuries 515517, 517t
Nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma 626, 641
Noncardiac causes 198
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus 523
Nondilated ureter 384f
Nonepileptic paroxysmal conditions 535t
Nonepileptic sleep disorders 431
Nonglomerular hematuria 361
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 174, 725
Noninfectious causes 136
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia 83, 84, 86, 87
Nonorganic causes 558, 558t
Nonpolio enterovirus 457
Nonscaly hypopigmented dermatoses 588
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 155, 288, 290, 301, 306, 537, 602, 647
Nonsuicidal self-injury 45
Non-syndromic ichthyosis 630t
Non-thriving neonate 161, 163fc
Nontuberculous mycobacterium 175
Nonviral infectious hepatitis 538
Nonviral myocarditis 73
Nonvital tooth 768
Noonan syndrome 59f, 62, 514, 610
Normocytic anemia 404fc
Normoglycemia 532
Norwegian scabies 641
Nose, short anteverted 91
Nothnagel syndrome 675
Nucleic acid amplification test 188
Nutcracker syndrome 360, 361
Nutrition 185
Nutritional anemia 222
Nutritional assessment 242
Nutritional deficiencies 311
Nutritional disorders 761
Nutritional rickets 190
Nystagmus 694, 695t, 698fc
documenting 694f
pathological 694
vestibular 694
O
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 35, 39, 47, 48
Obstruction
arterial 201
biliary 147fc, 147t
intestinal 162, 712
Obstructive megaureter 738
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 209
Occipital lobe seizures 535
Occipitofrontal circumference 421
Octreotide 293, 476
Ocular association 677
Ocular bobbing 697
reverse 697
Ocular causes 699t
Ocular hypertelorism 59f, 61, 62
Ocular motility 424
Ocular rosacea 654, 655
Oculocutaneous albinism 592, 594, 671
Oculodentodigital dysplasia 682
Oculodermal melanocytosis 682
Odynophagia 279, 283, 286
causes of 283t
Ohtahara syndrome 113, 536
Olanzapine 476
Oligodactyly 64
Oligomenorrhea 518t
Oligosaccharides 90
Oligosaccharidoses 92, 93fc, 102, 103t
Oliguria 153, 154, 156fc, 367, 374
causes of 155b
significance of 367
Olmsted syndrome 610
Omenn's syndrome 641, 647
Omental torsion, primary 717
Omphalocele 64
Onchocerciasis 588
Ophthalmia neonatorum 17
Ophthalmic examination 90, 114
Ophthalmology 653
Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome 414
Oppositional defiant disorder 38, 44
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus syndrome 459
Opsonization defect 248
Optic atrophy 356, 684, 684f
causes of 684t
differential diagnosis of 684t
Optic disc
coloboma of 669
drusen 685
Optic nerve 527
hypoplasia 662, 685
lesions 18, 684
pathology, unilateral 530
pit 685
Optic neuritis 527, 528, 530, 665, 682, 682t, 683f, 683t
signs and symptoms of 682t
Optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic 683
Optical coherence tomography 688
anterior segment 667
Optokinetic nystagmus 694, 695
Oral cavity 59, 183
tumors of 280
Oral contraceptives 439
Oral hypoglycemic agents 532
Oral mucosa 585
Oral ulcers 297, 297f
Oral-facial-digital syndrome 670
Orbital infections 527, 528, 530
Orbital pseudotumor 672
Ordinary urticaria 606
Organic acidemia 68, 70, 84, 85, 442
deficiency 75
Organic acids 90
Organic acidurias 83, 86
Organic red flag signs and symptoms 277b
Organophosphates 532
Organophosphorus compound poisoning 454
Orlistat 293
Ornithine
aminotransferase 69
transcarbamylase deficiency 68, 7072
Orofaciodigital syndrome 62
Oromuscular coordination defect 248
Oropharyngeal dysphagia 279
causes of 280t
Oropharyngeal incoordination 251
Orotic aciduria, hereditary 442
Orotidine monophosphate 69
Orthostatic hypotension 218
Osteochondrosis, juvenile 755
Osteogenesis imperfecta 21, 184, 516, 517, 517t, 663, 759
Osteoid osteoma 755, 756
Osteomalacia, tumor-induced 191
Osteomyelitis 647
Osteopenia 86
Osteopetrosis 98f, 414f, 516, 517, 690
idiopathic juvenile 516
pediatric 515
pseudoglioma syndrome 516, 517
Osteosarcoma, development of 64
Otalgia 262, 264, 266fc
arising from head and neck 264f
referred 263
Otitis media, acute 179, 262
Otogenic cough 233
Otogenicotalgia 263
Otopalatodigital syndromes 62
Otorhinolaryngology 701
Ovarian tumors 483
Overactive bladder 352, 353, 385
Overlap syndrome 311
Oxycephaly 423
Oxygen
delivery 138
saturation 107
Oxytocin 117
P
Pachyonychia congenital 610
Pain 198
acute abdominal 285
character of 195
chronic abdominal 285
continuous generalized abdominal 716
referred 264,. 716
Painless hepatosplenomegaly 690
Paired box gene 6 668
Palatal myoclonus 523
Palatal ulcer 578f
Palate, high arched 61
Palmoplantar keratoderma 624, 627
Palms, hyperlinearity of 624f
Palpitations 196
differential diagnosis of 196b
Pancreas 746
congenital cysts of 320
hypoplasia of 290
multiple cystic lesions of 320
Pancreatic duct tumor 293
Pancreatic enlargement 320
Pancreatic fistula 74
Pancreatic insufficiency 162
Pancreatic pseudocyst 321
Pancreatic resection 293
Pancreatitis 272, 273, 311, 712
acute 718
autoimmune 321, 322
chronic 222, 290, 293
Pancreatoblastoma 323
Pancytopenia 690
inherited 401
Panhypopituitarism 82
Panic disorders 700
Pansynostosis 52
Pansystolic murmur 227, 228, 229
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration 447, 448
Panuveitis 672
Papillary carcinoma thyroid 725
Papillitis 530
Papilloma 546, 774
juvenile 709
Papillomatosis 258
Papules, erythematous 595f
Papulopurpuric gloves 595, 597
Papulosquamous disorders 641
Paradoxical vocal fold motion 258
Parainfluenza virus 233, 261
Paraldehyde 74
Paralysis, true 453
Parasitic infestations 187, 288
Parasomnias 29, 30t
Parasympathomimetics 553
Parathyroid hormone 157, 189, 192, 374, 393
resistance 126
Parenchyma, loss of 384f
Parenchymal disease 252, 526
Parental perception 276
Parental testing 129
Parenteral nutrition, total 68, 124, 149
Paresthesia 157
Parietal and frontal bossing 189
Parietal pain 716
Parkinson's disease 666
psychosis 457
Parotid
abscess 328
enlargement, causes of 327b
gland 327f
hemangioma 723f
swelling 327, 329fc
Parotitis, juvenile recurrent 328
Paroxysmal autonomic instability and dystonia syndrome 431
Paroxysmal disorders 522
Paroxysmal extreme pain syndrome 431
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia 523
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 408
Paroxysmal tonic upgaze 430
Paroxysmal torticollis 427
Parvovirus 410
B19 537, 538
infection 601, 646
Patau syndrome 669
Patch over tonsils 705
causes of 706b
Patchy hair loss 621f
multiple 620f
Patent arterial duct 226
Patent ductus arteriosus 139, 140, 142, 186, 205, 206, 228
Peak expiratory flow 243, 561
Pearson marrow-pancreas syndrome 293, 400, 506
Pearson syndrome 128, 290
Pectus carinatum 268, 269f, 269fc, 690
Pectus excavatum 55, 268, 269f, 269fc, 330
Pediatric mania 37
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease 445, 446, 467
Pelvic inflammatory disease 712
Pelviureteric junction 737
Pemphigus foliaceus 609, 610, 641
Pendred syndrome 21
Penicillin 117, 410, 647
Penis, trapped 514
Peptic symptoms 280
Peptic ulcer disease 287, 302
Perianal abscess 296
Perianal disease 296
Perianal streptococcal dermatitis 651, 652
Pericarditis 597
constrictive 226
Perichondritis 264
Pericoronal abscess 773
Pericoronitis 773, 787, 789f
clinical presentation of 789f
Perinatal asphyxia 122, 125, 160
Perinatal causes 7
Perineal fistula 742
Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 246
Periodic acid-Schiff 147
Periodic fever 175, 297, 570
Periodic limb movement disorder 29
Periodic paralysis 426
Periodic syndromes 573
cryopyrin-associated 574
Periodontal tissues 781t
Peripheral blood 542t
Peripheral cyanosis 201
Peripheral hypotonia 471
Peripheral nervous system 60
diseases of 526
Peripheral neuromuscular 280
Peripheral opacity 663
Peripheral smear 99, 601
Perirectal disease 286
Peritonitis, primary 712
Periventricular hemorrhage 112
Permanent junctional reentrant tachycardia 222, 224f
Permanent tooth, damage of 778b
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorder 442
Peroxisomal disorder 83, 84, 86
Pertussis 236
Pfapa syndrome 175
Pfaundler syndrome 678
Pfeiffer syndrome 53, 54
Phagocytic defects 252
Phakomatosis 688
Pharmacobezoars 347
Pharyngitis 175, 260, 261, 261t, 262fc, 297
acute 261t
diphtheritic 261
organisms causing 261t
Pharyngoconjunctival fever 233, 261
Phenothiazine 117
Phenylketonuria 72, 84, 86, 449
Phenytoin 774
Pheochromocytoma 211, 212
Philtrum, long prominent 91
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis 658, 659f, 659t
differential diagnosis of 659t
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 77
Phosphofructokinase deficiency 408
Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency 408
Phosphokinase, elevated creatinine 70
Phosphopenic rickets 191, 191fc
subcategories of 191b
Phosphorous 192
Photophobia 527, 659, 699
Phrynoderma 613, 613f
Physical speech problems 23
Phytobezoars 346
Piaget's theory, stages in 6t
Picky eaters, characteristics of 277b
Piebaldism 592, 593
Piebaldism with leukotrichia 592f
Pierre-Robin syndrome 21, 106, 678
Pigmentation skin 690
Pilomatrixoma 725
Pinguecula, inflamed 659
Pingueculum 660
Pink tooth 786
Pinna 265
Pinpoint pupil 675
causes of 676t
Pituitary insufficiency 122
Pityriasis alba 589, 589f, 600
Pityriasis
lichenoides 600
rosea 595, 599, 600f, 609
rubra pilaris 612, 613, 641
versicolor 589, 600
Placenta hydatidiform changes, large 64
Plagiocephaly 61
posterior 423f
Plaque morphea 580f
Plasma
amino acid 71
creatinine 213
glucose 478
level 478t
reagin test, rapid 639, 674
renin
activity, high 356
suppressed 211
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 134
Plasmodium falciparum infection 538
Platelet disorders 130
congenital 132
Pleural disease 526
Pleural effusion 106
Plunging ranula 723
Pneumatic otoscopy 264
Pneumococcal bacteremia 72, 73
Pneumomediastinum 533f
Pneumonia 106, 109, 179, 201, 713
atypical 233
bacterial 547
practical classification of recurrent 251fc
Pneumonitis 548f
Pneumopericardium 106
Pneumothorax 106, 330, 747
Poisoning
accidental 713
