Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates—Medicine Ramadas Nayak, Archith Boloor
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flow chart, and t refer to table.
A
α1-antitrypsin deficiency 844
α-fetoprotein 1066
α-thalassemia 571, 578
β-adrenoceptor
antagonists 438
blocker therapy 489
β-hemolytic streptococci 1178
β-lactam antibiotics 1185
β-thalassemia 578
intermedia 580
major 578
minor 580
syndromes 578
Abacavir 236, 238
Abaloparatide 711
Abatacept 677
Abciximab 427, 657
Abdominal distension, causes of 776, 776b
Abdominal pain
recurrent episodes of 741
severe 1189
Abdominal paracentesis
complications of 830
indication of 830
procedure of 830
Abdominal tuberculosis
complications of 759
differential diagnosis of 759
etiology of 759
investigations of 759
treatment of 759
Abetalipoproteinemia 571
ABO blood group compatibility 912
Abortus fever 135
Abscess 113, 478, 855
aspiration 310
crypt 763, 768
drainage of 840f
epidural 987
intra-abdominal 313
intracardiac 479
metastatic 304
myocardial 478
pancreatic 855
psoas 297
pyogenic 839
rupture of 840
therapeutic aspiration of 841
Absorption atelectasis 306
Acanthocytosis 571, 812
Acanthosis nigricans 353, 1068, 1158
skin lesions of 1158f
Acebrophylline 272
Acetabular dysplasia 698
Acetaminophen 1041, 1050
metabolism 1051f
poisoning 1051
Acetazolamide 22
Acetic acid test 155
Acetoacetic acid 97
Acetyl salicylic acid 1052
Acetylation 1183
Achalasia cardia 737
Achilles tendinitis 685
Achilles tendon 685
Achondroplasia 1106
Acid load test 889
Acid peptic disease
etiology of 738
investigations of 738
management of 738
Acid regurgitation 735
Acid-base balance 864, 877, 928
maintenance of 929
physiology of 928
regulation of 929
Acid-base disorders 933, 933t, 934
chronic 934t
classification of 929, 929t
Acid-base disturbances 934
Acid-base imbalance 802
Acid-base status 728
Acid-fast bacilli 281, 309
Acid-fast organisms and structures 281t
Acidic urine 872f, 899
Acidosis 10, 98, 897, 931f, 1115
correction of 889
lactic 101, 178
metabolic 25, 97, 181, 931, 934, 1038, 1052, 1053, 1189
respiratory 932, 934
Acitretin 1157
Acne
aestivalis 1174
conglobata 1174
excoriée 1174
fulminans 1174
rubeosis steriodica 69
venenata 1174
vulgaris 1173, 1174f
management of 1173
Acoustic neuroma 1034
Acoustic reflex 1033
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 220, 636
epidemiology of 220
etiology of 220
management of 220
stages of 220
Acquired ventricular septal defect, causes of 515
Acral vitiligo 1167f
Acrochordons 1158
Acrofacial vitiligo 1167
Acropustulosis 197
Actigraphy 1094
Actinomyces israelii 326
Actinomycetoma 172
Actinomycosis 336, 376
abdominal 336
pulmonary 336
Activated partial thromboplastin time 633, 639, 682
Active anti-retroviral therapy 238
Acute alcoholic intoxication, treatment of 1089
Acute asthma, severe 255
Acute attack, treatment of 705, 947
Acute bacillary dysentery
diagnosis of 132
etiology of 132
management of 132
Acute breathlessness, respiratory causes of 379
Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, treatment of 493
Acute coronary syndrome
complications of 424
management of 428fc
Acute diarrhea, management of 728, 730fc
Acute dyspnea, causes of 379t, 387
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic 381
Acute hepatitis
causes of 788b
Acute ischemic colitis, left-sided 755
Acute kidney injury
causes of 873, 874f, 874t, 876t
classification of 873t
complications of 876, 876b
etiology of 876
network classification 873
types of 875, 876, 876t
Acute leukemias
diagnosis of 594
management of 594, 596
Acute liver failure, classification of 801
Acute lung abscess
diagnosis of 309
management of 310
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, WHO classification of 594t
Acute lymphocytic leukemias, management of 596
Acute mania 1078t
Acute mitral regurgitation, causes of 458
Acute myeloid leukemia
diagnosis of 595
management of 597
WHO classification of 593t
Acute myocardial infarction
complications of 424t
emergency management of 1200
management of 426
Acute onset dyspnea, differential diagnosis of 379
Acute pancreatitis
causes of 850t
classification of 850
complications of 855, 855t
diagnosis of 852
etiology of 850
interstitial edematous 850
management of 850, 856fc
severe 850
treatment of 852, 855, 855b
Acute pneumothorax, management of 325
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, complications of 881
Acute pulmonary edema
diagnosis of 492
management of 492, 1190
treatment of 493
Acute pyelonephritis
diagnosis of 905
etiology of 905
investigations of 905
management of 905
Acute radiation sickness, mild 21
Acute renal failure
causes of 871, 873
classification of 871
diagnosis of 871
investigations of 871
management of 871
Acute respiratory syndrome, severe 341
Acute rheumatic carditis, features of 446
Acute rheumatic fever
diagnosis of 447
management of 448
Acute serum sickness, treatment of 1131b
Acute severe
aortic regurgitation, management of 470
asthma, management of 257, 264, 1202
mitral regurgitation, management of 458
Acute stroke, complications of 955
Acute tubulointerstitial nephropathy, etiology of 888b
Acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, causes of 722f
Acute urinary infection
diagnosis of 902
symptoms of 902
treatment of 902
Acute variceal bleeding, management of 817
Acute viral hepatitis
complications of 795, 795t
diagnosis of 788
management of 788
prevention of 788
Adalimumab 677, 687
Adam's triad 1148
Adams-Stokes attacks 503
Addison's disease 66, 67f, 79, 709, 1122, 1167, 1177
etiology of 65
Addison's syndrome 371
Addisonian pernicious anemia
diagnosis of 567
etiology of 565
management of 569
Adenocarcinoma 351
Adenoma
bronchial 376
pituitary 30, 33
sebaceum 1173f
Adenosine 505
deaminase 300
deficiency 1124
pleural concentration of 300
diphosphate 656
ordobutamine 416
reuptake inhibitors 657
Adenosylcobalamin 565
Adenovirus 200, 326, 508, 789
Adie's pupil 1024
Adipokines 18
Adiponectin 16
Adipose tissue 15, 18
Adjuvant chemotherapy 1059
Adrenal adenomas 64
Adrenal androgen deficiency 66
Adrenal autoantibodies 67
Adrenal carcinomas 64
Adrenal cortex 60
Adrenal crisis, acute 68
Adrenal disorders 434, 1005
Adrenal enzyme inhibitors 64
Adrenal gland 34
disorders 60
Adrenal hyperplasia
congenital 73, 1106, 1122
primary 434
Adrenal insufficiency 69, 73, 74
autoimmune 66
primary 67
Adrenal tumors 64
Adrenal vein catheterization 65
Adrenalectomy
bilateral 64
medical 64
Adrenaline 60, 258, 527, 537
Adrenocortical insufficiency 65, 66b
causes of 65, 66b
classification of 65
primary 66
secondary 66
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 29, 31, 33, 753, 1069
Adriamycin 508, 622
Adult polycystic kidney disease, complications of 898
Adult stem cells 651
Adult T-cell lymphoma 626
Adult-onset Still's disease 707
diagnosis of 708t
Adverse drug reaction 1179
Aerobic exercise 545
Afamelanotide 666
Afebrile periods 621
Agammaglobulinemia, X-linked 1123
Agenesis, pituitary 74
Agnosia 943, 1146
Agonal gasps 1020
Agoraphobia 1083
Agranulocytosis 44, 590, 1073, 1074
Agraphia 942
AIDS
diagnosis of 233
etiology of 220
Air embolism 651
Air space pneumonia 326
Airflow limitation, reversibility of 250
Airflow obstruction, reversal of 305
Airway disease 308
chronic obstructive 267, 270
Airway hyperresponsiveness 254
Airway inflammation 254
Airway obstruction 121, 933
measurement of 250
Akathisia 1008
Akinesia 1010
Akinetic mutism 1020
Alabaster skin 30
Alanine aminotransferase 681, 778
Alarm symptoms 735t
Albendazole 189, 191, 194
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy 59, 60f
Albumin 106, 312, 869
cytological dissociation 1001
Albuminuria 1115
Alcohol 709, 740
abuse 1088
consumption 85
metabolism 3
misuse, chronic 1088t
percentage content 805b
use disorder 1089
withdrawal syndrome, management of 1091
Alcoholic cirrhosis
treatment of 808
Alcoholism, sign of 810
Aldolase reductase inhibitors 110
Aldosterone 60
antagonist 65, 431, 829
receptor
antagonists 489
blockers 438
Alefacept 689, 1157
Alemtuzumab 606
Alexia 942
Algid malaria 178
Alkaline phosphatase 778, 793, 1067
Alkaloids, natural 1054
Alkalosis 69, 932f
metabolic 64, 931, 934
respiratory 933, 934
Alkaptonuria 698, 1106
Allantoin 1065
Allergen immunotherapy 1131
Allergic angiitis 691, 693
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 302, 373, 374t, 382
management of 373
Allergic contact eczema 1161
Allergic dermatitis 193
Allergic reaction 116, 649
Allergic status, measurement of 256
Allergy 1127
Allogeneic
bone marrow transplantation 602, 611, 654
hematopoietic cell transplantation 597
stem cell transplantation 654, 654f
Alloimmunization 650
Allopurinol 611, 706
All-trans retinoic acid 1
Almotriptan 947
Alogia 1081
Alogliptin 88
Alopecia 680f, 1175
areata 1175, 1176f
stages of 1176, 1176b
causes of 1175, 1175t
classification of 1175, 1175t
Alpha cell tumor 862
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors 95
Alpidem 1075
Alport's syndrome 879, 887
Alprazolam 1049, 1075
Aluminum phosphide poisoning 1057
management of 1057
Alveolar
arterial O2 tension gradient 251
edema 492
hemorrhage 691
macrophages, bactericidal action of 332
proteinosis, pulmonary 343, 345
ventilation, reduce 244
wall, destruction of 275
Alveolitis, cryptogenic fibrosing 345
Alveolo-capillary junction 387
Alzheimer's disease 652, 1141, 1146, 1147, 1147t, 1177
diagnostic criteria for 1147b
Alzheimer's pathology 1148
Amantadine 1013
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 435
uses of 435b
Amebiasis 133, 135
complications of 134t
intestinal 133
treatment of 135
Amebic colitis, non-dysenteric 134
Amebic dysentery
complications of 133
diagnosis of 133
etiology of 133
investigations of 133
treatment of 133
Amebic fluorescent antibody test 841
Amebic liver abscess
aspiration of 841
diagnosis of 134, 840
management of 840
Ameboma 134
Amenorrhea 33, 37, 61
hypothalamic 709
primary 32
American Academy of Sleep Medicine 363
American College of Rheumatology 675, 675b, 675t, 679, 682t, 684, 696b
American Diabetes Association 83, 84b, 86
Amikacin 217, 290, 291
Amiloride 829
Amino acid 3
Aminocaproic acid 640
Aminophylline 259, 264
Aminosalicylates 770
Amiodarone 343, 498, 504, 527
Amitriptyline 154, 1185
Amlodipine 418, 443, 533
Ammonium 899
Amniocentesis 639
Amoxicillin 130, 481, 832, 1185
Amoxyclav 331
Amphotericin B 185
Ampicillin 1185
Amplified mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test 287
Amylin 16, 20
agonist 89
Amyloid deposition 617
Amyloid precursor protein 1139, 1146
Amyloidosis 297, 879, 889, 999, 1069, 1139, 1149f
cardiac 1140
classification of 1139, 1139t
cutaneous 1140
familial 1139
generalized 304
hemodialysis-associated 1140
heredofamilial 1140
Amylophagia 559
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
diagnosis of 994
differential diagnosis of 994
Amyotrophy, diabetic 108
Anakinra 677
Anal cancer 233
Analgesia 214
Analgesics 520, 802
nephropathy 888
poisoning 1051
Anaphase lag 1099
Anaphylactoid reaction 1130
Anaphylaxis 206
management of 1201
Anasarca 486
Anastrozole 1061
Ancillary tests 1022
Ancylostoma
braziliense 193
duodenale 192, 193
infestation 193
Ancylostomiasis 192
treatment of 193
Androgen 60
action, defects of 73
deficiency symptoms 72
Androstenedione 60
Anemia 2, 6, 7, 25, 48, 144, 178, 184, 192, 233, 577, 586, 590fc, 594, 680, 682, 701, 764, 768, 812, 844, 895
aplastic 588, 634
causes of 178b, 810b, 892b
classification of 553
diagnosis of 551
etiology of 553, 555, 555t
hemolytic 554, 570, 572t, 574, 680, 709, 781, 783f
hypochromic microcytic 582t
hypoproliferative 553
immunohemolytic 571
macrocytic 562
management of 897
megaloblastic 567, 567t, 634
macrocytic 570
myelophthisic 554
normochromic normocytic 234, 581, 587, 621, 692, 839
pernicious 79, 565, 566, 566f, 569, 709, 1002, 1167
severe 178, 181, 579
signs of 555t, 559
treatment of 611, 897
Anesthesia 332
Aneuploidy 1099
Aneurysm, carotid 30
Angelman syndrome 1109
Angina
classification of 415
decubitus 414
management of 1201
microvascular 415
nocturnal 414
pectoris 413, 415
diagnosis of 413
exertional 414
management of 413, 417
refractory 414
treatment of 418
types of 414
unstable 414, 422, 425, 431
Angioedema 1127t, 1128, 1128f
hereditary 1128
Angiography
coronary 416t, 465, 470
pulmonary 540
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 106, 438, 439, 489
Angiotensin receptor
antagonist 106, 438, 489
blockers 440
Angiotensinogen 865
Angular cheilitis 555
Angular stomatitis, causes of 12, 12b
Anion gap 929
metabolic acidosis, normal 930t
Ankle edema 418
Ankylosing spondylitis 684, 685, 685f, 686f, 709
extra-articular manifestations of 686t
Ankyrin 577
Ann-Arbor staging classification, Cotswold revision of 621t
Ann-Arbor classification 624
Annular atrophic panniculitis 546
Anomia 942
Anorectal gonorrhea 200
Anorexia 353, 716, 874, 1097t
causes of 716t
nervosa 75, 709, 716, 1096
Anosmia, causes of 1022t
Anosognosia 943
Anoxia 332
Antacids 736, 743
Antepartum necrosis, diabetic 30
Anthracyclines 594, 597
Anthrax 123, 124
cutaneous 124
inhalational 124
Antiachr antibodies 1002
Antianxiety drugs 1075, 1075t
Antiapoptotic kinase inhibitors 1013
Antiarrhythmic drugs 463, 504, 505t
Antibiotics 122, 123, 128, 137, 264, 273, 338, 759, 770, 839
chemoprophylaxis 215
prophylaxis 481, 576
regiment 481
therapy 130, 132, 144, 304, 310, 336
duration of 310
parenteral 310
Antibody 1117, 1119, 1135
against streptococcal antigens 881
antithyroglobulin 41, 51
deficiencies 1123
selective 1124
dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 1117
detection 195
monoclonal 261, 1061, 1135
structure 1117
types of 584b, 670, 681
Anticardiolipin antibody 712
Anticholinergic 260
drugs 271, 1177
symptoms 1074
syndrome, causes of 1054, 1054t
toxidrome 1039f, 1054
causes of 1054
Anticitrullinated peptide antibody 668, 675
Anticoagulants 101, 116, 709
classification of 657, 657t
therapy 657, 657t
contraindications for 657b
Anticoagulation
methods of 658
therapy 957
Anticomplement therapy 584
Anticonvulsants 709, 1091
Anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies 668, 675, 679, 684
Antidepressant 1072
drugs 759
Anti-diarrheal drugs 759
Antidiuretic hormone secretion 1068
Antidote 1051
treatment 1050
Antiepileptic drugs 189, 972, 1162
newer 972
Antiestrogen therapy 1061
Antiflatulence therapy 759
Antifungal drugs 218
classification of 218, 218t
Antigen 1116, 1119, 1129
detection 185, 195
Antiglobulin test 585
indirect methods of 586f
Antihistaminic agents 717
Antihyaluronidase 447
Antihypertensive drugs 438t
types of 438
Antihypertensive treatment 532
Anti-infective therapy 215
Anti-insulin antibodies 94
Antileptic drugs, selection of 972t
Antimalarial antibodies 182
Antimalarial drugs 178
Antimicrobial combination therapy 215
Antimicrosomal antibody 41
Antimitochondrial antibodies 780, 846
Antimotility drugs 730
Antimuscarinic bronchodilators 260
Antimuscarinic drugs 271
Anti-musk antibodies 1002
Anti-myeloperoxidase 670, 883
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 670, 882, 883
Antinuclear antibody 669, 681684, 698, 714
Antioxidant 1, 6
Antiphospholipid antibody 711
syndrome 482, 711,712t
types of 711
Antiphospholipid syndrome
primary 711
secondary 711
Antipityrosporal agents 1161
Antiplatelet
agents 957
antibodies 637
drugs 656
therapy 419, 427, 956
intravenous 427
Antipsychotic drugs, classification of 1075b
Anti-reflux surgery 736
Antiretroviral protease inhibitor drugs 235
Antiretroviral therapy 234, 235f
highly active 234, 237
indications for 235b
Antisaccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies 764, 769
Anti-snake venom
indications for 1047t
therapy, indications for 1047
Antistreptolysin O 679, 883
antibodies 447
Antistreptozyme test 447
Antithrombotic therapy 427
Antithymocyte globulin 1134, 1135
Antithyroid drugs 44
advantages of 45
Antithyroid peroxidase 51
antibody 41, 51
Antitoxin 123
Antitubercular drugs, 289, 292, 292t
classification of 290, 290t
first line 290
newer 290, 292
second line 291
Antituberculous therapy, goals of 292b
Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy 687
Antiviral therapy 153
Anuria 213, 867
causes of 867, 867b
Anxiety
disorder 1083, 1084t
classification of 1083
management of 1084
treatment of 1084
types of 1083
neurosis diagnosis and treatment 1083
signs of 1071
Anxiolytic medications 1075
Aorta 507
aneurysm of 437, 530
hourglass constriction of 463
left shift of 455
Aortic aneurysm 530, 1076
classification of 530
Aortic component 397, 398
Aortic dilation, ascending 466
Aortic diseases 531
Aortic dissection 437, 466, 530, 531b
classification of 531f
Aortic regurgitation 390, 403, 466, 468t, 469b, 470t, 471t
acute 466, 469
causes of 466b
chronic 466, 467, 469
peripheral signs of 467
signs of 531
treatment of 466
Aortic root dilation 470
Aortic sclerosis 466
Aortic stenosis 390, 395, 401, 403, 463, 464, 464t, 465b, 466
classification of 463, 463t
congenital 463
etiology of 463, 463t
triad of 463
Aortic valve replacement 465
Aortic valvular disease 463
Apex beat 453, 459, 464, 467, 511
Aphasias 941
nonfluent 942
types of 942t
Aphthous ulcer, causes of 776
Apical impulse, abnormal 395
Apical pansystolic murmur 459
Apixaban 540
Apla syndrome 712
Aplastic anemia
causes of 588, 588t
etiology of 588
investigations of 588
management of 588
severe 589, 653
Aplastic crisis 575
Apnea 363
hypopnea index 364t
test 1022
procedure of 1022
Apomorphine 1013
Apoplexy, pituitary 32, 33
Apoptosis 412, 1059
Appendix 621
Appetite
control of 17
inhibitors 17
loss of 832
stimulators 17
Apraxia 942, 1146
constructional 942
Arboviruses 156
classification of 156
Arenaviridae 156
Arginine vasopressin 29
Argyll-Robertson pupil 1024, 1024b
causes of 1024b
Aripiprazole 1075
Aromatase inhibitors 1061
Arrhythmias 424, 504
cardiac 165, 493, 547, 910
types of 493, 505t
Arsenic 1037
Arshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure 1151
Artemisinin-based combination therapy 180
Arterial blood gas 228, 251, 270, 330, 524
analysis 257, 369
levels 244, 244t
Arterial blood pH 244
Arterial carbon dioxide 244
Arterial disease 1176
Arterial hypertension, pulmonary 452, 456, 523
Arterial obstruction 248
Arterial oxygen
saturation 244, 608
tension 245
Arterial pulse 388
assessment of 389t
peripheral 389
rhythm abnormalities, types of 389b
Arteriole, glomerular 864
Arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary 377
Arteritis
coronary 413
inflammatory granulomatous 691
pulmonary 674
Artery
gastroepiploic 420
pulmonary 524
Arthralgia 32, 162, 224, 678, 695, 707
Arthritis 162, 682, 687, 695
acute nonpurulent 687
enteropathic 689
initial clinical characterization of 667b
mutilans 688
peripheral 689
poststreptococcal reactive 445
psoriatic 684, 688, 689f, 689t
reactive 684, 687
rheumatic 678, 679, 679t
rheumatoid 69, 313, 343, 451, 463, 482, 667, 671, 672f, 675, 675b, 675t, 677fc, 678, 679, 679t, 684, 684t, 689t, 698, 709, 1002, 1103
severe 448
Arthropathy neuropathic 108
Arthropod-borne viruses 156, 982
Artificial pancreas project 94
Asbestos 343, 347, 350
Ascaris
bronchopneumonia 192
lumbricoides 191, 381
Ascites 486, 808, 815, 860
causes of 825
differential diagnosis of 825, 828
five signs of 826b
malignant 833, 833b
mechanism of 825
pancreatic 855
praecox 833
signs of 826f
theories of 826
Ascitic fluid 832
evaluation of 827
examination 762, 835
findings 833b
infection, classification of 831t
nature of 828, 829t
Ascitic tap 827f
Ascorbic acid 7, 584
Asenapine 1075
Ashrafian sign 468
Asimadoline 759
Askanazy cells 51
Aspartate aminotransferase 426, 681, 778, 805
Aspergilloma 288, 304, 374
air crescent sign of 375f
Aspergillosis 171
bronchopulmonary 373
invasive 171, 229
pulmonary 171
Aspergillus fumigatus 375
Aspiration 309, 321, 330
abscess, features of 309
Aspirin 267, 419, 427, 431, 448, 498, 520, 656
overdose, management of 1052
toxicity 1052t
Asplenia 307
Assist control mode ventilation 366
Astemazole, metabolism of 1182
Asthma 18, 73, 253t, 279, 693
acute 264, 265fc
aspirin induced 267
atopic 253
bronchial 69, 252, 258, 258t, 279
cardiac 258, 258t, 485
characteristic triad of 253
chronic 255
classification of 253t, 256t
complications of 262b
control, assessment of 262, 262t
differential diagnosis of 257
drugs induced 267
episodic 255
exacerbations of 264
long-term complications of 257
non-atopic 253
occupational 265
pathogenesis of 254
severity of 264t
stepwise management of 262t, 263f
Ataxia 4, 938, 1006, 1038
classification of 1006
telangiectasia syndrome 1124
types of 938t
Atazanavir 236
Ateatohepatitis, non-alcoholic 19, 804
Atelectasis 306
compression 306
neonatal 306
obstructive 306
theory 302
Atelectatic region 307
Atenolol 439
Atheroembolism 413
Atheroma, carotid 436
Atheromatous plaque 412, 422
complications of 413b
Atherosclerosis 18, 69, 105, 412, 437, 884
advanced 413
coronary 414
lesions of 412
pathogenesis of 412
premature 674
treatment of 957
Atherothrombotic coronary plaque 423
Athetosis 1008
Atmospheric pollution 350
Atopic dermatitis, skin lesions of 1159f
Atopic eczema, complications of 1160, 1160b
Atopy 254
Atorvastatin 957
Atresia, biliary 838
Atrial contraction, active 393
Atrial fibrillation 42, 50, 390, 394, 407f, 424, 437, 456, 459, 460, 465, 496, 497b, 499
causes of 497t
complications of 497
long-term management of 498
mechanism of 497f
non-valvular 499t
Atrial premature
beat 407f, 494
complexes 494
Atrial septal defect 394, 397, 451, 475, 513, 516, 1101
Atrioventricular blocks
management of 502
second degree 502
Atrioventricular node 404
Atrioventricular septal defects 513
Atrium, empting of 399
Atrophic gastritis, chronic 565
Atrophy, multiple system 1012
Atropine 527, 1041, 1043, 1180
administration of 1043
bolus 1201
infusion 1043, 1201
test 1043
toxicity 1044
Attack termination of 704
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 1101
Atypical mycobacterium, groups of 280t
Audiological tests 1033
Auer rods 595
Aura, duration of 946
Auscultation 269, 303, 313, 349
Auspitz sign 1155
Austin Flint murmur 402, 469, 471t
Autism 1081
Autoantibody 41, 714, 797
formation 1123
Autoimmune disease 11, 78, 79, 114, 313, 482, 508, 859, 889, 1103, 1133
Autoimmune disorder 44, 47, 845, 985, 1060
classification of 1132t
severe 653
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, classification of 584, 584b
Autoimmune hepatitis
classification of 797b
treatment of 797
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases, pulmonary 343
Autonomic nervous system, activation of 102
Autosomal dominant
disorder 1106, 1168
inheritance 1104
method 1104
Autosomal recessive
disease 1115
disorder 1106, 1106t, 1140
mode 1105
transmission 1123
Autosplenectomy 574
Autotopagnosia 943
Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation 838
Avian influenza 341
Axilla 1161
Axis deviation, causes of 408t
Azapirones 1075
Azathioprine 688, 766, 797, 850, 1003, 1134, 1135
toxicity of 1135b
Azithromycin 130, 201, 206, 290, 331
Azoles 186
Azotemia 865, 871, 879
causes of 873
prerenal 100
Aztreonam 130
Azure lunula 247
B
Babinski's sign 939
Bacillary dysentery 132, 135, 135t
complications of 132t
Bacille Calmette-Guerin 289, 300, 1061, 1136
Bacillus cereus 131
Backwash ileitis 763
Baclofen 994
Bactec radiometric method 296
Bacteremia, massive 128
Bacteria, eradication of 304
Bacterial aspiration pneumonia 338
Bacterial infection, anaerobic 135, 310
Bacterial meningitis, complications of 979b
Bacterial peritonitis
acute 830, 831b
chronic 831
Bacterial vaginitis associated organisms 199
Bacteriuria 871
Bad prognostic signs 178
Bagassosis 266
Bag-of-worms appearance 450, 816
Baker's cysts 673
Ball valve thrombus 451
Ballet sign 43
Ballismus 1008
Balloon
dilatation 465
tamponade 819
valvotomy, percutaneous 474
Balneophototherapy 1157
Balonophostitis 111f
Balthazar, grading system of 854
Bamboo spine 686, 686f
Bambuterol 259
Bancroftian filariasis 194
Barber's chair syndrome 991
Barbiturate 1037
blister 1050f
classification of 1050t
coma 959
poisoning 1050, 1050t
management of 1050
treatment of 1050
Bare-metal stents 419
Bariatric surgical techniques 20
Barium
enema 719, 757, 761, 765, 816
meal 737, 761, 860
radiography 736
swallow 359, 701, 737, 738, 816
Barlow's disease 7
Barrett's esophagus 735
Bartonella 480
Bartter's criteria 922b
Basal cell carcinoma 1169, 1176
types of 1169, 1169b
Basket cells 605
Basophils 592
Bat wing appearance 487f
Bateman, herpes iris of 1165
Bazedoxifene 711
Bazett's formula 410
Bazex syndrome 1068, 1069f
B-cell
dysfunction 80
failure 80
lymphoblastic leukemia 594
origin 604
BCG vaccination 300
Beau's lines 247
Beck's triad of hypotension 522
Becker's muscular dystrophy 1005
Becker's sign 468
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 1109
Beclomethasone dipropionate 260
Bedford sign 455
Beevor's sign
analysis of 986
causes of 986
Behavioral disorder 1148
Behavioral therapy 1093
Behçet's disease 694
diagnosis of 694
symptoms of 694
treatment of 694
Behçet's syndrome 694, 695b
Bekhterev-Strümpell-Marie disease 685
Bell's palsy 1028, 1029, 1029f
differential diagnosis of 1029
management of 1029
medical treatment of 1030
sequelae of 1030
Bell's phenomenon 1029f
Bence-Jones proteins 616
Benedict's syndrome 953
Benzbromarone 706
Benzene 594
Benzodiazepines 46, 1041, 1044, 1049t, 1075, 1087, 1091
overdose and management 1049
poisoning 1049
use of 1152
Benzothiapines 418
Benztropine 1012
Berger's disease 887
Beriberi 4, 394, 397
dry 4
infantile 4
treatment of 4
wet 4
Bernheim effect 464
Berry aneurysm 961
intracranial 897
Berylliosis 343
Beryllium disease, chronic 373
Beta adrenergic blockers 45
Beta cell tumor 861
Betahistine 20
Beta-lactam antibiotics 215, 215b
adverse effects of 215
classification of 215fc
types of 215
Betamethasone 68
Bicarbonate
arterial 244
renal excretion of 1052
therapy 214
Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis 1001
Bicuspid aortic valve disease 466, 1104
Bigeminy 495
Biguanides 86, 87
Bilateral ptosis, causes of 1025b
Bile acid
binding resins 89
sequestrants 46, 87
Bile duct obstruction 2
Biliary cholangitis, primary 845
Biliary cirrhosis, secondary 846
Bilirubin 780, 793
metabolism 777f
Bilirubinuria 788, 793
Binet staging 606
Binocular diplopia 1026
Biochemical tests 4, 748, 842
Biologic therapy 770
Biomycin 622
Bioprosthetic valves 470
Biopsy 155, 330, 345, 702, 719, 748, 753
bronchial 372
cardiac 487
Biot's breathing 1020, 1020f
Bipolar disorder 1077, 1079, 1122
Bird Fancier's lung 266
Bird's Beak’ appearance 738
Birdshot retinochoriodopathy 1122
Bisferiens pulse 509
Bisphosphonates 617, 710, 1190
intravenous 57
Bitot's spot 1, 2f
Bivalirudin 659
Black measles 147
Black water fever 179
Bladder
atonic 109
dysfunction 902
Blalock-Taussig shunt 401
Blast cells 595
Blast crisis
features of 603
phase 600, 603
Blastomyces dermatitidis 376
Bleeding
disorders 632, 633t, 634t
congenital 638
investigations of 632
management of 642
nature of 639
tendencies 69
time 7, 642
Bleomycin 343
