Essentials of Medical Microbiology Apurba S Sastry, Sandhya Bhat
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.
A
ABO blood group system 212
Acellular pertussis vaccine 369
Achromobacter xylosoxidans 358
Acid-fast organisms/structures 16t
Acid-fast stain 14, 16, 285, 665
modifications of 16, 307
Acinetobacter 76, 352, 357, 358, 637
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 524, 528
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans 364
Actinomadura 304, 306, 307
Actinomyces 279, 304, 305, 306t
Actinomycetes 293
Actinomycetoma 306, 583, 583t, 584t
Actinomycosis 305f
Activation-induced cell death (AICD) 189
Adansonian, classification of 8
Adenosine diphosphate 29
Adenoviruses 428, 440
Adhesins 98, 239, 246, 366, 377, 590
Aedes aegypti 506, 508, 511, 512
Aeromonas 341, 350, 351
Aflatoxin 598
Agar dilution method 92
Agar 46
Agglutination reaction 131, 133
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 364
Albert's stain 14, 17, 57, 253f, 255, 665
Alcaligenes 358
Alginate coat 352
Alkaline bile salt agar 347
Alkaline peptone water 347
Alkaline salt transport medium 346
Alloantigen 112
Alphavirus 504, 506
Ames test 75, 76f
AMPC beta-lactamase 89
Anaerobes 266
non-sporing 266, 276, 277
Anaerobic cocci 277
Anaphylatoxin 184
Anaplasma phagocytophilum 409
Andaman hemorrhagic fever 399
Aniline dyes 40
Animal parainfluenza viruses 483
Anoxomat anaerobic system 53f
Anthracoid bacilli 264, 264t
Anthrax 260
Antibody coated bacteria test 315, 644
Antibody diversity 125
Antibody, structure of 116
Antibody-dependent
cellular cytotoxicity 120,173, 182f
cellular dysfunction 183
Antibody-mediated
immune response 168, 173, 439
Anticitrullinated peptide antibodies 192
Antidiphtheritic serum 257
Antigen 20, 111
Antigen-antibody reaction 127
types of 129, 129t
Antigen-presenting cells 168, 169t
Antiglobulin test 132
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing 50, 51f, 61, 89, 314, 336, 361
Antinuclear antibody 192, 661
Anti-oncogenes 567
Anti-rabies prophylaxis 522t
Antiretroviral drugs 440, 535t
Antistreptolysin O 133
antibodies 230
Antiviral drugs 446t
Apoptosis-regulatory genes 567
Arboviruses 435, 504
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 259
Arenaviruses 540, 678
Arthus reaction 184
Arylsulfatase test 295
Aschoff nodules 232
Ascoli's thermoprecipitation test 262
Aseptic meningitis 422, 454, 500
Ashdown's medium 355, 356f
ASO test 132
Aspergillus 575, 590, 596, 597t
Asymptomatic bacteriuria 314, 643
Ataxia telangiectasia 196
Athlete foot 579
Atopy 180
Atrophic rhinitis 320
Autoantibodies 183
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 183, 189
Autoimmunity 188, 189
Automated blood culture techniques 61
Auxotyping 68
Avian flu 477, 480
B
B cells 107
Bacillary angiomatosis 411, 411f
Bacillus 58
anthracis 21, 22, 55, 260–263
cereus 260, 264, 265
Bacteremia 232, 268, 318, 340, 353, 360
Bacterial cell 32
division 26
wall 18
Bacterial colony, morphology of 57
Bacterial endotoxin 100f, 344
Bacterial exotoxins 100t
Bacterial metabolism 28
Bacterial recombination 81
Bacterial secretory system 99
Bacterial spores 24
Bacterial taxonomy 3, 5
Bacterial vaginosis 279, 382, 383
Bacterial virulence 21, 642
Bacterial vitamins 26t
Bacteriocin typing 63, 338, 354
Bacteriological incubator 52, 52f
Bacteriophage 5, 430, 471
Bacteroides 266
Bannwarth's syndrome 397
Bare lymphocyte syndrome 163, 196
Bartonella 403, 411
BCG 211
Bence Jones proteins 121
Bengal strain 345
Beta lactam antibiotics 640
Bifidobacterium species 277
Bile aesculin hydrolysis test 237
Bile solubility 241
Biological safety cabinet 50f
Biomedical waste 608
Bioterrorism 355, 677
