Handbook of Biologics and Biosimilars in Dermatology Manas Chatterjee, Ankan Gupta, Shekhar Neema, Dipali Rathod
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart and t refer to table.
A
Abatacept 10, 208
Acellular pertussis 237
Acid-fast bacillus 162
Acitretin 45, 245
Acne 62, 207
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 236
Actinic dermatitis, chronic 293
Adalimumab 4, 8, 9, 21, 54, 6162, 67, 136, 137, 141, 158, 164, 167, 168, 171, 184, 185, 190, 191, 207, 208, 213, 260, 278, 280, 282
dosage of 186t
efficacy of 62t, 64t, 65t
Adaptive immunity 37
Adenosine triphosphate 288
Adverse drug reaction 206, 208
classification of 207
Adverse fetal outcome, risk of 276
Alefacept 4, 28, 10, 208
Allergic
asthma, moderate to severe persistent 144
reactions 66
Alopecia areata 4, 143, 292
Alopecia tool, severity of 292
Alopecia totalis 292
Alopecia universalis 292
American College of Rheumatology 17, 237
American Thoracic Society 228
Anakinra 67, 184, 188, 194
Anaphylactic reactions 212
Anemia 310
Angioedema 110, 208
Angiofibromas 307
Angiogenesis 35
Ankylosing spondylitis 20, 61, 72, 221
Annular erythema 201
Anorexia 310
Antiaging agents 310
Antibody 126
production, reduced 126
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 128
Anti-drug antibodies 67, 167
Antigen-presenting cell 28f, 29f, 39, 83f, 84f
maturation of 32
Antiglomerular basement membrane disease 282
Antihepatitis C virus 68, 157
Antihistaminics 282
Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody 118
Anti-immunoglobulin E 10
antibody 208
Anti-interleukin-17 blockers 277
Antilymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 9
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 104, 126, 281
Antinuclear antibodies 47, 75, 162, 177, 212
Antirheumatic drugs
biological disease-modifying 196, 199
disease-modifying 237, 238, 284
Anti-secukinumab antibodies 75
Antitumor necrosis factor 9, 18
agents 207
Antitumor necrosis factor-alpha 199, 219
and interleukin-17 blocker 280
inhibitors 139
therapy 199, 276
Antiviral therapy 283
Aphthous stomatitis 44, 137
Apremilast 95, 298
administration 300
adverse reactions 301
chemical structure of 298f
contraindications 301
current evidence 300
dosage 300t
dose adjustment 302
drug interactions 302
investigations 302
mechanism of action 299
pharmacology 298
special situations 302
uses 299
Arthralgia 215, 310
Arthropathy spondyloarthropathy 190
Aseptic meningitis 212
Asthma 299
moderate to severe persistent 138
Atopic dermatitis 4, 89, 104, 119, 120, 129, 137139, 141, 144, 146, 207, 211, 221, 226, 292, 299
Atopic eczema 138, 145
Autoantibodies 212
Autoimmune blistering diseases 101
Autoimmune bullous
dermatoses 129, 208
diseases 101, 102, 127, 130, 138
Autoimmune connective tissue
diseases 103, 262
pathogenesis of 103
disorders 129
Autoimmune diseases 22, 107, 161, 232
vaccination in 234
Autoimmune disorders 175
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 101
Autoimmune neuropathies 101
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia 101
Autoimmune urticarial, chronic 129
Autoimmunity 57, 67
Azathioprine 175, 251, 252, 254
B
B cell 128
lymphoma, primary cutaneous 104, 138
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin 224, 234, 235
vaccination 222, 225
Bacterial infection, secondary 112
Basal cell
carcinoma 11
nevus syndrome 306
Basiliximab 9
B-cell 278
chronic lymphocytic leukemia 143
Behçet's disease 40, 137, 140, 141, 190, 221, 299
Belimumab 198
Bevacizumab 3