Bleuler's criteria 1081, 1081b
Blinding, types of 1187
Blindness 1
causes of 1024, 1024b
Blistering diseases, types of 1162, 1162b
Blood 9, 98, 125, 144, 185, 187, 193, 267, 270, 309, 320, 840
ammonia 813
component transfusion 646
count 604
complete 2, 242, 330, 372, 682, 724
full 339, 757
cultures 330, 728, 839
glucose
fasting 437
level 83, 96, 102
postprandial 437
group 651
lipids and lipoproteins, disorders of 542
loss, amount of 816
passage of 695
pressure 18, 531
diastolic 441
maintenance of 956
regulation of 864
product transfusions 724
stained sputum 23
sugar 67
tests 257, 386, 488, 539
transfusion 203, 576
complications of 648, 649t
urea 437
nitrogen 98, 144, 724, 916
vessels 437
erosion of 284
Blowing pansystolic murmur 472
Blue nails 247
Blue sclera 555
Blumer's shelf 860
Bode index 270
Body irradiation, total 654
Body lice 198
Body mass index 15, 270
Boerhaave's syndrome 717
Bone 54, 55, 69
absorption of 709
anabolic agents 711
biopsy 710
cartilage dysplasia 75
chronic infarcts of 576
density 10
disease 6, 893
metabolic 892
pathogenesis of 892
infections of 576
invasion of 33
involvement 140
marrow 128, 572, 583, 605, 608, 611
aspirate 179, 595, 624
aspiration, complications of 661, 662b
biopsy 299
cellular 611
depression 1060
examination 616, 637, 661
failure 594
iron 559, 567
study 601
transplantation 69, 576, 579, 596, 624, 652
matrix, impaired mineralization of 10
metabolism 9t
mineral density 10, 710
mineralization of 7
necrosis 22
pain 69, 116, 601
radionuclide studies of 357
reabsorption of 709
resorption, markers of 56
scan 10
sclerosis of 12
Bony deformity 985
Borderline leprosy 138, 140, 141
treatment of 141
Borderline tuberculoid 138
Borrelia burgdorferi 114
Borrelia recurrentis 114
Bortezomib 597, 617, 1062
Botulinum toxin 738
Bouchard's nodes 698, 698f
Bourneville disease 1172
Boutonniere deformity 672
Bowel disease, inflammatory 69, 684, 689, 762, 859, 1178
Bozzolo sign 468
Brachial plexus, lesions of 992
Brachytherapy 1063
Bradyarrhythmias 416
Brady-asystolic rhythm 525
Bradycardia 129, 389, 390, 424, 785
causes of 389t
Bradykinesia 1010, 1015
Brain 1101
abscess 304, 1017
biopsy 984
contusion 1017
death 1021
diagnosis of 1021
significance of 1021
glucose deprivation of 102
injury 1021
natriuretic peptide 487, 491
tumor 1017
Brainstem
infarction 1017
reflexes 1018, 1018b
Break bone fever 156, 158
Breast 18
carcinoma, risk of 1103
development 1104
enlargement of 73
pain 73
Breath
fruity odor of 101
sounds 313, 383
bronchial 383
types of 383f
tests 749
Breathing
acidotic 178
apneustic 1020, 1020f
ataxic 1020, 1020f
cavernous 383
cluster 1020f
mouth-to-mouth 526
mouth-to-nose 526
restoration of 526
Breathlessness 269, 285, 313, 328
Bretazenil 1075
Brexpiprazole 1075
Bridge therapy 676
Broad-spectrum antibiotics 751
Brock's syndrome 282, 302, 307
Bromocriptine 36, 37, 1013
Bronchi 334
Bronchial asthma
acute attack of 365
complications of 252
diagnosis of 252
investigations of 252
management of 252, 262
treatment of 252
Bronchial breathing, causes of 383
Bronchial carcinoma
complications of 349, 352
diagnosis of 349
etiology of 349
investigations of 349
management of 349
neurological manifestations of 357, 357t
Bronchial dilation, shape of 301
Bronchial disease 376
Bronchial lumen, total obstruction of 305
Bronchial obstruction, causes of 380t
Bronchial tumors, primary 349
Bronchial wall
elastic tissue of 302
thickness of 268
Bronchiectasis 257, 301, 304b, 307, 376, 377
causes of 302
classification of 301
complications of 301, 304, 304t
dry 303, 306
etiopathogenesis of 301
focal 302
investigations of 301
management of 301, 306fc
middle lobe 307
morphological types of 301f
postobstructive 305
post-tuberculous 288
proximal 302, 374
sicca 303, 306
theories of 302
Bronchioles 334
Bronchiolitis obliterans 345, 674
Bronchitis 1123
acute 226, 337, 376
chronic 268, 270, 272t, 278, 278f, 376, 844
Bronchoalveolar lavage 267, 339, 372
Bronchodilator 258, 264, 271, 273, 1131
therapy 263
Broncholith 283, 288
Bronchopneumonia 326, 336
chest X-ray of 337f
Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, classification of 373, 373f
Bronchorrhea 1043
Bronchoscopy 267, 310, 360, 372, 378, 383, 1197
indications of 383, 383t
Bronchospasm, recurrent episodes of 257
Bronze diabetes 841
Brown's syndrome 674
Brown-Sequard syndrome 984, 988
Brucella
abortus 135
agglutination test 136
canis 135
melitensis 135
suis 135
Brucellosis 114, 135
acute 136
chronic 136
subacute 136
treatment of 136
Brugada syndrome 502
Bruits 696
Bruns ataxia 942
Bruns-Garland syndrome 108
Brushfield spots 1101
Bruton agammaglobulinemia 1123
Bruton tyrosine kinase 1123
Budd-Chiari syndrome 395, 608, 802, 834836
causes of 835b
Budesonide 260
Buerger's disease 691, 696, 1176
Buffalo hump 61, 61f
Bulbar paralysis 1048
Bulimia 1097t
nervosa 1097
Bull's eye lesions 1165
Bullae 1164
pulmonary 277
Bullet injury 984
Bull-neck’ appearance 121
Bullous myringitis 335
Bullous pemphigoid 1163, 1164, 1164f
treatment of 1163
Bundle branch block 409, 410, 514
Bunyaviridae 156
Bupropion 20, 1092
Burkholderia cepacia 216
Burkitt lymphoma 623, 625, 626f
categories of 625b
Burns 32, 740
Bursitis 707
types of 708
Buspirone 1075
Busulphan 343, 602
Button-hole deformity 672
Butyrophenones 1075
Butyryl cholinesterase 1044
C
Cabergoline 36, 37, 1013
Cabot-Locke murmur 402
Cachexia 353
cardiac 487
HIV associated 32
Cadaver donor 1133
selection and exclusion 1133t
Café-au-lait macules 1173, 1173f
Calcification, causes of 383
Calcineurin inhibitors 1063, 1134
Calcitonin 41, 54, 57, 711, 1067
Calcium 58
absorption 11
acetate 877
angiography 861
antagonists 440
carbonate 877
channel antagonists 418
channel blockers 438, 440, 524, 533, 702, 1041
indications of 440
distribution of 53
gluconate 59
homeostasis 11, 53
levels, regulation of 54
metabolism 54f
mobilization of 889
oxalate 899
phosphate 899
crystal deposition, basic 706
phosphorus balance 877
pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease 706, 706b
stimulates intestinal absorption of 7
stones 899
urinary excretion of 10
Calculate alveolar-arterial O2 gradient 245
Caloric test 1020
Calotropis 1055f
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis 199
Campylobacter jejuni 131, 1000
infection 1001
Cancer 18
bronchial 309
cell growth, regulation of 1058
chemotherapeutic drugs 555
chemotherapy 75
hallmarks of 1058
pancreatic 859
stem cells 1059
treatment 1059
Candesartan 440
Candida albicans 12, 199
Candida balanitis 111f
Candidiasis 168
chronic mucocutaneous 169
cutaneous 169
esophageal 169, 229, 229f
treatment of 169t
Canefield fever 142
Cannon waves 394
Capillary
leak syndrome 1048
obstruction of 712f
Caplan's syndrome 347, 674
Capreomycin 290, 291
Capsaicin 109, 154
Captopril 439, 443
Caput medusae 815, 827
Carbacrylamine resins 844
Carbamate 1041, 1044
classification of 1041, 1041b
poisoning 1041
management of 1044
Carbamazepine 39, 972, 973, 1027, 1073
Carbapenem 855
resistant enterobacteriaceae 216
Carbimazole 44, 46
Carbohydrate 3, 85
absorption 749
markers 1067
Carbon dioxide 244
narcosis 270
partial pressure of 362
Carbon monoxide 1037, 1041, 1056
transfer test 256
Carcinogenesis 22
Carcinogens 279
Carcinoid 754
syndrome 5, 353, 473, 753, 1068
tumor 349, 753
classification of 753
metastatic 451
Carcinoma
adenosquamous 349
breast 587, 1061
bronchial 349, 354t, 376
bronchioloalveolar 351
bronchogenic 349, 352, 377
colon 764
esophageal 733
hepatocellular 233, 805, 836, 837, 837t, 838, 842, 844, 1067, 1068
intramucosal 735
large cell 351
lung 587
metastatic 985
pancreas 860f
staging of 355t
Cardiac anomalies, congenital 1101
Cardiac arrest
causes of 525, 525b
management of 525, 1198
Cardiac disease 48, 402, 717
Cardiac disorders 75
Cardiac failure 313, 515
congestive 390
Cardiac injury, biochemical markers of 425
Cardiac pacemakers, types of 504
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, management of 492
Cardiogenic shock
causes of 534
management of 537
Cardiomyopathy
alcoholic 508
clinical classification of 507
hypertrophic 398, 416, 509
obliterative 510
peripartum 509
primary 507
restrictive 510
secondary 507
types of 507t
Cardiopathy syndrome 1171
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing 487
Cardiorenal syndrome 488
Cardiotoxic plant poisons 1054
Cardiotoxicity, management of 1054
Cardiovascular disease 83, 233, 376, 417, 642, 895, 914, 1076
Cardiovascular system 24, 307, 379, 555
Cardioversion 498, 503, 505
Cardioverter defibrillator 489
Carditis 69, 445, 447, 448
leaves sequelae 445
rheumatic 448
Carey Coombs murmur 402, 446
Cariprazine 1075
Carnitine 110
palmitoyltransferase 97
Carotenemia 3, 783
Carotenoids 1
Carotid artery, low grade stenosis of 957
Carpal tunnel syndrome 32, 109, 673, 992, 997
Carpopedal spasm, characteristic triad of 59
Carvedilol 418
Casal's necklace and dermatitis 5, 5f
Casoni's skin test 190
Castleman's disease 628, 629
Catacrotic pulse 390
Cataplexy 1093
Cataract 69, 106
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 713
Catatonia, severe 1076
Catecholamines 60, 258, 1067
Catechol-O-methyltransferase 1013
Catheterization, cardiac 395, 461, 487, 514, 515
Cauda equina 988
syndrome 990, 990t
Caudal angina 415
Cefadoxil 481
Cefixime 130
Cefotaxime 130, 832
Ceftabiparole 334
Ceftaroline 334
Ceftazidime 334, 832
Ceftriaxone 130, 201, 206, 331
Cefurixime axetil 1185
Celiac axis nerve block 858
Celiac disease 75, 79, 750, 750b
complications of 750b
management of 751
Cell 300
adhesion molecules 1059
carcinoma, small 349351, 353, 356, 356t
count 827
cycle regulators 1058
growth, control of 1
infections of 222
lung cancer, small 351
mediated immunity 1116
mediated immunodeficiency 1124
tropism 222
Cellophane tape test 191
Cell-to-cell interaction, regulation of 1121
Cellular rejection, acute 913
Cellulitis 118
Central cord syndrome 984
Central nervous system disease, primary 691
Cephalexin 481
Cephalic tetanus 123
Cephalosporins 217, 1185
Cerebellar ataxia 940, 1006
hereditary 1007
progressive 1125
Cerebellar
degeneration 353
dysarthria 1007
function, disorders of 1006
lesions 1006
signs 24, 1006, 1007
tremor 1015
Cerebellopontine angle tumors 1033, 1033t
Cerebral
amyloidosis 1141
blood flow 1021, 1030
edema 69, 802
features of 802
high altitude 23
signs of 98
symptoms of 98
hemispheres 943t, 944f
functions of 943
infarction 949
massive 1017
ischemia, features of 952t
leukostasis 594
malaria 181
treatment of 176
perfusion pressure 1021
salt wasting 923, 923t
toxoplasmosis 232f
venous thrombosis 963, 1035
causes of 963t
Cerebrospinal
fever 120
fluid 822, 977
Cerebrovascular
accidents 105, 436, 1027
disease 949, 1076
Cerebrum 566
Certolizumab 687
Ceruloplasmin 780
Cervical
cancer 1122
carcinoma, invasive 233
cord
lesions 1025
tumor 992
disk prolapse 992
rib 992
spine 673
syringomyelia 989f
venous hum 555
Cestodes 187
Chagas disease 508
Chalmydia trachomatis 202
Chancre, primary 203, 203f
Chancroid 201, 201b
treatment of 201
Chandra-Khetarpal syndrome 302
Charcot's joints 108, 989
Charcot's triad 788
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome 302
Cheese reaction, features of 1072b
Chelation therapy 843
Chemical
aspiration pneumonia 337
mast cell degranulation 1127f
pleurodesis 325
pneumonitis 327
Chemokine receptors 223
Chemoprophylaxis 126, 128, 137, 229, 341
Chemotherapy 356, 609, 709, 861
antituberculous 292, 294, 300, 321, 908
neoadjuvant 1059
postoperative 356
Cherry red spots 816
Chest 9
barrel-shaped 276
compressions 526
adequacy of 526
complications of 526
computed tomography 303
examination 329
movements, reduce 313
pain 328, 332, 384, 414, 452
causes of 384, 385t
differential diagnosis of 384, 384t
episodes of 737
syndrome, acute 574, 575
Cheyne-Stokes breathing 396, 396f
Cheyne-Stokes respiration 485, 1020f
Chiari malformation 549
Chickenpox 152, 152f, 164, 164t
complications of 152, 153, 153t
exanthema 152f
management of 152
treatment of 153
Chikungunya 162
Childhood periodic syndromes 945
Child-Pugh classification, modified 812t
Child-Pugh score 811
Child-Turcotte-Pugh score 811, 812t
Chimerism 1099, 1101
Chipmunk facies 579f
Chlamydia
pneumonia 329, 335
psittaci 335
strain of 202
trachomatis 199, 200
Chlamydial infections 202
Chlamydophila pneumoniae 336
Chlorambucil 606, 617, 887, 1134
Chloramphenicol 130, 218
side effects of 218, 218t
Chlordane 1045
Chlordecone 1045
Chlordiazepoxide 1075
Chloroquine 182, 581, 841, 1155, 1185
uses of 182b
Chlorothiazide 438
Chlorozocin 861
Chlorpromazine 410, 1074, 1075, 1087
Chlorpropamide 39
Chlorthalidone 850
Choanal atresia, bilateral 249
Cholangiocarcinoma 844
Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde 781, 853, 857
Cholangitis 114
Cholelithiasis 576
signs of 571
Cholera
pancreatic 863
sicca 136
treatment of 137
Cholestasis
signs of 785b
symptoms of 785b
Cholesteatoma 307
Cholesterol 320, 542, 780
crystals 320
synthesis, controls rate of 544
Cholinergic crisis 1004, 1004t
Cholinergic syndrome, acute 1043
Chondrocalcinosis 842
Chopra's antimony test 185
Chordate tendinae 396
Chorea 448, 1008, 1014
causes of 1014
rheumatic 448, 449
Choreiform gait 941
Chorioamnionitis 119
Chorionic villous sampling 639, 1113
Chorioretinitis 69
Choroidal artery occlusion syndrome, anterior 953
Christmas disease 641
Chromoendoscopy 765
Chromogranin A 71
Chromosomal abnormality, types of 1099b
Chromosomal disorders 1099, 1113t
classification of 1099
Chromosome, structural abnormalities of 1100f
Chronic alcohol misuse
complications of 1088
consequences of 1088
Chronic asthma, stepwise management of 262
Chronic blood
causes of 719t
loss, anemia of 587
Chronic bronchial
acute exacerbation of 273
asthma, treatment of 257
complications of 268, 270
etiology of 268
investigations of 268
treatment of 268
types of 268
Chronic cor pulmonale, management of 528, 530
Chronic diarrhea, causes of 728
Chronic disease 75, 332, 701
anemia of 560, 582, 587, 675
Chronic dyspnea, causes of 379t
Chronic heart failure, management of 482
Chronic hepatitis
B infection
classification of 796
complications of 796
management of 796
prevention of 796
C, treatment of 801
causes of 796, 796t
present classification of 796b
risk of 798
stage of 796
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy 219
Chronic kidney disease
causes of 891t
classification, revised 891f
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, management of 604
Chronic myeloid leukemia
complications of 602
diagnosis of 601
treatment of 602
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 245, 257, 267, 272, 279, 365, 607, 610
complications of 268
etiology of 268
investigations of 268
treatment of 268
Chronic pancreatitis
causes of 856, 857t
complications of 856, 858
Chronic pyelonephritis
investigations of 906
management of 906
Chronic renal failure
complications of 891
management of 896
Chronic stable angina
investigations of 414
treatment of 414
Chronic vomiting, complications of 717
Churg-Strauss syndrome 373, 382, 670, 691, 693, 693b
Chvostek's sign 59
Chylomicrons 320
Chylothorax 312, 319, 320t
Chylous ascites 195, 833
Cicatricial alopecia 1158
Ciclesonide 260
Ciclosporin 709
complex of 1134
Ciliary dysfunction syndrome 304, 307
diagnosis of 307
treatment of 307
Ciliary dyskinesia, primary 307
Ciliospinal reflex 1025
Ciprofloxacin 130, 201, 290, 334, 688, 832
Circinate balanitis 687
Circle of Hebra 196
Circle of Willis 961, 961b, 961f
Circulation, restoration of 526
Cirrhosis 2, 797, 801, 806, 810b, 812, 812t, 813, 813b, 815f, 820, 825, 826, 828t, 844
alcoholic 805807, 820, 1177
biliary 709, 845
cardiac 846
causes of 806
classification of 806
complications of 806, 810t
end stage of 811b
features of 809f
investigations of 806
macronodular 806
main causes of 807b
management of 806
micronodular 806
mixed 806
morphological classification of 806b, 806f
of liver, signs of 808b
pathogenesis of 807
treatment of 806
Cisplatin 1061
neuropathy 999
toxicity of 1061
Citrullinated peptide antigens 668
Civatte bodies 1158
Cladribine 606
Clarithromycin 290, 331, 481
Claude's syndrome 953
Clavulanate 832
Claw hand, bilateral 139f
Cleistanthus collinus 1055f
Clicking pneumothorax 324
Climatotherapy 1157
Clindamycin 481
Clobetasol propionate 1158
Clodronate 617
Clofibrate 39
Clonazepam 972, 974
Clonidine 440, 443
Clopenthixol 1075
Clopidogrel 419, 427, 431, 643, 656
Clostridial myonecrosis 365
Clostridium
botulinum 131
difficile 210, 755
perfringens 131
Clotrimazole 1185
Clozapine 1075
Clubbing 245, 247, 477f, 810
causes of 246t
eliciting signs of 247b
grades of 246, 246t
signs of 247f
Cluster headache
diagnostic criteria for 948
management of 948
Coagulation, disorders of 638
Coal-worker's pneumoconiosis 346
Coarctation of aorta 395, 434, 512, 1104
Cobalamin 564
deficiency 569
Cobblestone appearance 372
Coccidioides immitis 229, 376
Cockayne's syndrome 1171
Cock-up deformities 673
Coffee worker's lung 266
Cogan's syndrome 691, 696
Cognitive behavioural therapy 1084
Cold abscess 297, 908
Cold agglutinin 330
autoimmune hemolytic anemia 585
Cold hemoglobinuria, paroxysmal 586
Cole-Cecil murmur 402, 468
Colicky flank, severe 900
Colitis
amebic 133, 134
antibiotic associated 210, 755
extensive 763
ischemic 754
ulcerative 762, 763, 763f, 765, 766t, 767t, 771, 773
Collagen
diseases 114, 663
formation of 6
Collapsing pulse 390, 468
Collar rash 5
Colles’ fractures 710
Colloid 1158
Colonoscopy 719, 757, 762, 775, 775t
Color vision 1023
Colorectal cancer 771
Coma 181, 332, 874, 1016, 1017, 1038
causes of 103b, 104
classification of 1017t
diabetic 103, 1021
hypoglycemic 101, 1021
management of 1193
onset of 1017
prognosis of 1018
severity of 1018
stages of 1018
Combination antiretroviral therapy, goals of 234b
Community acquired bacterial meningitis, causes of 979
Comorbid disorders 1097
Compartment syndrome 1048
Complement fixation test 146
Complement system 1119, 1120
Complete cord transection 985t
syndrome 984
Complex partial seizures 968
Comprehensive geriatric assessment, components of 1144f
Compressive myelopathies, causes of 986, 986t
Concomitant drug therapy 48
Condyloma acuminatum 155f
Condylomata lata 204, 204f
Confirmatory aldosterone suppression test 65
Confusion 24, 1016
Congenital heart diseases, classification of 510, 510t
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia, causes of 786
Congenital rubella syndrome, classical triad of 149b
Congestion 143
Congestive heart failure, management of 488
Conjunctiva 783
palpebral 554
Conjunctivitis 687
Conn's syndrome 64
Connective tissue
diseases 69, 75, 524, 668
hereditary 531
disorders 466, 667
nevus 1173
Consciousness 1016
depresses level of 244
Consolidation, signs of 309, 333, 333b
Constipation 109, 718, 757
causes of 718, 718t
functional 718, 718b
management of 719
Constrictive pericarditis, causes of 522b
Contact dermatitis 1161
treatment of 1161
Continuous murmurs, causes of 401, 401t
Continuous positive airway pressure 367
Conus medullaris syndrome 990
Convulsions 24, 59, 100, 165, 181
Coombs test 440, 572, 585, 586f, 680
direct 605
negative 577
Copper sulfate 584
Cor pulmonale 528
acute 529
causes of 529, 529b
chronic 529
types of 529
Cor triatriatum 451
Corneal smear test 165
Corona virus 326
Coronary artery 656
atherosclerosis 413f
bypass grafting 416, 420, 421, 430
disease 35, 413, 431, 437, 545, 1156
Coronary syndrome, acute 18, 412, 420, 422t, 424b, 424t, 428, 443, 656
Corpulmonale 304
Corrigan's sign 468
Cortical bone, subperiosteal resorption of 56
Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration 1012
Corticospinal tracts 954
Corticosteroids 130, 189, 257, 263, 264, 267, 272, 273, 300, 338, 370, 448, 520, 585, 643, 692, 705, 709, 715, 751, 766, 972
high dose 637
indications of 296
low dose 683
parenteral 260
therapy 70, 70t
complications of 69
side effects of 69
Corticotropin 972
Cortisol 60
Cortisone acetate 68
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae 121, 122
parvum 325
Coryza 147
Costophrenic angle, blunting of 540
Cotrimoxazole 130, 230, 581
Cough 116, 227, 252, 269, 278, 328
chronic 285
dry 23, 147
reflex, suppression of 332
refractory 23
Courvoisier's law 788, 860
Coxiella burnetii 326, 480
Coxsackie 508, 858
B virus 77
Crab lice 199
Cradle cap 1161
Crampy abdominal pain 764
Cranial arteritis 691
Cranial nerve 108, 1022, 1033
diseases of 1022
involvement 139
Craniopharyngioma 32
Craniotabes 8
Craniovertebral junction anomalies 992
classification of 992
C-reactive protein 339, 682, 853, 1119
Creatinine phosphokinase 144
Crepitations 227, 460
Crescentic glomerulonephritis 882
Crest syndrome 699, 700
Cretinism 46, 53
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease 1149, 1149t
Cricoarytenoid joint 673
Crigler-Najjar syndrome 787
Crocodile tears 1030
Crohn's colitis 772t
Crohn's disease 202, 689, 762, 767, 767f, 769, 770fc, 773, 1156
etiology of 767
investigations of 767
local complications of 771t
management of 767
severity of 770t
Cromones 260
Crowe's sign 1172
Crush injury 365
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten
murmur 402
syndrome 815
Cryoglobulinemia 1176
Cryoprecipitate 647
Cryptitis 763
Cryptococcus neoformans 171, 231, 376
Cryptococosis 1035
Cryptosporidium 230
parvum 131
Crystal deposition disease 706, 707t
Crystalline silicon dioxide 348
Culex tritaeniorhynchus 163
Cullen's sign 852
Curb 65 rule 331t
Curling ulcers 740
Cushing's disease 33, 60, 64
Cushing's syndrome 60, 62, 62b, 62f, 63, 63t, 75, 434, 709, 860, 1068, 1162
causes of 60, 61t
features of 61f, 62
investigations of 60
management of 60
Cushing's triad 1031
Cyanide 1037, 1041
exposure of 1053b
poisoning 1053
clinical manifestations of 1053
management of 1053
Cyanocobalamin 569
Cyanosis 248, 278, 486, 523, 1053
causes of 248
central 248
cyclical 249
mixed 249
peripheral 248
types of 248, 248t
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 656
Cyclodienes 1045
Cyclooxygenase
inhibitors 656
pathway 678
Cyclophilin inhibits 1134
Cyclophosphamide 508, 617, 622, 693, 887, 1060, 1063, 1134
toxicity of 1060t
Cycloserine 290292
Cyclosporine 767, 887, 1134, 1157, 1160
toxicity of 1134t
Cyclothymia, features of 1079
Cyclothymic disorder 1079
Cystatin C 866
Cystic disease, medullary 898
Cystic fibrosis 2, 75, 77, 302, 310, 377, 1106
complications of 310
Cysticercosis 188, 1035
Cystine stones 899, 901
Cystinuria 899
Cystoscopy 481, 906, 908
Cystourethroscopy 870
Cysts 134, 359
Cytarabine 597
Cytochrome
B5 reductase deficiency 584
oxidase 1053
Cytomegalovirus 77, 78, 114, 150, 789
infection 227, 655
Cytopenias, autoimmune 605
Cytotoxins 740
D
Dabigatran 659
etexilate 659
Dacarbazine 622
Dactylitis 686688
Dahl sign 277
Dalrymple sign 43
Danazol 611, 638
Dapsone 584
Darbepoietin alpha 660
Darunavir 236
Dasatinib 1062
Datura
poisoning 1054
stramonium 1054
Daunorubicin 597
Daytime sleepiness, excessive 1093
De Musset's sign 468
De Quervain's thyroiditis 50
Deafness 77, 149, 694, 1171
Debakey classification 531
De-Carvallo's sign 472
Deep brain stimulation 1013
Deep reflexes, loss of 986
Deep tendon reflex 939, 939t
loss of 1000
Deep vein thrombosis 271, 541, 542b, 1076
Deep venous thrombosis, treatment of 542
Deep wedge biopsy 1178
Defibrillation 03
Dehydration 97, 98, 100, 393, 923
degree of 916
severity of 729t
Dehydroemetine 841
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 60
Dehydrogenase, lactic 779
Dejerine-Roussy syndrome 953
Delavirdine 236
Delirium 24, 336, 1086, 1087t, 1087t
causes of 1087, 1087t
management of 1086
tremens 1005, 1090
Delta cell tumor 862, 863
Delta hepatitis 789, 791, 795
epidemiology of 791
etiology of 791
Delusions 1072
types of 1072
Dementia 6, 50, 1012, 1087t, 1145
alcoholic 1088
causes of 1146, 1146t
classification of 1145
diagnostic criteria for 1145, 1145b
frontotemporal 1148t
modifiable causes of 1149t
reversible causes of 1149
Dengue 156, 159, 159t
classic 156
complications of 160b
fever
diagnosis of 156, 160
management of 160
hemorrhagic fever 156
management of 156
infections, prevention of 162
management of 160, 160t
phases of 158
severe 159
shock syndrome 156, 159
syndrome, expanded 158fc
Dennie-Morgan infraorbital fold 1160
Dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate 859
Dental
caries 717
extraction 115
fluorosis 12
Deoxythymidylate monophosphate synthesis 563
Deoxyuridine suppression test 567
Depression 62, 69, 1150
postpartum 1098
reactive 1077
severe 1076
treatment of 1078
Depressive stupor 1076
Dermatitis 5
atopic 1160, 1160f, 1160t
exfoliative 1068
herpetiformis 1164
intertriginous 110f
Dermatofibroma 1169
Dermatomyositis 353, 508, 713, 714, 714t, 1005, 1068
amyopathic 714
idiopathic 714
Dermatopathy 41
Dermatophytes 169, 170
Dermis, infiltration of 47
Dermopathy 41
Descemet's membrane of cornea 844
Desferrioxamine 579
Desirudin 659
Desmopressin 39
Devic's disease 966
Device therapy 431, 489
Dexamethasone 8, 63, 617
suppression test 437
Dextrocardia 307
Dextrose 1189
intravenous 102
Diabetes 62, 69
cardiovascular complications of 105
classical triad of 81
complications of 96, 96t
insipidus 37, 75, 77, 371, 924
causes of 37, 37b
central 39
congenital nephrogenic 921
nephrogenic 39
treatment of 924
types of 37
mellitus 18, 7477, 78f80f, 83, 85, 92f, 105b, 106, 107, 441, 1167
acute complications of 96
causes of 76
chronic complications of 96, 104
classification of 76, 77t
dermatological complications of 110, 110b
development of 78
diagnosis of 83
dietary management of 85
etiology of 76
gestational 77, 110, 110b, 111t
management of 85
ophthalmologic complications of 106
pathogenesis of 77
type 1 77, 78, 81, 709
type 2 18, 79, 81, 99, 804
types of 76f
musculoskeletal complications of 110
specific types of 77
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy 109t
Diabetic coma, hyperosmolar non-ketotic 99
Diabetic ketoacidosis, management of 1203
Diabetic nephropathy, management of 105, 106
Diabetic neuropathy
classification of 108
management of 108
Diabetic retinopathy
lesions of 107
moderate nonproliferative 107f
proliferative 107f
Dialysis
disequilibrium syndrome 910
indications of 878t
Diaphragm sellae, stretching of 33
Diarrhea 2, 5, 13, 109, 166, 229, 727, 751, 753, 755, 757, 764
acute 728, 728t
causes of 230t, 727, 727t
chronic 2, 229, 731t
inflammatory 727, 728
osmotic 727, 727t
postantibiotic 210
types of 727
watery 727, 728
Diastolic murmur, high-pitched 473
Diatheses, hemorrhagic 376, 632
Diazepam 972, 1049, 1075, 1087, 1091
Diazoxide 77, 439
Dichlorodiphenyl methane 1045
Dicobalt edetate 1053
Didanosine 236
Dieldrin 1045
Dietary proteins 886
Dietary salt restriction 886
Diethylcarbamazine 196
provocation test 195
Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis 699
Diffuse parenchymal lung disease 343
DiGeorge syndrome 58, 1124, 1124b
Digital gangrene 691
Digital ulcers, control of 702
Digoxin 46, 489, 498, 547, 1041
antibodies 1041
toxicity 548
management of 548
Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists 418
Diloxanide furoate 1185
Diltiazem 418, 498
Dimercaptosuccinic acid 905