common manifestations of 531b
Poisons leading to hepatotoxicity 532
Poland syndrome 268
Pollakiuria 352, 353t, 354fc
causes of 352
Pollution 233
Polyangiitis 245, 246
microscopic 245, 246, 573, 582
Polyarteritis nodosa 573, 585
childhood 586t
Polyarthritis 566, 567t
causes of 566, 566t
Polyarticular arthritis 568fc
Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis 566
Polybezoars 347
Polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant 320, 321, 372, 376
autosomal recessive 372, 376, 379f, 388
recessive 335
Polycystic liver disease 335
autosomal dominant 335
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 480, 491, 494
Polycythemia 107, 159, 160
vera 439
Polydactyly 64
Polymerage chain reaction 3, 136, 146, 538, 599, 629, 665, 674, 725
Polymerase gamma gene 538
Polymicrogyria 88f
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 557
Polymorphonuclear cells 232
Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia 557f
Polyneuropathy, acute inflammatory demyelinating 457
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 517
Polyp 707, 730
adenomatous 483
Polyphonic wheezing 239
Polyradiculopathy, acute inflammatory demyelinating 461
Polysomnography 31
Polyuria 153, 155, 157b, 157fc, 355, 358fc
causes of 155b, 355b, 356t
nocturnal 395
Pompe disease, metabolic like 280
Poor school performance 42fc
Porphyria, acute 712
Postcardiac ventricular surgery 556
Postdiphtheritic palsy 454
Postencephalitic sequelae 5
Postencephalitic syndromes 4
Posteritic polyneuropathy 455
Postgastroenteritis syndrome 290
Postinfectious glomerulonephritis 363, 365
Postinflammatory hypopigmentation 590
Postintubation 708
Postnatal causes 7
Postnatal diagnosis 159
Postrenal causes 369
Postrenal failure, causes of 371fc
Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis 567
Postvoid residual urine 383
Post-Whipple surgery 293
Potassium 207
disturbances 532
hydroxide 648, 650
Pott's disease 756
Pott's spine 755
Prader-Willi syndrome 2, 7, 9, 10, 27, 31, 494, 682
Preauricular skin tag 60f
Precocious puberty 64, 484f
causes of 483t
true 482
Pregnancy
acute fatty liver of 306
intrahepatic cholestasis of 311
Prehospital therapy 548
Prematurity
anemia of 127
retinopathy of 17, 160, 679, 687
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 13
Premonitory symptoms 218
Prenatal history 57
Prenatal onset 17
Prerenal acute kidney injury 368b
Primary teeth
normal exfoliation of 771t
premature loss of 770
Procainamide 347
Prodromal symptoms 546
Prolactin 524
Prolapsed rectal polyp 731, 732
Prolidase deficiency 610
Prophylactic dantrolene 184
Propionic acidemia 68, 70
Proptosis 54, 666
Protein
energy malnutrition 222, 641, 798
metabolic defects 83
Proteinosis, congenital alveolar 106
Proteinuria 362, 363
causes of 364t
Proteus 64
Prothrombin time 134, 304
Proximal renal tubular acidosis 356
Pruritus 311, 312t, 314fc
severity 311
Pseudoataxia
acute epileptic 461
epileptic 458
Pseudodendrites 665
Pseudohemorrhage 130
Pseudo-Kayser-Fleischer ring 667
Pseudomonas aeroginosa 263, 264
Pseudo-obstruction, intestinal 287
pseudoparalysis 453
Pseudopterygium 660
Pseudoseizures 562, 563
Pseudostatus epilepticus 524, 524t
Pseudotumor cerebri 528
Pseudovertigo 468t, 469fc
Psoriasis 609, 641, 642, 651, 651f, 652
Psoriatic
arthritis 566
erythroderma 643f
Psychiatric
causes 700b
illness 527
Psychogenic
acute ataxia 461
ataxia 458
causes 708
cough 233
nonepileptic
crises 535
seizures 524
polydipsia 356, 397
unresponsiveness 426
Psychological disorders 223
Psychosocial causes 187, 215
Psychotic spectrum disorder 45
Psychotic symptoms 47
Pterygium 659, 660, 660f, 660t
Pubarche
early 486fc
premature 482
Puberty
arrested 480
central precocious 483
constitutional delay in 480, 481, 487, 490
infancy-childhood 487
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 103
Pulmonary arterial hypertension 226
Pulmonary artery hypertension 186, 220
Pulmonary blood flow 139
Pulmonary edema 106, 162, 252, 532
Pulmonary embolism 194, 245, 246
Pulmonary function test 196, 243, 244
Pulmonary hemorrhage 106
Pulmonary hypertension 139, 140, 202, 220
persistent 160
Pulmonary hypoplasia 106
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema 106
Pulmonary neoplasm 245
Pulmonary stenosis 202, 226, 228
Pulmonary vascular disorder 245
Pulmonary venous 142
Pulmonology 231
Pulp 784
disease, causes of 785, 786b
necrosis 786
clinical presentation of 788f
Pulpitis
reversible 786, 786f
sequelae of 785, 785f
Pulse wave velocity 214
Punctuate epithelial keratitis, bilateral chronic diffuse 665f
Pupils 424
constricted 532
Pure red cell aplasia 404
congenital 400
Purified protein derivative 674
Pustular lesions, neonatal 637t
Pustular melanosis, transient neonatal 638
Pustules over face 639f
Pycnodysostosis 516, 517
Pyelogram, intravenous 344
Pyelonephritis 350, 712
chronic 210
Pyloric stenosis 186, 272, 275
infantile hypertrophic 162
Pyogenic granuloma 704, 774
Pyramidal signs 70
Pyridoxamine 5’-phosphate oxidase 85
Pyridoxine deficiency 405
Pyridoxine-dependent
epilepsy 84, 86
seizures 87
Pyrimidine synthesis, disorder of 442
Pyruvate 80
carboxylase deficiency 68, 70
dehydrogenase 153
deficiency 73, 85, 86, 91
kinase deficiency 408
metabolic defect 84
metabolism
disorders of 84
impaired 77
Q
QRS tachycardia, wide 556
QT
interval 221
syndrome
long 557
prolonged 197
Quinidine 410
Quinine 410
R
Rachitic rosary 189
Radial keratoneuritis 665
Radiation enteritis 293
Radiohumeral synostosis 55
Radioulnar synostosis 132
Raised intracranial pressure 437, 684
extracranial causes of 439b
Rash 166
Reading disorder (dyslexia) 41
Recessive ichthyosis, X-linked 624
Recreational drugs 540
Rectal atresia 743
and stenosis 742
Rectal pain syndrome, familial 431
Rectal prolapse 731, 732f
partial 732
Recurrent pneumonia 241f, 249, 251, 252
causes of 251
diagnosis of 254
etiology of 251, 253, 255t
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis 315
Recurrent respiratory tract infections 247, 249f
Red blood cell 127, 129, 362, 400, 584, 745
count 406
reduced 373
Red cell metabolism, disorders of 408
Red currant jelly stools 729f
Red flag 265
pointing toward malignancy 571b
signs 180b, 244
in chronic constipation 296t
Red reflex 685
differential diagnoses for 687t
Redman syndrome 641
Reflex anoxic seizures 427, 432
Refsum's disease 94, 449, 629, 632, 691
Refsum's syndrome 624
Regurgitation 272
Reiter syndrome 350
Renal biopsy 362
Renal blood flow 154
Renal carcinoma 663
Renal causes 797
Renal disease 209, 212, 519
chronic 212
end-stage 365, 388
Renal disorders 439
Renal failure 81, 154t, 610, 641
acute 367
chronic 126
Renal function
neonatal 154t
tests 125, 142, 207, 374
Renal pelviectasis 738b
Renal problems 160
Renal replacement therapy 375
Renal stones 720
Renal transplant 210
Renal trauma 210
Renal tubular
acidosis 72, 74, 157, 162, 186, 187, 355, 392
disorders 191
dysfunction 70
Renal tumors 210
Renal vein thrombosis 376, 379
Renovascular diseases 209
Residual symptoms 218
Respiratory causes 201
Respiratory distress 106, 107b, 525, 525t, 546, 551fc
age-related causes of 547t
assessment of 107
causes of 106b, 108, 547t
progression of 546fc
syndrome 106, 108, 109, 117, 118, 187, 201
acute 308, 561, 747
Respiratory failure 525, 525t
Respiratory infection
chronic upper 222
upper 410, 468, 560
Respiratory rate 107, 548
normal 548t
Respiratory symptoms, lower 250
Respiratory syncytial virus 136, 232, 233, 239, 251, 261
Respiratory system 559
examination 107
Respiratory tract infection
lower 247, 248
upper 249, 250t, 260, 264, 365
Restless legs syndrome 29
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 205
Resuscitation, cardiopulmonary 220
Reticulocyte count 254
Retina 688
and optic nerve 671
disorders of 685
Retinal detachment 528, 687
Retinal disorders 679
Retinal dystrophies 17
Retinal hamartoma, combined 688
Retinal hemorrhage 530, 691
causes of 692t
Retinal pigment epithelium 690
Retinal pigmentary change 86
Retinitis pigmentosa 690, 690f, 691t
Retinoblastoma 17, 679, 682, 687, 688
Retinochoroiditis 672
Retrobulbar neuritis 682
Retrochiasmal disorders 530
Retrognathia 61, 280
Retroperitoneal hematoma 712
Retropharyngeal abscess 258
Rett syndrome 7, 10, 34, 62, 68, 419, 449
Reye's syndrome 68, 306, 310
Rheumatic carditis 554
Rheumatic fever 206, 222, 553, 570
acute 566, 567
Rheumatic heart disease 205, 206, 222
Rheumatic inflammatory diseases 573
Rheumatoid
arthritis 666
factor 674
Rheumatology 565
Rhinitis
allergic 232
medicamentosa 232
persistent 250
Rhinolalia aperta 707
Rhinolalia clausa 707
Rhinorrhea 700
Rhinoscleroma 704
Rhinosinusitis 233
bacterial 250
Rhinovirus 233, 261
Rhythmic movement disorder 29
Rib fractures 747
Rickets 189, 190b, 517, 759
classification of 190
differential diagnosis of 192t
Rickettsia 175
akari 602
typhi 602
Rickettsial infections 602
Rickettsialpox 596, 602
Rieger anomaly 662
Rifampicin 537
Ritter disease 170
Robinow syndrome 62, 514
Rocker bottom feet 91
Rocky mountain spotted fever 596, 602
Rome IV classification 286t
Root filled teeth 517
Root fracture 781f
Rosacea 609, 666
Roseola infantum 179, 595, 598
slapped cheek appearance of 169f
Round worm obstruction 719
Roxithromycin 540
Rubella 169, 175, 595, 598
syndrome, congenital 597
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome 59f, 670, 682
S
Saccades 697
Saccadic intrusion 697
salient features of 698t
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome 54, 55
Salicylate 74, 133
toxicity 73
Salivary glands 327f
Salzmann nodules 659
Sandhoff disease 100, 101f
Sandifer syndrome 427, 465, 562, 563
Sanjad-Sakati syndrome 506
Sarcoidosis 97, 175, 328, 553, 566, 570, 573, 588, 641, 672, 683, 708, 724
Scabies 642, 647
Scaphocephaly 61
Scarlet fever 167, 298, 600, 646
Scarring alopecia 618t
Scarring alopecias 621
Schamroth's sign 792f
Scheuermann's disease 755
Schistosoma infections 667
Scholastic skills, mixed disorder of 41
School refusal, presentations of 43b
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome 149