Bicytopenia 66
Bioequivalence 14
Biologic therapy 243
Biological medicinal products 14
Biomimics 16
Biosimilars 21, 22
development 13
complex 14
monoclonal antibodies 13
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome 306, 310
Blood
borne virus screening 244
sugar fasting 157
urea 157
Brain
astrocytomas 307
skin axis 30
Breastfeeding 77
Breath, shortness of 227
Briakinumab 96
mechanism of action 92
observations 92
Bridging therapy 163
British Isles Lupus Activity Group 197
British Society for Rheumatology Guidelines 178, 277
Brodalumab 9, 95, 208
observations 95
Bronchial asthma 119
Bronchospasm 208
Bullous eruptions 211
Bullous pemphigoid 44, 103, 119, 120, 129, 131, 138, 142, 144, 145
Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus 145
Burkitt's lymphoma 109
C
Calcineurin 304
Canakinumab 184
Cancer 162, 284
Candida infection 76, 214
Candidiasis 76
Carbamazepine 302
Cardiac disease 283
Cardiovascular disease 190, 211, 213
Central nervous system, disorders of 263
Certolizumab pegol 9
Cetirizine 278
Cetuximab 3, 207
Chemokine 82, 83
Chest pain 227
Chills 208
Chimeric antibodies 7
Chinese hamster ovary 61
Cholestatic liver disease 212
Chronic plaque psoriasis, efficacy of infliximab in 53t
Churg-Strauss syndrome 138
Cicatricial pemphigoid 129, 142
Coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein-1 31
Cold urticaria 138, 144
Collagen vascular dermatoses 4
Community acquired pneumonia 209
Complete blood count 105, 157
Concomitant therapy 163
Congestive cardiac failure 129, 157
Congestive heart failure 48, 57, 66, 160, 190, 191, 283
Connective tissue
diseases 53, 55, 138, 196
disorders 196, 208
Continuous therapy 53
Conventional systemic therapy 154, 155
Conventional therapy 154
Cord blood levels 68
Corneodesmosin 31
Coronary artery disease 161, 190
Coronary spasm 283
Corticosteroid
6-mercaptopurine 233
azathioprine 233
low-dose 233
methotrexate 233
synergistic effect with 127
Cough 227
C-reactive protein 113
Crohn's disease 22, 58, 61, 184, 190, 221
Cryoglobulinemia 129, 283
mixed 102
Crystallizable fragment 128
Cutaneous adverse reactions, severe 4
Cutaneous B cell lymphomas 101, 102, 221
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus 103, 196
acute 196
chronic 196
subacute 138, 196
Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen 33
Cutaneous sarcoidosis 137
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma 11, 143
Cutaneous ulcerations 211
Cutaneous vasculitis 62, 137, 202, 211
Cyclophosphamide 108, 175, 251, 254
pulse 254
Cyclosporine 28, 156, 244, 276, 278, 281
Cytokine 37t, 287
B-lymphocyte stimulator 198
mediated immune response 304
release syndrome 207, 209
storm 207
Cytomegalovirus 108, 209
D
Daclizumab 9
Damage-associated molecular patterns 29f, 32
Deep fungal infections 191, 213
Defective skin barrier, presence of 32
Demyelinating
disease 57, 190, 211
disorders 213, 214
Dendritic cell 128
Denileukin diftitox 10
Deoxyribonucleic acid 269
Dermatitis 215
Dermatological diseases 293
Dermatology 127, 306t
antibody in 9t
biologics in 208t
growth factors in 11t
life quality index 74, 183, 251, 291
scores 120
principal fusion proteins in 10t
Dermatomyositis 44, 53, 102, 103, 126, 129, 130, 137, 138, 140, 144, 146, 199, 221, 293
cutaneous manifestations of 199
skin severity index 200
Desloratadine 278, 282
Dexamethasone 254
pulse therapy 101
Diabetic foot ulcer 11
Diarrhea 214, 301
Dimeric fusion protein 43
Diphenhydramine 107
Diphtheria 240
vaccine 237
Discoid lupus erythematosus 221, 299