Dimorphic anemia 569
Dip stick tests 904
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors 86, 88, 95
Diphtheria 121, 219
antitoxin 122
clinical manifestations of 121
complications of 121
cutaneous 121
diagnosis of 121
laryngeal 121
management of 121
pharyngeal 121
respiratory 121
Diploid 1099
Diplopia 1002, 1026
Dipsomania 1086
Dipyridamole 416, 657
Direct antiglobulin test 586
Direct thrombin inhibitors 427, 659
Direct valvular damage 478
Directly observed treatment, short course 293, 294
Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs 676, 679
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 212, 342, 353, 571, 595, 644, 644t, 780, 1069
Dissociative disorder 1084, 1085b
Distal acinar emphysema 275
Distal interphalangeal joints, non-weight bearing 697
Distal muscular dystrophy 992
Distal phalangeal distance 246
Distal renal tubular acidosis 889
Distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy 108
Distal urethra and introitus, colonization of 902
Distress
respiratory 307
syndrome, postprandial 721
Diuresis 97
Diuretic therapy 488
Divalproex 1073
Dobutamine 214, 470, 536, 537
Dock's murmur 402
Dock'sign 512
Dolutegravir 238
Dominant transmission, X-linked 1108f
Donath-Landsteiner test 586
Donepezil 1147
Dopamine 537, 945
antagonists 717
facilitator 1013
receptor agonists 36, 1013
transporter imaging 1011
Doripenem 217
Dorsal root ganglia 977
Down syndrome 77, 593, 1101, 1102f
clinical features 1101
screens 1102b
Doxophylline 260
Doxorubicin 617, 622
Doxycycline 196, 217, 331, 325, 688
D-penicillamine 343
Dreisbach's classification 1043t
Dressing apraxia 942
Dressler's syndrome 313, 425
Droperidol 1075
Droplet infection 125
Drowning 27
pathophysiology of 27
stages of 27fc
wet 27
Drug-induced liver disease, clinicopathologic classification of 834t
Drugs resistant malaria 180
Drugs sensitivity testing 287
Drugs therapy 20, 141, 258, 271, 488
Drummond sign 468
Dubin-Johnson syndrome 787
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1005, 1109
Duckett Jones criteria 447
Duke criteria, modified 479t
Dumping syndrome 744
Duodenal ulcer 741t, 744
Duodenum 69, 557, 738, 750
diseases of 738
Dupuytren's contracture 809f, 810
Duroziez's sign 468
D-xylose absorption test 749
Dysarthria 24, 943
Dyselectrolytemia 411
Dysentery 132
amebic 134, 135, 135t
Dyshormonogenesis 46
Dyskinesia 1008
Dyslipidemia 18, 545, 1074
Dyspepsia 720, 731, 735, 737
causes of 720, 721t
chronic 721b
differential diagnosis of 720, 732
flatulent 720
functional 720, 721t
nervous 720
nonorganic 720
nonulcer 720, 722
symptoms of 720t
Dysphagia 733fc
causes of 732
esophageal 732
high-grade 735
management of 731
oropharyngeal 732
Dyspnea 116, 252, 255, 276, 278, 376, 387, 388, 458, 513, 523
acute 367, 379
causes of 317t, 318, 379, 903b
chronic 379
differentiation index 252
exertional 23, 513
paroxysmal nocturnal 387, 388, 388t, 453, 485
progressive 227
severity of 388, 388t
Dysrhythmia 24, 1053
Dyssomnias 1093
Dyssynergia 1007
Dysthymic disorder 1076
Dystonia 1008
Dystrophic calcification 413
Dystrophy, myotonic 77, 508, 1005, 1108, 1109
Dysuria 116
E
Ear 307
Early HIV infection, Fiebig stages of 225t
Eastern equine encephalitis 156
Eater deprivation test 38f
Eating disorders 1096
Ebola virus
disease 166
management of 166
Ebstein's anomaly 249, 397, 472, 518
Ecallantide 1128
Ecchymoses 6, 69
Echinococcus granulosus 189
life cycle of 189, 190f
Eclampsia 434, 802
Ectoparasites 196
Ectopic thyroid tissue, detection of 41
Eculizumab 584
Eczema 1159
atopic 1160
classification of 1159, 1159t
Edema 14, 32, 881, 887, 934
bilateral 140
cardiac 486
cardiogenic pulmonary 369, 492
formation, mechanism of 934
generalized 304
interstitial 492
nonpitting 935
periorbital 881
pulmonary 25, 365, 387, 458, 460, 470, 492, 1038, 1053
special forms of 934t
treatment of 886
Edinburgh classification of coma 1018t
Edrophonium test 1003
Edward's syndrome 1099
Efalizumab 1157
Efavirenz 236, 238
Egg-shell calcification 348
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 466, 531, 698, 1106
Eisenmenger's complex 607
Eisenmenger's syndrome 516
Ejection systolic murmur 400, 401, 473, 512
differential diagnosis of 400
Elapid bite 1046
Electrocardiogram 48, 378
Electrocardiographic monitoring, continuous 386
Electroconvulsive therapy 1075, 1082
indications for 1076
Electroencephalography 1036
Electrolytes 728, 915
Elephantiasis 195
Eletriptan 947
Elevated serum aminotransferases, causes of 778t
ELISA test 187
Elliptocytosis, hereditary 571
Embolism, pulmonary 271, 378, 410, 537
Embryonic stem cells 651
Emetine 841
Emphysema 268, 271, 274, 275, 278, 277t, 278f, 844
centriacinar 275
features of 270
irregular 275
mediastinal 274, 274f, 325
obstructive 283
pulmonary 274
types of 274, 275f
Emphysematous pyelonephritis 906
Empty sella
MRI image of 31f
syndrome 31, 75
Empyema 119, 304, 312, 319t
aspiration of 321
complications of 321t
necessitans 321
nontuberculous 321
thoracis 320
complications of 320
etiology of 320
investigations of 320
management of 320, 321
Emtricitabine 236, 238
Enalapril 439, 1188
Encephalitic stage, acute 163
Encephalitis 978, 983, 983b
Encephalomyelitis, myelopathy 353
Encephalopathy 4, 802
hypertensive 436, 441
metabolic 956
portosystemic 820, 821, 821t
Endocardial involvement, evidence of 479
Endocarditis 446, 474t, 476, 482, 681
acute 474
bacterial 879
culture negative 476
infective 114, 215, 451, 457, 463, 464, 466, 474-476, 478, 480b, 480t, 481
nonbacterial thrombotic 482
noninfective 482
postoperative 475
prophylaxis of 481
rheumatic 445
subacute 474, 476
Endocardium 445
Endocrine 508, 994, 1121
cells 16
complications 655, 1103
diseases 716
disorders 75, 582, 709
myopathies, causes of 1005b
Endomyocardial fibrosis 451
Endoscopy 736, 737, 738, 742, 748
Endosulfan 1045
Endothelial
cells 631
injury 412
Endotracheal intubation 264, 481
Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy 956, 1195
End-stage renal
disease 106, 466
failure, development of 887
Energy 1077
Enfuvirtide 237
Enophthalmos 1025
Entamoeba histolytica 133, 199, 840
Enteral nutrition, methods of 13t
Enteric fever 128
Enterobacter cloacae 751
Enterobius vermicularis 191
Enterococcal endocarditis 480
Enterococcus faecalis 839
Enterovirus 982, 1123
Enzyme 740, 778, 1129
cardiac 519
induction 1182
supplements 858
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 160, 179
Eosinophil 254, 312
chemotactic factor 1129
Eosinophilia 68, 193, 195, 382, 591, 693, 895
asthmatic pulmonary 373
causes of 380, 591
pulmonary 192
Ephelide 1169
Epicardial coronary artery, focal spasm of 432
Epidermal cell proliferation 1155
Epidermoid carcinoma 351
Epidermolysis bullosa 1162
Epididymis 195
Epididymitis 195
Epigastric
pain 735
pulsations 453
tenderness 852
Epilepsia partialis continua 968
Epilepsy 966
syndromes 969
Epinephrine 264
Epiphyseal growth plate 10
Epipodophyllotoxins 597
Episcleritis 691
Epistaxis 642
Epithelioid cells, aggregate of 370
Epitope 1116
Epitrochlear nodes 204
Eplerenone 829
Epstein-Barr virus 114, 150, 233, 623, 789, 1070
Eptifibatide 427, 657
Epworth sleepiness scale 364
Erectile dysfunction 73, 109
organic causes of 74t
Erlotinib 1062
Erosion 717
Erotomanic delusions 1072
Ertapenem 217, 331
Erysipelas 118
Erythema gyratum repens 1069
Erythema marginatum 446, 448
Erythema multiforme 1164, 1165f
classification of 1165b
management of 1164
treatment of 1166
Erythema nodosum 1178, 1178b, 1178f
diagnosis of 1178
etiology of 1178
leprosum 140
treatment of 1178
Erythrocytapheresis 843
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 51, 144, 330, 339, 621, 645, 675, 682, 688, 698, 764, 793, 1118
Erythroid hyperplasia 559, 572
Erythromycin 201, 325
Erythropoiesis, megaloblastic type of 567
Erythropoietic porphyrias 665
Erythropoietin 608, 660, 864
deficiency, anemia of 897
Escherichia coli 131, 327, 643
Esmolol 505, 1197
Esophageal diseases 229
Esophageal dysphagia, causes of 732t
Esophageal variceal bleeding, management of 816
Esophageal varices 722, 816, 816b818b
banding of 817f
Esophagitis 229
erosive 736
infectious 733
Esophagus
achalasia of 737
diseases of 731
gastroesophageal junction of 738
rupture of 312
squamous carcinoma of 738
Estrogens 850
Etanercept 677, 687, 1134, 1157
Ethacrynic acid 850
Ethambutol 290292
Ethanol 1037
therapy 1056
Ethionamide 290292
Ethosuximide 973
valproate 972
Ethylene glycol poisoning 1056
Etomidate, intravenous 64
Etopophosphamide 597
Etoposide 597, 622
Etravirine 236
Eumycetes 172
Eumycetoma 172
Euphoria 62, 69
Euploid 1099
Euro score 603
European League Against Rheumatism 675t, 679, 684
Eustachian tube dysfunction 549
Euthyroidism 39
Eutos score 603
Euvolemic hyponatremia, causes of 918t
Evan's syndrome 636
Everolimus 1134
Ewing's sarcoma 1060
Exacerbation
causes of 273
mild-to-moderate 264
Exenatide 88
Exercise tolerance test 415
Exocrine
function tests 858
pancreatic
defects 77
insufficiency 311
Exophthalmos 41, 43, 43f
signs 43
Expansion disorders, triplet repeat 1108, 1108t
Extensor plantar
reflex 939
response, causes of 1007b
Extractable nuclear antibodies 670
Extraglomerular mesangium 864
Extramedullary spinal cord compression, causes of 987
Extraocular muscles, infiltration of 43f
Extraosseous plasmacytoma, solitary 619
Extrathoracic metastasis, manifestations of 352t
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis 266
Exudative pleural effusion, causes of 312
Eye 22
conditions 69
damage 140
diseases 149
dry 2
inflammation 694
movements
abnormal 1125
and position 1019f
signs 43, 43f
Eyeball, abnormal protrusion of 43
Eyelid, partial ptosis of 1025
Ezetimibe inhibits 545
F
FAB classification of acute leukemias, revised 592
Fabry's disease 463, 999, 1171
Facial angiofibromas 1173
Facial nerve 1028
anatomy 1028f
palsy, causes of 1028, 1028t
Facial palsy 1029t
Facial skin 700
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 986
Factitious disorder 1085
Faine's criteria, modified 144t
Falciparum malaria 176, 180
complications of 176, 181t
Fallot's spell 517
Fallot's tetralogy 516
Familial amyloidotic neuropathies 1139, 1140
Familial mediterranean fever 1139, 1140
Fanconi's anemia 588, 653
Fanconi's syndrome 889
Farmer's lung 266
Fasting glucose, impaired 76, 83
Fat 85
metabolism, abnormal 80
Fatigue 2, 224, 452, 458, 845
extreme 23, 605
Fat-soluble vitamins 3t
Fatty acid
binding protein, heart-type 426
oxidation 80, 112
Fatty diarrhea 727, 728
Fatty liver 19, 803, 805
alcoholic 805
causes of 803, 803t
disease
non-alcoholic 803, 804
simple 804
Fatty streaks 412
Fava beans 581
Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions 649
Febuxostat 706
Fecal calprotectin 765
Fecal lactoferrin 765
Fecal microbiota transplantation 756
Feco-oral autoinfection 188
Felbamate 973
Felodipine 418
Felty's syndrome 674, 678
Female hypogonadism 709
Feminizing tumors 74
Fenoterol 259
Ferric carboxymaltose 561
Ferritin 556, 804
Ferumoxytol 561
Festinant gait 941
Fetal hemoglobin 550
Fetor hepaticus 815, 821
Fever 3, 126, 129, 136, 143, 147, 162, 224, 228, 329, 353, 693, 707, 839, 881
chronic rheumatic 446
high-grade 178
hysterical 114
neutropenic 1065
periodic 115
psychogenic 114
recurrent 605
rheumatic 118, 215, 446, 451
types of 115f
virus 789
yellow 156
Fiberoptic endoscopy 816
Fibersensory neuropathy, small 999
Fibreoptic bronchoscopy 354
Fibril protein 1139
Fibrin degradation 646
Fibrinogen 1119
Fibrinoid necrosis 693
Fibrinolysis 642
Fibrinolytic
agents 659
fibrin-specific 428
system 632
Fibrocavitary tuberculosis 285
Fibromyalgia syndrome 707, 708
Fibrosing strictures 771
Fibrosis 801
extensive 807
focal 348
interstitial 349
lymphatic 22
pulmonary 348
retroperitoneal 859
Fibrothorax 349
causes of 349
Fibrous cap, superficial 412
Fibrous pleuritis, obliterative 284
Filariasis 194, 194b, 195
diagnosis of 194
life cycle of 195f
lymphatic 194
treatment of 194
Fine-needle aspiration cytology 41, 51
Finger
clubbing of 246f, 309, 353
sweep 526
Fingernails, spooning of 559f
Fistula
arteriovenous 909, 909f
bronchopleural 321
formation 771
Fitz-Hugh-Curits syndrome 200
Flaccid paraplegia, causes of 991
Flag sign 15
Flagella 740
Flaky paint appearance 14
Flapping tremor 809, 810f
Flea, control of 126
Flecainide 498
Flesch test 685
Flexion abduction external rotation maneuver 685
Flexor spasms 987
Flow volume loops 250
Flu syndrome 290
Fluconazole 186
Fludarabine 606
Fludrocortisone 68
Fluent aphasias 942
Fluid
management 370
replacement 101
restriction 829
resuscitation 99, 724
retention 69, 897
therapy 213
thrill 827
Flumazenil 1041, 1050
Flunisolide 260
Fluorine 12
Fluoroquinolones 218
Fluorosis 12
Flupenthixol 1075
Fluphenazine 1075
Flurazepam 1049
Fluroquinolones 291
Fluticasone 260
Folate deficiency 566, 569
Folic acid 6, 563, 564, 676, 751, 1185
deficiency 568
role of 751
metabolism 563
prophylactic 570
role of 563, 564f
Follicle stimulating hormone 29, 31, 33
Follicular canal 1174
Fomepizole 1056
Fondaparinux 657, 659
Food
borne botulism 126
poisoning 130, 728
causes of 130, 131, 131t
diagnosis of 130
management of 130
thermic effect of 17
Foot drop 109, 940
Forefoot, broadening of 673
Formoterol 259
Fosamprenavir 236
Fosfomycin 217
Fothergill's disease 1027
Foul-smelling 13, 303
purulent, large amounts of 309
Fourth heart sound 399
causes of 399, 399b
significance of 399
Fox's sign 852
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide 252
Fracture 69
dislocations 6
risk of 709
Fragility fracture 709
Fragmentation syndromes 571
Frailty syndrome 1149
Framingham risk score 545
Frank diabetes over time 83
Fredriachs ataxia 984
Free fatty acids 18
Freeze-dried bacteria 773
Fresh frozen plasma 647, 659
Frey’ syndrome 1030
Friedlander's bacillus 334
Friedlander's pneumonia 334
Friedreich's ataxia 77, 508, 999, 1007, 1106, 1007f
Friedreich's sign 394, 521, 522
Frog sign 394
Froin's syndrome 984
Frontotemporal dementia 1148
Frovatriptan 947
Frozen red blood cells 647
Fulminant hepatic failure
causes of 801
complications of 801, 802, 802t
investigations of 801
management of 801
Fundic gas shadow 738
Fundoscopy 232
Fundus fluorescein angiography 107
Fungal
disorders 662
infections 30, 168, 231, 373f, 376, 655, 802, 1035
Fungi 114, 308
cutaneous 170
Funicular pain 991
Furosemide 438, 829
Fusion inhibitors 237
Fusobacterium necrophorum 308
G
Gabapentin 973, 974, 1074
Gaenslen's maneuver 685
Gaisböck syndrome 607
Gait 940
abnormalities 940, 940f
apraxia 942, 1006
ataxia 4
changes 1011
circumduction 940
extrapyramidal 941
hemiplegic 940
hyperkinetic 941
myopathic 940
pyramidal 940
Galactomannan 376
Galactorrhea 33, 36
Galactosemia 1106, 1115
Galantamine 1147
Gallavardin phenomenon 464
Gallbladder 128
Galloping vitiligo 1167
Gallstones 19, 850
Gamekeepers thumb 672
Gamma hydroxybutyrate 1094
Gamma knife 34
Gammaglobulin, intravenous 218, 219b
Gangrene, diabetic 105f
Gardner's syndrome 774
Gardos channel inhibitor 574, 576
Garland sign 994
Garland triad 371
Gas exchange function 251
Gastrectomy, subtotal 709
Gastric
antral vascular ectasia 701f
biopsy 569
bypass surgery 3
carcinoma, higher incidence of 565
contents, aspiration of 309
electrical stimulation 717
emptying, defective 734
erosions 69
hyperacidity 740
lavage 1051, 1052
complications of 1040b
lymphoma, primary 626
mucosa, heterotopic 738
outflow obstruction 744
outlet obstruction 745
causes of 745b
differential diagnosis of 745
ulcer 739, 741t, 742f
chronic non-healing 744
Gastrinoma 862
Gastritis 135
acute 739f
atrophic 1123
chronic 739f
Gastroenterology 716
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 19, 257, 733, 736t
complications of 733
development of 734f
etiopathogenesis of 733
management of 733, 736
treatment of 736
Gastrointestinal
adenocarcinomas 1158
anthrax 124
bleeding 722, 802, 878
disease 229
disorders 19, 75, 709
infections 210
malignancies 1123
motor abnormalities 756
mucosal toxicity 22
procedures 481
toxic plant poisons 1055
Gastrointestinal tract 475, 738, 1101
functional disorders of 756t
procedure 481
psychosomatic disorders of 756
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis 297, 759
Gastroparesis 109
Gatifloxacin 331
Gaucher's disease 663
Gaze apraxia 942
Gefitinib 1062
Gell and Coomb's classification 1126f
Gemcitabine 861
Gemifloxacin 331
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin 597
Gene mutation analysis 858
Gene therapy 576, 1109
Generalized lymphadenopathy, differential diagnosis of 627
Generalized osteoporosis, causes of 709t
Genetic
disease, prevention of 1113
disorders 594
syndromes 77
Genital herpes 230f
Genital lesion 202
Genital tract 307
Genital ulcer disease 207, 207t, 221, 694
causes of 207t
Genital warts 230f
Genitalia, external 201
Genitourinary system, diseases of 233
Genitourinary tract 311, 475
Genome detection assays 234
Gentamicin 126, 334
Geophagia 559
Gepirone 1075
Gerhardt's sign 468
Germ cell tumors 653, 1067
German measles 148
Germline gene therapy 1110
Gerstmann's syndrome 942
Gestational diabetes mellitus, diagnosis of 110b
Gestational trophoblastic tumors 1060
Ghon complex 282
fate of 282
Ghrelin 16, 17
Giant A-wave 394
Giant cell arteritis 691, 696, 697
Giant metamyelocytes 567
Giant platelets 610
Giardia 1123
intestinalis 752
lamblia 131, 199, 752
Giardiasis 2, 135, 752
acute 753
chronic 753, 1123
diagnosis of 752
treatment of 752
Gibson's murmur 402, 511
Gigantism, pituitary 34
Gilbert syndrome 786
Gingival hypertrophy 595
Gingivitis, ulcerative 135
Glabella 1161
Glands 702
Glandular fever 151
Glatiramer acetate 1135
Glaucoma 69
Gliadin 750
Global sensory loss 999
Globin synthesis 571
Glomerular basement membrane 105, 882, 884
Glomerular disease 874, 879
causes of 879t
idiopathic 885
syndromes of 879b
Glomerular filtration rate 865, 891f
Glomeruli, inflammation of 879
Glomerulonephritis 353, 691, 693, 876, 879
acute 881, 883fc
proliferative 879
causes of 879
focal segmental 477, 479
poststreptococcal 118, 880
primary 879
Glossitis
atrophic 559, 559f
causes of 720
Glucagon 102, 1041, 1189
release of 102
Glucagonoma 862
Glucocorticoids 60, 68, 68t, 77, 373, 611, 676, 683, 693, 717, 1134, 1164
adverse effects of 69t
deficiency 66
equivalent doses of 68
receptor antagonists 64
Glucokinase activators 90
Glucose 3, 98, 312
6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 571, 580
absorption, reduce 89
control 214
dependent insulinotropic peptide 88
hepatic production of 80
intolerance 62, 69
tolerance test 35, 749
Glucuronidation 1183
Glutathione conjugation 1183
Gluten-sensitive enteropathy 1164
Glyceryl trinitrate 418
Glycine conjugation 1183
Glycogen storage diseases 1104, 1106, 1114
Glycolysis, reduce 112
Glycopyrronium bromide 1044
Glycosaminoglycans 41
Glycoside, cardiac 489
Glycosuria 84, 853, 870, 1115
alimentary 84
differential diagnosis of 84
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol 583
Goblet cells 269
Goiter 41, 52, 53f
classification of 52, 52t
endemic 52, 53
investigations of 52
multinodular 52
nodular 46
simple 52
treatment of 52
Goitrogens 52
Goldman's test 187
Golfer's elbow 708
Golimumab 687
Gonadal
disorders 72
dysfunction 61, 655
dysgenesis 75
Gonadotroph adenoma 33
Gonococcal infection 199, 200
Gonococcal urethritis, acute 199
Gonorrhea 199
ocular 200
pharyngeal 200
treatment of 200, 200b
Goodpasture's syndrome 343, 376, 879, 1122
Gottron's papules 714
Gout 451
acute attack of 705
chronic tophaceous 704
clinical manifestations of 704
diagnosis of 704
etiology of 704
intercritical 704
management of 704
Gouty arthritis, acute 704, 704f
Gower's maneuver, use of 1005
Graft versus host disease 69, 653, 654, 655
Graham Steell murmur 402, 454, 473
Granules 753f
Granulocyte 312
colony stimulating factor 660, 661
concentrates 647
Granuloma
causes of 373t
inguinale 202, 202b
noncaseating 370
telangiectaticum 1169
Granulomatosis 691, 693, 694
Granulomatous disease 30, 281
Grattage test 1155
Graves’ disease 41, 44b, 46, 47, 50, 79, 1122
diagnosis of 41
etiopathogenesis of 41
hyperthyroidism of 44
investigations of 41, 44
management of 41
severe 44
treatment modalities of 41
Grey Turner's sign 852
Grocco's sign 313
Grocco's triangle 313
Groove sign 202
Growth hormone 29, 31, 33, 34
deficiency 32
therapy 32
side effects of 32t
Growth retardation 69
Guadeloupean parkinsonism 1012
Guaiac test 720
Guanylatecyclase stimulant 524
Guillain-Barré syndrome 165, 335, 388, 1000, 1001, 1077, 1136
management of 1001
Guilt 1077
Gum 7
hyperplasia, phenytoin-induced 1180f
inflammation 694
Gustatory lacrimation 1030
Gustatory sweating 1030
Gut hormones 16
Gut mucosal edema 886
Gynecomastia 73, 353, 809, 809f
causes of 73, 74t, 809t
H
H1N1 influenza virus 326, 341
Haemophilus ducreyi 199, 201
Haemophilus influenzae 326, 328, 576, 577, 604, 1123
Hailey-Hailey disease 1162
Hair
disorders 1175
loss of 809
Hairy cell leukemia 599, 663
management of 599
Half-and-half nails 247
Hallucinations 1072, 1081
hypnagogic 1094
Hallucinogen 1039
Hallux valgus deformity 673
Haloperidol 410, 1014, 1075, 1087
Ham's acidified serum test 583
Hamman-Rich syndrome 345
Hampton's hump 540
Hand-foot syndrome 574
Hansen's disease 992
diagnosis of 137
etiology of 137
management of 137
Haploid 1099
Hapten 1116
Haptoglobin 557
Harrison's sulcus 9, 277
Hartnup's disease 5
Harvey sign 468
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 46, 47, 51, 623, 1002, 1122
investigations of 51
treatment of 51
Head
injuries 75
lice 198
trauma 30, 1146
Headache 22, 33, 116, 166, 244, 944, 945
classification of 944, 944t
cluster 947, 948t
red flags of 946b
severe 143, 692
types 944f
Headlight sign 1160
Hearing
loss 307
sensorineural loss of 887
Heart 18, 371, 1101
block 502
causes of 503b
complete 390, 409f
treatment of 503
catheterization 524
conduction system of 404, 404f
disease 48
acyanotic congenital 511
chronic 482, 483
complex congenital 307
congenital 149, 510
coronary 545b
cyanotic congenital 516, 607
ischemic 69, 412, 413f, 420, 439, 652
rheumatic 443, 444f, 448, 472, 482, 461t, 1132
failure 35, 460, 464, 472, 478, 482, 484, 485, 485b, 487, 488
acute 484
advanced 488
biventricular 484
causes of 485
chronic 484, 487
congestive 4, 75, 257, 388, 482, 549, 935f
diastolic 483
four stages of 491f
Framingham criteria for diagnosis of 487t
high-output 483
left-sided 484
low-output 483
management of 482, 488, 490, 491f
mechanism of 484fc
nonpharmacological treatment of 489
pathophysiology of 483
progresses 483
signs of 485, 486t, 508
symptoms of 485, 486t, 508
types of 483
rate 406
determination of 406f
sounds 396
transplantation 277, 490
valves, endocardium of 474
Heartburn 735
Heat
cramps 23
edema 23
exhaustion 23
injury, exertional 23
loss, impaired 24
production 24
Heatstroke 23, 25b, 25t
differential diagnosis of 25b
first aid for 25
types of 23
Heberden's nodes 698, 698f
Heel pain 685
Heerfordt-Waldenström syndrome 371
Heimlich maneuver 526
Heinz body preparation 572
Helicobacter pylori 135, 739, 742, 742t
eradication regimens 743
infection 742, 744t
management of 743
persistent 744t
role of 565
Heliotrope rash 714
Heller's operation 738
HELLP syndrome 802
Hemagglutinin disease 585
Hemarthrosis 377, 639, 640, 722
Hematemesis, causes of 722
Hematochezia 723
Hematocrit 559, 567
Hematological diseases 656
Hematological disorders 376, 582, 652, 663
Hematolymphoid disorders, primary 662
Hematomas 640
psoas 639
resorption of 958
Hematopoiesis
extramedullary 610
nonclonal 602
Hematopoietic cell transplantation
complications of 655, 655t
types of 653
Hematopoietic growth factors 660
Hematopoietic stem cell 600, 653
origin of 653
transplantation 652, 653, 653t
Hematuria 869, 870, 879, 881
evaluation of 870b
microscopic 477, 882
Heme iron 557
Heme synthesis 558
disorders of 664
Hemetemesis 723t
Hemiballismus 1008
Hemicraniectomy 956
Hemidesmosomes 1164
Hemimedullary syndrome 953
Hemiplegia 992
causes of 992t
Hemochromatosis 30, 77, 698, 1106, 1178
hereditary 842
Hemodialysis 909, 1052, 1188
complications of 910
Hemofiltration, principles of 911f
Hemoglobin 193, 270, 550, 559, 567, 604
defects, classification of 573t
disease, unstable 571
electrophoresis 572, 575
hereditary disorders of 572
levels 610, 644
production 572
structure 550
Hemoglobinuria
malarial 179
paroxysmal nocturnal 583, 647
Hemolysis 844
causes of 572
features of 571
intravascular 583, 649
Hemolytic
anemia
acquired 571
acute 581
autoimmune 584, 571, 584
causes of 571t
chronic nonspherocytic 581
classification of 570, 571t
diagnosis of 570, 571
evidence of 585
features of 571
hereditary 571
management of 570
microangiopathic 644, 701
crisis 575
disease 570, 571
transfusion reaction, acute 648
uremic syndrome 571, 643, 644t
Hemophilia 376, 640, 709
A 638
classification of 638
diagnosis of 638
etiology of 638
management of 638
B 641
Hemopneumothorax 325
Hemopoietic system 22
Hemoptysis 285, 288, 303, 304, 376, 377, 452, 456, 723t
causes of 288, 376, 376t, 377, 377t
investigations of 376
management of 376, 379fc, 1196
massive 374
treatment of 305
Hemorrhage 6, 69, 413, 744
consequences of 958
diffuse pulmonary 343
epidural 987
hemispheral 1017
intracerebral 7, 949
intracranial 949, 958
perifollicular 6
postpartum 31
pulmonary 538
retrobulbar 7
treatment of 640t
Hemorrhagic
complications, treatment of 162
infarction, acute 70
pleural effusion, causes of 317, 317t
Hemosiderin 556
Hemosiderosis 579
pulmonary 456
Hemostasis 629
components of 629
mechanism of 630, 630f
Hemothorax 312, 317
causes of 317
Henoch-Schönlein purpura 691, 695, 695f
Heparin 657, 709, 1041, 1185
antidote of 658
therapy 658
complications of 658
unfractionated 427, 540, 657
Heparinization, low dose 658
Hepatic amebiasis
diagnosis of 840
management of 840
Hepatic aminotransferases 1051
Hepatic coma
causes of 801
diagnosis of 801
treatment of 801
Hepatic dysfunction 488
Hepatic elastography 813
Hepatic encephalopathy 815, 817, 820, 820t, 821, 821t
acute 820, 821
causes of 821
chronic 821
etiology of 820
features of 802
investigations of 820
management of 820, 823fc
pathogenesis of 820
treatment of 820, 822
types of 821, 821fc
Hepatic failure
acute fulminant 820
fulminant 797, 801, 802, 802t
hyperacute 801
subacute 801
Hepatic fibrosis 811t
Hepatic granulomas 846
Hepatic lymph, percolation of 825
Hepatic osteodystrophy 811
Hepatic porphyrias 665
Hepatic vasculature, distortion of 807
Hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction 834
etiology of 834
investigations of 834
management of 834
Hepatitis 290
A 131, 219, 789, 793, 795
A infection
features of 789
investigations of 789
management of 789
treatment of 795
B 219, 789, 793795, 896
antigen 790
chronic 692, 795, 795b, 797, 799, 799b
core antigen 789
extrahepatic manifestations of 800
B infection
complications of 789
management of 789
treatment of 795
B surface antigen 693, 794
B virus 199, 233, 1070
infection 800
C 789, 791, 795, 796, 896
C virus 233, 1070
infection 800, 800t
C, chronic 800, 801t
D 791, 795, 796
E 789, 791, 795
E antigen 790
E infection
management of 791
transmission of 791
acute 788, 793, 797