Schwartz-Jampel-Aberfeld syndrome 149
Sclerocornea 664, 570, 579, 581
Sclerokeratitis 665
Sclerosing cholangitis 313
primary 311
Sclerosis
juvenile systemic 579t
multiple 222, 461, 672
Sclerotherapy, endoscopic 304
Scoliosis 54, 55, 64, 192, 690, 736, 755, 757
congenital 757
idiopathic 757
thoracic 757t
Scorbutic gingivitis 774
Scoring system 435, 435t
Scottish intercollegiate guidelines network 240
Scrotal edema, idiopathic 727
Scrotum, acute 726, 728b
Scrub typhus 167, 170, 537
rash in 170f
Sebaceous gland
carcinoma 654, 655
hyperplastic 64
Sebaceous nevus syndrome, linear 670
Seborrheic dermatitis 590, 600, 608, 608f, 609f, 609t, 642, 651, 652
infantile 641, 642, 643f
Seizure disorders, poorly controlled 4, 5
Seizure, focal 535
Seizures 110, 201, 215, 216, 374, 426, 527, 533, 562, 563, 761
clinical subtypes of neonatal 111t
complex partial 5, 216
disorder 47, 107
electrographic 111
etiology of recurrent 536
generalized 535
neonatal 110, 114t
neurodegenerative disorder with 85
partial 527
recurrent 534
subtle 110, 111
Self-healing collodion baby 626
Self-injurious behavior 45
Sensory
ataxia 458, 460
food aversions 278
handicap, special 46
neural deafness, congenital 593
Sepsis 72, 73, 97, 107, 117, 121, 145, 167, 275, 713
cardiogenic shock 547
early-onset 109, 142
laboratory investigation for neonatal 177b
late-onset 142
neonatal 72, 177t
Septic arthritis 570, 647
Septic shock 602
Septicemia 647
Serine
biosynthesis defects 84
synthesis defect 85
Serositis 582
Serum
ascitic albumin gradient 319
bilirubin 207
total 116, 116f
creatine phosphokinase 457
creatinine 207, 369, 370
children, normal range of 368t
electrolytes 213, 289
sickness 97, 724
uric acid 213
Sexual abuse 223
Sexual development
disorders of 480, 501, 501f, 514
XX disorders of 501fc
XY disorders of 502fc
Sexual maturation, early 482
Sexual maturity rating 490
Sexually transmitted
diseases 712
infections 351
Shear injury 746
Shock 138, 141t, 157, 537
cardiogenic 140, 141
clinical signs of 140t
compensated 138
decompensated 138
distributive 140
etiology of neonatal 140t
hypovolemic 140, 141
irreversible 138
obstructive 140, 141
phases of 138
Short anagen syndrome 622
Short bowel syndrome 289, 290, 293
Short stature 103, 491fc
etiological classification of 490t
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome 55
Shuddering attacks 427
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome 128, 252, 290, 293, 402
Sialadenitis 725
bacterial 328
Sialidosis 84
Sick sinus syndrome 553
causes of 553t
familial 553
Sickle cell 254
anemia 408, 712
disease 195, 251
disorders 527
Sideroblastic anemia 404, 405
Signature organisms 252b
Silfverskiold test 763
Silverman score 108t
Silver-Russell syndrome 187
Single domain disorders 6
Sinus
arrest with ventricular escape 554f
bradycardia 553, 553f
causes of 553t
disease 433
node dysfunction 553
tachycardia 555, 555f
causes of 555b
Sinusitis, acute ethmoid 656
Situational syncope 220
Sjögren's disease 329
Sjögren's syndrome 654, 666, 683
Sjogren-Larsson syndrome 94, 624, 626, 627, 632, 641, 670
Skeletal dysplasia 192
Skeletal manifestations 98
Skin
and extremities 585
and hair 90
depigmentation of 592, 592t
disease 312
lesions, hypopigmented 591fc
papules, ivory-colored pebbly 103
pebbling of 95f
pigmentation, irregular 64
rash 374
with fever, types of 166t
Sleep
and appetite disturbances 45
apnea, obstructive 26, 37, 212
disorder 26, 31fc, 523
breathing 31
differential diagnosis of 26t
syndromic associations of 31
latency test, multiple 30, 31
myoclonus 427
benign 28
onset association type 26
onset latency 481
onset rapid eye movement patterns 30
paralysis 426
questionnaire, pediatric 31
terrors 523
Sleep-related
breathing disorder 31
movement disorders 28, 523
classification of 29fc
rhythmic movement disorders 432
Sleep-wake
disorders 13
rhythm, irregular 27
Sleepy 48
Sloping forehead 91
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome 46, 62, 91
Smith-Magenis syndrome 31, 46
Snoring 561
Social communication disorder 4
Socks syndrome 595597
Sodium 207
Soft tissue hypertrophy 64
Solitary pseudopapillary tumor 321, 323
Solitary renal cyst 210
Sore throat 232, 260
Sotos syndrome 62
Soy protein allergy 290
Space occupying lesion 331434, 439, 559, 684
Spasmodic pain 715
Spastic hemiparesis, stepwise approach to 762
Speech
and language
delay, primary 23
delay, secondary 23
development, normal 22
disorders 44
childhood apraxia of 23
delay 22
etiology of 24
Spherocytosis 117, 341
hereditary 407
Spina bifida 296
Spinal cord 454
injury 107
Spinal deformities 93f
Spinal dysraphism 396
Spinal muscular atrophy 186, 280
Spinal stenosis 103
Spinal tumors 438
Spine
eosinophilic granuloma of 756
tuberculosis of 756
Spinocerebellar ataxia 449
Spirometry 225, 235, 552
Spleen 745
Splenic length, normal 340t
Splenomegaly
causes of 341t
mild 340f
Spondylolisthesis 755
Spondylolysis 755
Sprengel's deformity 678, 754, 754f
Spurious hematemesis 299
Squamous cell carcinoma 661
Staphylococcal
marginal keratitis 659
scalded skin syndrome 167, 170, 601, 603, 641, 645, 645f, 646
scarlet fever 601, 645, 646
toxic shock syndrome 170
Staphylococcus
aureus 172, 177, 251, 263, 334, 541, 639, 656, 724
epidermidis 541
Startle disease 429
Stasis symptoms 280
Statins 476
Status epilepticus 522, 522b, 535
convulsive 86, 524t
febrile 86
Steatocrit 294
Steatorrhea 293
drug-induced 293
stepwise approach to 294
Stereotypic self-injury 45
Sternal defects 268, 269
Steroid sulfatase
deficiency 94
lack of 624
Steroidogenic acute reactionary protein deficiency 502
Steroidogenic defects associated with
XX DSD 502t
XY DSD 502t
Steven-Johnson syndrome 167, 168f, 171, 350, 646, 661
Stickler syndrome 21, 62, 682
Stills murmur 228
Stomatitis, aphthous 175
Storage disorder 67, 84, 86, 176, 341, 708
Strangulated inguinal hernia 712
Strawberry tongue 171f, 297, 297f
Streptococcal
pharyngitis 261, 273
pyrogenic exotoxin 600, 646
scarlet fever 170
toxic shock-like syndrome 603
Streptococcus pyogenes 261, 262, 706
infection 174
Streptomycin 647
Stress 48
disorder, post-traumatic 13, 47
reaction, acute 43
related illnesses 223
Stridor 107, 257, 260fc, 560
causes of 258t, 560t
Stroke 214
like episodes 86, 445, 446, 450
Stromal dystrophy, congenital hereditary 663, 664
Stromal necrotic keratitis 665
Structural disorders 281
Structural scoliosis 757
Stupor 424
Sturge-Weber
disease 763
syndrome 678, 682
Subcapsular cataract, posterior 677
Subdural hematoma 272
Subdural hemorrhage 433
Subglottic cyst 258
Subglottic hemangioma 258
Subglottic stenosis 258, 259
Subluxation, clinical presentation of 782f
Submandibular abscess 724f
Submucosal venous congestion 732
Substernal and intercostal retraction 549f
Sudden cardiac death 199f
Suicide
attempt 273
risk 13
Sulfamethoxazole 537
Sulfatase deficiency, multiple 94, 624, 627
Sulfite oxidase
deficiency 83, 84, 87
isolated 91
Sulfonamides 117
Superotemporal lens dislocation 678f
Suppurative parotitis 328
Suppurative sialadenitis, neonatal 328
Supraglottitis 707
Supraumbilical raphe syndrome 269
Supraventricular tachycardia 139, 142, 197, 220, 555, 556, 559
characteristics of 556t
types of 555, 556t
Surgery lymphangiectasia 293
Surgical causes 289
Sweat chloride 243
Sweating 211
Symptomatic bradycardia 553
Symptomatic infants 120
Symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia 121
Syncope 215, 217f, 218, 219fc, 426
cardiac 220
cardiovascular 215t
differential diagnosis of 216t
Syndactyly 64
Syndromic causes 490
Syndromic craniostenosis 53
Syndromic ichthyosis 632t
Synostosis, humeroradial 670
Syphilis 60, 588, 672, 683
congenital 597, 639, 641, 763
secondary 600
Systemic carnitine deficiency 68
Systemic corticosteroids 610
Systemic diseases 76, 186, 517, 728
Systemic disorders 81
Systemic genetic
condition 57
disorder 57
Systemic hypertension 226, 439
Systemic infection 289, 434
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 309
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis 566
Systemic lupus
erythematos 404
erythematosus 127, 171, 245, 246, 253, 306, 362365, 401, 439, 466, 499, 519, 566, 572574, 576, 577, 578f, 583, 586, 603, 621, 641, 683, 750, 795
international collaborating clinics 577
Systemic sclerosis 293
Systemic vascular resistance 138, 140, 141
T
Tachyarrhythmias 220, 555
incessant 222
Tachycardia 532, 553, 555
and bradycardia syndrome 554f
atrial ectopic 556
atrioventricular reentrant 556
classification of 555t
Tachypnea, transient 106, 108, 109
Tacrolimus 476
Takayasu arteritis 573, 585, 586
Talipes equinovarus, congenital 751
Tall stature 54
Tandem mass
spectrometry 3, 121
spectroscopy 71
Tay's syndrome 641
Tay-Sachs disease 763
T-cell lymphoma, cutaneous 641
Technetium-labeled hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid 147
Teeth, traumatic injury to 777, 783b
Telangiectasia, hereditary hemorrhagic 704
Telangiectasis, conjunctival 659
Telecanthus 61
Telogen effluvium 622
Temperature instability 647
Temporal lobe seizure 535
Temporomandibular joint 263, 265
injury 776
Tendon rubs 579
Tense vesicles, multiple 598f
Tension
intracranial 433, 559
type headache 436
Teratoma, mature 725
Terminal ileal resection 290
Tersons syndrome 692
Testicular appendage, torsion of 727, 727f
Testicular torsion 726
Testicular trauma 728
Testicular tumors 483
Testotoxicosis 483
Tetanus 522
Tetany 504
Tetracycline 294, 439
Tetrahydrocortisol 211
Tetrahydrocortisone 211
Tetralogy of Fallot 63f, 202, 229
physiology 222
Thalassemias 409
Thalidomide, maternal use of 670
Thelarche
early 485fc
premature 482
Theophylline 532
Therapeutic hypothermia 133
Thiacetazone 647
Thiazide diuretics 476
Thomas test 764f
Thoracic dystrophy, asphyxiating 268270
Thoracic injuries secondary to trauma, types of 747
Thoracic trauma 745, 746
Thrombocytopenia 97, 246, 254, 442, 597
absent radius syndrome 132
autoimmune 131, 134
early-onset 130
heparin induced 131
isolated 134
late-onset 132
syndromes, congenital 133
Thrombocytosis 254
Thrombotic disorders 527