Disfavor etanercept 190
Disseminated molluscum 294
Dizziness 214, 215
Doucas and Kapetanakis, eczematid-like purpura of 211
Doxorubicin 112
Drug
cross placenta 68
induced liver injury 57, 282
rash 294
Dupilumab 96
Dysrhythmia 209
Dystrophic nails, chronic 310
E
Earache 215
Efalizumab 8, 9, 28, 200
Elevated lactate dehydrogenase 107
Endothelial cell 34, 128
stimulating angiogenesis factor 35
Entecavir 283
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 179
method 106
Epidermal
glycoprotein 31
hyperplasia 34
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita 103, 129, 131, 138
Eruptive squamous cell carcinoma 294
Erythema 293
nodosum 211
leprosum 143
Erythroderma 169
Erythrodermic psoriasis 136, 138, 169
Etanercept 4, 10, 21, 4345, 136, 137, 142, 158, 164, 167, 171,184, 187, 190, 193, 207, 208, 212, 259, 278
dosage of 187t
in psoriasis, efficacy of 45t
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Guidelines 127
European Dermatology Forum 103
European League Against Rheumatism 17, 110, 238, 276
Scleroderma Trials and Research Group 103
European Medicines Agency 14, 221
European Scleroderma Trial and Research Group 200
Exfoliation 211
F
Facial angiofibromas 305
Fatal sepsis 110
Fatigue 215
Fever 208, 227, 310
history of 106
Fexofenadine 278, 282
Fibroblast growth factor 305
Flaccid vesiculobullous lesions over skin and mucosae 175
Fluid overload, risk of 132
Flu-like symptoms 213
Foliaceous 129
Follicular hyperkeratosis 182
Fusion antibody proteins 7, 8, 184, 220
G
Galiximab 10
Gastritis 209
Genodermatoses 306
Geriatric population 275
Gillian classification 196
Glucocorticoid replacement therapy 233
Golimumab 4, 9
Gottron's papules 199, 200
Graft versus host disease 44, 53, 55, 104, 129, 137, 145, 309
Granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor 127
Granuloma annulare 44, 53, 137
generalized 137
Granulomatosis 101, 138
Granulomatous
cheilitis 137
dermatoses 53, 54, 62
disease, chronic 11
Guillain-Barré syndrome 212, 240
Guselkumab 93, 208
H
Headache 208, 214, 215, 310
Heart failure, severe 109
Heliotrope rash 199
Hemoptysis 227
Hepatic impairment 122
Hepatitis 191
B 49, 78, 108, 160, 190, 240
B core
antibody 106, 266, 269
antigen 106
total antibody 157
B envelope
antibody 266
antigen 266, 269
B infection 49, 57, 58, 111, 283, 295
chronic 283
B reactivation 66
B surface
antibody 106, 266
antigen 68, 106, 125, 157, 266, 269
B vaccination 113, 238
B virus 47, 232, 265, 269
infection 109
infection, diagnosis of 266t
surface antigen 162
C 78, 108, 160
infection 49, 58, 112
C virus 47, 112, 265, 269, 271
infection 282, 295
infection, reactivation of 283
Herceptin 3
Herpes simplex
reactivation of 294
virus 108
Herpes zoster 235, 294
vaccine 237
Heterogenous group of immune disorders 120
Hidradenitis suppurativa 22, 44, 54, 61, 62, 64, 136, 137, 139, 142, 182, 182, 182f, 184f, 188, 189, 208, 221
management of 182
treatment of 189, 190, 191t
Histocompatibility complex, major 33, 39, 83f, 127
Hormonal therapy 183
Human antibodies 7
Human antichimeric antibodies 108
Human cytokines 184, 220
Human herpes virus 211, 308
Human immunodeficiency
infection 58
virus 47, 112, 133, 162, 224, 309
coinfection 78
infection 49, 109, 160
Human papilloma virus 232, 240
vaccine 238
Humanized antibody 7
Humoral immunity 112
Hurley's staging system 183
Hypercholesterolemia 310
Hypereosinophilic syndrome 293
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome 119, 120, 138, 144
Hyperkalemia 107