alcoholic 805, 806b
anicteric 788
autoimmune 797, 802
chronic 793f, 796, 801, 844, 1067
drugs and toxin-induced 834
fulminant 792, 1136
grades of 796
ischemic 802
types of 789
Hepatobiliary system 311, 777
Hepatojugular reflux test 395
Hepatolenticular degeneration 843
progressive 843
Hepatoma 233
Hepatopulmonary syndrome 811
Hepatorenal syndrome 824, 824b
diagnosis of 824t
Hepatosplenomegaly, causes of 848, 848t, 849
Hepatotropic viruses 792t
Hepcidin 557, 559
actions of 558f
role of 557
Hereditary coagulation disorders 638, 638b
Hereditary disorders 879
Hereditary hemochromatosis
etiology of 841
investigations of 841
management of 841
Herniation
syndromes 1031
types of 1031f
Herpes simplex 150
encephalitis 231, 984
virus 200, 229, 789, 982
infections 655
Herpes zoster 153, 154, 154f, 230f
complications of 154
diagnosis of 153
management of 153
treatment of 154
Herpetic penile ulcer 207f
Hertoghe's sign 1160
Hess test 159, 637, 642
Heterozygotes 1104, 1105
Hexachlorocyclohexane 1045
Hexokinase deficiency 571
Hexosamine pathway 104
Hiatus hernia 734, 736, 737, 737f
types of 737f
Hiccough 717
causes of 717, 718t
symptomatic treatment of 717
treatment of 718b
Hide Porter's disease 124
High anion gap metabolic acidosis, causes of 930b
High creatinine phosphokinase, causes of 1005b
High dose dexamethasone suppression test 63
Hilar lymphadenopathy, bilateral 372t
Hill's sign 468
Hip 710
Hippocampal sclerosis 970
Hippocrates fingers 245
Hirsutism 61, 69
His bundle 404
Histamine 256
H2-receptor antagonists 725
receptor antagonists 736
Histidine, metabolism of 564f
Histone deacetylase inhibitor 597
Histoplasma 373f
capsulatum 376
Hitchhiker's thumb 672
HIV 982
classification of 223
clinical staging 223
disease progression 224f
epidemiology of 220
etiology of 220
genome 221
infection 220, 239, 1161
diagnosis of 233
primary 224
treatment of 235t
WHO clinical staging classification of 224t
management of 220
myelopathy 984
postexposure prophylaxis of 242
syndrome, acute 224
testing 330
Hodgkin lymphoma
classification of 620
clinical staging of 621t
management of 622
Rye classification of 620t
treatment of 622t
WHO classification of 620
Hodgkin's cells 620f
Hodgkin's disease 233
Hodgkin's lymphoma 620, 620f, 622, 622t, 623, 625t, 653
Holme's tremor 1016
Holter monitoring 386
Homan's sign 541
Homocystinuria 709
Homoharringtonine 602
Honeymoon cystitis 903
Hookworm disease
etiopathogenesis of 192
management of 192
prevention of 192
Hoover's sign 277
Hormone 29, 1067
deficiencies, isolated 30
melanin-concentrating 17
pituitary 29
replacement therapy 711
secretion of 33
therapy 1061
Horner's syndrome 357, 358, 621, 1024, 1025f
causes of 1025
components of 1025, 1025b
Horseshoe-shaped dullness 827
Host cell
cytoplasm of 223
genome of 223
Hot dry skin 24
Housemaid's knee 708
HPV vaccines 155
Hughes syndrome 711
Human chorionic gonadotropin 32, 1067
Human diploid cell strain vaccine 166
Human genome
components of 1111f
project 1110
Human herpes virus 150, 199, 233, 1070
Human immunodeficiency virus 199, 220
stages of 220
structure of 221, 221f
Human immunoglobulins 219
Human insulin analogs 91
Human leukocyte antigen 78
Human metapneumovirus 326
Human normal immunoglobulins 219
Human papillomavirus 154, 199, 233, 1070
Human rabies immunoglobulin 166
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 220
Human tetanus immunoglobulin 123
Human tissue plasminogen activator 428
Human vector contact, interruption of 162, 163
Humanized monoclonal antibody therapy 624
Humidifier cooling systems 336
Humoral rejection, acute 913
Hunger pain 741
Huntington's disease 77, 652, 941, 1014, 1106, 1109, 1146
Hurlers syndrome 451, 1115
Hürthle cells 51
Hutchinson's teeth 205
Hutchinson's triad 205
Hydatid cyst
gross appearance of 191f
rupture of 190
Hydatid disease 189, 376
medical management of 190
Hydralazine 439, 1197
nitrate combination 489
Hydrocalyx 908
Hydrocephalus 75, 307
Hydrocortisone 67, 68, 1192
sodium succinate 264
Hydrogen breath test 749, 752
Hydronephrosis 908
Hydropneumothorax 325
physical signs of 325
Hydrops fetalis 578
Hydrothorax 312
Hydroxocobalamin 569, 1053
Hydroxyapatite 54
Hydroxycarbamide 576, 602, 609
Hydroxychloroquine 162, 676, 683, 1158
Hydroxyurea 576, 602, 603, 609, 611
Hygiene hypothesis 254, 763
Hymenoptera 1049
Hyperacusis 1029
Hyperacute rejection 913
Hyperaldosteronism 64
primary 64
secondary 64, 65, 829
Hyperalgesia 986
Hyperbaric oxygen 1041
therapy 365
Hyperbilirubinemia 778, 786, 787, 802, 812
congenital nonhemolytic 786, 786tt
conjugated 778, 786, 788
Hypercalcemia 56, 57, 59f, 71, 353, 1068
causes of 57, 57t
treatment of 11
Hypercalciuria 56, 889
familial 899
Hypercapnia 244
causes of 244, 244t
permissive 370
signs of 245b
Hypercholesterolemia 47, 545, 845
familial 1106
Hypercoagulable state 886
Hypercortisolism, medical therapy of 64b
Hyperdynamic precordium 555
Hypereosinophilic syndrome, idiopathic 382
Hyperesthesia, zone of 985, 986
Hyperfractionation 1063
Hyperglycemia 18, 78, 97, 104, 104f, 809, 853
effects of 104
severe 97, 100
symptoms of 105, 105b
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state 99, 100b, 101
characteristic triad of 100
management of 99
Hyperinflation, features of 270
Hyperkalemia 68, 144, 488, 876, 877, 897, 927, 927b, 927f, 928f, 1064, 1192
causes of 927, 927t
diagnosis of 927
management of 927
severe 928f
treatment of 927, 929t
urgent treatment of 25
Hyperketonemia 97, 100
Hyperlipidemia 19, 62, 69, 544, 804, 846, 884
primary 544
secondary 544
Hypermetabolic state, symptoms of 601
Hypernatremia 37, 923, 923t
diagnosis of 923
management of 923
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 90
Hyperosmolar therapy 959
Hyperoxaluria, primary 899
Hyperoxia test 249
Hyperparasitemia 178b, 181
Hyperparathyroidism 9, 55, 55t, 709, 889, 893
causes of 55
classification of 55
primary 57
secondary 57, 893
tertiary 57
treatment of 57b, 897
Hyperphosphatemia 58, 897, 1064
treatment of 896
Hyperpigmentation 700, 1168t
mucocutaneous 774
Hyperplasia 269
Hyperprolactinemia 36, 74, 709
causes of 36, 37b
investigations of 36
treatment of 36
Hyperpyrexia 24, 181, 1038
Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome 663
Hypersecretory syndromes 742
Hypersensitivity 691
pneumonitis 266, 266t, 343, 345, 373
diagnosis of 266
management of 266
reactions 1125, 1126t
features of 1126f
Hypersplenism 664
Hypertension 18, 19, 32, 61, 65, 69, 433435, 441f, 442, 483, 696, 702, 804, 879, 881, 887
aggressive treatment of 106
capillary 456
causes of 434t
chronic thromboembolic pulmonary 523
classification of 433t
complications of 70, 436
control of 896
essential 434
free of 912
management 441t
nonpharmacological treatment of 438
paradoxical 435
paroxysmal 70
passive pulmonary 452
portal 610, 813, 814, 816, 825
portopulmonary 811
post-transplant 914
primary 434
pulmonary 271, 277, 278, 459, 460, 472, 523, 524, 524b, 530, 538, 702
regional venous 934
renovascular 691
secondary 434, 436t
Hypertensive retinopathy, grades of 436
Hyperthermia 23
causes of 23, 24
control 46
malignant 114
Hyperthyroid crisis 46
causes of 46
treatment of 46
Hyperthyroidism 3, 24, 33, 39, 41, 42, 43f, 45f, 73, 74, 353, 434, 709
amiodarone induced 42
apathetic 43
cardiac complications of 42
causes of 41, 41t
complications of 41
etiology of 41
investigations of 41
iodine induced 42
management of 41
primary 41
secondary 41
signs of 42
subclinical 50, 50b
Hypertriglyceridemia 47
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 401, 403
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, primary 247
Hypertrophy 410
Hyperuricemia 595, 611, 704, 1064
asymptomatic 609, 704
causes of 704
classification of 704b
clinical manifestations of 704
etiology of 704
investigations of 704
management of 704
metabolic triad of 1064
Hyperventilation 933, 1196
central neurogenic 1020, 1020f
hysterical 59
Hyperviscosity syndrome 248
Hypervitaminosis 2, 11
treatment of 11
Hypervolemic hyponatremia, causes of 918t
Hyphae, visualization of 169
Hypoalbuminemia 184, 193, 764, 768, 825, 884
Hypocalcemia 58, 59, 59f, 802, 853, 877, 1064
causes of 58
treatment of 896
Hypochloremic alkalosis 717
Hypochlorhydria 566
Hypochromic microcytic anemias, differential diagnosis of 582
Hypocomplementemia 881
Hypocortisolemia 49
Hypoglycemia 49, 68, 92, 94, 101, 103, 178, 181, 353, 486, 802, 861, 1068, 1189, 1192
causes of 101, 101b, 178b
daytime 102
management of 101
mechanism of 102
nocturnal 102
Hypogonadism 33, 36, 72, 74
hypogonadotropic 30, 37
Hypokalemia 65, 69, 353, 410, 488, 802, 925, 926t
causes of 925, 925t
Hypokinetic pulse 390
Hypomagnesemia 59, 802
Hypomelanosis of Ito 1171
Hypomelanotic macules 1173
Hyponatremia 47, 49, 68, 178, 488, 718, 877, 917, 919t
causes of 917, 919f
euvolemic 918
hypervolemic 918, 921
hypovolemic 918, 921
severe 829
signs of 919
symptoms of 919
treatment of 917, 921, 921t
types of 918f, 920t
Hypoparathyroidism 58, 59
causes of 58
chronic 58
functional 58
general management of 58
idiopathic 58
surgical 58
treatment of 58
Hypophosphatemia 56
Hypophysitis
autoimmune 30
lymphocytic 30
Hypopigmentation 1166
causes of 1166, 1166b
Hypopigmented cutaneous lesions 1166
Hypopituitarism 29, 33
Hypopnea 363
Hypoproteinemia 193, 313, 768
Hypotension 49, 98, 213, 367, 802, 852, 1053, 1074, 1131
postural 109, 1152
Hypothalamic pituitary
disorders 72, 73
tumors 74, 75
Hypothalamus 33, 38
arcuate nucleus of 16
infiltrative lesions of 37
neoplastic lesions of 37
Hypothermia 26, 49, 98, 802, 959, 1038
clinical symptoms of 26t
mild 26
moderate 26
secondary 26
severe 26
Hypothyroidism 32, 39, 45, 46, 48f, 49, 51, 7375, 313, 434, 709
causes of 46
etiology of 46b
goitrous 51
primary 37, 46, 47
secondary 30, 47
subclinical 49
treatment of 48
Hypotonia 9
causes of 937, 937t
Hypoventilation 49, 245, 361
Hypovolemia 178, 390, 393, 824, 874, 896, 916, 916t
management of 1194
Hypovolemic
hypernatremia, treatment of 923b
hyponatremia, causes of 918, 918t
Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase 704, 705
Hypoxemia 27, 245, 369
acute 245
causes of 245, 245t
chronic 245
Hypoxia
cellular 1053
persistent 246
reversal of 23
Hypromellose eye drops 43
Hysteria 1084
I
Iatrogenic diseases 1181
Ibandronate 1190
Ibuprofen 267
Ibutilide 498
Ice pack test 1003, 1003f
Idarucizumab 659
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, classification of 345, 345t
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease, causes of 1010
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
investigations of 345
treatment of 345
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 636t
Idraparinux 657, 659
Iliac fossa 913
Iloperidone 1075
Imatinib 602, 1062
mesylate 602
Imidazenil 1075
Imipenem 217
Imipramine 1185
Immotile cilia syndrome 73, 307
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 241
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura 635, 680
Immunodeficiency
diseases, primary 1122
severe combined 1124
Immunoglobulins 605, 648
human specific 219
Immunosuppressive
drugs 1063, 1063b
therapy 638, 913
Immunotherapy 1061
Impaired glucose intolerance, phase of 78
Impotence 73
In vitro fertilization 1113
Incontinentia pigmenti 1171
Indapamide 438
Indinavir 236
Indirect fluorescent antibody test 146, 187
Indolent carditis 447
Indomethacin 267
Infarctions 30
crisis 574
evidence of 411
pulmonary 308, 313, 376, 377, 538, 539
Infection 77, 101, 113
bacterial 42, 118, 231, 655
hepatobiliary 114
intestinal 188, 189
prevention of 272, 1123
sites of 208, 1123
source of 125, 128, 132, 133, 142, 156, 203, 283, 790
spread of 284, 320
superficial 171
Infectious mononucleosis
complications of 151
etiology of 151
investigations of 151
treatment of 151
Infective endocarditis
complications of 478
consequences of 474
diagnosis of 478, 479t
management of 480
prevention of 481
signs of 477f
subacute 480, 481
Inferior vena cava obstruction 621
Infertility 307
Infiximab 767
Inflammatory arthritis, acute 706
Inflammatory bowel disease
complications of 771
etiology of 762
investigations of 762
management of 762
systemic complications of 772f
Inflammatory diseases 30, 663
Inflammatory myopathies, idiopathic 713
Infliximab 677, 687, 882, 1134, 1157
Influenza 337, 339
A virus 326, 340
B virus 326
complications of 339
etiology of 339
investigations of 339
management of 339
Inguinal hernia, diagnosis of 549
Inherited hypopigmentation disorders 1168
Innocent murmurs 402
Inotropic therapy 214
Insect stings 1130
Insecticide poisoning 1041
Insomnia 69, 1093
causes of 1093, 1093b
Insulin 16, 101, 1185
absolute deficiency of 78
analogs 91, 91t
and insulin analogs, amino acid structure of 91f
aspart 91
deficiency 77, 97
consequences of 77
degludec 92
delivery
device, newer 94
systems 94
detemir 92
functions of 77
glargine 91
glulisine 91
pen 94
preparations 90
pump therapy 94
recommendations 99
regimens 92, 93t
requirement 81, 894
resistance 18, 80, 94, 235, 434, 1158
causes of 18
consequences of 18b, 80, 112
syndrome 111
secretagogues 86, 87
syringes 94
therapy 90, 90t, 94, 95
complications of 94
conventional 93
goals of 90b
management of 90
tolerance test 30
treatment 90
Insulinoma 861
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors 235, 237
Interferon 1118, 1136
features of 1136b
gamma release assays 288
Internal jugular vein, advantages of 391
International staging system 617t
Interosseous membrane, calcification of 12f
Interphalangeal joint 675
proximal 675
Interstitial fibrosis
causes of 348
diffuse 674
Interstitial inflammation
granulomatous 343
non-granulomatous 343
Interstitial lung disease
causes of 343
etiology of 343
respiratory bronchiolitis associated 345
Interstitial nephritis, treatment of 888
Interstitial pneumonia
acute 345
idiopathic 229, 343, 345
non-specific 345
Interstitium 874
Intertrigo 110f
Intestinal amebiasis, treatment of 134
Intestinal biopsy, small 749
Intestinal disease, chronic 3
Intestinal tuberculosis, complications of 760b
Intestine 311
diseases of 746
small 54, 770
tuberculosis of 760t
Intra-aortic balloon pumping 493
Intra-arterial angiography 1035
Intracavitary aspergilloma
diagnosis of 374
etiology of 374
management of 374
Intracellular fluid compartment 915
Intracranial hemorrhage, causes of 959, 959t
Intracranial pressure 1021, 1030, 1032, 1076
control of 956
Intraepidermal immunobullous diseases 1162
Intrarenal reflux 906
Intraspinal tumors 984
Intrathecal therapy 597
Intrauterine contraceptive devices 173
Intrauterine growth retardation 32, 74
Intravascular hemolysis, evidence of 581
Intravenous antibiotic therapy 213
Intrinsic sphincter deficiency 1151
Invasive intestinal amebiasis 135
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
diagnosis of 375
etiology of 375
management of 375
Iodine, deficiency of 46, 52
Ionized calcium, importance of 53
Ionizing radiation 21, 350, 593
Ipsapirone 1075
Iris
lesions 1165
nodules 1172f
Iritis 694
Iron 12, 1185
absorption 557
balance, regulation of 557
daily requirement of 12
deficiency 559, 560, 701, 1095
deficiency anemia 12, 193, 557, 559, 559f, 771
causes of 558t
complications of 558
diagnosis of 559
severe 560b
treatment of 560
distribution of 556
functions of 557
homeostasis, regulator of 557
important dietary sources of 12
isomaltoside 561
metabolism 556, 556f
overload 576, 651
classification of 841, 842b
poisoning, acute 12
preparations and dose 560
sucrose 561
therapy, parenteral 560, 561
transport 557
protein transferrin 557
utilization, impaired 587
Irritable bowel syndrome 756, 758t
management of 758fc
Irritant contact eczema 1161
Ischemia
acute 365
chronic 365
Ischemic heart disease, spectrum of 421fc
Ischemic stroke
acute 956
etiology of 951t
pathophysiology of 950fc
Ishihara color plates 1023
Isochromosomes 1099, 1100
Isolated systolic hypertension, causes of 434
Isoniazid 290, 292, 301, 802
preventive therapy 301
Isopropyl alcohol 1037
Isoproterenol 537
Isosorbide
dinitrate 418
mononitrate 418
Isotonic normal saline 1194
Isotope liver scans 841
Isotretinoin 1, 1175
Itching 196, 1130
Itraconazole 186
Ivabradine 418, 489
Ivermectin 194, 196, 218
Ixekizumab 1157
J
Jack-in-the-box sign 450
Jacksonian epilepsy 968
Janeway lesions 477, 479
Janus kinase 2 mutations 608
Japanese encephalitis 156, 163
Jarisch-Jerxheimer reaction 206
Jaundice 143, 176b, 486, 555, 577, 783, 785, 797, 808, 811, 848t
anicteric 778
causes of 783
cholestatic 784, 785, 1074
classification of 783, 783b
deep 784, 785
diagnosis of 848
etiology of 783
hemolytic 783, 784
hepatocellular 784
latent 783
mild 783
neonatal 581
obstructive 784, 785
painless obstructive 859
prehepatic 783
progressive 845
types of 786t
Jaw claudication 692
Jaw thrust method 526
Jejunal mucosal biopsy, abnormal 751
Jejunum, proximal 557, 750
Jerk nystagmus 1026
Jerky pulse 391
Jet lag disorder 1094
Job syndrome 1124
Jod-Basedow phenomenon 42
Joffroy's sign 43
Joint 704
ankylosis 685
diseases, degenerative 697
fluid microscopy 705
involvement 675, 702
pattern of 672f
pain 116
clinical syndrome of 697
Jones criteria 447
modified 447
Jug handle appearance 514f
Jugular vein
external 391
internal 392
prominent 394f
Jugular venous
distension 393
pressure 391, 392, 393f, 453, 459, 460, 464, 472, 486, 510, 522
reduce 98
pulsations 392t
pulse 391, 392, 453
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 707
Juxtaglomerular apparatus 864, 864f
components of 864
K
Kala-azar 183, 185, 663
Kallikrein inhibitor 1128
Kallikrein kinin system 434
Kallmann syndrome 30, 31
Kanamycin 290, 291
Kaposi's sarcoma 230f, 233, 1176
Kartagener's syndrome 302, 307
Katz Watchtel sign 515
Kayser-Fleischer ring 843, 844, 844f
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 1108
Keratitis
exposure 1030
interstitial 205
Keratoconjunctivitis 702
sicca 702
Keratoderma blennorrhagica 687
Keratomalacia 2
Keratosis pilaris 1160
Kerion 170
Kerley's lines 455f
Kernig's sign 961
Kernohan Woltman sign 1032
Ketoacidosis 81, 100
diabetic 90, 96, 98t, 99b, 100, 101, 101t, 103
Ketoconazole 186, 218
Ketone bodies 97, 98
generation of 97
Ketonemia 97
Ketonuria 97
Ketosis 78
Ketotifen 261
Key-Hodgkin murmur 402
Kidney 18, 54, 371, 655, 704, 864
biopsy 876
cystic diseases of 897
disease 233
chronic 105, 411, 463, 890, 892b, 893f, 896t, 897t
intrinsic 878
function 864
deterioration of 871
functional anatomy of 864
infiltration of 617
injury, acute 871, 871, 873, 877fc, 878t, 897, 897t
intrinsic diseases of 874
solitary 914
stones 62
Kikuchi's disease 629
Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions 105
Kingella kingae 479
Kinin, activation of 851
Kissing’ ulcers 738
Klebsiella 902
pneumoniae 216, 326, 328, 334, 751, 839
diagnosis of 334
treatment of 334
Kleptomania 1086
Klinefelter's syndrome 77, 709, 1102
complications of 1103, 1103b
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome 1171
Knodell-Ishak score 796
Knuckles, pigmentation of 566f
Kobberling-Dunnigan syndrome 546
Koch's disease 281
Kocher sign 43
Koebner phenomenon 1155, 1155f, 1157, 1167, 1167f
Koilonychia 247, 555, 559, 559f
Koplik's spot 147, 147f
Korsakoff's psychosis 5
Kreb's cycle metabolism 1052
Kussmaul's respiration 98, 101, 1020
Kussmaul's sign 395, 431, 510, 522
Kveim test 372
Kveim-Siltzbach test 372
Kwashiorkor 14
Kyphosis 297
L
La Ortner's syndrome 452
Labetalol 439, 443, 1197
Labyrinthine disorders 717
Lacrimal gland enlargement 810
Lactate dehydrogenase 425, 564, 649
Lactitol 823
Lactoferrin 557
Lactose tolerance test 749
Lactotroph adenoma 33
Lactulose 719
therapy 823
Lady Windermere syndrome 302
Laennec's cirrhosis 806
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome 353, 1003
Lamina propria 763
Lamivudine 236, 238
Lamotrigine 973, 974
Lancisi's sign 394, 472
Landolfi's sign 468
Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, pulmonary 343
Language aura 946
Lanreotide 36
Lapatinib 1062
Larva currens 193
Larva migrans, cutaneous 193, 193f
Laryngoscopy 481
Laser photocoagulation 107
Laser therapy 356
Late onset hereditary ataxia 1007
Late-night salivary cortisol 63
Latent autoimmune diabetes 77, 79, 81
Latent infection, reactivation of 208, 283
Lathyrism 1036
Laurence-Moon and Bardet-Biedl syndromes 74
Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome 77
Lawson's sign 827
Lead
poisoning 992
types of 405
Lectin pathway 1119, 1120
Leflunomide 676
Left ventricular end-diastolic volume 451
Legs
bowing of 9
ulcer 555, 576, 1176
causes of 1176, 1176f, 1176t
chronic 576
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease 698
Legionella pneumoniae 336
Legionella pneumophila 326, 328, 336
Legionnaire's disease 336
Leiomyosarcoma 233
Leishmaniasis 183
life cycle of 184f
Leishmanin skin test 185
Lemierre syndrome 308
Lenalidomide 597, 617
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 969
Lentiginosis 1171
Lepidopterism 114
Lepirudin 659
Lepra reactions 140
treatment of 141b
Lepromatous leprosy 138141
complications of 139, 140t
lesions of 139f
management of 141
treatment of 141
Lepromin test 141
Leprosy 137, 291
classification of 138, 138f
diagnosis of 141
treatment of 141
Leptin 16
actions of 16f
Leptospira biflexia 142
Leptospira interrogans 142
Leptospiral antigen 144
Leptospirosis 142
complications of 142
etiology of 142
investigations of 142
severe 144
treatment of 142
Leriche's syndrome 74, 457
Lethargy 224, 458
Letrozole 1061
Leucocyte count 832
Leucopenia 233, 234, 682
Leukemia 69, 376, 625, 626, 709
acute 592
lymphoblastic 595f, 597t, 598, 598t, 600
lymphocytic 596
lymphoid 1059
promyelocytic 1, 593, 1059
aleukemic 599
chronic
lymphocytic 604, 605, 605f, 605t
myeloid 599t, 600, 601f, 603, 611, 612t, 663, 848f, 1059
classification of 592
cutis 595
etiology of 593
traditional classification of 592
Leukemoid reaction 599, 599t
types of 599
Leukocyte
alkaline phosphatase 608, 610
casts 871
counts 51
infiltration 806
number of 589
Leukocytoclastic angiitis, cutaneous 691
Leukocytosis 98, 589, 768, 832, 853
causes of 590b
Leukoerythroblastosis 353
Leukopenia 129, 332, 590, 680, 793, 812
causes of 590b
Leukostasis 594
Leukotriene receptor antagonists 263
Levamisole 1136
Levetiracetam 975
Levine's sign 414
Levodopa 1012
therapy, complications of 1012
Levofloxacin 331
Levosalbutamol 259
Levothyroxine 50, 1191
sodium 48
Lewy body 1012, 1148b
disease 1146
Lhermitte's sign 991
Libido, loss of 37
Libman-sacks endocarditis 482, 712
Lice infection 198
Lichen planopilaris 1158
Lichen planus 1157, 1157f
clinical features 1157
complications of 1158b
etiology 1157
Lid lag sign 43
Lid retraction 43
Lidocaine 505, 584
Ligase chain reaction 296
Light's classification 319t
Light's criteria 314
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1005
Limbic encephalitis 353
Linagliptin 88
Lincoln sign 468
Lindsay's nails 247
Linear sebacious nevus syndrome 1171
Lipase inhibitors 90
Lipid metabolism, regulation of 1
Lipiduria 884
Lipoatrophia annularis 546
Lipodystrophies, classification of 546
Lipodystrophy 235, 546
syndromes 77
total 546
Lipohypertrophy 94
Lipolysis 97
Lipomastia 73
Lipoprotein 542
high density 18, 804
low density 18, 412, 804
types of 543
Lipotoxicity 80
Lip-tip vitiligo 1167
Liraglutide 20, 88
Lisch nodules 1172f
Listeria monocytogenes 131, 914, 979, 980
Lithium 1073
carbonate 1073
side effects of 218t
Live attenuated vaccine 153
Livedo reticularis 691
Liver 128, 190, 205, 371, 486, 815, 844
abscess
amebic 313, 840, 841t
bacterial 839
amyloidosis of 1140
biochemistry 478, 777
biopsy 182, 299, 782, 782T, 804, 806, 813, 813b, 836, 844
complications of 782, 783, 783b
contraindications of 782, 783b
indications of 782
significance of 782
cell failure, features of 816
cirrhosis of 313, 808f, 809, 810, 889
damage, severe 780
disease 716, 781
alcoholic 805, 805t
chronic 582, 801
drugs induced 834
metabolic 841
severe 709
disorder 1067
drugs used in 1183
dysfunction 576
failure 1115
acute 801, 803t, 824
fulminant 838
function tests 144, 330, 341, 524, 724, 777, 812, 816, 840
abnormal 1055
functions of 777
important functions of 777b
injury, drugs induced 834
mass 820
produces 780
transplantation 797, 801, 813, 820, 825, 838, 838t, 844, 1052
complications of 839
Living donor liver transplantation 838
Lixisenatide 88
Lobar pneumonia 326, 332
complications of 333, 333t
Local injection therapy 838
Localized edema, types of 936b
Locomotor brachii 468
Loeffler's medium 122
Loeffler's syndrome 193, 380
Löfgren's syndrome 372
Loop diuretics 438, 829
Loop of Henle 917
Lopinavir 236
Lorazepam 972, 1075, 1091
Lorcaserin 20
Losartan 440
Lou Gehrig's disease 993
Loud harsh murmur 473
Louis-Bar syndrome 1171
Low back pain, causes of 715
Low grade fever 285, 852
Low molecular weight heparin 427, 658
Low plasma concentration 101
Low tidal volume ventilation 370
Lowenstein Jensen culture 296
Lower esophageal sphincter
abnormalities of 734
endoscopic dilatation of 738
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding, causes of 725, 726f, 726t
Lower motor neuron 937, 1028
Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome 408
Lugol's iodine 46, 1192
Lumbar cord 988
Lumbar lordosis 940
Lumbar puncture 961, 977
complications of 978
procedure of 977f
Lumbar spine 686
Luminal gastrointestinal tract 721
Lung 22, 34, 307, 844
abscess 304, 308, 329, 376, 377
causes of 308t
complications of 308, 310t
diagnosis of 308
etiology of 308
investigations of 308
large 310
management of 308, 310
secondary 308
biopsy 267, 347, 694
cancer 271, 347, 349351, 351t, 353t
clinical subgroups of 351, 351t
evidence of 353
capacity, total 250
collapse, signs of 306
diffusing capacity of 252
disease 312, 350, 607
chronic obstructive 267
diffuse parenchymal 343, 343t
granulomatous 343
interstitial 343, 343t, 524
occupational 346
suppurative 301
unilateral 388
disorders, restrictive 251
function of 380
function tests 255, 267, 372
fungal infections of 376, 376b
incomplete expansion of 306
injury 655
interstitium of 343
involvement 694
lesions 681
parenchyma 343, 383, 383b
parenchymal disease of 348, 376
primary
tuberculosis of 282
tumors of 349
protective mechanical ventilation 370
secondary tuberculosis of 284f
single segment of 302
transplantation 277
tuberculosis of 287t
tumor 388
volume 250
measurement of 270
reduction surgery 272
Lupus anticoagulant antibody 712
Lupus erythematosus 1002
cutaneous 683
Lupus nephritis, proliferative forms of 683
Lurasidone 1075
Luteinizing hormone 29, 31, 33
Lutembacher's syndrome 401, 451
Lyell's syndrome 1166
Lyme disease 114
Lymph node 297
areas 628f
biopsy 605
groups 628t
hyperplasia, angiofollicular 628
Lymphadenitis 285
regional 203, 282
Lymphadenopathy 184, 201, 220, 224, 849
generalized 629t
painless 204
massive 629
painless 140, 186
persistent generalized 225
progressive 605
regional 202
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 343
Lymphangitis 118
acute filarial 194
Lymphatic obstruction 826
Lymphatic pathology, chronic 196
Lymphedema 935
causes of 935t
complications of 936
control of 196
Lymphocyte 312, 370, 763, 768