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 602
Thumb sucking 48
problems 48
Thymic cyst 723
Thymic hyperplasia 483
Thyroglossal cyst 722, 723
Thyroid 312
adenoma 496
antibodies 499
cancer 496
disease 47
function test 3, 207, 442, 481, 499
hormone resistance 499
replacement 439
stimulating hormone 10, 146, 481, 483, 497, 498, 512, 514, 607, 722
ultrasound 499
Tibiofemoral angle
measurement of 759f
progression of 759f
Tic 48
disorders 562
Tight junction protein 312
Tinea capitis 609, 619
infection 620f
Tiredness 45, 48
Tongue ulcer 772f
Tonic neck reflex, asymmetric 761
Tonic seizures, focal 110, 111
Tonic-clonic seizure, generalized 86, 432, 562
Tonsillar herniation 439
Tonsillar pseudomembrane 706
Tonsillitis 258
Tooth grinding 28
TORCH infections 162, 687
Torsades de pointes 199f
Torsion ovary/testis 720
Torsional nystagmus 697
Torticollis 754f
benign paroxysmal 430
congenital 754
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 205
Tourette syndrome 49
Toxic 467, 666
epidermal necrolysis 167, 171, 641, 645, 646, 647f
ingestion 272, 273, 275
shock syndrome 72, 73, 167, 170, 298, 601603, 646
Toxicity 72
Toxin 77, 419, 528, 532, 532t
and drugs 79, 553
and venoms 410
cardiac 532t
causing hepatotoxicity 533t
induced exanthem 603
ingestion, respiratory problems in 532t
mediated diseases 645
seizures for identifying 532fc
Toxocariasis 679
Toxoplasmosis 417f, 597, 683, 724
acute 641
congenital 763
suspected 60
Tracheal agenesis 258
Tracheal stenosis 258
Tracheitism, bacterial 258
Tracheobronchial
injuries 747
stenosis 106
Tracheobronchomalacia 258
Tracheoesophageal fistula 106, 162, 233, 241, 258, 267, 278
Tracheomalacia 258
Trachoma 659
Traction alopecia 620
Transglutaminase-1 gene, mutation of 625
Trapezoidocephaly 55
Trauma 245, 570, 672, 678, 688, 704, 708, 759
abdominal 745
accidental 692
mild 527
Traumatic injury 322, 777b
Andreasen's classification of 778b
Treacher Collins syndrome 21, 62
Treponema 173
Trichiasis 659
Trichobezoars 346
Trichodysplasia spinulosa 613
Trichophagia 346f
Trichophyton 619
violaceum 619
Trichoscopy 617
Trichothiodystrophy 626, 629, 641
syndrome 624
Trichotillomania 45, 346f, 620, 621f
dermoscopy in 621f
Tricuspid regurgitation 228, 229
Tricyclic antidepressants 532
Trimethoprim 537
Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency 408
Trisomy 18 669
Tropical splenomegaly syndrome 341
Troponin testing 196
Trousseau sign 504f
Tuberculosis 167, 174, 187, 222, 233, 246, 251, 255, 291, 490, 672, 683, 684, 755, 794
colitis 291
disseminated 97
gastrointestinal 287
intestinal 293
Tuberculous arthritis 570
Tuberculous lymphadenitis 724
Tuberous sclerosis 34, 416f
complex 588
Tubo-ovarian pathology 712
Tubular necrosis, acute 155, 210
Tubulointerstitial nephritis 672
Tularemia 602, 724
Tumor 64, 273, 530, 704, 709
benign 709
cardiac 556
intracranial 418
intraocular 528
intraventricular 438
malignant 709
necrosis factor 574, 583
Turner's syndrome 62, 209, 212, 480
Turribrachycephalic skull shape 58f
Tympanic membrane 263, 265
perforation of 264
Typhoid 97, 537
Tyrosinemia 442
hereditary 537
Tyrosinosis 117
Tzanck smear 596
U
Ulcer 659
aphthous 297, 599, 706
disease 288
traumatic 706
Ulceration hemangioma 735f
Ulcerative blepharitis 656
Ulcerative colitis 291
Ulcerative keratitis, autoimmune peripheral 665
Ultrasound, abdominal 715
Unconscious child 423
Unconsciousness, causes of 424b
Unknown origin, pyrexia of 572, 573
Unknown poisoning 531
Upbeat nystagmus 697
Upper airway
cough syndrome 233, 237
diseases 526
obstruction 201, 396
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding 299, 300, 300fc, 304fc, 304t
causes of 300t
diagnosis of 304
Upper limb 762
Upper quadrant organs, left 344b
Upper respiratory tract infections, recurrent 249
Urea cycle 69f
defects 83, 539
disorder 68, 70, 84, 85, 442
enzyme disorders 68
transport defect 68
Uremia 74
Ureter 358, 366, 746
ectopic insertion of 738
Ureteral obstruction 210
Urethra, posterior 386f
Urethral valve, posterior 372, 383, 387, 739f
Urethritis 351
Urinalysis 213, 360, 398, 601
Urinary ascites 318
Urinary chloride, high 356
Urinary continence drugs 298
Urinary symptoms, lower 384
Urinary tract
anomalies 387t
anatomic 386
functional 386
infection 136, 145, 146, 179, 186, 272, 273, 289, 350, 352, 353, 362, 365, 369, 371, 381t, 396, 647, 712
diagnosis of 382, 382t
of recurrent 383fc
organisms causing 381
recurrent 380, 384, 387t
obstruction 712
symptom, lower 354, 394
Urine 86, 599
amino acid 71
culture 213, 382
dipstick 359
dipstix test 382
glucose, high 356
microscopy 359
organic acid 71
orotic acid 71
specimen collection 382
testing 382
Urogram, intravenous 387
Urticaria 603
activity score 604
acute 603, 605f
aquagenic chronic 606f
cholinergic 607f
chronic 603, 604
physical 606f
severe 605f
etiological factor for 607fc
subtypes 606fc
Urticarial vasculitis 586
Usher's syndrome 21, 691
Uteroplacental insufficiency, severe 131
Uveal tumors, anterior 679
Uveitis 665, 671, 672
classification of 672t
clinical features of 671t
diagnosis of 673t
differential diagnosis of 672t
evaluation of 672
idiopathic
anterior 672
intermediate 672
intermediate 672
nomenclature 672t
posterior 672
V
Vaginal bleeding, causes of abnormal 518t
Vaginal fistula 743
Vaginosis, bacterial 182
Valgum 758
Valsalva to right atrium, ruptured sinus of 229
Vanillylmandelic acid 795
Variceal ligation, endoscopic 304
Varicella 169, 594, 595, 599, 640
zoster 683
infection 595f
virus 307, 454, 594, 674
Vascular anomalies 733
Vascular causes 539
Vascular changes 214
Vascular disorders 310
Vascular lesions 730
Vascular malformations 131, 733, 734, 736b
simple 735, 735b, 735f
Vascular rings 106
Vasculitides 586t
mimics of 583t
Vasculitis 245, 365, 570, 582, 730
childhood 582t
cutaneous 598
hypocomplementemic urticarial 582
Vasomotor rhinitis 232
Vasospastic diseases 583
Vasovagal syncope 215, 218
pathophysiology of 219
Vena cava, inferior 142
Venereal disease research laboratory 674, 795
Venous blood gas 3, 477
Venous hum 228
Venous malformation 735, 735f
Ventricular fibrillation 557, 557f
causes of 556
Ventricular outflow tract obstruction 220
Ventricular septal defect 186, 205, 226, 228, 252
Ventricular tachycardia 197, 220, 557
causes of 557
types of 557t
Verapamil 347
Vertebra, compression fracture of 755, 756
Vertebral discitis 755, 756
Vertigo 215
benign paroxysmal 430
true 468, 470fc
Vesicoureteral reflux 382, 386, 387, 738, 740
nephropathy 210
Vessel vasculitis, large 582
Vestibular ataxia, acute 460
Viral croup 259
Viral exanthem 595f
Viral hepatitis 179
cholecystitis 179
Viral infections 145, 168, 236, 264, 327, 640
Viral pharyngitis 261
Viral pneumonia 547
Virilization 211
Virus, clinical presentation of 233t
Visceral pain 716
Vision 16b
and hearing assessment 443
impairment 4
loss, monocular 529fc
screening 18
Visual acuity 16, 19
Visual evoked potential 449
Visual field abnormalities, homonymous 530
Visual impairment 16, 39
Visual loss 157
causes of 527t
functional 528
sudden 527, 528t
transient bilateral 528
Visual perception 16
Visual reinforced audiometry 21
Visual-evoked potential 19
Vitamin
B12 deficiency 406
C deficiency 774
D
deficiency 126
dependent rickets 507
deficiency 298
E
deficiency 449
disease 691
K deficiency 132t
bleeding 131, 132, 134
Vitiligo 592, 593, 636f
early 590
segmental 593, 593f
syndromes with 593t
Vitreoretinopathy, familial exudative 688
Vocal cord
dysfunction 242, 244
palsy 258
paralysis, bilateral 546
Vocal fold
granuloma 707
paralysis 258, 259, 707, 708
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease 592, 593
Voice, hoarseness of 707
Voiding diary 397, 398b
Voiding postponement 385
Volvulus, intestinal 73
Vomiting 272, 275fc
biliary 720
causes of 272t
cyclic 273, 275
disorders 286
von Meyenburg complex 335
von Willebrand disease 131, 132
Vulvovaginitis 351
W
Waardenburg syndrome 21, 592, 593, 662
Walker-Warburg syndrome 670
Warfarin 133
Waring Blender syndrome 128
Water deprivation test 356, 357
Watery diarrhea, etiology of acute 289t
Weaver syndrome 62
Webbed neck 61
Webbed penis 514
Weber syndrome 675
Wechsler intelligence scale 42
Wegener's granulomatosis 573, 582, 672
Weight loss 70, 296
involuntary 286
Weil-Felix test 602
Weill-Marchesani syndrome 662, 682
West Nile virus 457
Wheeze 239, 244fc, 246, 560
causes of 561t
monophonic 239
Whipple's disease 683
White blood cell 180, 404, 541
large granules in 254
White coat hypertension 209
White matter diseases 446fc
White reflex 530
duration of 687
Wildervanck syndrome 678
William syndrome 7, 209, 212
William-Beuren syndrome 393
Wilson disease 306, 307, 445, 539, 708, 763
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 131, 248
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 197, 197f, 199
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome 670
Wolman disease 101, 101f
Worm infestation 397
X
Xanthogranuloma, juvenile 682
Xanthomas 96, 690
Xanthomatosis, cerebrotendinous 449
Xenopsylla cheopis 602
Xerophthalmia 664, 665
ocular manifestations of 666t
Xerostomia 298
Xiphoid retractions 108
Z
Zellweger spectrum disorder 88f
Zellweger syndrome 8486, 90, 91, 92f, 682
Zinc deficiency, acquired 641
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 302
×
Chapter Notes

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Differential Diagnosis in PEDIATRICS
Differential Diagnosis in PEDIATRICS
Editor-in-Chief K Nedunchelian MD DCH FIAP Senior Consultant Pediatrician Head—Research and Academics Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Academic Editor P Ramachandran MD (Ped) DNB (Ped) FIAP Professor of Pediatrics and Associate Dean (PG Studies) Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Executive Editor S Thangavelu MD DCH DNB MRCP (Ped) Senior Consultant Pediatrician Director Department of Pediatrics Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Managing Editor NC Gowrishankar MD DCH DNB FIAP Senior Consultant Pediatrician and Pediatric Pulmonologist Head—Clinical Operations and Quality Department of Pediatrics Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Editor-in-Chief Indian Journal of Practical Pediatrics Foreword Santosh T Soans