Blastomyces 588f
Bloodstream infection 56, 278, 355, 611
types of 656
Blotting techniques 83
Blueberry Muffin syndrome 491
Bocaviruses 464
Bordetella 366
Borna disease virus 548
Bornholm disease 500
Borrelia 387t, 396
Botryomycosis 221, 582
Botulinum toxin 99t, 273
Botulism, types of 274
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 545
Brazilian purpuric fever 363
Brill-Zinsser disease 405
Brucella 133, 335, 370, 634
Brucellin skin test 374
Bruton disease 194
Bubonic plague 325
Bull-neck appearance 254
Bunyaviridae 502
Burkholderia 352
Buruli ulcer 295
C
California encephalitis virus complex 514
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis 329, 381
Camplylobacter 376, 377f
Cancer 166
immunotherapy 206
vaccines 206
Candida albicans 196, 576, 591, 592f, 606, 642
Candle jar 52, 53f
Capacity (Kelsey-Sykes) test 42
Capnocytophaga 385
Capsular polysaccharide 239, 245
Cardiobacterium hominis 364
Carom coin appearance 241
Carrion's disease 412
Castaneda's biphasic medium 659
Catalase test 58, 58f, 217, 223, 234
Cat-scratch disease 395, 395f
C-carbohydrate antigen 229
Cell line 133, 410
Cell wall 18
Cell-mediated
immune response 170
Cellular immunodeficiencies 193t
Central European encephalitis virus 513
Cepacia syndrome 356
Chancroid 359, 363, 363f
Chediak-Higashi syndrome 197, 205
Chemiluminescence-linked
immunoassay 140
Chemoattractant 184
Chemoorganoheterotrophs 28
Chemotrophs 28
Cheopis index 325
Chick martin test 42
Chiggerosis 408
Chikungunya 504, 505t, 506
Chlamydia trachomatis 96, 251, 382, 414, 419f
Chlamydophila pneumoniae 367, 417, 420, 422
Chlamydophila psittaci 416, 420
Chromobacterium violaceum 385, 385f
Chromoblastomycosis 585
Chryseobacterium 358
Citrate utilization test 58, 59f
Citrobacter freundii 320, 335
Clostridium difficile 8, 266, 276
Clostridium histolyticum 27
Clostridium perfringens 5, 100, 133, 266–268, 268t, 270f, 629
Clostridium tetani 5, 95, 96, 98, 100, 210, 266, 267
Clue cells 382
Coagulase test 58, 223, 223f
Coccidioides 588, 589f
Coiling phagocytosis 380
Colorado tick fever virus 503, 515
Condyloma acuminatum 466f
Condylomata lata 389f
Confocal microscope 12
Congenital CMV infection 456
Congenital rubella infection 491f
Congenital syphilis 389, 393
Congenital varicella syndrome 454
Coombs test 132, 133f, 191
Coronaviruses 501, 542
Corynebacteria 253
Cowpox and buffalopox virus 471
Coxiella burnetii 409
Coxsackieviruses 494, 500
Craigie's tube 332
C-reactive protein 107, 239
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 546
Cryptococcus 574, 576, 593
Cytokines 104, 106, 114, 137, 166
Cytomegalovirus 446, 456–458
Cytosolic pathway 169, 170
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes 169, 171, 203
D
Dakar vaccine 513
Darling's disease 586
Daudi cells 162
Decarboxylase test 60, 60f, 319, 348
Dendritic cells 105, 109, 160, 161t, 168, 189
Dengue 437, 505t, 510
Dermatophyte 576, 581
Desert rheumatism 588
Diarrheagenic E. coli 315
Dienes phenomenon 323
Digeorge syndrome 152, 195
Dimorphic fungi 574
Dinger's ring 401
Diphtheria 95, 253
Diphtheroids 258, 259f
Disseminated gonococcal infection 249
DNase test 223
Donovanosis 381, 381f, 382
Dots-plus programme 292
DPT vaccine 258, 369
Drug susceptibility testing 286
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia 183
Drug-resistant tuberculosis 292
Dumb rabies 519, 523
E
E. floccosum 579
Eastern equine encephalitis 506
Eaton's agent 5, 421
Eberth-gaffky bacillus 330
Ebola virus 428, 541, 542f
Echoviruses 500
Ectothrix 580f
Eczema herpeticum 451
Edwardsiella tarda 312
Ehrlichia 5, 404
Eijkman test 630
Eikenella corrodens 364, 365
Ekiri syndrome 318