count 592
Lymphocytosis 68, 592
causes of 592t
Lymphogranuloma venereum 202, 202b
Lymphohistiocytosis, hemophagocytic 1125
Lymphoid follicles 128
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia 345
Lymphoid leukemia 593
Lymphoid neoplasm, WHO classification of 623, 624t
Lymphoid tissue lymphoma, mucosa-associated 626
Lymphoma 69, 373, 594, 653, 663, 709, 1060
Lymphopenia 69, 234, 682
Lysosomal storage
diseases 1106
disorders 1114
classification of 1114t
M
MacCallum patch 456
Macrocytic anemia 565
causes of 564, 570
non-megaloblastic 570
Macrocytosis, causes of 570
Macroglossia 1101, 1140, 1140f
Macrographia 1007
Macrolides 291
Macrophages 763, 768
Macula densa 864
Macular edema, diabetic 107
Macular lesions, causes of 1153
Madelung deformity 1104
Magnesium 59, 527, 899
sulfate 123, 1044
Major depressive disorder 1077
Malabsorption 10, 48, 769, 771, 845, 857
demonstration of 751
signs of 747f
symptoms of 747f
Malabsorption syndrome 3, 58, 709, 728, 746
causes of 746
classification of 746
etiology of 746
investigations of 746
management of 746
treatment of 750
Malabsorptive procedures 20
Malaise 832, 881
Malar rash, classic 680
Malaria 113, 114, 173, 177T, 178b, 896
antigens 179t
chemoprophylaxis of 180b
chronic complications of 179b
complications of 173, 176
diagnosis of 179
epidemiology of 173
etiology of 173
investigations of 173
management of 173
radical treatment of 180
vaccines 183
Malarial parasite, life cycle of 173, 174f
Malassezia furfur 169, 1161, 1162
Male hypogonadism
causes of 72, 72t
classification of 72
Male infertility, causes of 73, 73b
Malignancy 11, 313, 914
Malignant melanoma, diagnosis of 1171t
Malignant skin tumors 1169, 1169t, 1176
Malignant syndrome, meuroleptic 115, 1074, 1076
Mallory bodies 806
Mallory-Weiss syndrome 717
Malnutrition 3, 75, 709, 773
severe 313
signs of 1096
Malt worker's lung 266
Malta fever 135
Mammosomatotroph adenoma 33
Mania
acute 1078
treatment of 1079
Manic episode 1078t
diagnostic criteria for 1078
Manson-Barr point 134
Mantle cell lymphoma 663
Mantoux test 288, 288f, 372
Marantic endocarditis 353, 482
Marasmus 14
Marble's criteria 84
Marfan's syndrome 75f, 466, 470, 531, 532, 698, 1106
features of 532f
Marie-Foix syndrome 953
Marrow hypoplasia 582
Marrow infiltration 554, 634
Martel sign 705
Mask, non-rebreathing 366
Massage, cardiac 526
Masses 359
Massive fibrosis, progressive 346
Massive hemoptysis, causes of 377
Massive pulmonary embolism, acute 529, 538
Mastocytosis 1178
Maturity onset diabetes of young 81
features of 82
types of 82t
Mayan's sign 468
McCune-Albright syndrome 1173
McDonald criteria 965t
Mean arterial blood pressure 549f
Mean arterial pressure, reduce 442
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 550
Measles 146, 219, 337
complications of 146, 148t
etiology of 146
prevention of 146
vaccine, contraindications for 148b
Mebendazole 191
Mechanic's hand 714
Mechanical ventilation 214, 366
indications of 366b
types of 366
Mechlorethamine 622
Meclizine diphenhydramine 1185
Meconium ileus 311
Medial medullary syndrome 953
Mediastinal mass, causes of 359
Mediastinal tumors
investigations of 359
management of 359
Mediastinitis 662
Mediastinoscopy 360
Mediastinum 358
diseases of 621
Medical nutrition therapy 83, 85, 87
Medical therapy 33, 36, 819
Mediterranean fever 135
Medulla 1052
Medullary sponge kidney 898, 899
Mees’ lines 247
Mefenamic acid 267
Megakaryocytic disorders 662
Megakaryopoiesis 567
Megaloblastic anemia
causes of 564t
diagnosis of 567
etiology of 564
neurological complications of 565
pathogenesis of 564
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, management of 569
Megaloblasts 564
Megltinides, advantages of 88
Meigs’ syndrome 313, 833
features of 833b
Meiosis 1099
Melanocytic nevi 32
Melanoma, malignant 1170, 1176
Melanosis, neurocutaneous 1171
Melatonin 1094
Melena 723
Melioidosis 145
Melphalan 602, 617
Memantine 994
Membranous nephropathy, causes of 885b
Memory
disturbances 5
impairment 1145, 1146
loss 1146, 1076
Mendelian disorders 1104
Mendelson's syndrome 337
Ménière's disease 717, 956
Meningeal syphilis 976
Meninges 987
Meningiomas, multiple 1172
Meningitis 124, 215, 231, 304, 978, 982, 983, 983t, 1123
acute 230
aseptic 231, 982
bacterial 976, 980, 980t
classical sign of 979b
classification of 976t
cryptococcal 231
meningococcal 120
noninfective causes of 983t
physical signs of 979
pyogenic 978
Meningococcal infections 120
Meningococcemia 120
fulminant 120
Menorrhagia 642
Menstrual irregularities 69
Mental confusion 100, 336
Mental retardation 1101, 1104, 1104t
causes of 1104, 1104b
degree of 1104
Mepolizumab 261
Meralgia paresthetica 827
Merkel cell
carcinoma 233
polyoma virus 233, 1070
Meropenem 217
Mesenteric infarction 575
Mesenteric lymph nodes, tuberculosis of 760
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy syndrome 970
Mesothelial cells 312
Mesothelioma 348
Metabolic acidosis
causes of 930, 931, 932t
management of 931
Metabolic disease 1104
Metabolic disorders 698, 718
Metabolic syndrome 18f, 19, 83, 111, 111t, 434, 1074
Metabolism, inborn errors of 1104, 1114
Metacarpophalangeal joint 672f, 675
Metatarsophalangeal joint 675, 704, 704f
Metformin 20, 87, 1158
contraindications for 87b
Methacholine bronchial provocation test 256
Methanol 1037
poisoning 1056
antidote of 1056
management of 1056
Methemoglobin 584
reductase deficiency 584
Methemoglobinemia 584
causes of 584
severe 584
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 120, 334
community-acquired 120
treatment of 120t
Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 334
Methimazole 44
Methotrexate 343, 597, 676, 687, 688, 767, 1061, 1063, 1134, 1156
high dose 597
toxicity of 1061, 1061t
Methyl salicylate 1037
Methylation 1183
Methylcellulose 43
Methylcobalamin 110, 563, 569
Methyldopa 440
Methylmalonic acid, urinary excretion of 567
Methylmalonyl CoA metabolism 563f
Methylprednisolone 68
Methylxanthines 259, 272
Methysergide treatment 451
Metoclopramide 584, 1182
Metolazone 438
Metoprolol 418, 1188
Metronidazole 753, 841, 1185
uses of 135, 135b
Meyers-Kouwenaar syndrome 381
Miconazole 1185
Microalbuminuria 105, 106, 869
causes of 106
Microaneurysms 691
Microcomedone 1174
Microcytic hypochromic
anemia 193, 579
causes of 582
blood picture, differential diagnosis of 560
Microfilariae, demonstration of 195
Micronormoblastic maturation 559
Micturating cystourethrogram 906
Middle cerebral artery syndrome 953
Middle east respiratory syndrome 342
Middle lobe syndrome 282, 302, 307
Mifepristone 64
Migraine 944946, 946t
aura-triggered seizure 946
basilar 945
catamenial 945
classification of 944
complications of 946
headache 946t
hemiplegic 945
management of 944
ophthalmoplegic 945
pathogenesis of 944
retinal 945
treatment of 947fc
Migratory venous thrombophlebitis 353
Mild airway obstruction 439
Miliary tuberculosis 282, 298
classical 298
cryptic 298, 299
management of 298, 299
non-reactive 299
pathogenesis of 298
types of 298
Milkmaid's grip 450
Milkmaid's sign 1014
Millard-Gubler syndrome 953
Miller's lung 266
Milrinone 536
Miltefosine 185
Mineralocorticoid 60, 68
deficiency 66
Minimal change disease
etiology of 885
investigations of 885
treatment of 885
Minimally invasive operative procedures 420
Mini-mental state examination tests 1149
Minocycline 325
Minor neurocognitive disorder 1145
Miosis 1025
Mithramycin 58
Mitochondrial inheritance 1108
Mitochondrial respiration, inhibition of 1052
Mitomycin 861
Mitosis 1099
Mitral opening snap 453
Mitral regurgitation 403, 458, 459, 460, 460f, 460t, 461t, 462, 462t, 464t
acute 458, 460
causes of 458b
chronic 458
complications of 461b
murmur 400
sever 459
severity of 460
Mitral stenosis 377, 390, 397, 403, 450, 451b, 453, 454b, 455f, 459, 462, 462t
acquired 451
causes of 451
complications of 456, 456t
congenital 451
grades of 454t
murmur of 453, 471t
obstructs 452
opening snap of 399
radiological features of 454
rheumatic 451
severe 452
severity of 454
Mitral valve 450
apparatus 450, 450b
calcification of 456
orifice size 454
prolapse 403, 461t, 462, 897
replacement 458
Mitral valvotomy, open 457
Mixed connective tissue disease 703
Mixoploidy 1099, 1101
Möbius sign 43
Modafinil 1094
Molecular adsorption reversibility system 823
Mollaret's meningitis 983
Molluscum contagiosum 168, 230f, 1160, 1167
virus 199
Monge's disease 22
Moniliasis 168
Monitor vital signs 802
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 802, 1039
Monoarthritis
acute 715
chronic 715
Monocular diplopia 1026
Monocytes 312
Monogenic disorders 1104
Mononeuritis multiplex 108, 674, 691, 693
Mononucleosis, infectious 151
Monosomy 1099
Monotherapy 94, 95
Monozygotic twins 1159
Montenegro skin test 185
Montoxic goiter, diffuse 52
Mood disorder 11, 1074, 1076, 1077
classification of 1076, 1077t
spectrum of 1077f
Mood stabilizing agents 1073
Moon facies 61, 61f
Moraxella catarrhalis 326, 328
Morganella amorganii 216
Morning hyperglycemia 103t
Morphine sulfate 493
Morquio syndrome 1115, 1115f
Morvan's syndrome 989
Mosaicism 1099, 1101
Moses test 541
Mosquito cycle 175
Mosquito vectors, control of 162, 163
Motilin receptor agonists 717
Motility disorders 732
Motor diabetic neuropathy, asymmetrical 108
Motor neuron
disease 652, 992
types of 993t
upper 937, 1028
Motor paralysis 1000
Mountain sickness 22
acute 22
chronic 22
Movement disorders 1008, 1008t
diagnosis of 1034
Movement syndromes 1074
Moxifloxacin 290, 331
Mucociliary apparatus 332
Mucolipidoses 1114
Mucopolysaccharides, accumulation of 47
Mucopolysaccharidoses 451, 1114, 1115
types of 1115t
Mucopurulent sputum 332
Mucormycosis 171
rhinocerebral 171
Mucosal damage, drugs induced 1182
Mucous membrane 640, 642, 1123, 1157, 1165
Muehrcke's lines 248
Müller's maneuver 549
Müller's sign 468
Multibacillary leprosy 141
management of 141
Multidrug resistant pathogens 338
Multidrug resistant strains 130
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis 292, 295, 296
management of 296
Multidrug therapy 215
Multifocal leukoencephalopathy, progressive 227, 231, 231f
Multi-infarct dementia 1147
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome 211, 645
Multiorgan failure 842
Multiple myeloma
diagnosis of 614, 615, 618, 618t
immunopathology of 614
investigations of 614
management of 615
renal failure of 617
treatment of 614
Multiple organ disease, symptomatic 373
Multiple retinal nodular hamartomas 1173
Multiple sclerosis 11, 964, 964b, 965f, 966, 966t, 984, 985, 1122
Multiple sleep latency test 1094
Multisystem disease, chronic 699
Multisystem inflammatory disease 443
Mumps 78, 150, 219, 982
clinical manifestations of 150
complications of 150, 150t
Munchausen's syndrome 1085
Munro microabscesses 1155
Mural endocarditis 445
Mural endocardium 474
Murmur 400, 477, 516
continuous 401
diastolic 401, 401t
early diastolic 468
mid-diastolic 472
pansystolic 460, 515
presystolic 453
accentuation of 454
Muromonab 1134
Muscle 18, 69
disease 992, 1004
inflammatory 713, 713t
primary 940
fasciculation 1038
hematomas 641
pain 166
rigidity 1038
stiffness 32
weakness 50, 61, 65, 140
Muscular atrophy
neurogenic 1106
progressive 994
Muscular dystrophies 508, 652, 1004, 1005
features of 1004t
Musculoskeletal
complications 110
manifestations 680, 700
system 475, 699
Mushroom worker's lung 266
Mustine hydrochloride 622
Mutilomania 1086
Myalgia 32, 143, 224, 1076
Myasthenia gravis 1002, 1002b, 1122, 1136
drugs used in 1003
pathogenesis of 1002, 1002f
Myasthenic crisis 1000t, 1002, 1004
treatment of 1004
Mycetoma 172, 172f, 376
Mycobacteria 280
atypical 280, 289
characteristic triad of 281
classification of 280
growth indicator tube 288, 296
nontuberculous 280, 373
Mycobacterial infection 373, 662
atypical 228, 280t
Mycobacterium 137
avium complex 227, 280
avium intracellulare 280
kansasii 280
leprae 138, 280
marinum 280
tuberculosis 281, 289, 296, 327, 331, 373
complex 280
hominis 281
ulcerans 280
Mycophenolate mofetil 683, 1003, 1134, 1135
Mycoplasma
genitalium 200
hominis 199
pneumoniae 326, 335, 336, 1000
treatment of 335
Mycoses
superficial 169
treatment of 171
Mycotic aneurysms 477
Mydriasis 1012
Myeloablative regimens 654
Myeloblastic leukemia, acute 598, 598t
Myelodysplastic syndromes 593, 612, 613t, 634, 638, 653, 662
classification of 612
diagnosis of 612
etiology of 612
treatment of 612
Myelofibrosis 582, 610, 611, 612t, 653
primary 610
Myeloid
leukemia, acute 593, 597, 600, 1059
metaplasia 610
proliferation 593
sarcoma 593
series 600
Myeloma 615fc
multiple 614, 615b, 615t, 616618, 618t, 653, 709
osteosclerotic 614
Myelopathy, compression 986
Myelophthisis 611
causes of 611
Myeloproliferative diseases 606
Myeloproliferative disorders 606
Myeloproliferative neoplasm 582, 600, 606, 638, 662
WHO classification of 606b
Myocardial hypertrophy, asymmetric 509
Myocardial infarction 105, 425, 429, 483, 519, 681, 1005
acute 422, 425, 428, 428b, 660
causes of 422
risk of 886
types of 423
Myocardial necrosis, evidence of 423
Myocardial perfusion scanning 416
Myocardial pump failure 24
Myocarditis 121, 410, 416, 446, 505, 508, 1005
acute 505, 506
causes of 506, 506t
chronic
active 506
persistent 506
fulminant 506
Myocardium 445
diseases of 505
hibernating 490
Myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile 969
Myoclonic jerks 1146
Myoclonic seizures 969
Myoclonus 1008, 1015, 1098
Myocytes, loss of 483
Myofascial pain syndrome 707
Myoneural junction 991
Myopathic disorders 718
Myopathy 69, 986, 994
hereditary 1004
surgical 738
Myotonia 938
causes of 938, 938b
Myxedema 434
coma 48, 49, 1191
management of 48, 49, 49t
facies 47
madness 49
pretibial 41, 44
Myxoma 451, 547
N
N-acetylcysteine 345
Naffziger's sign 43
Nail 7, 1156
beds 554
changes 688, 810, 1157f
involvement 1157
psoriatic 689f
white 247, 810f
yellow 247
Naloxone 1055
Naltrexone 20, 1055, 1177
Napier's aldehyde test 185
Naproxen 267
Naratriptan 947
Narcolepsy 1093, 1122
Narcosis 244
Narcotics 1037
Narst-nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella typhi 130
Nasal
cannula 366
catheter 366
diphtheria 121
discharge 205
involvement 694
secretions 141
sinus 307
Nasogastric tube 1051
Nateglinide 88
Natriuretic peptide 434
Nausea 2, 98, 716, 874, 881
causes of 716, 716t
Necator americanus 192, 193
Neck
pain, anterior 51
stiffness, causes of 983, 983b
veins, distension of 827
Necrolytic migratory erythema 1069
Necrosis 855
fibrosis theory 857
pancreatic 855
Necrotizing acute pancreatitis 850
Necrotizing fasciitis 118, 118f
Necrotizing granulomas 691
Necrotizing pneumonia 308, 326, 377
Nedocromil sodium 261
Negri bodies, classic 165
Neisseria gonorrhoea 199, 474
Neisseria meningitides 576, 979, 980
Nelfinavir 236
Nelson's syndrome 64
Neoangiogenesis 1059
Neoplasms 114
Nephritic syndrome 883, 883fc, 883t
acute 879b
management of 881
signs of 882
Nephritis
hereditary 887
interstitial 876
Nephrocalcinosis 55, 56, 889
Nephrolithiasis 705, 898
Nephron 864
different components of 864f
Nephronophthisis, juvenile 898
Nephropathy
diabetic 105
HIV associated 233
membranous 885
Nephrotic syndrome 69, 233, 313, 353, 621, 883, 884f, 885, 1060, 1069
causes of 885, 885t
characteristic triad of 883b
etiology of 885f
Nephrotoxic drugs 896
Nerve
compression palsies 109
conduction study 1007
involvement 108, 139, 140
stimulation test, repeated 1003
swelling of 1029
Nervous system 11, 222, 297, 371
autonomic 102
central 17, 24, 186, 190, 211, 307, 691, 855, 1053
infections of 230
tumors of 1033
Nettle rash 1125
Neural cell adhesion molecule 354
Neural leprosy 139
Neuralgia, postherpetic 154
Neurilemmoma 991
Neuritic pain 109
Neuritis, retrobulbar 291
Neuroblastoma 653
Neurocognitive disorders, HIV associated 230, 231
Neurocutaneous syndromes 1171, 1171b
Neurocysticercosis 188, 189
treatment of 189
Neurodegenerative
diseases 994
disorders 1146
Neurofibromatosis 1105, 1106, 1171, 1172, 1172f
Neurogenic bladder 995
causes of 995t
dysfunction 902
Neurogenic theory 945
Neuroglycopenia 102
Neuroichthyosis 1171
Neurologic disorder 682
Neurologic syndromes 1068
Neuromuscular junction disorder 994, 1002
Neuromyelitis optica 966t
Neuronal cells 3
Neuropathy
ataxic 999
autonomic 74, 109, 999
causes of 999, 999b
diabetic 108
peripheral 290, 998, 1038
sequelae of 108
types of 999, 999b
Neuropsychiatric
disorder 1014
syndrome 820
Neurosis 1080, 1080t
Neurosyphilis 205, 206, 976, 977t, 1035
asymptomatic 976
management of 976
symptomatic 976
Neurotoxic plant poisons 1054
Neurovisceral syndrome, acute 665
Neutropenia 590, 594, 656, 1123
causes of 591t
febrile 1065, 1066fc
Neutrophils 1103
alkaline phosphatase 584
hypersegmented 567f
Neutrophilia, causes of 590, 591b
Nevirapine 236, 238
Niacin deficiency 12
management of 5
Nicardipine 418, 443, 1197
Nicorandil 418, 419
Nicotinamide 6
Nicotine 1092
Nicotinic acid 77
Nifedipine 418, 440, 533
Night sweats 116, 228, 285, 832
Nikolsky's sign 1163
NIPAH virus encephalitis 1098
Nitazoxanide 230
Nitrates 418, 419, 431
reduction assays 296
Nitrazepam 1049, 1091
Nitrazoxanide 753
Nitric oxide 212, 631
exhaled 252, 257
Nitrofurantoin 217, 343, 581
Nitroglycerin 493, 584
Nocardia asteroides 914
Nocardiosis 173, 1035
Nocturia 485
Nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes 102
Nodular goiter, enlarged 43f
Nodule
autonomous 50
cutaneous 691
rheumatoid 373, 673, 674
Non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists 418
Nonfatal disorder 787
Nongonococcal urethritis, causes of 200t
Non-healing leg ulcer, causes of 1176
Nonheme iron, absorption of 6
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 233, 622, 624b, 625t, 653, 1070f
development of 623t
grading of 623b
Noninfectious disorders 982
Non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, causes of 570b
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 235, 236t
Nonobstructive atelectasis 306
Nonpitting edema, treatment of 936b
Non-pitting pedal edema-myxedema 44f
Nonpoisonous snake 1046f, 1046t
Non-proliferative glomerulonephritis, causes of 880f
Non-pulsatile neck veins 358
Nonshockable rhythms 527
Non-small cell
carcinoma 349, 353, 356
staging of 355
TNM staging of 355t
lung cancer 351
treatment of 356t
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 425, 676, 678, 683, 725, 740, 742, 858
Nonsulfonylureas-meglitinides 88
Nonsyncopal attacks, causes of 528
Nonthyroid diseases 40
Nontranfusion therapy 640
Non-tuberculous empyema, management of 321
Nonulcer dyspepsia
investigations of 720
management of 720
Noonan's syndrome 74, 75f, 531, 1106
Noradrenaline 60, 537
Norepinephrine 214
Normochromic anemia, causes of 582t
Normocytic anemia
causes of 581, 582t
management of 581
Norwalk virus 131
Norwegian scabies 197
Nosocomial infection 207, 208b, 211
classification of 208
main groups of 208
reduce 211
types of 208
Nucleic acid
amplification technique 296
amplification tests 200, 287
detection of 202
probe tests 200
Nucleocapsid 221
protein 221
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 235
Number connection test 822f
Nutritional therapy 770
Nyctalopia 2
Nystagmus 1007, 1026
causes of 1026
optokinetic 1027
rotatory 1027
types of 1026
vertical 1027
Nystatin 1185
O
Obesity 15, 18, 18f, 19, 19t, 61, 61f, 80, 804
causes of 15
central 15, 61
classification of 15
complications of 15, 17
endocrine manifestations of 18, 18t
management of 15, 20
mechanical complications of 18
metabolic complications of 17
pathologic consequences of 17
reversible causes of 15
severity of 19
treatment of 21f, 21t
types of 15
Obestatin 17
Obiltoxaximab 124
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 1084
Obstruction, degree of 380
Obstructive jaundice
causes of 785, 785f
features of 785
Obstructive sleep apnea, degree of 364t
Ochronosis 698
Ocrelizumab 966
Octreotide 36, 102, 863, 1189
Ocular palsies, external 106
Ocular signs 1037
Oculomotor dysfunction 4
Odynophagia 732, 735
causes of 733, 733t
Ofloxacin 130, 290, 832
Olanzapine 1075
Olestra 20
Olfactory nerve 1022
Oligoarthritis, asymmetrical inflammatory 688
Oligomenorrhea 37, 61
Oligosaccharidoses 1114
Oliguria 213, 852, 867, 871, 881
causes of 867t
severe 882
Olmesartan 440
Omacetaxine 602
Omalizumab 261
Omega-3 fatty acid 545
Omenn syndrome 1124
Onchocerca volvulus 194
Onchocerciasis 194
Oncofetal antigens 1067
Oncogenes, classification of 1058
Ondine's curse 365
Oniomania 1086
Onycholysis 247
Onychomadesis 247
Ophthalmopathy 41
Ophthalmoplegia 4, 1025, 1108
internuclear 1026
Opioid 858, 1039
agonists 1055
poisoning 1055
tolerance 1055
toxicity 1055
treatment of 1055
Opisthotonus 122
Optic atrophy 77
Optic chiasma 33
Optic nerve 1022
Oral
anticoagulant drugs 661
captopril test 65
carbohydrate 102
cervicofacial actinomysosis 336
colchicine 705
corticosteroids 260
endothelin receptor antagonists 524
glucose tolerance test 35, 84, 111
hypoglycemic drugs 86
iron therapy 561
duration of 561
methylene blue 584
rehydration solution 729
salt loading test 65
signs 1037
therapy 926
thrush 168
ulcer 682
causes of 776, 776t
Orchitis 195
Organ toxicity 655
Organic brain syndrome 1016
Organic disorders 1079
Organism, isolation of 145
Organochlorine
classification of 1045, 1045b
poisoning
acute 1045
chronic 1045
Organophosphate 1037, 1041
classification of 1041, 1041b
management of 1043
poisoning 1200
chronic 1044
diagnosis of 1043
Organophosphorus poisoning
acute 1042t
clinical signs of 1042
mechanism of 1042f
Oropharyngeal dysphagia, causes of 732t
Oropharynx swab 330
Orphenadrine 1012
Orthocyanosis 249
Orthodeoxia 513
Orthopnea 387, 388, 453, 458
Orthostatic hypotension, neurogenic 549
Orthostatic tremor 1016
Orthotopic liver transplantation 838
Ortner's syndrome 456, 457
Oseltamivir 167
Osler nodes 477, 477f, 479
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome 1171
Osmotic demyelination syndrome 924
Osteitis fibrosa cystica 56
Osteoarthritis 11, 18, 667, 697, 697t, 698f, 698t, 699, 699f, 699t
causes of 698t
diagnostic features of 698
management of 699
primary 697
secondary 697
signs of 698, 698b
symptoms of 698, 698b
types of 697, 697b
Osteoarthropathy
hypertrophic 357
pulmonary 353, 357
pulmonary hypertrophic, 357
Osteoblasts 54
Osteodystrophy, hereditary 59
Osteogenesis imperfecta 466, 709
Osteomalacia 810, 709, 893
causes of 10, 10b
investigations of 10
treatment of 10
Osteomyelitis 114, 304, 574
Osteopenia 9, 10f, 709
Osteoporosis 8, 9, 12, 32, 37, 50, 69, 674, 708, 710, 710b, 893
classification of 709
generalized 709
post-transplant 914
treatment of 708, 710
Osteosclerosis 893
Ostial stenosis, coronary 413
Ostium primum defects 513
Ostium secundum defects 513
Otelixizumab 90
Otitis media 307, 1123
Otto Veraguth sign 1071
Ova, ingestion of 188
Oval typhoid ulcers 128
Ovalocytes 575
Ovarian failure, primary 709
Ovarian tumors, benign 313
Overlap syndromes 703
Overnight dexamethasone suppression test 63
Overweight, classification of 15
Oxazepam 1075
Oxcarbazepine 972, 973
Oxidative stress theory 857
Oxygen 1200
high concentration of 264
intoxication 332
partial pressure of 362
saturation 610
therapy 267, 172, 365, 365t
hazards of 365
long-term domiciliary 272
role of 360
types of 365
Oxyntic cells 16
Oxyphil cells 51
Oxytocin 29
P
Pacemakers, cardiac 504
Pad sign 860
Paget's disease 9, 463, 466, 390, 397, 1069
Pagophagia 559
Pain
abdominal 98, 101, 116, 134, 228, 753, 852, 857
central abdominal 859
characteristic triad of 1027
duration of 1027
episodic 741
intractable 858
radicular 991
Painful crisis, acute 576
Painful neuropathy, acute 108
Painless hematuria, causes of 870, 870t
Palatal palsy 121
Paliperidone 1075
Palliative therapy 596
Pallidotomy 1013
Palmar click 468
Palmar erythema 809, 809f
Palms, pigmentation of 67f
Palpebral conjunctiva, Pallor of 554f
Palpitation
causes of 385
evaluation of 386b
Pamidronate 617, 1190
Pan retinal laser photocoagulation 107
Panacinar emphysema 275
Pancarditis 446
Pancoast's syndrome 357
Pancoast's tumor 357, 357f, 992
Pancolitis 763
Pancreas 34, 311, 850
endocrine tumors of 861
Pancreatectomy 77, 858, 861
Pancreatic enzymes, activation of 851
Pancreatic substance, autodigestion of 851
Pancreaticobiliary disorders 721
Pancreaticogastric anastomosis 861
Pancreatitis 69, 77, 312, 802, 850, 857f
acute 313, 518, 850, 850b, 852, 854, 854t, 855t
alcoholic 859
autoimmune 859
chronic 859
causes of 850b
chronic 856
calcific 857, 858
severity of acute 851
signs of acute 852
symptoms of acute 852
Pancreatopathy, fibrocalculous 77
Pancretojejunostomy 858
Pancytopenia 233, 567, 589, 600
causes of 589, 589t
Pandigital clubbing 303
Panic disorder 1083
Panniculitis 69, 1177
Pansystolic murmur, causes of 401
Papillary muscle, rupture of 424
Papillary necrosis 888
Papilledema 43, 442
causes of 1024, 1024t
Papilloma 1169
Papular lesions, causes of 1153
Para-aminosalicylic acid 290, 292
Paracentesis 520, 827
Paracetamol 1185
poisoning 1051
toxicity, mechanism of 1051
Parachute mitral valve 451
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 376
Paraesophageal hernia, mixed 737
Paraganglioma 70
Parainfluenza virus 326
Paraldehyde 1037
Paralysis 937, 991
agitans 1009
rapid onset of 1000
respiratory 165, 365
Paralytic polio 1122
Paramyxoviridae 1098
Paraneoplastic syndromes 352, 837, 1068, 1068t
Paranoid schizophrenia 1081
Paraplegia 989
complications of 990, 990b
management of 990
Paraproteinemia 889
Parasites 114, 308, 376
malarial 182
Parasitic disorders 662
Parasomnias 1093, 1095
features of 1095, 1095t
types of 1095
Parathormone 55
Parathyroid disorders 53, 1005
Parathyroid hormone 11, 353, 437
production 709
Parathyroidectomy 57
Paratyphoid fever 128
Parenchymal liver disease, consequences of 784
Parenteral iron
preparations, toxicity of 562
preparations, types of 561
therapy, indications of 561
Parenteral nutrition 13, 114, 709
advantages of 13, 13t
complications of 13, 14t
disadvantages of 13, 13t
peripheral 13
total 13, 13b
Paresthesia 32, 1038
Parietal cells 79, 562, 565
Parietal lobe, functions of 943
Parinaud's syndrome 953
Parkinson's disease 652, 1008, 1010f, 1146, 1148, 1161
diagnosis of 1008
drugs used in 1012
Hoehn and Yahr stage of 1011t
idiopathic 1009
management of 1008
stages of 1011
Parkinson's plus syndromes 1011, 1012, 1012t
Parkinsons's disease, nonmotor symptoms of 1011t
Paromomycin 753
Paroxetine 1177
Paroxysmal disorder 1083
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, causes of 496
Partial lipodystrophy, progressive 546
Pasireotide 36
Patent ductus arteriosus 511, 1101
Patent foramen ovale 514
Pathergy test 695
Patrick's test 685
Patterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome 733
Paucibacillary leprosy 141
Peak expiratory flow rate 250, 255
Pedal edema 827
Pediculosis capitis 198
Pediculosis corporis 198
Pediculus humanus capitis 198
Pel-Ebstein fever 621
Pellagra 5, 12
Pelvic vascular insufficiency 74
Pemphigoid 1163
Pemphigus
benign familial 1162
paraneoplastic 1068
Pemphigus vulgaris 1162
diagnosis of 1162
etiology of 1162
treatment of 1162
Pendred syndrome 46
Pendular knee jerk 1007
Penicillamine 844