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Differential Diagnosis in Pediatrics
First Edition: 2020
9789352707003
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Contributors
  • A Aravindan MD (Ped)
  • DM Resident
  • Institute of Rheumatology
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • A Balamurugan BDS MSc (Forensic Odontology)
  • Tutor in Dentistry
  • Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
  • Sri Ramachandra Dental College
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • A Ramesh MD DD DIP NB (DVL)
  • Professor
  • Department of Dermatology
  • Madras Medical College and
  • Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • A Somasundaram MD (Ped) PGDDN
  • Consultant in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai
  • Chief Mentor
  • D’Soul Child Development Centre
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • A Victor Jerome DCH MRCPCH European Respiratory Society (ERS) Diplomate in Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Diplomate of Asian Pediatric Pulmonology Society (APPS)
  • Consultant Pediatrician
  • Sri Ramakrishna Hospital
  • Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Aathira Ravindranath MD
  • Senior Registrar
  • Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
  • Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Abiramalatha T MD (Ped) DCH DM (Neo)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Neonatology
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of
  • Higher Education and Research
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Abraham K Paul MD DCH FIAP FNNF
  • Consultant Pediatrician
  • Cochin Hospital
  • Cochin, Kerala, India
  • Aditi Sinha MD (Ped) DNB (Ped)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Division of Nephrology
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • All India Institute of Medical Sciences
  • New Delhi, India
  • Ahila Ayyavoo DCH DNB PhD
  • Consultant in Pediatric
  • Endocrinology and Diabetes
  • GKNM Hospital
  • Coimbatore
  • Aditi Hospital
  • Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Akila Devi V DNB (Ped) FPEM (Fellowship in Ped Emer Med)
  • Junior Consultant
  • Department of Pediatrics and
  • Pediatric Emergency
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Amish Udani DCH DNB (Ped) Fellow Pediatric Nephrology (ISPN & The TN Dr MGR University)
  • Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist
  • Department of Pediatric Nephrology
  • BJ Wadia Hospital for Children
  • Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  • Anbezhil Subbarayan MD FRCPCH MSc
  • Consultant Pediatric Endocrinologist
  • Apollo Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Anju Seth MD (Ped)
  • Director Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Lady Hardinge Medical College
  • New Delhi, India
  • Ankita Saikia MDS BIRAC Fellow
  • Consultant Pediatric Dental Surgeon
  • Pedo Planet—Children Dental Centers
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Anna Simon DCH MD (Ped) FRCP (Edin)
  • Consultant in Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Professor and Head
  • Child Health Division
  • Christian Medical College and
  • Hospital
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Annamalai Vijayaraghavan MD DCH
  • Consultant Pediatrician
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Former Deputy Superintendent and Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Anoop Subash DNB (Ped Surg) MRCS
  • Consultant Pediatric Surgeon
  • Shishoo—The Children's Hospitals
  • Mysuru, Karnataka, India
  • Antony Terance Benjamin MD (Ped) MRCPCH
  • Consultant—Pediatrics and
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • G Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial Hospital
  • Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Anuradha Srinivasan MD (Ped) PG Dip Developmental Neurology
  • Consultant
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Anurag Bajpai MD (Ped) FRACP (Ped Endo)
  • Consultant Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinologist
  • Regency Center for Diabetes Endocrinology and Research
  • Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • AP Sambandam MS DLO
  • Former Professor
  • Department of ENT
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Aparna Bhatnagar MBBS MS FMRF
  • Consultant
  • Trauma, Orbit and Oculoplasty
  • Apollo Specialty Hospitals, Vanagaram
  • Billroth Hospitals
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Aparna Chandrasekaran MD (Ped) DM (Neo)
  • Consultant Neonatologist
  • Ankura Hospital for
  • Women and Children
  • Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • Aravind Bhaskaran M MBBS
  • Resident in Dermatology
  • Trinelveli Medical College
  • Trinelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Arushi Gahlot Saini MD DM (Ped Neuro)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Pediatric Neurology Unit
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
  • Chandigarh, India
  • Asir Julin MD DM
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Neurology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • B Sumathi MD (Ped) DCH DM (Gastro)
  • Associate Professor
  • Department of Medical Gastroenterology
  • Government Stanley Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • B Umamaheswari MD MRCPCH (UK)
  • Associate Professor
  • Department of Neonatology
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of
  • Higher Education and Research
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Baldev S Prajapati MD (Ped) FIAP MNAMS FICMC
  • Head and Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • GCS Medical College
  • Hospital and Research Centre
  • Aakanksha Children Hospital and Postgraduate Institute
  • Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
  • Beena Suresh MBBS MS DNB
  • Consultant
  • Department of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling
  • Mediscan Systems
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Bhumesh Kumar Katakam MD DVL DCH
  • Senior Assistant Professor
  • Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy
  • Gandhi Medical College/Hospital
  • Secunderabad, Telangana, India
  • Bikrant Bihari Lal MD (Ped) PDCC DM (Ped Hepato)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Hepatology
  • Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences
  • New Delhi, India
  • Bindusha S MD DCH DNB (Ped)
  • Associate Professor
  • SAT Hospital
  • Government Medical College
  • Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
  • C Leema Pauline MD (Ped) DM (Neuro)
  • Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Neurology
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • C Vijayabhaskar MD (Derm) DCH
  • Associate Professor
  • Institute of Dermatology
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Chandrakumar Natarajan MD DNB (Ped) DM (Neo) DNB (Ped)
  • Senior Consultant and Head
  • Department of Neonatology
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Chetan Kumar Dave MBBS DCH
  • Clinical and Research Fellow
  • Regency Center for Diabetes Endocrinology and Research
  • Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Chhaya Sambharya Prasad MBBS DCH PGDDN
  • Developmental Pediatrician/
  • Adolescent Health Expert
  • Director, ASHA, Centre for Autism and Intellectual Developmental Disorders
  • Chandigarh
  • Chidambaram Balasubramaniam MCh (Neuro Surg)
  • Consultant Pediatric Neurosurgeon
  • and Head
  • Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Chitra Sundaramoorthy DCH MRCPCH MSc
  • Consultant Pediatric Rheumatologist
  • Apollo Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • D Nirmala DCH MD DM (Gastro)
  • Professor and Head
  • Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • D Vijayasekaran MD DCH PhD FIAP
  • Former Professor
  • Department of Pulmonology
  • Madras Medical College
  • Pulmonologist
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital and Apollo Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Deepa Hariharan MBBS AB (Ped) AB (Neo) FAAP
  • Senior Consultant
  • Pediatrician and Neonatologist
  • Sooriya Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • E Padmapriya DCH DNB (Ped) Neonatal Training (Australia)
  • Senior Consultant
  • Department of Neonatology
  • SIMS Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Elizabeth KE PhD MD DCH FIAP FRCPCH (Lon)
  • Professor and Head
  • Sree Mookambika Institute of
  • Medical Sciences
  • Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
  • G Anandkumar MBBS DCH
  • DNB (Ped) Resident
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • G Durai Arasan MD DCH
  • Professor of Pediatrics
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children and
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • G Nandhini MBBS DNB (Ped Surg) FIAPS
  • Consultant Pediatric Surgeon
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • G Sangeetha DNB (Ped) Fellowship (Ped Nephro)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Medicine
  • Division of Pediatric Nephrology
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of
  • Higher Education and Research
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Georgie Mathew MD (Ped) DM (Ped Nephro)
  • Senior Resident Nephrology
  • Division of Nephrology
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • All India Institute of Medical Sciences
  • New Delhi, India
  • Hamsa V MD (Ped) DM (Ped Nephro)
  • Senior Resident
  • Department of Pediatric Nephrology
  • St John's Medical College Hospital
  • Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
  • Hema Vijaylakshmi Varadarajulu DCH DNB (Ped) DM (Gastro)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Medical Gastroenterology