Elek's gel precipitation test 130, 256, 257f
Elispot test 137, 137f
Elizabethkingia meningosepticum 358
Encephalitic arboviruses 504
Endemic syphilis 395
Endemic typhus (Flea-borne) 405
Endocarditis 264, 411, 656, 657
Endotoxins 98, 639, 654
Energy parasites 44
Enteric fever 338
Enterobacter 59, 61, 89, 320, 321, 629
Enterobacteriaceae 7, 310, 330
Enterococcus 58, 228, 237f, 238
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli 313, 316
Enteropathy X-linked syndrome 157
Enterotoxin 219, 275, 311, 647
Enteroviruses 494, 500
Epidemic typhus (Louse-borne) 405
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis 465
Epidermolytic toxin 218, 219
Epidermophyton floccosum 580f–582f
Epidermophyton species 579
Epifluorescence microscope 12
Epstein-barr virus 5, 437, 446, 458, 460, 461, 566, 569, 652
Erysipeloid 309
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 309
Erythema infectiosum 463
Erythema marginatum 233
Erythema migrans 397, 397f
Erythema multiforme 451
Erythema nodosum
leprosum 299
Erythrasma 259
Erythroblastosis fetalis 183, 213
Erythrogenic fever 229
Escherichia coli 6, 26, 59, 61, 68, 89, 90, 97, 130, 428f, 642
Eumycetoma 306, 583, 583t, 584t
Exotoxins 99
F
Faine's criteria 402
Febrile blisters 451
Fever, of unknown origin 222, 660, 661
Filoviruses 427, 540
Filters, types of 36
Fimbriae 23, 98, 248
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome 249
Flagella 22
Flaviviridae 429, 503, 506
Flavobacterium 358
Flinders island spotted fever 406
Floppy child syndrome 274
Flow cytometry, principle of 140f
Fluorescent microscopy 441
Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption 390
test 393
Follicular dendritic cells 152, 160, 175
Forchheimer spots 490
Foreign antigens 112
Formaldehyde inactivated vaccine 551
Formalin killed vaccine 327
Fragment length polymorphism 67, 68
Francisella tularensis 374
Franklin's disease 122
Freund's adjuvant
complete 113
incomplete 113
FTA-ABS test 393
Fungi 98, 251
imperfecti 574
Fusarium species 601f
Fusobacterium 277
G
Ganjam virus 503, 515
Gardnerella vaginalis 17, 278, 279, 382, 383
Gas gangrene 267–270
Gas liquid chromatography 280
Gaseous sterilization 40
Gas-liquid chromatography 305
Gaspak system 54, 266
Genetic engineering 81
Genomospecies 357
Genotypic methods 67
Genotypic variation 74
Germ theory of disease 3
Germ tube test 592
German measles 490
Ghon focus 218
Giemsa stain 381f, 382, 670
Global Polio Eradication Initiative 499
Gonococcal urethritis 251, 251t
Gonorrhea 245
Goodpasture syndrome 190, 191
Graft rejection 200
Graft versus host disease 166
Gram stain 14, 27, 238
Granuloma inguinale 329, 381
Graves’ disease 183, 191, 328
Green nail syndrome 353
Guanarito virus 540
Guillain-Barré syndrome 377
Gumma 389
Guttate psoriasis 231, 232
H
H antigen 322, 336
Haemaphysalis spinigera 514
Haemophilus 58, 76, 359
aegyptius 5, 363
aphrophilus 8
ducreyi 363, 442
haemolyticus 364
influenza 5, 21, 48, 68, 98, 113, 153, 194, 198, 247, 359, 361, 362, 476
parahaemolyticus 364
parainfluenzae 364
paraphrophilus 8
Hair perforation test 582
Halophilic vibrios 341, 349
Hand hygiene 607, 608
Hansen's bacilli 281
Hantaviruses 539, 540
Hapten 111
Haverhill fever 383
Healthcare-associated infections 608, 613
Heat tolerance test 270
Heiberg classification 341
Helicobacter pylori 377
Hemagglutination test 132
Hemolytic disease of newborn 213
Hemorrhagic fever 514, 539
Hendra virus 488
Hepatitis viruses 549t
Herpes gladiatorum 451
Herpes simian B virus 462
Herpes simplex virus 251, 444, 446, 449f, 450, 452, 453
Herpesviruses 431, 436, 441, 449
Herpetic whitlow 451
Heteroantigens 112
Heterophile antigen 112
Heterotrophs 28
HFR conjugation 79
