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BOOK TITLE: Principles and Practice of Assisted Reproductive Technology
Cryopreservation of human oocytes, zygotes, embryos and blastocysts is one of the necessary procedures. This tool has been widely used since the publication of the first reports about successful biochemical and clinical pregnancies with frozen-thawed human embryos in the early 1980s. This chapter covers the historical background, basic principles of cryopreservation, technical aspects of human embryo cryopreservation, laboratory procedure for vitrification, and laboratory procedure for warming. In case of embryos, survival rate is directly proportional to the number of cell division or the cell number of the embryos; the higher the cell number, the higher the survival rates. Assisted hatching (partial zona dissection, zona drilling, and laser-assisted hatching) might enhance the implantation rate of cryopreserved embryos.