nephropathy 1122
Penicillin
intermediate 980
resistant 980
sensitive 980
Penis, anatomic defects of 73
Pentamidine 77, 186
Pentostatin 606
Penumocystis jirovecii 373
Peptic ulcer 69, 135, 608, 1185
complications of 741, 741b
disease 738, 742b
diagnosis of 742
etiology of 738
investigations of 738
management of 738
medical management of 742
pathogenesis of 739
sites of 738
Percutaneous coronary intervention 416, 420, 421, 429, 656
Perianal itching 191
Pericardial biopsy 521
Pericardial friction rub 399, 519
Pericardial inflammation 312
Pericardial pain 519
Pericardial rub 399
Pericardial tamponade
management of 521
signs of 521
Pericarditis 410, 425, 431, 446
causes of 518, 518b
chronic constrictive 522
constrictive 313, 390, 394, 395f, 519
early 425
fibrinous 519
management of 518, 520
purulent 519, 520
rheumatic 445
suppurative 478
Pericardium 297, 359, 445, 523
diseases of 518
tuberculosis of 69
Perihepatitis, acute 200
Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 764, 769
Periodic acid-Schiff 598
Periodic limb movement disorder 1095
Peripancreatic fluid collections, acute 855, 856
Peripheral arteries, diffuse vasculopathy of 700
Peripheral blood 67, 182, 195, 382, 447, 588, 621, 624, 802, 832
film 577, 581
findings 748
smear 193, 580, 595, 604, 644, 560f
examination 551
stem cell transplantation 653
Peripheral dopamine decarboxylase inhibitors 1013
Peripheral nerve
entrapment syndromes 674
lesions of 992
thickening, causes of 999t
Peripheral nervous system, diseases of 997
Peripheral neuropathy, investigations of 999t
Peripheral smear 559, 567, 572, 575, 579, 583, 587, 601, 645, 895
Peritoneal dialysis 313, 908, 911, 911f
indications for 911b
principles of 911f
Peritoneum
biopsy of 762, 827
gross appearance of 760
inflammation of 826
Peritonitis, bacterial 830
Pernicious anemia, neurological complications of 565
Peroral endoscopic myotomy 738
Perphenazine 1075
Persistent ductus arteriosus 511
Persistent vomiting, causes of 716
Pertussis, complications of 127t
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 774
Peyer's patches 128, 621
Pharyngitis, episode of 444
Phenazopyridine 584
Phenformin 850
Phenothiazines 717, 1075
Phentermine 20
Phenyl alkylamines 418
Phenylbutazone 267, 1182
Phenylephrine 537
Phenylketonuria 1104, 1106, 1115
Phenytoin 7, 972, 973, 1184, 1185
Pheochromocytoma 70, 71t, 434
diagnosis of 70
familial 71, 71t
signs of 70b
symptoms of 70b
treatment of 70
Philadelphia chromosome 600, 601, 611
Phlebotomy 843
Phlegmon 853
Phobias 1083b
specific 1083
Phobic disorder 1083
classification 1083
Phosphatase calcineurin 1134
Phosphate
depletion 10
retention 877
stones 899
Phospholipids 542
Phosphorus repletion 99
Photosensitivity 682, 1181
cutaneous 665, 666
Phototherapy 1160, 1167
Phrenic nerve 359
Phthiriasis pubis 199
Phthirus pubis 199
Physiotherapy 675, 677
Physostigmine 1041
Pick's disease 1146, 1148, 1149, 1149t
Pickwickian syndrome 18, 364
Pigeon breast deformity 9
Pill-induced injury 733
Pimavanserin 1075
Pinpoint pupil, causes of 1024, 1024b
Pinworm infection 191
Pioglitazone 89
side effects of 89
Piperazine citrate 1185
Pistol shot femorals 468
Pitolisant 1094
Pitting edema, treatment of 935b
Pituitary apoplexy, management of 32
Pituitary dependent bilateral adrenal hyperplasia 60
Pituitary dysfunction, anterior 371
Pituitary function, anterior 37
Pituitary gland
functional assessment of 33
infarctions of 31
Pituitary hormones, anterior 29
Pituitary tumors
clinical manifestations of 32
investigations of 32
management of 32
treatment of 33
Pityriasis alba 1160, 1168
Pityriasis rotunda 1068
Pityriasis versicolor 169, 1162
skin lesions of 1162f
Pityrosporum ovale 1161
Pizza pie’ appearances 232
Placental alkaline phosphatase 1067
Plague 124
cutaneous 125
types of 125
Plantar fascia 685
Plantar fasciitis 685
Plantar keratoderma 1069f
Plantar response/reflex 939
Plaque, central necrotic area of 413
Plasma
aldosterone concentration 65
bicarbonate 100
cardiac biomarkers 425
cell 763, 768
leukemia 619
neoplasms 614, 662
proliferative disorders, classification of 614, 614t
exchange 643, 882, 1001
therapy 1001b
fibrinogen 646
glucose 100, 103
insulin 81
iron concentrations, absorption 557
iron-binding capacity, total 560
lactate dehydrogenase 567
noradrenaline 71
potassium levels 63
proteins 779
Plasmacytoma
extraosseous 619
solitary 618
Plasmapheresis 620, 638, 1001, 1136, 1136b
indications for 1136
Plateau pulse 391
Platelet 601
activating factor 212
concentrate 643, 646
transfusion, indications for 647b
count 634, 637
disorders of 634
enzyme cyclooxygenase, aspirin inhibits 656
function 631b
disorders, classification of 635t
test 642
functional disorders of 636f
role of 246
transfusion 637
Platypnea 388, 513
Pleiotropy 1109
Pleocytosis, lymphocytic 982
Plethoric appearance 61
Pleural effusion
diagnosis of 312, 317fc
etiology of 312
investigations of 312
pleural fluid analysis of 312
Pleural fluid
parameters, interpretation of 314
therapeutic aspiration of 300
Pleuritic pain 303
Pleuritis 329
Pleurodesis 325
Plummer's disease 42
Plummer-Vinson syndrome 558, 559, 733
treatment of 559
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell 600
Pneumatoceles 334
Pneumococcal infections 120, 886
treatment of 120
Pneumococcal meningitis 120
Pneumococcal peritonitis 120
Pneumococcal pneumonia 120, 332
complications of 332
diagnosis of 332
etiology of 332
investigations of 332
management of 332
treatment of 332
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 333
Pneumococcal vaccinations 751
Pneumoconiosis 346
causes of 346
rheumatoid 347
Pneumocystis carinii 227, 914
Pneumocystis jirovecii 326, 327
infection 227, 228t
life cycle of 227
pneumonia 227
Pneumocystis prophylaxis 1124
Pneumonia 119, 227, 271, 285, 304, 326, 327, 329, 331t, 336, 376, 1123, 1138
acute eosinophilic 343
alba 205
aspiration 13, 337, 717
atypical 335, 336
bacterial 313
chronic eosinophilic 382
classification of 326, 326t
community-acquired 326328, 328t, 330t, 331t
complications of 326, 329
cryptogenic organizing 345
desquamative interstitial 345
eosinophilic 343
etiology of 326
general complications of 329b
general management of 329
health care associated 326
hospital-acquired 326, 327, 327t, 338
hypostatic 337
interstitial 326
investigations of 326
lymphocytic interstitial 343
noninfective 327
nonresolving 331
nosocomial 326, 327, 338, 339
primary 326
progressive 331
recurrent 332
secondary 326
suppurative 308, 326
treatment of 326, 335
ventilator-associated 367
Pneumonic plague 125
Pneumonitis
aspiration 343
granulomatous 674
interstitial 655
Pneumothorax 271, 321, 329
catamenial 324
classification of 322fc
closed 323
complications of 325
etiology of 321
investigations of 321
management of 321
open 323
spontaneous 323
primary spontaneous 322, 325
recurrent spontaneous 324
treatment of 325
types of 321
Poems syndrome 614
Poison, types of 1037, 1037t, 1038
Poisoning
organochlorine 1045
severity of 1043t
Poisonous snake 1046f, 1046t
classification of 1045, 1045b
Poliomyelitis 992
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 1141
Polyangiitis 691, 694
microscopic 670, 691, 693
Polyarteritis nodosa 376, 434, 691, 692, 883
classic 692
diagnosis of 692
management of 692
Polyarthritis 448
acute 715
causes of 715
chronic 715
migrating 445
symmetrical 688
Polychondritis, relapsing 706
Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia 185
Polycystic kidney 898f
disease 897, 921, 897, 1106, 1122
Polycystic liver disease 897
Polycystic ovary syndrome 11, 18
Polycythemia 22, 606, 609f, 898
causes of 607
classification of 607
pathophysiologic classification of 607t
secondary 271, 610t
vera 607, 608, 608t, 610, 610t, 1178
diagnosis of 607
management of 607
Polydipsia 37, 65, 81, 98
Polygenic disorder 15
Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome 66
Polyglutamine, number of 1014
Polymerase chain reaction 179, 201, 1114
Polymyositis 713, 714, 1005
idiopathic 713
Polyneuropathy
causes of 998b
types of 998f
Polyploidy 1099
Polyposis coli, familial 1106
Polysomnography 364
Polysplenia 307
Polyuria 37, 38, 62, 65, 81, 98, 867
causes of 867, 867b
Pontain's murmur 394, 402
Pontiac fever 336
Pontine myelinolysis, central 924
Poor coital technique 73
Popliteal cysts 673
Popliteal nodes 621
Poppy seeds 1055f
Porphyria 77
Porphyrins, structure of 664
Portal fibrosis, noncirrhotic 847
Portal hypertension
classification of 814, 814f
complications of 814, 816, 816b
diagnosis of 814
etiology of 814
investigations of 814
management of 814
pathogenesis of 814
treatment of 816, 816b
Portal systemic shunts, types of 819
Portal venous pressure
measurement of 816
reduction of 816
Portosystemic shunts, complications of 820
Positive airway pressure ventilation, noninvasive 273
Positive end expiratory pressure 369
Posterior cerebral artery, acute bilateral 955f
Posterior column
demyelination of 977
disease, causes of 989
syndrome 984
Posterior pituitary hormones 29
Posterolateral column disease, causes of 989b
Posterolateral cord syndrome 984
Postexposure, management of 242
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis 185
Postmyocardial infarction syndrome 313, 425
Post-primary tuberculosis
complications of 283
diagnosis of 283
etiology of 283
Post-remission therapy 596, 597
Post-thrombotic syndrome 542
Post-transfusion purpura 650
Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders 914
Postvaccinal syndromes 985
Potassium 98, 924
balance 877
disorders of 924
chloride 926
depletion 925t
distribution of 924
iodide 44
loss 64
perchlorate 44
repletion 99
sparing diuretics 438
sulfide 844
supplementation 65, 101, 889
Pott's disease 297
Prader's orchidometer 810f
Prader-Willi syndrome 74, 1109
Pralidoxime 1044, 1201
Pramipexole 1013
Pramlintide 89
Prasugrel 419, 656
Praziquantel 189
Prazosin 439, 443, 1049
Precordium, palpation of 453
Prednisolone 43, 57, 68, 189, 448, 585, 611, 617, 676, 1134
Prednisone 68, 597, 622
Preeclampsia 434, 802
Pre-erythrocytic vaccines 183
Pregnancy, acute fatty liver of 802
Premature ovarian failure 709
Pressure hydrocephalus, normal 1148
Pressure, central venous 392, 802
Pressure, intra-abdominal 734
Presyncope 528
Priapism 601
Primaquine 581, 584
Primary biliary cholangitis
etiology of 845
investigations of 845
management of 845
Primary bronchial tumors, classification of 349
Primary ciliary dyskinesia 307, 307t
Primary hyperaldosteronism
diagnosis of 64
etiology of 64
management of 64, 65
Primary hyperparathyroidism
classical symptoms of 55
hallmarks of 56
investigations of 55
management of 55
Primary hypogonadism, treatment of 73
Primary hypothyroidism
diagnosis of 46
etiology of 46
investigations of 47
management of 46
Primary immunodeficiency diseases, classification of 1122, 1122b
Primary myelofibrosis
investigations of 610
management of 610
Primary pulmonary tuberculosis
clinical manifestations of 281
diagnosis of 281
pathogenesis of 281
pathology of 281
Primary subarachnoid hemorrhage, treatment of 960
Primary tuberculosis, features of 281
Primary tumor, location of 352t
Primary vasculitides, classification of 691b
Primidone 973
Prinzmetal's angina, treatment of 432
Prinzmetal's variant angina 432
causes of 432
Procainamide 410, 850
Procaine 584
Procarbazine 622
Proctitis 763
ulcerative 763
Proctoscopy 719, 816
Proctosigmoiditis 763
ulcerative 763
Prodromal dementia 1146
Progeria 1171
Progestogen 1061
Proguanil 1185
Proinsulin level 861
Prolactin 29, 33, 35
Prolactinoma 33, 36
Proliferative glomerulonephritis, causes of 880f
Prolonged hypothyroidism, consequences of 47
Promethazine 1180
Pronator sign 450, 1014
Propafenone 498
Propanolol 1185
Prophylaxis 124, 137, 289, 481
Propionibacterium acnes 1174
Propranolol 46, 1192
Propylthiouracil 46, 1185, 1192
Prosopagnosia 943
Prosopalgia 1027
Prostaglandin 524
analogs 533, 743
Prostatic disease 73
Prosthetic cardiac valves 571
Prosthetic valve
endocarditis 475
types of 476
Prostrate 18
Protamine sulfate 658, 1041
Protease inhibitors 235, 238
Proteasome inhibitors 1062, 1063
Protein 312, 827
absorption 749
acute phase 1
C system 631
calorie malnutrition 14
energy malnutrition 14
kinase C, activation of 104
losing enteropathy 775
loss, consequences of 884t
metabolism 77
monoclonal 619
nuclear-regulatory 1058
restriction 822, 896
secrets variety of 18
synthesis, impaired 934
Proteinuria 868, 868fc, 887
classification of 870t
control of 896
mild 487
moderate 882
Proteoglycans 1129
Proteome 1112
Proteus vulgaris 839
Prothrombin time 7, 524, 629, 633, 645, 658, 724, 780, 812
Protodiastolic sound 398
Proton pump inhibitors 702, 709, 725, 736, 743, 858
Protoporphyria, X-linked 665
Protozoal parasite, demonstration of 753
Protozoan infections 232
Provocation tests 30, 267
Proximal muscle weakness, symmetrical 714
Prurigo nodularis 1177
Pruritus 196, 785, 845, 874, 1130, 1177
ani 191
dermatological causes of 1177b
systemic causes of 1178t
Pseudo-allergic reactions 1130
Pseudoarthrosis 1172
Pseudobronchiectasis 305
Pseudobulbar palsy 993
Pseudochylothorax 320
Pseudochylous thorax 320, 320t
Pseudoclubbing 247
causes of 247
Pseudocoma 1021
Pseudocyanosis 249
Pseudocyst 853f, 855
pancreatic 855, 856
Pseudogout 706
Pseudohallucinations 1072
Pseudohyphae 169
Pseudohyponatremia 918
causes of 919t
Pseudohypoparathyroidism 59, 75
Pseudomembrane 121
Pseudomembranous colitis 210, 755
endoscopic appearance of 756f
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis 135
Pseudomonas 474, 902
aeruginosa 208, 216, 326, 328
Pseudoparalysis 7
Pseudoporphyria 666
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 59
Pseudo-pulsus paradoxus 390
Pseudotumor cerebri 2, 69
Psittacosis 114
Psoriasis 69, 1154, 1155f, 1156, 1156f
chronic plaque 1155
clinical manifestations of 1154
diagnosis of 1155, 1156
etiology of 1154
features of 1156
investigations 1156
management of 1154, 1156
plaque 1155
skin lesions of 1155f
types of 1155, 1155b
vulgaris 1155
treatment of 1156
Psoriatic arthropathy, psoriatic 1156
Psychiatric diseases 233
Psychiatric disorders 1014, 1093, 1098
Psychosis 62, 1079, 1080t, 1087t
classification of 1079
functional 1079
organic 1079
puerperal 1098
Psychosomatic disorder 1085
Psychotic disorders 1074, 1079, 1082
Pterygium formation 1157, 1157f
Ptosis 1002, 1025
acquired 1025
bilateral 1025
causes of 1025
congenital 1025
partial 1025
unilateral 1025, 1025f
Pubic lice 199
Puddle sign 825, 827
Puerperal disorders 1098
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, idiopathic 523
Pulmonary disease 18, 19, 709
Pulmonary disorders 75
Pulmonary edema
acute 181, 443, 485
causes of 492, 492t
classification of 492
high altitude 23
noncardiogenic 178, 367, 492
Pulmonary embolism
causes of 538
diagnosis of 539, 539b
management of 540
Pulmonary emphysema
complications of 274
etiology of 274
investigations of 274
management of 274
Pulmonary eosinophilia, simple 380
Pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes 380
drugs and toxin-induced 381
Pulmonary fibrosis
idiopathic 343, 345, 350
types of 348
Pulmonary function tests 249t, 270, 277, 304, 347, 348, 524
Pulmonary hemosiderosis, idiopathic 343
Pulmonary hypertension
causes of 523
obliterative 452
severe 365
treatment of 272
types of 452b
WHO classifications of 523, 523t
Pulmonary infection, acute 145
Pulmonary nodule, solitary 360
Pulmonary restrictive disorders, severe 933
Pulmonary sarcoidosis, staging of 372t
Pulmonary sulcus tumor, superior 357
Pulmonary syndrome 143
Pulmonary tuberculosis
complications of 286t
diagnosis of 286
investigations of 286
management of 289
progressive 282, 284
radiological features of 286
symptoms of 285
Pulmonary valve
closure 397
incompetence 452
stenosis, severe 474
Pulmonary valvular stenosis 517
Pulsatile liver, causes of 848, 848b
Pulse 460
asymmetry of 531
deficit 389
grading of 390
methylprednisolone 693
rate 389
therapy 676
volume 390
Pulseless
electrical activity 525, 527
ventricular tachycardia 527
Pulsus alternans 391
Pulsus bigeminus 391
Pulsus bisferiens 390, 468
Pulsus dicroticus 390
Pulsus paradoxus 390, 519, 521
reverse 390
Pulsus parvus et tardus 390
Pupillary reactions, interpretation of 1019t
Pure motor paraplegia, causes of 991, 991b
Pure neuritic leprosy 139
Pure red cell aplasia 653
Purkinje fibers 404
Purkinje system 405
Purtscher retinopathy 852
Pyelonephritis
acute 905
atrophic 906
chronic 906
obstructive 906
reflux-associated 906
Pygmies 75
Pyoderma gangrenosum 674, 1069
Pyogenic liver abscess
investigations of 839
management of 839
Pyogenic meningitis, treatment of 980
Pyopneumothorax 321, 325
causes of 325
Pyothorax 329
Pyrantel pamoate 191, 1185
Pyrazinamide 290292
Pyrexia of unknown origin 113, 116t, 117t
etiology of 113
investigations of 113
types of 113
Pyridoxine 290, 844, 1041, 1185
deficiency 12
Pyrimethamine 187
Pyromania 1086
Pyrophosphate arthropathy 706
Pyruvate kinase deficiency 571
Q
Q fever 114, 326
Quadriplegia, causes of 991, 991t
Quadruple therapy 744
Queckenstedt's test 984
Quetiapine 410, 1075
Quinapril 438
Quincke's sign 468
Quinidine 410, 498
Quinine 581, 1185
Quinolones 217, 218, 292
side effects of 218, 218t
R
Rabies 164, 219
etiology of 164
postexposure prophylaxis of 165
prevention of 165
treatment of 164, 165
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome 77
Rachycardia, resting 50
Radial artery 420
Radiation exposure
effects of 21
management of 22
Radiation injury 835
Radiation necrosis 365
Radiation pneumonitis 327
Radiation sickness 21
acute 21
Radiation therapy 34, 1063
Radiation, types of 21
Radioactive iodine 40, 45
therapy 46, 53
uptake, uses of 40b
Radioisotope 1035
Radiometric methods 296
Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy 195
Radionuclide ventilation 540
Radiotherapy 1063
Raised intracranial pressure 1030
causes of 1031t
features of 1030b
Raised intracranial tension 69, 410, 1032
treatment of 959
Raloxifene 711
Ramsay Hunt syndrome 154f, 1028
Ranke complex 282
Ranolazine 418, 419
Ransglutaminase 79
Ranson scoring system 854
Rapamycin 1134
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
causes of 882
investigations of 882
treatment of 882
Rash 678, 707
discoid 682
erythematous 118
generalized 196
maculopapular 147, 147f, 162
malar 680f, 682
nevirapine-induced 1181f
Rasmussen‘s aneurysm 288, 376
Rat
control of 126
flea bite 125
Rat-bite fever 114
Raxibacumab 124
Raymond-Cestan syndrome 953
Raynaud's disease 532
Raynaud's phenomenon 432, 532, 533, 699, 700
causes of 533
primary 533
Raynaud's syndrome, control of 702
Reactions, withdrawal 1055
Reactive airways viral syndrome 257
Rebeitz-Kolodny-Richardson syndrome 1012
Recessive disease, X-linked 1124
Recessive disorders, X-linked 1107t
Recessive traits, X-linked 1107
Recessive vasopressin receptor mutation, X-linked 37
Recklinghausen disease 1105
Rectal bleeding 764
Rectal varices 815
Recurrent variceal bleeding, prevention of 819
Red blood cell 871
disorders of 550, 653
saline-washed 647
Red cell
casts 879
concentrates 646
count 608
destruction 554
disorders 662
distribution width 550, 579
enzyme deficiencies 571
factors 1119
indices 550
protoporphyrin 560
Red colored urine, causes of 867
Red flag signs 758t
Red Man syndrome 290
Reed-Sternberg cells 620
Refeeding syndrome 13
treatment of 14
Reflex 939
tachycardia 418
Reflux esophagitis 733, 736
severe 733
Reflux nephropathy 906
Reflux, esophageal 702
Refractory epilepsy
surgical treatment of 972
treatment of 972
Rehydration 729
Reid index 268
Reidel's thyroiditis, treatment of 52
Reitan's number connection 822
Reiter's syndrome 684, 687
classical triad of 687
Renal abscess 908
Renal amyloidosis 1140
Renal artery
stenosis 914
bilateral 434
thrombosis 914
Renal azotemia 874
Renal biopsy 694, 885, 887, 896, 914, 914t
complications of 914t
Renal calculi, recurrent 55
Renal calculus formation 889
Renal disease 716, 865
diabetic 896
management of 867
Renal disorder 75, 682
Renal dysfunction 888
hepatic encephalopathy, progressive 811
Renal failure 143, 178, 439, 488, 802, 887, 898, 1048, 1064
acute 24, 25, 181, 443, 871, 878, 878t
chronic 10, 32, 582, 895f, 897, 1140
Renal function tests 866t, 870, 1055
Renal glycosuria 84
diagnosis of 84, 84b
Renal hypertrophy 105
Renal hypoperfusion 873
Renal osteodystrophy 892
Renal parenchymal disease 434
Renal replacement techniques, aim of 908b
Renal replacement therapy 908
options of 909t
Renal stones 899t
causes of 899t
types of 899
Renal syndrome 1069
pulmonary 693
Renal transplantation 912, 913f
Renal tuberculosis 907t
Renal tubular acidosis 75, 888, 889, 889f, 890, 890f, 899
types of 889b
Renal tubular disorder 1115
Renal tubular epithelial cell injury 874
Renal vessel diseases 874
Renin hypertension
high 434
normal 434
Renin, mechanism of action of 865
Renin-angiotensin 434
aldosterone system 440, 825, 865f
Repaglinide 88
Reperfusion, signs of 429b
Reserpine 440
Reslizumab 261
Respiratory acidosis
causes of 932, 932t
Respiratory alkalosis, causes of 933, 933t
Respiratory distress syndrome, acute 25, 27, 365, 367, 367t
Respiratory disturbance index 364
Respiratory failure 270, 277, 304, 360, 363fc, 802
acute 360
features of 361
management of 362
perioperative 361
types of 360
Respiratory function tests 249
Respiratory system 11, 226, 244, 283, 303, 379, 486
Respiratory tract 311, 475
Restiform body 954
Resting basal metabolic rate 17
Restless leg syndrome 1095
Resuscitation, cardiopulmonary 525
Resynchronization therapy 490
Retching 716
Reticulocyte 551
count 567
production index 551
Reticulocytopenia 588
Reticulocytosis, causes of 551
Retina 1023
Retinal arteries, corkscrew-shaped 512
Retinal complications 436
Retinal disease 19
Retinal hemorrhage, high altitude 23
Retinal injury 1
Retinal-neuro-cutaneous cavernous hemangioma syndrome 1171
Retinoic acid 1184
Retinoids 1, 1158
Retinol binding protein 1, 2, 17
Retinopathy
diabetic 104, 106, 107, 107b
hypertensive 436, 436f
pigmentary 1108
Retrograde ejaculation 73
Retroperitoneal fibrosis, diagnosis of 896
Retroviruses 594
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction 165
Reye's syndrome 802, 803
Rhabdomyolysis 25, 1005
Rhabdomyoma 547
cardiac 1173
Rheumatic aortic
regurgitation 470
stenosis 463
Rheumatic fever
acute 313, 444, 446, 449, 1014
attack of 446
categories of 449t
diagnosis of 445, 447
prevention of 449t
prophylaxis of 448
treatment of 448
Rheumatic heart disease, chronic valve lesions of 448
Rheumatism, nonarticular 707
Rheumatoid arthritis
articular manifestations of 672
clinical manifestations of 671
complications of 671
diagnosis of 671
etiology of 671
extra-articular manifestations of 673
investigations of 671, 675
juvenile 75
management of 671
pleuropulmonary manifestations of 674
treatment of 675, 676
Rhinitis 205
Rhinosinusitis 257
Rhyroid storm 1192
Rhyrotoxicosis 44
Rib notching 512
Riboflavin 5
deficiency 12
Rice-Field fever 142
Rice-water stool 137
Ricinus communis 1055
Rickets 8, 9
investigations of 8
prevention of 8
treatment of 8, 10
Rickettsial diseases 145, 146b, 146t
Riddoch's sign 1006
Riedel's thyroiditis 52
Rifabutin 290
Rifampicin 290, 292, 296
Rifampin 290
uses of 291, 291b
Rifapentine 290
Rifle criteria 873
Rilpivirine 236
Riluzole 994, 1013
Rimonabant 20
Ring abscess 478
Ring chromosome 1101
Risperidone 1075
Ristocetin aggregation test 642
Risus sardonicus 122
Ritonavir 236
Rituximab 606, 638, 643, 677, 882, 1061, 1163
Rivaroxaban 540, 659
Rivastigmine 1147
River blindness 194
Rizatriptan 947
Robertsonian translocation 10991101
Rodent ulcer 1169
Roger's murmur 402
Romberg's sign 1006
Romberg's test 1006
Romhilt-Estes point score system 410
Romiplostim 638
Root pain 985
Ropinirole 1013
Rosai-Dorfman disease 629
Rose Bengal staining 702
Rose spots 129
Rosenbach's sign 43, 468
Rosenberg-Patterson criteria 374
Rotavirus 131
Roth spots 477, 477f, 479
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome 1171
Rotigotine 1013
Rotor syndrome 788
Roundworm 191
infection 191
infestations 192
Rubella syndrome 148, 149t
congenital 148
Rugger Jersy appearance 894f
Rumination syndrome 717
features of 717b
Russell-Silver
dwarfism 75
syndrome 1109
Rusty’ sputum 332
Rye classification 620
Rytand's murmur 402
S
Saber shin 205
Sabin-Feldman methylene blue dye test 187
Saccharin, nasal clearance of 304, 308
Saccharomyces boulardii 759
Saccular aneurysm 961
Sacroiliac joint 685, 686
involvement of 685
Sacroiliitis 690
Saddle nose 140
deformity 205
Safe transfusion procedures 648
Saint vitus dance 446, 1014
Salbutamol 259
Salicylate poisoning 1052
Salivary gland 655
infection 1177
involvement 703
tumor 349
S-allylcysteine 90
Salmeterol 259
Salmonella enteriditis 131
Salmonella osteomyelitis 576
Salmonella paratyphi 128
Salmonella typhi 128
Salt absorbing epithelia 311
Salt-and-pepper appearance 56
Sanguineous sputum 309
SAPHO syndrome 1174
SAPPORO classification criteria, revised 713b
Saquinavir 236
Sarcoidosis 343, 345, 370, 372, 373, 1178
investigations of 370
management of 370
pulmonary 372
Sarcomatoid carcinoma 349
Sarcoptes scabiei 199
Sausage digits 686, 687, 689f
Sausage-shaped digit 688
Saxagliptin 88
Scabies 196
diagnosis of 197
management of 198
systemic complications of 197
Scarlet fever 118
Scarring alopecia 1158
Schilling test 568, 749
stages of 568f
Schirmer tear test 702
Schistocytes 643
Schizoaffective disorder 1082
Schizophrenia 1074, 1080, 1081, 1122
acute 1082
catatonic 1081
course of 1082b
diagnosis of 1081, 1081b
diagnostic criteria for 1081
investigations of 1082b
management of 1082
psychosis 1076
symptoms of 1081, 1081t
syndrome 1080
treatment of 1082
types of 1081, 1082b
Schizophrenic disorders, types of 1081, 1081t
Schizophreniform disorder 1082
Schmidt syndrome 66
Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia 1081
Schober test, modified 685
Sciatic nerves 108
Scissoring gait 941
Scleritis 69, 674, 691
Scleroderma 653, 699, 701, 701f, 701t, 1002
diagnosis of 701b
systemic sclerosis 699
Sclerosing cholangitis, primary 859
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis 911
Sclerosing thyroiditis 52
Sclerosis
amyotrophic lateral 986, 994t
capillary 888
cutaneous systemic 699
Sclerotherapy 817
complications of 818t
Scoliosis 297, 532
Scorbutic rosary 7
Scorpion bite 1048
Scorpion sting bite
diagnosis of 1048
treatment of 1048
Scorpion venom 1048
Scrofula 296
Scrofuloderma 297
Scrotal tongue 1101
Scrotum, edema of 827
Scurvy
deficiency of 6
types of 6
Seasonal influenza virus 326
Seborrheic dermatitis 1161
treatment of 1161
Second heart sound, abnormalities of 397
Secondary bacterial infections, treatment of 148
Secondary hyperaldosteronism, causes of 65b
Secondary hyperlipidemia, causes of 544t
Secondary hypertension
causes of 436
investigations of 433, 436
Secondary hypogonadism, treatment of 73
Secondary infection, features of 380
Secondary myelofibrosis, causes of 611t
Secondary parkinsonism, causes of 1011t
Secondary polycythemia, causes of 607
Secondary tuberculosis
complications of 283
diagnosis of 283
etiology of 283