Hib conjugate vaccine 362
Histoplasma capsulatum 574, 586
HIV 138, 284, 524
Hopanoids 20
Hospital-acquired infections 603, 605
Hospital Infection Control Committee 611
Hot-cold phenomenon 218
Hoyle's potassium tellurite agar 256
Human diploid cell vaccine 447
Human immunodeficiency virus 430, 524, 535, 559, 652, 660
Human metapneumovirus 490
Human papillomavirus 437, 464, 466, 566, 567, 563, 569f
Human prion diseases 546
Humoral immune response 283, 298
Humoral immunity 372, 476
Humoral immunodeficiency 193, 194
Hybridoma technique 122, 123
Hyperacute graft rejection 200f
Hyperacute rejection 200
Hyper-IgM syndrome 195
Hypersensitivity reaction 106, 177, 178t, 181–183, 201
I
Immune surveillance theory 205
Immunization 339
Immunochromatographic test 142, 441
Immunodeficiency disorders 193
Immuno-electron microscopy 441
Immunoelectrophoresis 131f
Immunofluorescence assay 139, 139f
Immunoglobulins 118, 211
Immunohistochemistry 140
Immunological tolerance 112, 188
Immunoperoxidase staining 140, 441, 445
Immunoprophylaxis 208
Immunosuppressive
drugs 204
therapy 203
Indole test 59, 59f, 354, 649
Infant botulism 274
Infant mouse brain vaccine 522
Infantile diarrhea 316
Infectious mononucleosis 459
Infective endocarditis 353, 656
Infective syndromes 635
Influenza viruses 474, 475, 480
Interferon gamma release assay 290
Intermittent sterilization 34
Ionizing radiation 37
Isoantigens 112
Isopropyl alcohol 37
Izumi-fever 328
J
Japanese B encephalitis virus 506
Job's syndrome 197
Johne's bacillus 5, 295
Junin virus 540
K
Kawasaki's disease 328
Kingella kingae 364, 365
Kinyoun's method 16
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method 91, 91f
Klebsiella 68, 310, 320, 629
granulomatis 329, 381, 382
Klebs-Loeffler bacillus 254
Koch's phenomenon 4
Koplik spot 486f
Kyasanur forest disease 502
L
La crosse virus 514
Lactobacilli 278
Latent syphilis 389
Latent tuberculosis 285, 290
Latex agglutination test 132, 355
Lattice hypothesis 128
Lazy leukocyte syndrome 197
Lectin pathway 147
Legionella 379, 380f
Lemierre's syndrome 278
Lemming fever 384
Lepra bacilli 296
Lepra reactions 299, 299t
Lepromin test 301
Leprosy 301
Leptospira 387t, 399
Leptotrichia buccalis 279, 398, 398f
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency 197
Leukocyte esterase test 315
Levinthal's agar 362
Levofloxacin 293
Ligase chain reaction 64
Lipopolysaccharide 29, 99, 113
Lipoteichoic acid 19, 98
Listeria monocytogenes 294, 307
Lithotrophs 28
Live attenuated vaccine 208, 209, 327
Loeffler's serum slope 48, 256, 256f
Louping-ill virus 503, 513
Lucio phenomenon 299
Ludlam's medium 222
Ludwig's angina 231, 278
Lumpy jaw 304
Lyme's disease 142, 397, 398
Lymphogranuloma venereum 186, 413, 416
Lysogenic conversion 78, 332, 472
Lyssaviruses 523
M
MacConkey agar 49, 49f, 56
Machupo virus 540
Malassezia furfur 114, 578f
Malignant edema 268
Malignant pustule 261, 261f
Malta fever 370, 372
Mannose resistant fimbriae 311
Mantoux test 290
Marburg virus 542
Marrack's lattice hypothesis 128
Martin-Lewis medium 250
Masson-Fontana stain 594
Mayaro virus 503, 506
McBride's marker 497
McFadyean's reaction 262, 263f
McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar 53, 53f
McLeod's classification 257, 257t
Measles virus 482f, 485–487
Mediterranean fever 372
Medlar bodies 585
Melioidosis 355, 356
Metachromatic granules 253
Metallobetalactamase 89
Methyl red test 60f, 61, 87, 348
Microaerophilic bacteria 27
Microsporum 579
Microtiter hemagglutination 393
Middle ear infections 672
Migrating polyarthritis 233
Milk ring test 374
Molecular typing 263
Molluscum contagiosum 470, 471f
virus 468, 470, 471
Monkeypox virus 471