Hyperphosphatemia 107
Hypersensitivity 207
reactions 132
Hypertension 310
Hypertriglyceridemia 310
Hyperuricemia 107
Hypocalcemia 107
Hypogammaglobulinemia 110, 207, 209
Hypotension 208
I
Idiopathic pancreatitis, acute 212
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 126, 138
Immune
dysregulation 32, 275
systems 37t
Immunization 58
Immunoadsorption 101
Immunobullous diseases, management of 175
Immunobullous disorders 13, 136, 137
Immunodeficiency, primary 138
Immunogenicity 17, 212, 213, 214
Immunoglobulin
G 52, 81, 266
M 157
structure of 124
Immunological synapse 33t
Immunosuppression 233
In vitro studies 18
Infection 108, 209, 211214
active severe 112
in neonate, risk of 278
serious 190, 191
Inflamed skin 33
Inflammatory bowel disease 77, 157, 161, 190
Inflammatory dermatoses 129
Inflammatory pathway, multiple 44
Infliximab 4, 8, 9, 20, 21, 52, 55, 136, 139, 165, 167, 168, 184, 190, 192, 208, 211, 260, 277, 279, 280, 282
dosage of 185t
Influenza 239
vaccine 77, 236
Infusion reactions, acute 207
Innate immunity 37
Intercellular adhesion molecule 32, 33, 83f
Interferon 11, 287
alpha 11
gamma 39, 207
gamma release assay 66, 75, 157, 162, 220, 222, 225, 227, 244
disadvantages of 227
types of 226
Interleukins 11, 127, 287
Intermittent therapy 53
International Psoriasis Consortium 22
International Psoriasis Council 15
Intravenous immunoglobulin 11, 101, 124, 125, 127, 129131, 136, 138, 145
high-dose 126t, 128f, 129b, 133t
vaccination with 235
Invasive fungal infections 57
Isoniazid 162
Itch severity score 291
Itolizumab 9, 81, 83, 88, 136, 138, 143, 157, 158, 167, 208, 248
adverse effects of 86t
efficacy studies of 84t
mechanism of action of 83f
Ixekizumab 94, 208
J
Janus kinase-signal transducer 288f
John cunningham virus 108
Joint disease 190
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 22, 61, 259
K
Kaposi's sarcoma 11, 308
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma 307
Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon 307, 308
Kawasaki's disease 127, 129, 130, 138
Keratinization, abnormal 36
Keratinocyte 38
adhesion 31
hyperproliferation 31
Koebner's phenomenon 30
L
Lactation 68, 122
Lamivudine 283
Latent tuberculosis 105, 110, 157, 159
infection 219, 222
Late-onset neutropenia 210
after rituximab therapy 108
Lebrikizumab observations 91
Leg ulcer 11
Legionella 211
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis 211
Levocetirizine 278, 282
Lichen planus 221, 299
Linear IgA bullous dermatoses 129
Lipocalin 82
Live vaccines 190, 234t
Livedoid vasculopathy 129
Liver
disease, chronic 161, 282
function test 47, 55, 68, 75, 133, 157, 161, 162, 244, 269, 271
Local lymph nodes 32
Loratadine 278
Lupus erythematosus 293
Lupus like syndrome 190, 209, 212214
Lymphangiomatosis 307
Lymphatic malformations 307
Lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule, activated 84f
Lymphocyte function antigen 33
Lymphocytic leukemia, chronic 101
Lymphoma 108
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis 102
M
Macrophages 39
Malignancy, prior 191
Malignant tumor 77
Mantoux conversion 225
Mantoux test 87, 106, 110, 225
Mast cells 39
Maternal immune system 275
Maturation of T-cells 33
Measles 234, 235
Melanoma 11, 145
Metabolic syndrome 190
Metastatic melanoma 11
Methotrexate 44, 73, 251, 276, 283
Methylsulfonyl 298
Microscopic polyangiitis 101, 138
Migration 33
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 81
Molecular weight 100
Monoclonal antibodies 3, 7, 184, 220, 277