fate of 284
Secretory diarrhea 727
Sedation 214, 1074
Sedative drug poisoning 1049
Segmental glomerulosclerosis 885, 885b
Segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis 887
Segmental vitiligo 1167
Seizure 9, 966, 971t, 1098
atonic 969
causes of 970, 970b
classification of 967
febrile 970
generalized 968, 1146
management of 966
new classification of 967t
recurrence of 971
types 972
withdrawal 1090
Seminal plasma 73
Seminal vesicle disease 73
Semisynthetic derivatives 1054
Senile degenerative aortic stenosis 463
Sensory
ataxia 1006
aura 946
loss 989
upper border of 986
upper level of 985
nerve involvement 139, 997
polyneuropathy 231
Sentinel trauma 1084
Sepsis 24, 211, 212t, 535, 740, 886, 1123
etiology of 212
management 212
principles of 213b
neutropenic 1065
puerperal 119
severe 211
severity of 211f
syndrome 535
Septic abortion 119
Septic embolism 308
Septic infarcts/abscess 477
Septic joint 698
Septic shock 211, 533
Septicemia 69, 304
meningococcal 70
Septicemic plague 125
Sequestration crisis 574, 575
Serological test 134, 141, 163, 189, 190, 202, 205, 206, 333, 447, 569
Seronegative arthritis 690
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies 684
Serositis 682
Serotonin pathways, abnormal 757
Serotonin receptor antagonists 759
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective 758, 1039
Serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors 1039
Serotonin syndrome 1039, 1040f, 1072b
Serous pericarditis 519
Serratia marcescens 216
Serum
albumin 779, 797
alkaline phosphatase 9, 616, 621, 797, 839
aminotransferases 797, 802, 806
amylase 853, 857
angiotensin converting enzyme 372
ascites albumin gradient 827
aspartate transferase 47
autoantibodies 780
bicarbonate 101
bilirubin 777, 797, 839
biochemistry 372, 895
calcium 9, 52, 437
concentrations, correction of 56
cholesterol 885
chromogranin 754
creatine kinase 714
creatinine 875
electrolytes 98, 437, 1189
enzymes 778
ferritin 560
globulins 779
glucose 956
homocysteine levels 567
immunoglobulins 304
iron 560
profile 559, 842
lipase 853
methylmalonic acid 567
phosphate 9
protein 812
electrophoresis 1140
retinol level 2
sickness 1131
acute 1131, 1131b
sodium 38, 101
thyroid stimulating hormone/thyrotropin 39
thyroxine, total 40
transaminases 812
transferrin
receptor 560
saturation 560
triiodothyronine, total 40
tumor markers 1066
uric acid 608, 705
vitamin B12 608, 611
Severe acute asthma, treatment of 263
Severe anemia, chronic compensated 394
Severe dengue, mechanism of 160
Severe depression, management of 1077
Severe exacerbation, treatment of 264
Severe hypercalcemia, management of 1190
Severe hyperkalemia, management of 1188
Severe malaria, treatment of 181t
Severe pulmonary stenosis, features of 473
Sex hormone-binding globulin 18
Sexual dysfunction 73
Sexual impulses 1086
Sexual transmission 221
Sexually transmitted infections 199, 199t
Sézary syndrome 627
Shagreen patch 1173, 1173f
Shawl sign 714
Sheehan's syndrome 30, 31
treatment of 31
Shelley sign 468
Sherman sign 468
Shigella dysenteriae 216
Shigellosis 132
Shingles, complications of 154
Shock 69, 181, 361, 740, 802, 852
anaphylactic 533, 535, 535t, 1129, 1130
anaphylactoid 535t
cardiogenic 424, 430, 535
causes of 534
classification of 534
electric 1005
hypovolemic 534, 536
management of 536, 1194
neurogenic 534
pathogenesis of 534
stages of 534, 534t
types of 534, 535fc, 535t
Shockable rhythms 527
Shone's complex 451, 463
Short course chemotherapy, advantages of 293b
Short stature 74
causes of 74, 74t
constitutional 74
differential diagnosis of 75, 75t
familial 74
genetic 74
Short-course chemotherapy 292
Short-term memory 1071
disturbances of 5
Shoshin beriberi 4
Shoulder impingement syndrome 708
Shuffling gait 941
Sibutramine 20
Sicca complex 674
Sick euthyroid syndrome 49
Sick sinus syndrome 406f, 500
Sickle cell 574
anemia 75, 575f, 576t, 889, 1106, 1109, 1176
complications of 574
long-term complications of 575
crises 574
disease 74, 335, 572, 576, 653
trait 573
Sickle solubility test 575
Sickling test 575
Sideroblastic anemia 560, 582
classification of 583
hereditary 583
Sigmoidoscopy 132, 134, 719, 757, 769
Sildenafil 533
Silicosis 343, 348
Simple coal-worker's pneumoconiosis, grading of 346t
Simultanagnosia 943
Single best test 35
Single organ disease, symptomatic 373
Sinus
arrhythmia 391, 493
bradycardia 389, 406f
cavernous 33
histiocytosis 629
node 404
rhythm 404, 406f
tachycardia 42, 389, 406, 406f, 495
tract formation 297
venosus defects 513
Sinusitis 307
acute 226
chronic 307
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome 834
Sirolimus 1134
toxicity of 1134b
Sister Mary Joseph's node 833, 860
Sitagliptin 88
Situs inversus 303f
totalis 307
Six minute walk test 252
Sjögren's syndrome 623, 702, 703, 859, 999, 1103, 1177
classification of 702
clinical manifestations of 702
diagnosis of 702
management of 702
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome 1171
Skeletal fluorosis 12
Skeletal system 297
Skeleton, tetracycline labeling of 710
Skin 22, 61, 475, 852
acute spreading infection of 118
appendages, disorders of 1173
benign lesions of 1169
biopsy 141, 695, 1163, 1164
blackish discoloration of 184
blistering disorders of 1162
changes 7, 714
dry 98
hardening of 699
hemangioma of 1169
hyperpigmentation, generalized 809
infiltration of 595
lesion 14, 139, 185, 194, 446, 688
malignancy
etiology of 1169
pathogenesis of 1169
malignant melanoma of 1171, 1171b
manifestations 5, 700
necrosis 533
nodules, erythematous 852
pigmentary disorders of 1166
pigmentation 842f, 845
premalignant lesions of 1169
prick tests 256
punch biopsy 165
rash 116, 166, 204, 219, 219t
scrapings 1162
squamous cell carcinoma of 1170b
tags 1158
tumors 1169
ulcers, infections of 140
wounds, surgical drainage of 145
xerosis of 2f
Sleep apnea
central 365
obstructive 18, 363, 363t, 364, 364t, 434
syndromes 363
types of 363
Sleep disorders 1011, 1092, 1092b, 1093b
circadian rhythm 1094
Sleep hypopnea syndrome 363
Sleep maintenance insomnia 1093
Sleep offset insomnia 1093
Sleep onset insomnia 1093
Sleep paralysis 1094
Sleep-related movement disorders 1095
Sling procedure 1151
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 698
Slit-skin smears 141
Small cell carcinoma
diagnosis of 355
staging of 355
treatment of 355
Small muscle wasting, causes of 992t
Smallpox 163, 164, 164t
prophylaxis of 163
treatment of 163
Smudge cells 605
Snake bite 1045, 1046, 1046b
complications of 1046t
management of 1194
severity of 1047t
Snake venom 1045, 1045t
Social phobia 1083
Sodium 917
absorption of 917
balance 877
disorders of 915, 917
bicarbonate 99, 527, 889, 897, 1044
channels, cardiac 502
concentration 916
cromoglycate 260, 261
dietary restriction of 829
excretion 917
regulation of 917f
ferric gluconate 561
fluoride 711
fractional excretion of 876
intake 917
iopodate 46
ipodate 1192
nitrite 1041, 1053
nitroprusside 439, 470, 1197
oxybate 1094
retention 64, 825
thiosulfate 1041, 1053
tungstate 90
valproate 969, 1014, 1074, 1185
Soft tissue calcification 56
Sokal score 603
Solid tumors 653
Solitary pulmonary nodule, chest X-ray of 360f
Somatic delusions 1072
Somatoform disorder 1085
types of 1085
Somatostatin
analogues 33, 1061
receptor ligands 36
Somatostatinoma 863
Somatotrope pituitary adenoma 34
Somatotroph adenoma 33
Somogyi phenomenon 102
confirmation of 103
Sorafenib 1062
Sore throat 116, 224
Spastic paraplegia 989
causes of 990, 990t
Spectrin 577
Speech 1071
abnormal 941
and language deficits 1148
and swallowing 1011
language pathologists 1144
Spermatic cord 195
Spermatogenesis 73
Spherical cysts 897
Spherocytes 577
Spherocytosis 1176
hereditary 571, 577, 1106
Sphingolipidoses 1114
Spider naevi 808, 808f, 809t
Spina bifida 1073
Spinal arachnoiditis, chronic 984
Spinal cord 566, 985t, 987, 990
compression 987
causes of 987b
signs of 987, 988t
symptoms of 987, 988, 988t
disease 984
patterns of 984, 984b
subacute 987
injury 986
involvement of 984, 984b
lesions of 74, 652, 992
syndrome, noncompressive 996
Spinal epidural hematoma 985
Spinal muscular atrophy 1106
Spinal pain 991
types of 991
Spinal root, lesions of 992
Spine 297
Spinocerebellar ataxia 1007
Spiramycin 187
Spirometry interpretation 252t
Spironolactone 829, 1188
Splanchnic vasodilation 825
Spleen 128, 371, 575, 662
amyloidosis of 1140
functions of 662b
Splenectomy 215, 585, 603, 637, 643, 663, 663t
indications of 637
mechanism of action of 637
Splenic rupture
atraumatic 664
causes of 664, 664t
Splenomegaly, mechanism of 662
Splinter hemorrhage 248, 691
Split hand phenomenon 994
Split’ livers 838
Spondylitis
psoriatic 688
rheumatoid 685
Spondyloarthritides 684
Spondyloarthritis 684
Spondyloarthropathies 684, 684b, 689
Spongiform pustules 1155
Spontaneous atrophic hypothyroidism 47
diagnosis of 46
etiology of 46
management of 46
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 831, 832b
management of 831
Spontaneous hemorrhages 639
Spontaneous mast cell degranulation 1127f
Spontaneous pneumothorax 322
secondary 322, 325
types of 323, 323f
Sporadic goiter 53
Sporothrix schenckii 376
Sports abuse 32
Spotty perifollicular pigment 1167
Spurious polycythemia 607
Sputum 269, 285, 303, 309
direct microscopic examination of 287
tests 257
Squamous cell carcinoma 350, 351, 353, 1158, 1170, 1176
Square root sign 395
ST elevation myocardial infarction 420, 422
St Louis encephalitis 156
Stable angina 414, 422, 656
management of 421fc
pectoris 414
Stable plaques 412
Staghorn calculi 900f
Stair climbing test 252
Stanford anatomical classification 531
Staphylococcal endocarditis 480
Staphylococcal infections, treatment of 120
Staphylococcal pneumonia 334
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 120f
Staphylococcal septicemia 119
Staphylococcus aureus 119, 131, 208, 212, 326328, 334, 338, 474, 479, 1160
Staphylococcus epidermidis 119
Starry sky appearance 626f
Starry sky pattern 626
Stasis 902
Statin 1196
therapy 431
Status anginosus 415
Status asthmaticus 255, 257, 263
management of 263
Status epilepticus 972, 1045
complications of 972
etiology of 974, 974b
generalized convulsive 972
management of 975t, 1193
nonconvulsive 972
Status migrainosus 946
Stavudine 236
Steatorrhea 746, 857, 858
Steatosis
alcoholic 805
non-alcoholic 804
Steeping method 1036
Stellwag's sign 43
Stem cell 651
suppression of 591
transplant 576, 603, 654, 1060
transplantation, autologous 617, 654, 654f
Stenosis
mild pulmonary 473
pulmonary 401, 473
Stenotic anterior mitral valve leaflet 399
Stenotic valvular heart disease, moderate 416
Sterile pyuria 200
causes of 904b
Sterile thrombus, formation of 476
Sternal contact sign 456
Sternal tenderness 601
Steroid 214, 536, 887, 959
contraindications of 69, 69t
indication of 69
methyl prednisolone 882
psychosis 69
sparing agents 260, 373
therapy 32, 69
role of 69
types of 68
Stevens-Johnson syndrome 335, 1165, 1166, 1166f
signs of 1165t
symptoms of 1165t
Stierlin sign 761
Stiff-Man syndrome 77
Still's disease 707
Still's murmur 402
Stokes-Adams-Morgagni attacks 503
Stomach 69, 738
diseases of 38
fundus of 16
Stomatitis, angular 12
Stomatocytosis 571
Stomping gait 941
Stones 55
triple 899
Stony dullness 313
Stool antigen detection tests 753
Stool-bulking agents 759
Straight back syndrome 546
Streptococcal antibody tests 447
Streptococcal antigens 881, 896
Streptococcal bacteremia 118
Streptococcal gangrene 118
Streptococcal impetigo 118
Streptococcal infections 118
Streptococcal myositis 119
Streptococcal pharyngitis 118
Streptococcal super antigens 445
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 119
Streptococcus agalactiae 980
Streptococcus gallolyticus 479
Streptococcus milleri 839
Streptococcus pneumoniae 212, 226, 326, 328, 332, 474, 576, 1123
Streptococcus pyogenes 326
Streptococcus viridans 119
Streptokinase 428, 429, 659
Streptomyces mediterranei 290
Streptomycin 126, 290292
Streptozotocin 861
Stress
disorder, post-traumatic 1083
echocardiography 416, 487
incontinence 1150, 1151
testing 416
ulcer 740
prophylaxis 214
Stridor 59
String sign 761
String test 753
Stroke 436, 949, 950, 950t
classification of 949fc
differential diagnosis of 955, 956t
hemorrhagic 949
ischemic 949, 950, 1195
localization, clinical features 952
mimickers, functional 956
prevention of 499
progressing 949
secondary prevention of 957
types of 949
Strongyloides stercoralis 193
Strongyloidiasis 194
diagnosis of 194
management of 194
treatment of 194
Strontium ranelate 711
Struvite stones 899
Stupor 1016
Sturge-Weber syndrome 1171
Stuttering hemiplegia 949
Subaortic stenosis, idiopathic 475
Subarachnoid hemorrhage 7, 436, 443, 898, 951, 960, 962b
causes of 960t
differential diagnosis of 962
treatment of 962
Subclinical hyperthyroidism
causes of 50b
etiology of 50
Subclinical hypothyroidism, causes of 49b
Subconjunctival hemorrhage 477f
Subcutaneous emphysema 274, 325
Subcutaneous nodules 446, 448
Subcutaneous tissue 118
Subcutaneous tophus 705
Subdural empyema 1017
Subdural hemorrhage 1017
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma 1173
Subependymal nodule 1173
Subepidermal immunobullous diseases 1162
Subepidermal vasculature leads 1155
Subfulminant hepatic failure 801
Subhyaloid hemorrhage 961
Subleukemic leukemia 599
Submammary folds 1161
Subperiosteal hemorrhage 7
Substance abuse
signs of 1091, 1091t
symptoms of 1091
Substance intoxication 1091
Substance misuse disorder 1091
Substitution therapy 58
Subungual hemorrhages 479
Subvalvular aortic stenosis 463
Sucralfate 743
Sucrose hemolysis test 583
Sudden cardiac death 524, 525
causes of 525b
Suicidal impulses 1086
Sulcus tumor syndrome, superior 357
Sulfameathoxazole 635
Sulfasalazine 676, 687, 688
Sulfatidoses 1114
Sulfation 1183
Sulfonamides 581, 1162, 1178, 1182
Sulfonylureas 86, 87, 95, 1178, 1180
Sulfur grains 336
Sulphonamides, side effects of 218, 218b
Sulphonylurea 95
Sumatriptan 947
Sun exposure 1169
Sunitinib 1062
Sunstroke, first aid for 25
Superior vena cava
obstruction, causes of 358t
syndrome
causes of 358
management of 358
Suprabasal blister 1163
Supranuclear palsy, progressive 994, 1011f, 1012
Supratentorial herniation 1031
Supravalvular aortic stenosis 463
Suredone 1075
Suzman's sign 512
Swamp fever 142
Swan-neck deformity 672
Sweat electrolytes 304
Sweat glands, abnormal 24
Sweet's syndrome 1069
Swelling 919
Swine flu 166, 341
Swine influenza virus 166
Swineherd's disease 142
Swollen extremities, bilateral 936t
Sydenham's chorea 446, 1014, 1136
treatment of 449
Sympathomimetic amine 537
Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation 366
Syncope 452, 528, 971t
cardiac 528
causes of 528, 528t
exertional 464
Syncytial virus, respiratory 326
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
causes of 922b
secretion, diagnosis of 922b
types of 922b, 922f
Synkinesis 1030
Synovial cysts 673
Synovial fluid analysis 675, 698
Syphilis 30, 114, 203, 205, 207
benign tertiary 204
cardiovascular 205
classification of 203t
congenital 203, 205
course of 203f
diagnosis of 205
infantile congenital 205
late congenital 205
latent 204
management of 206t
meningovascular 976
primary 203, 205
acquired 203f
secondary 203205
stage of 206
Syphilitic aortic regurgitation 470
Syphilitic osteochondritis 205
Syphilitic periostitis 205
Syringobulbia 989
Syringomyelia 984, 988, 1025
pathogenesis of 988
Systemic acidosis, correction of 1056
Systemic amyloidosis 1139
Systemic anaphylactic reactions, causes of 1129b
Systemic anaphylaxis, mechanism of 1129f
Systemic anthrax 124
Systemic antibiotics 145
Systemic corticosteroids 260, 272, 1166
Systemic disease, acute 128
Systemic glucocorticoids 1163
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 211
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis 707
Systemic lupus erythematosus 313, 343, 451, 463, 482, 641, 669, 678, 680f, 681, 681t, 682, 683fc, 684, 684t, 1118
classification of 682t
management of 678, 683
Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics 683, 684, 684t
Systemic mastocytosis 709
Systemic metabolic ketoacidosis 97
Systemic miliary tuberculosis 285
Systemic nocardia infection 173
Systemic sclerosis 508, 669, 699
clinical manifestations of 699
diagnosis of 699
management of 699
signs of 700
symptoms of 700
Systemic secondary amyloidosis 771
Systemic thromboembolism 452
Systemic vasculitis 693
Systemic venous hypertension 934
Systolic blood pressure 441
reduction of 532
Systolic diastolic murmur 401
Systolic dysfunction 483
Systolic heart failure 483, 491f
Systolic murmurs 400, 401, 401t, 454
causes of 400
T
T wave inversions, causes of 410
Tabes dorsalis 977, 984
Tachyarrhythmias 416
Tachycardia 4, 23, 24, 98, 213, 329, 369, 389, 397, 398, 495, 852
causes of 389t
supraventricular 407f, 439, 495
Tachycardiac palpitations 386
Tachykinins 753
Tachypnea 23, 313, 369
extreme 25
Tacrine 1147
Tacrolimus 709, 767, 1003, 1134
toxicity of 1134b
Taenia echinococcus 189
Taenia solium 188
eggs of 188
life cycle of 188f
Takayasu's arteritis 691, 696, 696b, 697
Talc granulomatosis 373
Tall stature, causes of 75, 75t
Tamiflu 167
Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein 869
Tamm-Horsfall protein 871
Tamponade, cardiac 394, 519, 521, 662
Tangiers disease 999
Tapeworm 187
drugs treatment of 189
Target organ damage 435, 436
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 600
Taynaud's phenomenon, secondary 533
T-cell
depletion, mechanism of 226
lymphoblastic leukemia 594
Telangiectasia 248
oculocutaneous 1125
periungual 714
Telithromycin 331
Telmisartan 440
Temazepam 1049, 1075
Temporal arteritis 691
Temporal artery biopsy 692
Temporal lobe
anteromedial 972
seizures 968
Temporary oliguria 879
Tenderness, abdominal 101
Tendinitis 707
types of 708
Teneligliptin 88
Tenesmus 764
Tennis elbow 708
Tenofovir 236, 238
Tensilon test 1003
Tension pneumothorax 322324, 1191
etiology of 321
investigations of 321
signs of 324
treatment of 321
Tension type headache 948
Teratogenicity 1181
Terbutaline 259, 264
Terfenadine 1182
Teriparatide 711
Terry's nails 247
Tesofensine 20
Testicular atrophy 809
Testicular disorders 73
Testicular tumors, nonseminomatous 1067
Testis 195
Testosterone
enanthate 73
replacement 73
Tetanospasmin, actions of 122
Tetanus 122, 219
generalized 122
management of 123
neonatal 123
treatment of 123
Tetany 9, 58, 65
causes of 58, 59t
Tetracycline 218, 325, 1184
side effects of 218, 218t
Tetrahydrofolate, formation of 563
Tetralogy of Fallot 475, 516, 607
Tetrazepam 994
Thalassemia 75, 560, 571, 579f, 647, 709
genetic of 577
intermedia 580
major 653
syndrome 577
classical 578t
Thalassemic facies 579
Thalassemic syndromes 577
Thalidomide 617, 1134, 1136, 1184
Thallium 1037
Theophylline 259
Thermogenesis 17
Thermoplasty, bronchial 261
Thiacetazone 290, 292
Thiaminase 3
Thiamine 3
deficiency 4
causes of 3b
clinical syndromes of 4b
consequences of 3
pyrophosphate 3
Thiazide 77, 850
diuretics 39, 438, 889
Thiazolidinediones 87, 89, 95
Thienopyridines 656
Thimble bladder 908
Thionamides 44
Thioridazine 1074, 1075
Thioxanthenes 1075
Third degree atrioventricular block 502
Third degree heart block 409f
Third heart sound 398
causes of 398
significance of 398
Third lumbar space 978
Thoracotomy, exploratory 360
Threadworm infection 191
Throat swab culture 447
Thrombi, microvascular 645
Thromboangiitis obliterans 696
Thrombocytopenia 144, 594, 605, 610, 634, 642644, 656, 682, 812, 914
autoimmune 585
causes of 634t
heparin induced 658
management of 634
persistent 603
Thrombocytosis 638, 675
causes of 638, 638t
Thromboembolic disease 640, 1185
Thromboembolism 459, 488
pulmonary 542b
Thrombolysis 428, 429
Thrombolytic agents 428, 429, 659
Thrombolytic therapy 429, 429b, 540
complications of 429
Thrombophlebitis 651
Thrombopoietin 661
Thrombosis 413, 583
Thrombotic episodes 608
Thrombotic occlusion 951
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 571, 642, 644t, 1136
Thrombus 424
formation 413
Thumb sign 532, 532f
Thymic aplasia, congenital 1124b
Thyroglobulin 40
Thyroid 47
acropachy 42
antibody 51, 52
autoantibody tests 41
cancer 41, 46
crisis 46
disease 39, 41, 49
subclinical 49
disorders 39, 1005
dysfunction 655
evaluation, basic 39f
function tests 39, 51, 417
indications for 39b
gland 22
ultrasound of 41
hormone 77
deficiency of 46
nodule, solitary 40
ophthalmopathy 43
treatment of 43
peroxidase enzyme 44
stimulating
hormone 29, 31, 33, 39
immunoglobulin 41
storm 46
ultrasound of 51
Thyroidectomy
preparation for 44, 45
subtotal 45, 46
Thyroiditis 50, 79
autoimmune 1167
causes of 50, 50t
granulomatous 50
invasive fibrous 52
ligneous 52
postpartum 46, 47
subacute 46, 50, 1122
Thyrotoxic crisis 44, 46, 1192
Thyrotoxicosis 41, 394, 397, 434, 1002
causes of 41
complications of 41, 46
etiology of 41
eye signs of 43b
factitia 42
investigations of 41
management of 41
primary 40
signs of 42
subclinical 44
Thyrotroph adenoma 33
Thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test 40
Thyroxine 1185
Tiagabine 974
Tic 1008, 1030
douloureux 1027
Ticagrelor 419
Ticlopidine 643, 656
Tidal dialysis 912
Tigecycline 217
Tinea corporis 170f
Tinea cruris 170f
Tinea manuum 170f
Tinea versicolor 1162
Tinidazole 753, 841
Tiotropium 261
Tipranavir 236
Tirofiban 427, 657
Tissue
hypoxia 554
nature of 21
Tizanidine 994
Tobacco Grower's lung 266
Todd's paralysis 968
Toes
clubbing of 309
subluxation of 673
Tofacitinib 677
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome 106
Tongue
mucous membrane of 248f
solid tumors of 655
wasting with atrophy 993f
Tonsillectomy 887
Topical corticosteroids, classification of 1160
Topiramate 20, 972974
Topoisomerase inhibitors 594
Torcetrapib 545
Torsades de pointes 407f, 501, 505
Total leukocyte count 129, 144
Tourniquet test 159, 637, 642
Toxic
dilatation of colon 771
epidermal necrolysis 1165, 1165t, 1166, 1166f
hepatitis, direct 834
megacolon 210, 764, 771
multinodular goiter 42
shock syndrome 334
solitary adenoma/nodule 42
substances 820
Toxicity
acute 1052
chronic 1052
types of 2
Toxic-metabolic theory 857
Toxidrome 1038, 1039
cholinergic 1039f
Toxin 508
removal of 1036
specific antidotes 1041t
Toxoplasma
choroioretinitis 232f
encephalitis 187
gondii 232
life cycle of 186
Toxoplasmosis 114, 186, 187
clinical manifestations of 186
congenital 186
diagnosis of 186
etiology of 186
management of 186
Trace elements, classification of 11b
Tracheal suction 338
Tracheobronchial stents 356
Tracheostomy 122
Traction theory 302
Tramadol 858
Tranexamic acid 640
Transabdominal ultrasound scan 857
Transarterial embolisation 838
Transbronchial biopsy 372
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement 465, 470
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, single-pulse 947
Transcriptase inhibitors, reverse 234
Transesophageal echocardiography 531
Transfusion associated hepatitis 796
Transfusion
medicine 646
siderosis 651
therapy 646
Transient global amnesia 956
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia 1123
Transient ischemic attacks 436, 463, 576, 656, 949, 960
Transient myocardial ischemia 413
Transjugular intrahepatic
portocaval shunt 819
portosystemic shunt 830
Transjugular liver biopsy 836
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy 1141
Transmural myocardial infarct 425
Transplacental transmission 203, 205
Trans-septal balloon mitral valvotomy 457
Transthoracic electric shock 504
Transtubular potassium gradient 926b
Transudative pleural effusion, causes of 312
Transverse myelitis 996
causes of 996, 996t
Trastuzumab 1112
Traube's sign 468
Traube's space 313
Trauma 851, 835
severe 740
Traumatic pneumothorax 322
Traumatic splenic rupture 664
Traveler's diarrhea 731
causes of 731t
Tremor 1007, 1008, 1015
causes of 1015t
Trendelenburg gait 940
Trephine biopsy 661
Treponema pallidum 114, 201, 203, 205
demonstration of 205
Treponemal antibody tests 206
Trepopnea 388
Treptococcal pneumonia 327
Tretinoin 1
Triamcinolone ointment 1158
Triamterene 829
Triazolam 1049
Trichomonas vaginalis 135, 199, 200
Trichophyton schoenleinii 170
Trichotillomania 1086
Trichrome vitiligo 1167
Trichuriasis 192
Trichuris trichiura 192
Tricuspid opening snap 472
Tricuspid regurgitation 394, 472
causes of 472
functional 452, 459, 472, 473
organic 473
severe chronic 394
Tricuspid stenosis 393, 397, 471, 472
causes of 471b
Tricuspid valve 393
Tricyclic antidepressants 758, 1073, 1094
Trientine dihydrochloride 844
Trigeminal nerve 1027
Trigeminal neuralgia 1027
causes of 1027, 1027t
treatment of 1027
Triglycerides 320, 542
Trihexyphenidyl 1012
Triiodothyronine 1191
Trimethroprim 635
Triorthocresyl phosphate poisoning 1044
Triptans 947
Trisomy 1099
21, mechanism of 1101
Tropheryma whipplei 752
Trophic pituitary hormones 30
Trophozoite 134
Tropical malabsorption syndrome, idiopathic 751
Tropical pancreatitis 858, 858b, 859t
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia 195, 196, 381
diagnosis of 380
differential diagnosis of 380
management of 380
treatment of 380
Tropical splenomegaly syndrome 182
treatment of 182
Tropical sprue 751
treatment of 751
Troponins, cardiac 425
Trousseau syndrome 1069
Trousseau's sign 59, 645
Trousseau's syndrome 353
Truelove and Witts’ severity index 766t
Truncal ataxia 1006
Trypanosoma cruzi 737
Trypsin, activation of 851
Trypsinogen 851
Tubercular meningitis 980
complications of 981t
Tuberculin 288
skin test 288, 289
test 283, 287289, 299
Tuberculoid leprosy 138, 139, 141, 1122
lesions of 139f
Tuberculoma 240f, 1035
Tuberculosis 30, 66, 113, 114, 215, 239, 240f, 271, 280, 281, 286t, 287, 291, 293t, 297t, 313, 350
abdominal 759, 761fc
chemoprophylaxis 301
chest X-ray of 286f
diagnosis of 288
endobronchial 285, 288
endotracheal 285
extrapulmonary 294, 296
sites of 298f
infection 289t
latent 289
intestinal 297, 759
laryngeal 285
management of 296
meningitis 231
peritoneal 760
post-primary 283
primary 281
pulmonary 227, 280, 288, 308, 376, 377, 388
severe 294
sites of primary 282
solid organ 760
treatment of 289
Tuberculous
arthritis 297
empyema 321
foci 291, 291t
meningitis 69, 297, 981983
osteomyelitis 297
peritonitis 832, 833t
Tuberculous pleural effusion 299, 300, 320
complications of 299
etiology of 299
investigations of 299
management of 299
Tuberculous pyonephrosis 908
Tuberous sclerosis 1106, 1171, 1172
complex 1173t
Tubular breathing 383
Tubular cell injury 876
Tubular damage 617
Tubular necrosis, acute 874, 913
Tubule 874
proximal 889
Tubulointerstitial diseases 888
Tubulointerstitial nephropathy 888
Tumor
benign 349, 359
epithelial 349
cardiac 547
classification of 349t
hypothalamic 30
infiltration 619
lysis
mechanism of 1064f
syndrome 1064
markers 861, 1067, 1066
mediastinal 359
metastatic 32
necrosis factor 1069, 1118
neuroendocrine 753
pituitary 30, 32, 34, 709
suppressor genes 1058
surgical biopsy of 30
trans-sphenoidal removal of 64
types of 60
Turner's syndrome 74, 77, 531, 709, 1103
Typhoid 113
complications of 129, 129b
fever 128, 130t
chronic carriers of 128
complications of 128, 129
diagnosis of 128