Monoclonal antibodies 122, 206t
Monocytes 159
Moraxella 245, 251
catarrhalis 245, 251
lacunata 251
Morganella 61, 310, 323
Mucicarmine stain 586
Mueller-Hinton agar 90
Mumps virus 483–485
Murray valley encephalitis viruses 503, 508
Mutation 74, 196, 527
Mycetism 601
Mycetoma 306, 582, 584
Mycobacteria 281
Mycobacterial diseases 302
Mycobacterium 281
avium-intracelluare complex 295
bovis 281
genavense 295
gordonae 295
kansasii 295
leprae 4, 5, 16, 26, 281, 301f
marinum 294, 584
scrofulaceum 295
simiae 295
szulgai 295
tuberculosis 26, 40, 55, 88, 89, 186, 281, 292t, 606
ulcerans 295
xenopi 295
Mycoplasma 20, 421, 421t, 610, 665
Mycotic poisoning 601
Mycotoxicoses 575, 596, 601
Myeloperoxidase deficiency 161
Myxoviruses 427, 474
N
NAG vibrios 342
Nagler's reaction 133, 270, 270f
National Immunization Schedule 211, 211t, 496, 497
Natural isoantibodies 213
Natural killer cells 105, 159, 168, 172, 205
Necrotizing enterocolitis 268
Necrotizing fasciitis 232, 232f
Negri bodies 519, 521f
Neil-Mooser reaction 407
Neisseria 60, 76, 245
gonorrhoeae 4, 5, 68, 96, 245, 245t, 248, 250, 382
meningitidis 245, 245t
Neonatal tetanus 273, 273f
Neurosyphilis 383
Neutralization test 133, 480
Newcastle disease virus 483
Nezelof's syndrome 196
Niacin test 285, 295
Niger seed agar 576
Nikolsky's sign 219
Nipah virus 488
Nitrate reduction test 61, 61f, 315
Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test 197
Nitrocellulose membrane 83, 141, 142
NK cell 105
Nocardia 16, 304–306, 306t, 307
Nomen system of classification 370
Non-cholera vibrios 342
Nondiphtherial corynebacteria 258
Nongonococcal urethritis 251, 251t, 415
Nonhalophilic vibrios 342
Non-neutralizing antibodies 508
Nonphotochromogens 295
Non-sporing anaerobes 266, 276
classification of 277t
Non-treponemal tests 391
Nontuberculous mycobacteria 281, 294, 295t
Runyon's classification of 295t
Nontypeable Haemophilus strains 361t
Nontyphoidal salmonellae 339, 340
Non-venereal treponematoses 394, 394t
Nucleic acid
amplification 288
probe 440, 441
sequence-based amplification 64, 531
Nugent's score 383
Nutrient agar 47, 47f, 222, 223f, 237, 262, 353, 354f
Nutrient broth 47, 326
O
O'nyong-nyong virus 503, 506
Oakley-Fulthorpe procedure 129
Oncofetal antigens 205
Oncogenes 566
Oncogenesis 567, 569f, 570
Oncogenic viruses 566
Onychomycosis 591f, 601
Ophthalmia neonatorum 249, 416, 420
Opportunistic mycoses 574, 575, 590
Opsonin 120
Opsonization 148, 182
Optochin sensitivity 241
Oral cholera vaccines 349
Oral live attenuated vaccines 349
Oral polio vaccine 434, 497, 497t
Oral rehydration solution 319
Oral thrush 591, 664
Orbital cellulitis 360, 595f
Organotrophs 28
Orientia tsutsugamushi 408
Ornithodoros species 396
Ornithosis 416
Oropouche virus 503, 514
Oroya fever 412
Orungo virus 515
Oxidase test 58, 59f, 314
P
Pandemic influenza virus 478f
Panton valentine toxin 218
Papillomaviridae 464, 465t
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 574, 589
Paraffin bait technique 307
Parainfluenza viruses 482, 483
Paramyxoviridae 429, 430, 474, 474t, 482, 483t
Parechoviruses 494, 500
Parvovirus 428, 463, 464
Passive agglutination test 132, 132f
Passive immunization 270, 447, 521, 559
Pasteurella 384, 385
Paul-Bunnell test 112, 132, 460, 400t
Pediculus humanus 396
Pemphigus vulgaris 183
Penicillium 85, 354, 394
marneffei 574, 599, 600f
Pentose phosphate pathway 29
Peptidoglycan 218
Peptostreptococcus 277
Perforins 172
Peripheral tolerance 188
Pertussis 95, 369
toxin 366, 367
Pfeiffer's bacillus 5, 359
Phagocytes 105
Phagocytosis 113, 119, 159, 282, 430, 438
disorders of 193, 197
Pharyngoconjunctival fever 467
Phenyl pyruvic acid test 61