second-generation 113
Monogenic disease 31
Moraxella 211
Morphea, generalized 137, 140
Mucocutaneous reactions
serious 109
severe 210
Mucous membrane pemphigoid 103, 131, 146
Muir-Torre syndrome 306, 310
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis 44, 137, 138
Multiforme 293
Mumps 234, 235
Munro's microabscess 34
Murine monoclonal antibody 118
Muromonab 207
Mycobacterium bovis infection 222
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 110, 220
Mycophenolate mofetil 175, 251, 253, 254
Myocardial infarction 283
Myocardial ischemia 209
N
Nail psoriasis 62, 63, 74, 136, 138, 143, 168
management of 168t
severity index 63
Nasopharyngitis 75, 209, 214
National Cancer Institute 106
National Psoriasis Foundation 170
Natural killer cell 100, 128
Natural products 1
Nausea 208
Necrobiosis lipoidica 137
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma 129
Necrotizing fasciitis 211
Nemolizumab 96
mechanism of action 89
observations 89
Neonatal cytopenia, cause 278
Nephrotoxic 281
Neurofibromatosis 306
Neurologic, side effects 132
Neurological event 66
Neuropsychiatric
side effects 207
confusion 207
depression 207
Neutropenia 76, 214
Neutrophil accumulation, role in 34
Neutrophilic dermatoses 52, 54, 62, 137
Neutrophils 39
New York Heart Association 66
Newer biologics 89
Night sweats 106, 227
Nomenclature 19
Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma 221
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 101, 210, 212
Nonhuman amino-acid residues 118
Noninfectious uveitis, chronic 72
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 281
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 32
O
Obesity 162, 190
Obinutuzumab 113
Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 299
Omalizumab 10, 21, 113, 118, 119, 120, 121, 136, 138, 144, 207, 208, 215, 261, 278, 279, 281, 282
in pregnancy, safety of 278
pregnancy registry 278
Optic neuritis 209
Oral phosphodiesterase-4 298
Oral sirolimus 307, 311b
Ortho biotech's muromonab-CD3 3
Orthoclone 3, 9
P
Pachyonychia congenita 306
Palmoplantar psoriasis 63, 72, 74, 138, 169
area and severity index 74, 169
Palmoplantar pustulosis 293
Pancytopenia 66, 212
Papa syndrome 62
Paracetamol 107
Paraneoplastic pemphigus 102, 138, 221
Parvovirus B19 108
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns 32
Pediatric patients 122
Pediatric population 49, 67, 275, 295
Pemphigoid gestationis 129
Pemphigus 175, 178, 179, 251, 252, 277
disease activity 252
foliaceus 102, 175
management of 176
variants 130, 145
vegetans 142
vulgaris 44, 101, 102, 129, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145, 175
management of 175
Periodic fever syndromes 259
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 299
Phagocytosis 100
Pharyngitis 215
Phenytoin 302
Physical trauma 30
Pitrakinra, mechanism of action 91
Pityriasis rubra pilaris 44, 53, 137, 138, 140
Plaque psoriasis 300
chronic 44, 52, 61, 62, 137, 138, 157
management of chronic 62t
moderate to severe 138, 290t
treatment of severe 309
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, activation of 36
Platelet-derived
epidermal growth factor 35
growth factor 11, 305
Pleuritis 209
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 236
Pneumococcal vaccine 236
Pneumococcus 113, 239
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 209
Polyangiitis 101, 138
nodosa 293
Polyarticular arthritis 209
Polychemotherapy 109
Polygenic disease 31
Polymyositis 102, 129, 212
Prednisolone 112, 278