  • Saveetha Medical College and Hospital
  • Thandalam, Chennai
  • Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterologist and Endoscopist
  • Sri Chakra Multispecialty Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Hemchand K Prasad MD (Ped)
  • Consultant
  • Department of Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • J Balaji MD (Ped)
  • Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children and
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • J Dhivyalakshmi MD (Ped) PDCC (Ped Endo)
  • Assistant Professor and
  • Consultant Pediatric Endocrinologist
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • J Ritchie Sharon Solomon MD DCH DM (Ped Cardio)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Cardiology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • J Shyamala DNB (Ped) DCH
  • Consultant Neonatologist
  • Apollo Children's Hospitals
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Jagdish Chinnappa MD (Ped)
  • Cluster Head
  • Manipal Group
  • Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
  • Jana Priya Sugumar MBBS
  • DNB (Ped) Resident
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Jeeson C Unni MD DCH FIAP
  • Associate Consultant
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Aster Medcity
  • Kochi, Kerala, India
  • Editor-in-Chief, IAP Drug Formulary
  • John Mathai DCH MD FAB (Ped Gastro) FIAP
  • Senior Consultant Pediatrician and Pediatric Gastroenterologist
  • Masonic Children's Hospital
  • Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Jyoti Singhal MD (Ped) Fellowship in Pediatric Nephrology
  • Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist
  • KEM Hospital
  • Pune, Maharashtra, India
  • K Balakumar MS DLO
  • Former Director and Professor
  • Institute of ENT
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • K Githa MD DCH
  • Consultant Neonatologist and Pediatrician
  • Prashanth Fertility Research Centre and Multispecialty Hospitals and Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • K Lakshminarayanan MD (Ped) DM (Ped Neuro) Fellowship in Epilepsy (RCH, Melbourne)
  • Senior Consultant Pediatric Neurologist and Epileptologist
  • Rainbow Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • K Pandian MD (Ped) DM (Neuro)
  • Pediatric Neurologist
  • KP Hospital
  • St. Thomas Mount
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Kalaivani Ganesan MD (Ped) FISPNFPN (TNMGRU)
  • Consultant Nephrologist
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Kalpana Gowrishankar MBBS DCH PhD (Genetics)
  • Clinical Geneticist
  • Department of Medical Genetics
  • Apollo Hospitals
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Karthik Muthusamy MD (Ped) DM (Neuro) DNB (Neuro)
  • Professor
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Department of Neurological Sciences
  • Christian Medical College
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Karthik Surya Ramanujam DNB (Ped) FND (Cardio)
  • Pediatric Interventional Cardiologist
  • Kamakshi Memorial Hospital and Sooriya Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Karthikraja P MBBS
  • Resident (Final Year) in Dermatology
  • Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy
  • Tirunelveli Medical College
  • Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
  • KC Vignesh MDS
  • Consultant and Pediatric Dentist
  • Pedo Planet—Children Dental Centers
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Kollencheri Puthenveettil Vinayan MD (Ped) DCH DNB (Ped) DM (Neuro)
  • Professor and Head
  • Division of Pediatric Neurology
  • Department of Neurology
  • Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
  • Kochi, Kerala, India
  • L Subramanyam MD (Ped)
  • Senior Pulmonologist
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Leena Srivastava MBBS DCH PGD-DN (Developmental Neurology) IAP Hon’ Fellowship in Childhood Disability and Early Intervention
  • Head
  • Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College and Hospital, Pune
  • Consultant, Developmental Pediatrics
  • Cloudnine Hospital
  • Pune, Maharashtra, India
  • Fellowship in Pediatric
  • Neurology-Epilepsy
  • Lekha Hrishikesan MD DCH DNBDM DNB MRCP MRCPCH FRCPCH
  • Senior Consultant
  • Department of Pediatric Nephrology
  • Ananthapuri Hospitals and
  • Research Institute
  • Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
  • M Pradeepkumar MD (Ped) DCH FCG
  • Consultant Geneticist
  • Geneomm Medical Centre
  • Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • M Ranjitkumar MD (Ped) DM (Neuro)
  • Pediatric Neurologist
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of
  • Higher Education and Research (SRIHER)
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • M Suresh Babu MS (Ortho) FPO (Fellowship in Ped Ortho)
  • Senior Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Madhuri Prabhu MBBS MRCPCH
  • Senior Consultant and Head
  • Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics
  • Motherhood Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Mahesh Janardhanan MD MRCPCH FRCPCH CCT (UK) MSc (Rheumatology)
  • Consultant Pediatric Rheumatologist
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Malathi Sathiyasekaran MD (Ped) MNAMS (Ped) DM (Gastro)
  • Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterologist
  • Sundaram Medical Foundation and
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Maulik Patel D (Ortho) DNB (Ortho)
  • Consultant Pediatric
  • Orthopedic Surgeon
  • Happy Kids Ortho Hospital
  • Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
  • Maya Peethambaran MD DNB (Ped) DNB (Gastro) MRCPCH
  • Pediatric Gastroenterologist
  • PVS Memorial Hospital
  • Kochi, Kerala, India
  • Maya Thomas DCH MD (Ped) DM (Neuro)
  • Professor and Head
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Department of Neurological Sciences
  • Christian Medical College
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Mohamed Sajjid MD (Ped) DM (Neo)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Neonatology
  • Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Government Hospital for
  • Women and Children
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Moinek Sen Sarma MD DM (Ped Gastro)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate
  • Institute of Medical Sciences
  • Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Moorthy G MBBS MRCS (UK) MCh (Ped Surg) DNB (Ped Surg)
  • Consultant—Pediatric Surgeon
  • Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • MS Muthu MS MDS PhD MFDSRCPS (Glas)
  • Head
  • Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
  • Sri Ramachandra Dental College
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of
  • Higher Education and Research
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • MS Vishwanathan MD (Ped) MRCPCH FRCPCH CCT
  • Senior Consultant
  • Pediatric Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist
  • Apollo Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Mullai Baalaaji AR MD DNB IDPCCM DM (Ped Crit Care)
  • Consultant Pediatric Intensivist
  • Kovai Medical Center and Hospital
  • Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Murugan Thimiri Palani MD (Ped)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Developmental Pediatrics
  • Christian Medical College
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • N Mahesh MD (Ped) DM (Neuro)
  • Consultant Pediatric Neurologist
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • N Srinath Reddy MD DM (Cardio)
  • Consultant Cardiologist
  • Children's Heart Institute
  • Ramesh Hospitals
  • Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
  • N Thilothammal MD DCH DM (Neuro) MPH
  • Former Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Neurology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • NC Gowrishankar MD DCH DNB FIAP
  • Senior Consultant Pediatrician and Pediatric Pulmonologist
  • Head, Clinical Operations and Quality
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Editor-in-Chief
  • Indian Journal of Practical Pediatrics
  • Nikhil Lohiya DNB (Ped) FCPE (Ped Endo)
  • Clinical and Research Fellow Endocrinology
  • Hirabai Cowasji Medical Research Institute and Jehangir Hospital
  • Pune, Maharashtra, India
  • Nirmala Devi P MD (Derm)
  • Head
  • Department of Dermatology
  • Trinelveli Medical College
  • Trinelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
  • P Ramachandran MD (Ped) DNB (Ped) FIAP
  • Professor of Pediatrics and
  • Associate Dean (PG Studies)
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of
  • Higher Education and Research
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • PAM Kunju MD (Ped) DCH DM (Neuro) WHO Fellowship in Pediatric Neurology
  • Dean
  • Faculty of Medicine
  • Kerala University
  • Professor and Head
  • Department of Pediatric Neurology
  • Government Medical College
  • Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
  • Prabhu K Chakravarthi DNB (Ped Surg)
  • Fellow in Pediatric Laparoscopy
  • Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health
  • Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
  • Prajnya Ranganath MD (Ped) DM (Med Gen)
  • Associate Professor and Head
  • Department of Medical Genetics
  • Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS) and Adjunct Scientist
  • Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD)
  • Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • Prasanth KS DNB (Ped) DCH DM (Gastro)
  • Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterologist
  • Sree Avittom Thirunal (SAT) Hospital and
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Gastroenterology
  • Government Medical College
  • Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
  • Preeti Singh MD (Ped)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Lady Hardinge Medical College