Phlebotomus pappatasi 515
Phosphatase test 223
Photochromogens 293, 295
Phototrophs 28
Phytohemagglutinin 533
Picobirnaviruses 548
Picornaviruses 494
Pike's medium 233
Pike's transport media 233
Pityriasis versicolor 466
Plague 324, 327
Plasma cell 116, 120, 153
Plasmid 21, 73, 74
Pleomorphism 322
Plesiomonas 329, 341
Pleurodynia 500
Pleuropneumonia-like organisms 421
Pneumatocele 221
Pneumococcus 21, 228, 239, 242
Polio eradication 499
Poliomyelitis 494, 495f
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 141
Polyclonal B cell activation 190
Polymerase chain reaction 56, 64, 65f, 251, 288, 390, 442, 577, 650
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte 99
Polymyxins 87, 354
Polyomaviridae 464, 465f, 566
Ponder's stain 253
Pontiac fever 380
Porphyromonas 279
Porter's disease 261
Post-measles encephalomyelitis 486
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 191, 232, 233t
Pour-plate method 52, 52f
Powassan encephalitis viruses 503, 513
Poxvirus 428, 431, 432, 437, 468, 471
Preisz-Nocard bacillus 259
Prevotella 279
Prion diseases 545, 546
Probiotics 640
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 465, 544
Prokaryotes 9t
Proteus 61, 68, 310, 322, 642
Proto-oncogenes 567
Providencia 61, 310, 323
Pseudocowpox 471
Pseudomembranous colitis 275, 276f
Pseudomonas 58, 100, 196, 352
aeruginosa 21, 352–354
Pseudovirions 433
Puerperal sepsis 232
Pulex irritans 324
Pulse field gel electrophoresis 68, 354
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
deficiency 196
Pyelonephritis 643
Pyoderma 230, 231
Pyogenic meningitis 240, 245, 651, 653
causes of 651t
Pyrazinamidase 292
Pyruvate, utilization of 29
Q
Q fever 409, 410
Queensland tick typhus 406
Quellung reaction 241, 242f
Quintan fever 411
R
Rabies 437, 520, 523
Radioallergosorbent test 181, 181f
Radioimmunoassay 140
Radioimmunosorbent test 181, 181f
Rainbow agar 316
Rapid carbohydrate utilization test 248, 250
Rat-bite fever 383
Reactive arthritis 328, 340, 415
Reagin antibody 391
Red leg disease 350
Reiter's syndrome 251, 340, 415
Reiter's treponemes 388
Relapsing fever 396, 397
Replica plating method 75, 75f
Respiratory syncytial virus 96, 444, 482, 490
Restricted fragment length polymorphism 67
Retroviral syndrome, acute 528
Retroviruses 431, 524
Reye's syndrome 454, 476
Reynolds Braude phenomenon 592
Rh-blood group system 213
Rh incompatibility 183
Rhabdoviruses 427, 517, 523
Rheumatic fever 232
Rheumatoid arthritis 191, 192, 661
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis 594
Rhinoscleroma 320
Rhinosporidiosis 586
Rhinoviruses 494
Rhizoid 595
Rhizopus 574, 594, 595
Rickettsia akari 406
Rickettsialpox 406
Rideal walker test 41
Ridley-Jopling classification 297
Rift valley fever virus 503, 515
Ring worm infections 580f
Risus sardonicus 271
Rocio encephalitis viruses 508
Rocket electrophoresis 130, 130f
Rocky mountain spotted fever 405
Rodent borne viruses 539
Rose bengal card test 374
Rose Gardner's disease 584
Rose spots 333
Rose-Waaler test 192
Ross river virus 503, 506
Rotavirus 428, 546, 547f
Rubella 212, 490, 492
Rubivirus 490
Russian spring summer encephalitis 513
S
Sabia virus 540
Sabin vaccine 497
Sabouraud's dextrose agar 576, 653
Saccharomyces boulardii 640
Salk vaccine 496
Salmonella 59, 171, 320, 336
Salt tolerance test 348, 350
Sandfly fever 515
Sandwich ELISA 136f
Saprophytes 94
Saprophytic mycobacteria 294
Scalded skin syndrome 114
Scanning electron microscope 14
Scarlet fever 229, 230
Schick test 133, 258
Schultz dale phenomenon 178
Scleroderma 191, 192
Sclerotic bodies 585
Scotochromogens 295
Scrofuloderma 284
Scrub typhus 408
Seligmann's disease 122