etiology of 128
investigations of 128
prevention of 130
treatment of 128, 130
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 597, 1062
U
Ulcer 691
characteristic triad of 201
dyspepsia 720, 722
mucosal 224, 655, 768
multiple 738
Ulcerative colitis 766t
extraintestinal manifestations of 764
investigations of 764
treatment of 766fc
Ulnar deviation 672
Ultrasound, abdominal 761, 898, 900
Ultraviolet radiation 1132, 1160
Umbilical cord blood 653
Undulant fever 135
Unilateral ptosis, causes of 1025b
Unipolar disorder 1076, 1077
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding 722, 724, 1199
causes of 722, 723t
etiology of 722
investigations of 722
management of 723
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 775t
complications of 775
contraindications of 775
indications of 775
Upper urinary tract infections
causes of 905
management of 905
Uranium 350
Urate crystal deposition 704
Urate nephropathy 617, 705
Urate-lowering drugs, indications for 705b
Ureaplasma urealyticum 199, 200
Urea-splitting bacteria 899
Uremia 718
chronic 75
Urethral discharge, management of 200
Urethral hypermotility 1151
Urethritis
chlamydial 688
nongonococcal 200, 201
Urethritism, nonspecific 687
Urge incontinence 1150, 1151
Uric acid 899, 1065
levels, measurement of 624
stones 899, 901
Uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase 786
Urinary
alkalinization 1052
amylase 853
bladder 128
nerve supply of 995, 995f
casts 871, 872f
types of 869, 871
catheterization 115
catheter-related infections 209
copper 844
cortisol 437
incontinence 18, 1150, 1151, 1151b, 1151fc, 1151t
infection, superimposition of 906
oxalate stones 771
potassium loss 65
sodium 916
tract 899
candidiasis of 169
tuberculosis of 907
tract infection 89, 114, 209, 901, 1185
acute 914
anatomic classification of 901
causes of 902
female 902
lower 901
male 902
recurrent 617, 905
upper 901
tract obstruction 896, 898, 902
causes of 899t
chronic 889
urobilinogen 784
Urine 38, 330, 478, 487, 616, 701, 787, 802
alkalinization of 901, 1065
analysis 876, 900
biochemistry 895
color, interpretation of 867t
protein electrophoresis 1140
tests 780
urobilinogen 780
Urogenital
lesions 687
surgery 481
Urography 906
Urokinase 428, 659
Uropathy, obstructive 705, 898
Ursodeoxycholic acid 1177
Urticaria 649, 691, 1125
causes of 1125
Urticarial vasculitis 691
Urticarial, classification of 1127t
Uterus, prolapse of 549
Uveitis 688, 691
V
Vaccine 126
types of 341
Vagal theory 246
Vagus nerve stimulation 972
Valproate 802, 972, 973
levetiracetam 972
Valproic acid 642, 850, 973
Valsalva aneurysm, ruptured sinus of 466
Valsalva maneuver 403, 548, 548f, 549, 549f, 991
modified 549
phases of 548
Valsartan 440
Valve
leaflets, closure of 482
replacement, percutaneous 465
types of 470
Valvular aortic stenosis 463
Valvular disorders 410
Valvular distortion 478
Valvular dysfunction 474, 478
Valvular endocarditis 445
Valvular heart disease 450, 483
Valvular lesion 403, 404
differential diagnosis of 403t
Valvular pneumothorax 324
Valvuloplasty 465
Vanadium 90
Vaptans, mechanism of action of 921f
Varenicline 1092
Variceal bleeding 725
primary prevention of 820
Varicella 219
complications of 153
zoster immune globulin 153
zoster virus 789
infections 655
Varicocele 73
Varicose veins 18
Variola 163
Vascular dementia 1146, 1147
Vascular disease 874
peripheral 656, 886
Vascular disorders 876
Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors 107
Vascular stigmata 1160
Vascular theory 945
Vascular thrombosis 713
Vasculitis 343, 671, 690, 691, 691t, 693
classification of 691f
rheumatoid 674, 691
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 863
Vasoconstrictor therapy 818
Vaso-occlusive crisis 574
Vasopressin 31, 527, 536
Vasovagal syncope, classical 528
Vaughan-Williams classification 505t
Veins, autologous 420
Vena cava syndrome, superior 358, 621
Venezuelan encephalitis 156
Veno-occlusive disease 655, 834, 836
Venous hypertension 1176
Venous obstruction 248, 826
Venous sinus thrombosis 951
Venous stasis 18
Venous stroke 954
Venous thrombosis 23, 537, 541, 1069
treatment of 712
Venovenous hemodiafiltration, continuous 910
Venovenous hemofiltration 908
Ventilation
complications of 367
noninvasive 245, 363, 366
Ventilator-associated pneumonia, prevention of 339, 339t
Ventilatory defect
obstructive 250, 270
restrictive 250
Ventricular aneurysm 425
Ventricular arrhythmias 488
Ventricular assist devices 490
Ventricular asystole 525
Ventricular dilation 463
Ventricular dysfunction 430
Killip classification of 430, 430b
Ventricular ectopics 390
Ventricular failure 393, 394, 424, 437, 459
Ventricular fibrillation 407f, 424, 502, 527
diagnosis of 502
management of 1199
treatment of 502
Ventricular free wall, rupture of 424
Ventricular gallop 398
Ventricular hypertrophy 410, 411, 456
Ventricular premature beats 494
Ventricular pressure curve 395f
Ventricular rate, control of 498, 499
Ventricular relaxation 483
Ventricular remodeling 483
Ventricular septal defect 1101, 395, 475, 514, 517
congenital 514
Ventricular septal rupture 515
Ventricular septum, rupture of 424
Ventricular tachyarrhythmia 525
Ventricular tachycardia 407f, 495, 500
causes of 501t
Ventricular volume overload, left 459
Verapamil 418, 440, 498
metabolism of 1182
Verner-Morrison syndrome 863
Verrucous endocarditis 482
Vertebra, lesions of 992
Vertebral artery dissection 954
Vertebral diseases 984
Vertebral pain 991
Vertigo 939
benign paroxysmal positional 939t
causes of 939
Vesicoureteral reflux, congenital 906
Vesicular breath sounds 383
Vesiculobullous lesions 691
Vessel disease 530
small 1176
triple 420
Vessel stroke, small 951
Vestibular migraine 945
Vestibular schwannoma 1172
Vibrio cholerae 136
Vigabatrin 974
Vigouroux sign 43
Vildagliptin 88
Vinblastine 622
Viper bite, management of 1047
Vipoma 863
Viral core 221
Viral encephalitis 983
Viral genome 789
Viral hepatitis 784, 788, 793, 795t, 808f, 858
causes of 789
epidemiology of 788
etiology of 788
treatment of 788
types of 789t
Viral infections 78, 146, 231
Viral meningitis 982
Viral replication 223
Virchow's node 860
Virchow's triad 538
Viridans streptococci 479
Virus 163, 326
isolation of 165
types of 1070
Visceral arteries 692
Visceral hypersensitivity 756
Visceral leishmaniasis 183, 663
Vision changes 1151
Visual acuity, loss of 43
Visual agnosia 943
Visual aura 946
Visual field
defect 43
examination 35
Visual hallucinations 1148
Visual impairment 619
Visual loss 1023
Vitamin A 1, 3
deficiency 1, 2, 2f, 350
causes of 2t
diagnosis of 1
treatment of 1
functions of 1
prophylactic 2
sources of 1
supplementation 148
toxicity 2
Vitamin B complex 3
Vitamin B1 deficiency 4
Vitamin B12 6, 562, 569
absorption 568
mechanism of 562f
deficiency 564, 565, 567
levels 610
metabolism 562
neuropathy 999
role of 562, 563f
therapy 569
Vitamin B2 5
Vitamin C 6
deficiency 6, 709
causes of 6
level 7
prophylaxis 1036
Vitamin D 3, 7, 55
deficiency 8, 11, 59, 709
causes of 8b
metabolism of 864
disorders of 10, 75
role of 11t
supplementation 11, 886
two forms of 7b
Vitamin deficiency 12, 568, 1005
Vitamin E 3
Vitamin K 3, 661
deficiency 642, 780
causes of 661
dependent coagulation factors 658
Vitamin supplements 878
Vitamin, water-soluble 3
Vitiligo 1166, 1167, 1167f
classification of 1167b
etiology of 1166
fulminans 1167
gradate 1167
mucosal 1167
quadrichrome 1167
surgical treatment for 1168b
systemic treatment for 1168b
treatment of 1166
universal 1167
vulgaris 1167
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome 1167
Voice, hoarseness of 452, 621
Vomiting 2, 98, 166, 716, 745, 874
causes of 716, 716t
mechanism of 716
treatment of 717
von Graefe's sign 43
von Hippel-Lindau disease 1171
von Willebrand disease 641, 1106
von Willebrand factor 641
functions of 642f
Vulvovaginal candidiasis 169
W
Waardenburg syndrome 1168, 1171
Waddling gait 940
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia 619, 1128
Waldeyer's ring 621
Walking man sign 455
Walk-through angina 415
Warfarin
antidotes of 659
therapy 540
reversing 659t
Warm antibody immunohemolytic anemia 584
Warning signs 49
Water balance, disorders of 915
Water depletion, primary 923
Water deprivation test 38
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome 70, 120, 645
Watermelon’ stomach 700, 701f
Watson's water hammer pulse 390, 468
Weakness 98, 937
severe 166
Webbed neck 1104
Weber's syndrome 953
Weeping erosions 1163
Wegener's granulomatosis 373, 670, 691, 694, 876
Weight bearing joints 697
Weight gain 61, 69
reversible causes of 15
Weight loss 98, 224, 228, 276, 353, 605, 693, 720, 831, 859, 1096
causes of 720, 720t
severe 277
types of 720
Weil Felix test 146
Weil's disease 142
signs of 143
symptoms of 143
Weil's syndrome 143
components of 143
Weingarten syndrome 381
Wells probability score 541, 541t
Wells scoring system 539, 539b
Wenckebach block phenomenon 502
Werner syndrome 1171
Wernicke's aphasia 942
Wernicke's disease 4
Wernicke's encephalopathy 4, 956
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome 1088
Weskamp-Cotlier syndrome 1171
West Nile encephalitis 156
Western equine encephalitis 156
Westmark's sign 540
Wheeze 255
causes of 255
Whipple's disease 451, 752
Whipple's triad 101, 861, 861b
Whipworm infection 192
White blood cell 871
disorders of 589
White cell disorders 662
White coat hypertension 435
White dermographism 1160
Whooping cough 127, 337
complications of 127
diagnosis of 127
etiology of 127
management of 127
Wickham's striae 1157
Widal test 129
Wide pulse pressure 467
Widened pulse pressure 696
Wilkins score 456
Williams syndrome 463
Willis-Ekbom disease 1095
Wilms tumor 642
Wilson's disease 698, 788, 802, 843, 844, 889, 1106
etiology of 843
investigations of 843
management of 843
Wimberger ring sign 7, 7f
Wine glass appearance 994
Winter bronchitis 452, 453
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 1124
Wolf-Chaikoff effect 42, 47
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 408, 416, 499, 500f, 505
Wolfram's syndrome 37, 77
Wood's light examination 1162
Woodworker's lung 266
Woolsorter's disease 124
Work-exacerbated asthma 265
Worm infestation 1185
Woronoff's sign 1155
Wound
botulism 126, 127
care of 123
surgical debridement of 1048
treatment of 165
Wyburn-Mason syndrome 1171
X
Xanthelasmas 785, 845
around eyes 845f
Xanthochromia 978
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis 906
Xanthomas 845
Xeroderma pigmentosum 1171, 1172f
Xerophthalmia 2
Xerosis 1177
Xerostomia 702, 1176
Ximelagatran 540, 659
Y
Y wave 393
Yamaguchi's criteria 708t
Yellow nails syndrome 302
Yersinia 1178
Young's stroke 958
Young's syndrome 302, 307
Z
Z deformity 672
Zanamivir 167
Zidovudine 236, 238
induced nail pigmentation 1180f
monotherapy 240
Ziehl-Neelsen stain 281, 309
Zika virus 167
Zinc acetate 844
Ziprasidone 1074, 1075
Zoledronate 617
Zoledronic acid 1190
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 742, 862
etiology of 862
treatment of 862
Zolmitriptan 947
Zolpidem 1075
Zona fasciculata 60
Zona glomerulosa 60
Zona reticularis 60
Zonisamide 972974
Zopiclone 1075
Zygomycosis 171
Zygote 1101
×
Chapter Notes

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Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates MEDICINE
Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates MEDICINE
Second Edition
Archith Boloor MBBS MD (Internal Medicine) Associate Professor Department of Medicine Kasturba Medical College Manipal Academy of Higher Education Mangaluru, Karnataka, India archithb@gmail.com Ramadas Nayak MBBS MD Professor and Head Department of Pathology Yenepoya Medical College Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) Mangaluru, Karnataka, India Formerly Head, Department of Pathology Kasturba Medical College Manipal Academy of Higher Education Mangaluru, Karnataka, India askdr.nayak@gmail.com Foreword Chakrapani M
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Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates—Medicine
First Edition: 2017
Second Edition: 2018
9789352704941
Printed at
All the wonderful students for inspiring us
and
All the kindred souls who believed in us
Foreword to the Second Edition
Internal medicine is expanding and evolving rapidly and there is a need for comprehensive yet simple textbook. Indian medical students have to be very competitive and up-to-date to excel in their fields. While a number of textbooks from foreign authors are available for the Indian students, they might not serve the purpose of preparing the students for the Indian examinations. A few Indian authors have accepted this challenge and have published textbooks oriented towards Indian medical examinations. Dr Archith Boloor realized this need many years ago and took up the challenge of publishing a textbook in internal medicine which was received well by the student community. Huge success of the first edition has prompted him to come out with the second edition of the book.
Dr Archith Boloor is an exceptionally gifted clinician and teacher. He has taken keen interest in medical education from his early days in the medical college and with more than a decade of experience in this field, he has been able to understand the needs of the students with regard to the medical examinations. He has received the Best Teacher Award at Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru for many years.
The second edition of this compilation has seen qualitative improvements over the previous edition. While the contents of the book are comprehensive, presentation is simple. Clinical images, tables, boxes, algorithms and diagrams are simple and enhance the learning. This book will definitely be an essential learning tool for students of internal medicine.
Chakrapani M MD
Professor
Department of Medicine
Formerly, Head and Associate Dean
Kasturba Medical College
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
Foreword to the First Edition
I am very proud to write a foreword to this book Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates—Medicine written by Dr Archith Boloor, one of the outstanding students, trained in the Department of Medicine of our college of which I am faculty as Professor of Medicine. Coming from a rural background from outskirts of Mangaluru, Dr Boloor after getting a merit seat in Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru for MBBS in 1998, completed his final MBBS with credit in the year 2003. He joined as a postgraduate student in the year 2005 and was the best outgoing PG student in the May 2008 examinations, a performance for which he was conferred gold medal. Soon after joining our department as a faculty, he had been committed teacher as proven by the Good Teacher Awards in the years 2013 and 2015 and Dr Patrick Pinto Memorial Best Teacher Award in 2014. The importance of these awards lies in that the selection is done by students which shows the efficacy of teaching. Not contented with this alone and trying to do better for the cause of students, I am pleased to know from him that he is writing a textbook on Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates—Medicine which is meant for training the students for internal medicine especially to face the final MBBS examination. Having taken part in several scientific meetings, continuing medical educations (CMEs) and conferences in internal medicine, here as a speaker and panelist give him credentials to write the book. I hope that this book will be different from other books. It will be student-centric rather than author-centric.
M Venkatraya Prabhu MD
Dean and Professor
Department of Medicine
Kasturba Medical College
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
Preface to the Second Edition
We have been extremely grateful for the positive response rendered towards the book, Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates—Medicine and were thus, excited to undertake the challenge of developing a new edition. Surfing beyond plainly updating the literature, this second edition gifted us with the opportunity to further explore topics we ourselves have wrestled with as a student, teacher and teacher educator and also build an understanding of how we approach students and their texts.
In the year and a half following the release of the first edition of this book, we have received numerous feedbacks via e-mails and letters from readers who have given wonderful suggestions on how we could further upgrade the material. We had also built up a large file of ideas based on our own experiences in reading, writing and editing during this time. With the aid of all this information, we have completely revised the book.
In this second edition, the following changes and additions have been incorporated:
We must hereby acknowledge those who have helped us with this new edition. We are especially grateful for the ongoing encouragement from our university, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) and Yenepoya Medical College (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India. We would like to express our gratitude to Dr Ramdas M Pai (Chancellor), Dr HS Ballal (Pro-Chancellor), Dr H Vinod Bhat (Vice-Chancellor), Dr V Surendra Shetty and Dr Poornima Baliga (Pro Vice-Chancellor) of MAHE, for their continued support.
We profusely thank Dr Chakrapani M, for his support and for writing the foreword for this edition.
We would also like to extend our warm thanks to our esteemed colleagues/friends Dr Sheetal Raj, Dr Saritha Aadhi, Dr Sachin Vemula, Dr Kaushiki Kirty, Dr B Thinakar Mani, Dr Sibithooran Karmegan, Dr Vishnu B Chandran, Dr Narendran Krishnamoorthy, Dr Pradeep Krishna Chowdary, Dr Madhurya Mallavarapu, Dr Deepti Ajjangadi, Dr Ashwini Kamath, Dr Holla Subraya Krishna, and Dr Thomas Kuncheria, for their contributions with the clinical images and proofreading.
We humbly place on record our heartfelt gratitude to our students Dr Mishaal Talish, Dr Sidharth Herur, Dr Raghu RV, Dr Sriraksha R Nayak, Dr M Harsha Sagar, Dr Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Dr Vivek K Koushik, Dr Navyashree HC, Dr Padakanti Anudeep Rao, Dr Laveena MariamJohn, Dr Ashwini MV, Dr Alister Joseph Thomas, and Dr Mohamed Faizan Thouseef, for their help in proofreading and correction.
We would further like to thank all our teachers, department colleagues, our current and former students and students from various colleges all over India, for their valuable suggestions and input.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge with gratitude, the support of our all family members, for their support and love, which has made us successful in our endeavors.
Students who have read the book before should find the revised edition more lucid and palatable, while those who have waited for scouts to carve the path will find the road paved and tested. Your suggestions are happily solicited for any improvements, if necessary.
Archith Boloor
Ramadas Nayak
Preface to the First Edition
The glory of medicine is that it keeps moving forward, that there is always more to learn.
We look for medicine to be an orderly field of knowledge and procedure but it is not. It is an imperfect science, an enterprise of constantly changing knowledge, uncertain information, fallible individuals, and at the same time lives on the line. The gap between what we know and what we aim for persists. And this book is an attempt in bridging the gap.
This book is a first of its kind with an amalgamation of clinical pathology and clinical medicine, resulting in an integrated comprehensive manual.
Every attempt has been made by us to present information in a simplified text augmented with the use of colored illustrations, flowcharts, algorithms which help the reader to understand the concepts, recollect and make use of and thus acquire knowledge in the examinations as well as in clinical practice.
It is designed for use as a companion book for exam preparation for undergraduates. The main characteristics of this book are:
This book consists of 23 chapters and is organized into systemwise chapters which are further divided into subsections. Each chapter starts with basic introduction and proceeds to individual disease discussions. The etiology of the diseases have been separately included. Also, important management sections are in separate colored tables, so that selective reading can be done. Important clinical examination-oriented questions have also been included under each section. Diagnostic procedures have been discussed separately. Radiological investigations and their abnormalities have been emphasized especially X-ray findings of specific diseases. Basic reading of ECGs have been covered with the common abnormalities encountered. Clear ECG images have been included for better understanding. Also, many tables comparing clinical situations/abnormalities will aid in better understanding and also help in answering a lot of questions in the clinics as well as viva voce. All common clinical cases (long, semi-long, and short) that you would encounter in your practical examination have been covered extensively to give the readers an edge over.
After many years of teaching undergraduates, we found that undergraduate students find it difficult to understand, remember and answer the questions during examinations in a satisfying way. There are many textbooks, but students face difficulty to refresh their knowledge during examinations. This encouraged us to write a book to fill the niche, to provide basic information to them in a nutshell. Most students are fundamentally ‘visually-oriented’. As the saying goes ‘a picture is worth a thousand words’, it encouraged us to provide many illustrations.
We recommend this book to all students for understanding the basic knowledge and refresh their knowledge during examinations. One of the aims of the students after getting undergraduate degree is to fetch a good ranking in the postgraduate entrance examination. Most graduates cannot answer multiple choice questions in entrance examination by just reading the usual textbooks in medicine. Our book lays specific importance on this aspect and answers to most commonly asked MCQs. This book provides sufficient information which would help postgraduates and practicing clinicians in the knowledge and management of cases.
Archith Boloor
Ramadas Nayak
Acknowledgments
‘Writing this book has been an exercise in sustained knowledge gain, and for those who have played the larger role in our endeavor with constant encouragement and support; Well, you know who you are; Just a thanks would not suffice’.
After almost 6 years of working on it, we could not possibly come up with a full list of all the people who had helped, but we will try our best.
Dr Archith Boloor, thanks his family members namely his mother, Mrs Kumuda; sisters, Ms Arati, Ms Archana and Ms Aparna, his father and others. Dr Ramadas Nayak thanks Mrs Rekha Nayak and Dr Rakshatha Nayak who have patiently accepted his long preoccupation with this work.
We wish to express our gratitude to Dr Ramdas M Pai, Chancellor, Manipal University, Karnataka, India, for giving us an opportunity to be a part of this prestigious institution for nearly 20 years, to pursue our dreams and to grow to be the physician and teacher that we are today.
We are indebted to Dr HS Ballal (Pro-Chancellor), Dr H Vinod Bhat (Vice-Chancellor) and Dr V Surendra Shetty (Pro Vice-Chancellor) of Manipal University, Karnataka, India, for their support.
We are grateful to our beloved Dean, Dr M Venkatraya Prabhu, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, for his constant support and encouragement and also for writing the foreword for the first edition.
We would like to express our gratitude to all colleagues in the Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru, for their constant help at every juncture of our career. We would specially like to thank and acknowledge Dr Chakrapani M and Dr Damodar Shenoy, for mentoring Dr Archith to what he is today.
Dr Archith Boloor remains deeply indebted for his humble achievements, his passion for teaching and for instilling in him the tenacity to learn and achieve his goals to Dr Nagalakshmamma, Professor of Botany; Dr Ranjan Shetty and Dr Jayaraj Sindhur, his seniors, who are to him embodiments of the word ‘Teacher’. He humbly lays down his gratitude to them for inspiring him.
We would like to express our gratitude to our students (both undergraduate and postgraduate), friends and colleagues who helped us at different stages of preparing the manuscript; to all those who provided the support, talked things over, read, offered comments and assisted in the editing, proofreading and designing of this book. Our heartfelt thanks to Dr Hasmukh Jain, Dr Raghavendra BS, Dr Sheetal Raj, Dr Athulya Roopak, Dr Kaushiki Kirty, Dr Vishnu B Chandran, Dr Joseph Samuel, Dr Jimmy Joseph, Dr Kolla Gautham, Dr Anudeep Reddy, and Dr M Harsha Sagar, for their timely and continued support.
A word of thanks would hardly suffice for our pillars of strength and our support system Dr Suresh Shetty B, Dr Jagadish Rao PP, Dr Abul Fazil, Dr Abhishek Gupta, Dr Veena Jasmine Pinto, Dr Akshata Nayak, Dr Nishita Shetty, Dr Sandip Ganguly, Dr Ruchi Romya Das, Dr Mamta Gupta, Dr Sahil Popli, Dr Pradeep Krishna Chowdary, Dr Yogesh Rasal, Dr Sravan Thumati, Dr Amrutraj, Dr Satish AV, Dr Sachin Vemula, Dr Neil Dominic Fernandes, Dr Mishaal Talish, and Dr Apurva Mittal.
Also, we convey our sincere thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Ms Ritu Sharma (Director–Content Strategy), and Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director–Content Strategy) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for publishing the book in the same format as wanted, well in time.
We thank Ms Sunita Katla (Executive Assistant to Group Chairman and Publishing Manager), Ms Samina Khan (Executive Assistant to Director–Content Strategy), Mr Rajesh Sharma (Production Coordinator), Ms Seema Dogra (Cover Designer), Mr Laxmidhar Padhiary (Proofreader), Mr Rajesh Ghurkundi (Graphic Designer), and Mr Raj Kumar (DTP Operator) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.
We thank especially Mr Venugopal V (Associate Director—South) and Mr Vasudev H (Mangaluru) of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, Bengaluru Branch, Karnataka, for taking this book to every corner of Karnataka.
This book has been written for our students who have inspired us to take up this project; it is their questions that made us read and learn and compile this book. This is a book for you and I do not think we can finish without thanking you.
Lastly, we thank God Almighty, for making us what we are, guiding us through our life, and helping us in bringing this book to you all.
There are many more people we could thank, but constraints of space compel us to stop here.