Preexisting hypogammaglobulinemia immunosuppressant 108
Pregnancy 68, 122
and lactation 48, 109, 295
biologics use during 278t
category
B 278
C 278, 295, 302
C drug 109
Pretibial myxedema 129
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 108, 209
Prolonged neutropenia 210
Proteins, antimicrobial 32
Pruritus 208, 215
Psoriasis 11, 20, 22, 28f, 44, 53, 72, 84f, 91, 168, 169, 190, 208, 243, 248, 259, 289, 309
adherence 46
area and severity index 22, 30, 82, 291, 309
biologic therapy for 249t
combination therapy 44
continuous vs intermittent therapy 45
development and severity of 31
drugs used in 261t
etiology of 29
management of 13, 154, 276, 281
pathogenesis of 28, 29f, 30, 289
susceptibility 31
vulgaris 136, 220
Psoriatic arthritis 4, 11, 13, 20, 44, 46, 52, 54, 61, 63, 7274, 137, 138, 154, 299, 301
management of 64t
Psoriatic arthropathy 136, 160, 220
Psoriatic lesions 30
Psoriatic pathogenesis 28f, 35
roles in 37t
Psychological stress 30
PTEN hamartoma syndrome 306
Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis 307
Purified protein derivative 66, 75
Pustular psoriasis 72, 136, 138, 221
generalized 136, 143, 169
Pyelonephritis 209
Pyoderma gangrenosum 4, 44, 62, 95, 129, 136, 137, 139142, 146, 190, 221
Pyogenic arthritis 62
Q
Quality-of-life instrument 74
R
Randomized controlled trial 124, 198, 291
Rapamycin, mammalian target of 305
Rapamycin-immunophilin complex acts 304
Rash 208, 209, 211
Rasmussen's encephalitis 101
Reactions
false-negative 224t
false-positive 224t
Recalcitrant subcorneal pustular dermatosis 139
Refractory nephrotic syndrome 110
Regulatory T cells 37
Reiter's disease 53
Reiter's syndrome 55
Relapsing polychondritis 44
Renal
angiomyolipomas 307
disease, end stage 281
dysfunction 281
failure 129
chronic 162, 281
function test 47, 133, 162
impairment 122, 302
Rescue therapy 163
Respiratory tract infection, upper 75, 209, 212215
Reticuloendothelial system 100
Retinoids 183
Rheumatoid arthritis 20, 52, 61, 67, 101, 108, 129, 202, 221, 280
protocol 101
Rheumatoid vasculitis 202
Ribonucleic acid 271
Rifampicin 302
Rituximab 3, 9, 21, 100102, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 136, 138, 144, 177, 179, 197, 200, 207, 208, 237, 251, 254, 255, 262, 268, 272, 277, 279, 280, 283
dermatological uses of 102
dosing of 178
for pemphigus in
children 178
pregnancy 178
in pemphigus, use of 179
induced hypogammaglobulinemia 108
infusion 177, 211
therapy 106
Rituximab-cyclophosphamide 112
Rodnan skin score, modified 200
Rotational therapy 163
Rubella 234, 235
S
SAPHO syndrome 52, 137
Sarcoidosis 44, 53, 140, 142, 221, 299
Sartorius staging system 183
Scalp psoriasis 169
Scleroderma 44, 53, 129, 137, 200
Scleromyxoedema 129
Sclerosis, multiple 160, 191
Secukinumab 9, 71, 73, 74, 136, 138, 143, 157, 166168, 171, 214, 260, 268, 272, 277, 279, 280
administered to breastfeeding women 77
administration 74
adverse effects 75
contraindications for 76
effect of fertility 77
in studies, clinical response to 73t
monitoring during therapy 75
pharmacology 71
special situations 76
treatment 73
uses 72
Sepsis 109, 112, 209
Serum creatinine 157
Serum glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase 269, 271
pyruvic transaminase 271
Serum sickness 109, 209, 212
type reaction 57
Sézary syndrome 11
Sinus tachycardia 209
Sinusitis 213
Siplizumab 9
Sirolimus 304, 306t, 309, 310
adverse effects and monitoring 310
clinical uses 305
mechanism of action of 304, 305fc
pharmacokinetics 304
treatment 311