  • New Delhi, India
  • Priya Pais MD MSc Diplomate of the American Board of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology
  • Associate Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Nephrology
  • St John's Medical College Hospital
  • St John's National Academy of
  • Health Sciences
  • Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
  • PS Rajakumar MBBS MD DNB MRCPCH
  • Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Senior Consultant in
  • Pediatric Intensive Care
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • R Bhanu Vikraman Pillai MD FAAP Diplomate of the American Board of Pediatrics and Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Consultant and Head
  • Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
  • Kochi, Kerala, India
  • R Ganesh MBBS DNB (Ped) MRCPCH MNAMS PhD
  • Senior Consultant Pediatrician
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Rainbow Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • R Karthik Narayanan MD (Ped) DM (Crit Care)
  • Senior Consultant
  • Pediatric Intensive Care
  • Rainbow Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • R Madhu MD (Derm) DCH
  • Senior Assistant Professor
  • Institute of Dermatology (Mycology)
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • R Madhu MS DNB MCh (Ped Surg)
  • Associate Professor
  • Sri Ramachandra Institute of
  • Higher Education and Research (SRIHER)
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • R Ravichandran MD (Ped) DM (Rheum)
  • Director (Rtd)
  • Institute of Rheumatology
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • R Saileela MD (Ped) DNB (Ped) FNB (Ped Cardio)
  • Consultant Pediatric Cardiologist
  • MIOT Hospitals
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • R Sankar MS (Ortho)
  • Consultant Orthopedic Surgeon
  • Apollo Hospitals
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • R Venkateswaran MD FICAP
  • Consultant Child and
  • Adolescent Psychiatrist
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Radhika Raman DCH DNB
  • Intensivist
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Rajal B Prajapati MD (Ped) D (Ped)
  • Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • VS General Hospital and
  • AMC MET Medical College
  • Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
  • Rajeev Khanna MD (Ped) PDCC (Ped Gastro) Fellow Pediatric Hepatology
  • Associate Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Hepatology
  • Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences
  • New Delhi, India
  • Rekha Krishnan DCH DNB (Ped)
  • Associate Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • SAT Hospital and
  • Government Medical College
  • Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
  • Rema Chandramohan MD DCH DNB PGDDN PGD Epi FIAMS PhD
  • Professor of Pediatrics
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Riyaz A MD DCH DNB DM (Gastro) FRCP
  • Pediatric Gastroenterologist
  • Professor and Head
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Kannur Medical College
  • Kannur, Kerala, India
  • S Anne Princy MD (Gen Medicine) DM (Cardio)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Cardiology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • S Balameena MD (Ped) DM (Rheum)
  • Senior Assistant Professor
  • Institute of Rheumatology
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • S Gnanasambandam MD (Ped) DCH DM (Cardio)
  • Professor
  • Department of Cardiology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • S Kalpana MD (Ped)
  • Senior Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • S Mani Ram Krishna DNB (Ped)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Cardiology
  • Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
  • Kochi, Kerala, India
  • S Shanthi MD DCH
  • Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Hematology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • S Thangavelu MD DCH DNB MRCP (Ped)
  • Senior Consultant Pediatrician
  • Director
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • S Thirunavukkarasu MBBS DLODNB
  • Consultant Pediatric ENT and
  • Airway Surgeon
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • S Velusamy MD (Ped) DM (Neuro)
  • Professor and Head
  • Department of Pediatric Neurology
  • Government Stanley Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • S Vetri Selvi MBBS DO FRCS (Glasgow)
  • Consultant in Medical Retina and Cataract
  • Surya Eye Care
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Samir Hasan Dalwai MD DCH DNB FCPS LLB
  • Developmental Pediatrician
  • New Horizons Child
  • Development Centre
  • Nanavati Super Specialty Hospital
  • Hinduja Healthcare
  • Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  • Sangeetha Yoganathan MD (Ped) DNB (Ped) DM (Ped Neuro)
  • Associate Professor
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Department of Neurological Sciences
  • Christian Medical College
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Santosh Mohan Rao Kanangi DNB (Neuro Surg) MNAMS RCSEd (Fellow Ped Neuro Surg)
  • Junior Consultant
  • Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Sarath Balaji MD (Ped)
  • Fellow
  • Department of Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Saravanan Natarajan MS MCh (Ped Surg)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Surgery
  • Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College
  • Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Sathish Kumar MBBS MD (Ped) DCH
  • Consultant Pediatric Rheumatologist
  • Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Christian Medical College
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Satyanarayana Garre MBBS MD (Internal Medicine) DNB (Nephro)
  • Senior Registrar
  • Apollo Hospital
  • Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • Selvam A MD (Derm)
  • Senior Consultant Dermatologist
  • AKJ Skin and Laser Center
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu
  • AKJ Skin and Advanced Laser Center
  • Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Senthil G Kamaraj MS (Gen Surg) MCh (Ped Surg) DNB (Ped Surg)
  • Consultant Pediatric Surgeon
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Shaad Aqbari MD (Ped) FNB (Ped Cardio)
  • Assistant Professor and Nodal Officer
  • PCE-CS Unit
  • In-charge
  • Division of Pediatric Cardiology
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Jawaharlal Nehru
  • Medical College and Hospital
  • Aligarh Muslim University
  • Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Sharada Sathish DNB (Ped) FPEM (Fellowship in Ped Emer Med)
  • Pediatrician Consultant
  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Mehta Childrens Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Shruthi TK MBBS MD IDPCCM (Ped Crit Care)
  • Associate Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Shweta Priyadarshini MD (Ped) Fellowship in Pediatric Nephrology (ISPN) Fellowship in Pediatric Nephrology (TN Dr MGR University)
  • Consultant Pediatric Nephrology
  • Apollo Hospital
  • Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • Somu Sivabalan MD (Ped)
  • Consultant Pediatrician and Pulmonologist
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS
  • Trust Hospital and
  • Sundaram Medical Foundation
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Sophy Korula DCH MD (Ped) MRCPCH
  • Associate Professor
  • Pediatric Endocrinology and
  • Metabolism
  • Pediatric Unit 1
  • Christian Medical College and Hospital
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Soumya Paik MBBS MS (Ortho) DNB (Ortho) Fellowship in Pediatric Orthopedics (NUH, Singapore)
  • Kids Orthopedic Clinic
  • Kolkata, West Bengal, India
  • Sridevi A Naaraayan MD (Ped) PG Depi (Postgraduate Diploma in Epidemiology)
  • Associate Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Kilpauk Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Srinivas S MBBS DCH DNB (Ped) PDCC (Ped Gastro) Pedgastrofellowship (RCH)
  • Senior Consultant
  • Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Sriram Krishnamurthy MD Fellowship (Ped Nephro)
  • Additional Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER)
  • Puducherry, India
  • Sutapa Ganguly MBBS MD (Ped) FIAP
  • Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • KPC Medical College
  • Kolkata, West Bengal, India
  • Sudha Ekambaram DNB (Ped) Fellowship in Nephrology
  • Senior Consultant
  • Department of Pediatric Nephrology
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Sudhakar P MD (Ped) PGD-Dev Neurology
  • Senior Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children, Chennai
  • Consultant Pediatrician and Developmental Pediatrician
  • BFCC Child Care Centre
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Sujatha Jagadeesh MBBS DCH DNB
  • Head
  • Department of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling
  • Mediscan Systems
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Sumita Danda MD DM (Medical Genetics)
  • Professor and Head
  • Clinical Genetics Unit
  • Christian Medical College and Hospital
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Supriya Sule Shinde MBBS
  • Resident
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Manipal Hospital
  • Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
  • Susan Uthup MD DNB (Ped) DM DNB (Nephro) FISN
  • Additional Professor and Head
  • Department of Pediatric Nephrology
  • Government Medical College
  • Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
  • Swathi Padankatti DCH DNB (Ped) PGDEPI
  • Senior Consultant
  • Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Sundaram Medical Foundation
  • Dr Rangarajan Memorial Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • T Karthik MD DNB DCH (London) MRCP (UK)
  • Consultant Neonatologist