Semliki forest virus 503, 506
Septicemic plague 325
Serum sickness 184, 185
Severe combined immunodeficiencies 193
Sexual transmission 511
Sexually transmitted diseases/infection 530, 670, 671t
Shanghai fever 353
Shiga bacillus 317
Shiga toxin 318
Shigella 59, 68, 317, 646
Shwachman's syndrome 198
Sialic acid receptors 477
Sickle cell disease 240
Silver impregnation staining 390
Simmon's citrate medium 59
Simon's focus 284
Sindbis virus 503, 506
Sjögren's syndrome 191, 192
Slide agglutination test 131f, 319, 334, 336
Slide culture technique 577f
Slim disease 529
Slit sampler method 632
Smallpox virus 468, 470
Somatic hypermutations 121, 125, 174
Sore throat 230, 662, 663
Spaulding's classification of medical devices 42, 44t
Spirillum minus 383
Spirochete 277, 386
Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon 585
Spores 263
Sporothrix schenckii 574, 584, 585f
Sporotrichosis 584, 585
Sporulation
steps of 25f
types of 576
St Louis encephalitis viruses 508
Staphylococcal cellulitis 220f
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 219
Staphylococcus aureus 5, 57, 100, 218t
epidermidis 217, 223, 226
lugdunensis 217, 226
saprophyticus 217, 226
schleiferi 217, 226
Staphylokinase 220
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 358
Sterigmata 597
Sterilization 31
Stern vaccine 264
Stokes disk diffusion method 91, 91f
Street viruses 518
Streptobacillus moniliformis 383
Streptococcal infection 98
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin 229
Streptococcus
agalactiae 228, 234f, 234t, 236
group A 231
pneumoniae 239, 239t
pyogenes 21, 100, 234f, 234t
Streptokinase 230
Streptolysin 230
Streptomyces 304
Stroke culture 51, 51f
Subacute bacterial endocarditis 238
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 486, 544
Subcutaneous mycoses 574, 582
Sugar assimilation test 584
Sugar fermentation test 314, 318, 321, 348
Sulfur granules 305, 306
Sulphite reducing clostridia 629
Suprapubic aspiration 315, 643
Swarm cells 323
Swimmer's ear 353
Synergohymenotropic toxins 218
Synthetic media, simple 49
Syphilis 389, 392t, 394
primary 388, 388f, 394
secondary 388, 389f, 394
standard tests for 389, 391
Systemic bacterial infections 661
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 166
Systemic lupus erythematosus 191
Systemic mycoses 574
T
T cell
and B cell, differences between 158t
defects 193, 195, 196
double negative 156
double positive 156
effector 157
maturation of 152, 156
receptor, structure of 155f
T. pallidum hemagglutination assay 393
Tanapox virus 471
Target cell 144, 169
destruction 173
entry 476
lysis 148, 172
Teicoplanin 238
Tetanospasmin 271
Tetanus 272
toxin 99, 271
toxoid 272
Tetrazolium reduction test 423
Thayer Martin medium 247, 250
Theobald smith phenomenon 178
Therapeutic cancer vaccines 206
Thermocycler machine 64f
Thioglycollate broth 48f, 305
Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose 650
Thrombocytopenia 183, 490, 505
Thymic hormones 152
Thymus 155, 188
defect in 152
Thyroid stimulating hormone 328
Tick-borne encephalitis viruses 513
Tick-borne fever 406
Tick-transmitted flaviviruses 513
Tick typhus 406
Tinea 579
barbae 579
capitis 580f
corporis 580f
cruris 579
faciei 580f
imbricata 579
manuum 579
nigra 578
pedis 580f
unguium 579
versicolor 574, 578f
Tinsdale medium 256
Togaviridae 429, 503, 504
Toluidine red unheated serum test 392
Tonsillitis 663
Toroviruses 548
Torres bodies 513
Toxic shock syndrome 166, 219, 232
Toxigenicity test 272
Toxin 98, 218, 229, 268, 269, 311, 590
antitoxin neutralization test 133
coregulated pilus 343
demonstration 256, 274
detection 276, 316, 648
diffusible 352
mediated illnesses 221