Sjogren's syndrome 102, 138, 143
primary 201
Skin
barrier, role of 36
cancers 4
lesions 102
Sneddon-Wilkinson disease 142
Spontaneous urticarial, chronic 119, 261, 282
Squamous cell carcinoma 190
Steroid sparing agents 175
Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, management of 263
Stevens-Johnson syndrome 124, 127, 129, 139
Streptomyces hygroscopicus 304
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis 136, 221
Subcutaneous injection 186, 188
Sweet's syndrome 136, 140, 141, 142, 211
Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis- osteomyelitis syndrome 44, 137
Systemic antibiotics 183
Systemic complications 212, 214
Systemic lupus erythematosus 101, 129, 138, 145, 199, 207, 221, 232
cutaneous manifestations of 196
disease activity index 197
Systemic mastocytosis 119, 120, 138, 144
Systemic sclerosis 103, 137, 138, 200
Systemic steroids 175
Systemic therapy 164t
for psoriasis 249t
in pemphigus 252t
in psoriasis 155, 244t
Systemic vasculitis 137, 209
T
T cell 33, 128
activation 34, 126
depletion 81
proliferation 81
receptor 29f, 33
to epidermis 34
trafficking, role in 34
Tasocitinib 287
Tenofovir 283
Teratogenicity 276
Tetanus 240
vaccine 237
Th1 cells 37
Th1 driven disease 36
Th17 cells 3537
Th22 cells 37
Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme 177
Thrombocytopenia 66, 310
Thromboembolic events 132
Thymidine phosphorylase 35
Thyroglobulin 126
Tildrakizumab 208
mechanism of action 93
observation 93
TNF blocker
biosimilar 23
testing 22
TNF blocking agents 10f
TNF inhibitors, case of 22
TNF-α blockers 68
Tocilizumab 184, 201
Tofacitinib 95, 287, 289, 290t, 292, 294, 295
adverse effects of 294, 294t
basic information 293
citrate 288
contraindication 294
mechanism of action 95, 288
observations 95
pharmacology 288
special situation 295
uses 289
warning and precautions 294
Toxic epidermal necrolysis 53, 55, 124, 129, 137, 221
Tralokinumab 91
Transaminitis 212
Transcription pathway, activator of 288f
Transepidermal water loss 36
Transplant recipients, chemoprevention in 308
Trastuzumab 3
Trophoblast cell 277
Tuberculin skin test 110, 220, 222224
administration 223
disadvantages of 225
reaction, classification of 224t
reading of 223
Tuberculosis 48, 57, 66, 106, 157, 159, 177, 191, 207, 213, 219, 224
infection
management of latent 219
screening for latent 222
Tuberculous infection
pathogenesis of 220
treatment of latent 228
Tuberous sclerosis 305
Tumor lysis syndrome 107
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 28, 29f, 39, 43, 52, 127, 183, 209, 224
inhibitors 233, 267, 271
Tumor necrosis factor-beta 43
U
Ulcerative colitis 22, 52, 58, 61, 221
Ultraviolet therapy 22
Urinary tract infections 209, 213
Urine
examination 157
pregnancy test 106
Urticaria 139, 208, 210, 221
Urticarial
chronic 138, 282
vasculitis 138, 221
Ustekinumab 9, 96, 184, 185, 193, 208, 260, 280, 283
mechanism of action 91
observations 92
Uveitis 61, 209
V
Vaccine 234
efficacy of 236
essential 236
for travelers 238
safety of 239
Varicella zoster 108
Vascular anomalies 307
Vascular endothelial growth factor 305
role of 35
Vasculitic syndromes 138, 139
Vasculitis 104, 207, 209
Verruca vulgaris 11
Vincristine 112
Viral infections 209
Vitiligo 293
W
Wegener's granulomatosis 101, 131, 137, 138, 146
Weight loss, history of 106
West Nile virus 108
World Health Organization 19
Wound 11
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Chapter Notes

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