  • Kauvery Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • T Murali MD DCH FPEM (Fellow in Ped Emerg Med)
  • Associate Professor
  • Vellore Medical College
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • T Sivaraman MD (Ped) Fellowship in Critical Care
  • Associate Professor
  • Vellore Medical College
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • TL Ratnakumari MD (Ped) DCH
  • Professor
  • Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Institute of Medical Sciences
  • Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Uma Maheswari S MD (DVL)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Dermatology
  • Government Villupuram Medical College and Hospital
  • Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India
  • V Akila Sivakumar DNB FPEM Fellowship in Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Consultant
  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospitals
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • V Anandan MD (Derm)
  • Professor
  • Department of Dermatology
  • Govt. Stanley Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • V Prakash MD (Ped) DM (Neo)
  • Senior Assistant Professor
  • Department of Neonatology
  • Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Hospital for Women and Children
  • Madras Medical College
  • Consultant Neonatologist
  • Cloudnine Hospitals
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • V Sampath MD (Derm)
  • Professor
  • Department of Dermatology
  • Madras Medical College and
  • Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • V Soundaram MD (Ped) Fellow Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology
  • Consultant Pediatric Endocrinologist
  • Apollo Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Vaishnavi Raman MD (Ped) Fellowship in Nephrology
  • Senior Consultant in
  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Vaman Khadilkar MD DNB DCH (London) MRCP (UK)
  • Senior Pediatric and
  • Adolescent Endocrinologist
  • Jehangir Hospital, Pune
  • Bombay Hospital
  • Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  • Vasanth Kumar S MD DNB FNB (Ped Crit Care)
  • Pediatric Intensivist
  • Apollo Children's Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Vidya Ahilan DNB
  • Pediatrics Trainee
  • Department of Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Vijayakumar Raju MS MCh (Cardiothoracic)
  • Director
  • Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery
  • G Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial Hospital
  • Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Vijayanad MD (Derm)
  • Associate Professor
  • Department of Dermatology
  • Madurai Medical College
  • Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Vikas Rajeshwarrao Basa MBBS DNB (Ortho) Fellow (Ped Ortho)
  • Consultant Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon
  • Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani
  • Hospital and Medical Research Institute
  • Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  • Vikrant Sood MD (Ped) DM (Ped Hepatology)
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Hepatology
  • Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences
  • New Delhi, India
  • Vinitha Satish MBBS DO FICO (UK) FRCS (Glasgow)
  • Consultant Ophthalmologist
  • Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals
  • India Pvt Ltd
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Vishnu Biradar MD PDCC Fellowship in Pediatric Liver Transplant
  • Consultant
  • Pediatric Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist
  • Pediatric Liver Transplant Physician and Nutrition Specialist
  • Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital
  • Surya Mother and Child Care Superspecialty Hospital
  • Pune, Maharashtra, India
  • Viveka Saravanan MD DM
  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Pediatric Neurology
  • Institute of Child Health and
  • Hospital for Children
  • Madras Medical College
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • VR Ravikumar MS MCh (Ped Surg)
  • Professor (Retd)
  • Department of Pediatric Surgery
  • Coimbatore Medical College
  • Past President
  • Indian Association of Pediatric
  • Surgeons
  • Consultant GKNM Hospital
  • Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • VS Shankaranarayanan MD (Ped) DM (Gastro)
  • Senior Consultant and Head
  • Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS
  • Trust Hospital
  • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Yogesh Walkar MBBS MD DNB MNAMS Fellow in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant
  • Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist
  • Diagnostic and Therapeutic
  • Pediatric Endoscopist
  • Superspeciality GI Kids Clinics
  • Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Foreword
Diagnosis is the crucial first step in the journey of patient care. The entire treatment plan that a doctor may formulate depends on the outcome of this vital process. An accurate diagnosis enables speedy initiation of effective remedial measures. Today, medical science has progressed far enough to confidently identify, understand and successfully treat many illnesses. However, availability of all these resources becomes meaningful only when the initial diagnosis holds good. Any failure or confusion at this stage can seriously jeopardize the subsequent stages of treatment and valuable time may be lost before realization sinks in that there has been an earlier error in judgment. It goes without saying that such a situation can have serious consequences.
The concept of differential diagnosis came about primarily to act as a tool for ensuring error- free diagnosis. It serves to bring clarity in a situation of lingering confusion in the diagnostic scenario by pointing out differentiation between illnesses exhibiting similar symptoms. Many a time, the confusion arises due to factors like rarity of a disease, lack of clinical exposure to live case studies, ignorance regarding exceptions to otherwise familiar complaints and so on. Hence, authentic sources of ready reference are a ‘must have’ for the clinician to fall back upon for instant validation or course correction, as the case may be.
The book Differential Diagnosis in Pediatrics is meant to fulfil this need. It seeks to tap on the knowledge and expertise readily available within the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) fold and make essential knowledge regarding illnesses freely available. I am glad to see that this project has come to fruition in a remarkably admirable way. Going through the list of contributors for this work, I am truly awestruck by the extraordinary range of talent available in India. All the comprehensive information contained in this book have been presented in an organized and easily accessible way which is commendable.
I wish to congratulate the Editorial Board of Differential Diagnosis in Pediatrics as well as the individual authors for executing the Herculean task with energy, enthusiasm and imagination. The editorial vision of Drs K Nedunchelian, P Ramachandran, S Thangavelu and NC Gowrishankar deserves special applause.
I wish the reader an enlightening reading experience.
Santosh T Soans
President
Indian Academy of Pediatrics, 2018
Preface
Dear fellow Academicians,
Greetings from the Editorial Board of “Differential Diagnosis in Pediatrics”!
As we are aware, the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) is actively updating its members with various programs like conferences, continuing medical education programs, workshops, training programs and fellowship programs. One such important academic activity is bringing out textbooks, guidelines, consensus statements, etc. in pediatrics and allied specialties. Under IAP President‘s action plan, this book on Differential Diagnosis in Pediatrics is being brought out.
In the book, the focus is on “The differential diagnosis of symptoms and signs”. Common clinical conditions from various systems are included. It is taken care for each topic to have a format of brief introduction with definition as applicable, enumeration of the differential diagnosis in text, box, table, and figure format as needed, explanation of differentiating each condition based on history, clinical features and investigations leading to particular diagnosis. Wherever possible algorithmic approach been adopted. Where it is essential, illustrations have been incorporated. Each chapter ends with important references for further reading. As the emphasis is on differential diagnosis, treatment aspects are not included as a conscious decision.
Our earnest gratitude is to the faculty of pediatrics and allied specialties from all over the country who have contributed articles amidst their busy schedule.
We take this opportunity to thank the Central IAP, especially Dr Santosh T Soans, President IAP—2018 for giving us the responsibility of editing this book, enriching our knowledge during the process and enlightening our co-pediatricians.
We hope this book will be a most wanted one of the entire medical fraternity, including students in the field of pediatrics, as a desktop ready reckoner.
Yours in Academy Service
K Nedunchelian
Editor-in-Chief
P Ramachandran
Academic Editor
S Thangavelu
Executive Editor
NC Gowrishankar
Managing Editor
Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to our families for their tremendous support and understanding.
We sincerely thank Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Mr MS Mani (Group President), Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director—Content Strategy), Ms Pooja Bhandari (Production Head), Ms Kritika Dua (Senior Development Editor), Mr Ashwani Kumar (Quality Controller), Mohd Iqbal (Typesetter), Mr Radhey Shyam Singh (Graphic Designer) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for bringing out the book in an elegant reader-friendly format.