production 275, 647
Toxoid vaccine 209
Toxoplasma 99
Tracheal aspirate 314
Tracheal cytotoxin 366
Trachoma 419
Transcytosis 176
Transduction 77
Transferrable drug resistance 88, 88t
Transfusion transmitted infections 214
Transient aplastic crisis 463
Transient flora 637
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy 195
Transmission electron microscope 12, 13f
Transplacental transmission 97
Transplantation antigens 200
Transport medium 233, 250, 326
Traveler's diarrhea 646, 647t
Trench fever 411
Trench mouth 278
Treponema 387, 387t
denticola 278
pallidum 4, 5, 97, 387
hemagglutination assay 393
immobilization test 133
particle agglutination 392
Treponemal tests 391
Tribe proteeae 323
Trichomonas vaginalis 251
Trichomycosis axillaris 259
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 580f, 582
Trichophyton rubrum 602
Trichothecenes 598
Triple sugar iron test 60f, 336
Tropheryma whipplei 309
Tubercle bacilli 12f, 282, 283, 286f
Tuberculin test 186, 290
Tuberculoid leprosy 297, 297t, 298, 298f
Tuberculosis 289, 291
Tuberculous lymphadenitis 283
Tuftsin deficiency 197
Tumor antigens 204
Tumor specific transplantation antigen 204
Tumor suppressor genes 567
Turbidity test 634
Tween 80 hydrolysis test 296
Typhidot test 337
Typhoid fever, vaccines for 339
Typhoidal salmonella 330, 332, 338, 339
Typhus fever 132
U
Undulant fever 370
Urea breath test 379
Urea hydrolysis test 59, 59f
Ureaplasma 421
Urethral syndrome, acute 643
Urethritis 671
Urinary tract infection 221, 313, 360
V
V. cholera,
classification of 342f
Vaccine 3, 208, 327, 339
associated paralytic poliomyelitis 498
derived polioviruses 495, 498
production of 82
types of 258, 293
vector 511
viral 522
Vaccinia virus 470
Vancomycin
resistant enterococci 238, 610
Varicella-Zoster virus 97, 446, 453, 455, 652
Variolae vaccinae 208
VDRL test 391
Veillonellae 277
Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses 504, 506
Ventilator associated pneumonia 314, 606, 607
Verruga peruana 411f, 412
Vesico-ureteric reflux 642
Vesicular stomatitis indiana virus 515
Viable plate count 634
Vibrio 61, 341
alginolyticus 350
cholerae 341, 346
metschnikovii 341
parahaemolyticus 350
vulnificus 350
Vietnam time-bomb disease 355
Vincent's angina 279, 387, 396, 398
Viral assays 445
Viral capsid antigen 460
Viral gastroenteritis 546, 548
Viral genetic modifications 433
Viral interference 434, 444
Viral isolation 483, 505, 520
Viral transport medium 423, 479f
Viral vaccines 446
Virchow's lepra cells 297, 298, 300
Viridans streptococci 238, 239, 239f, 239t, 639
Vital stains 17
Voges-Proskauer test 60f, 61, 348
W
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia 122
Warthin-Finkeldey cells 487
Wasserman test 133
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome 246
Watson and Crick model 71
Wayson stain 326
Weil's disease 400
Weil-Felix reaction 112, 322
West Nile virus 508
Western Siberian encephalitis virus 513
Whey agglutination test 374
Whipple's disease 309
Whooping cough 366, 367
Widal test 334, 336, 337
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 196
Wood's lamp examination 580
Wool Sorter's disease 261
X
Xenopsylla 324
Xylose lysine deoxycholate 48, 57, 335, 650
Y
Yaws 394, 395
Yeast 573
Yellow fever 513
virus 503, 512
Yersinia pestis 5, 68, 99, 324, 327
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 114, 324, 327, 328
Yersiniosis 327, 329
Z
Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast staining 57
Zoonosis 410, 515
Zoster 454
Zygomycosis 594, 595, 595f
Zygospores 574
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Chapter Notes

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