World Clinics Dermatology: Atopic Dermatitis Rashmi Sarkar, Margarita Larralde
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World Clinics Dermatology: Atopic Dermatitis
World Clinics Dermatology: Atopic Dermatitis
Editor-in-Chief Rashmi Sarkar MD MNAMS Guest Editor Margarita Larralde MD PhD
June 2018 Volume 4 Number 1
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Cover images: (Left) Infantile atopic dermatitis. Dennie-Morgan fold below lower lids. Acute, oozing lesions on a background of erythema. Courtesy: Zubin K Mandlewala, Rashmi Sarkar. (Middle) Adult atopic dermatitis. Hyperpigmented, xerotic, lichenified anterior neck folds. Courtesy: Zubin K Mandlewala, Rashmi Sarkar. (Right) Testing antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion technique. Courtesy: Vanya Narayan, Rashmi Sarkar.
WORLD CLINICS DERMATOLOGY: Atopic Dermatitis
June 2018, Volume 4, Number 1
ISSN: 2347-7156
9789352703555
Printed in India
Contributors
Editor-in-Chief
Guest Editor
Contributing Authors
Editorial
Rashmi Sarkar MD MNAMS
Editor-in-Chief
Atopic dermatitis in infants and children has been studied in details in the Western literature but there is lesser literature on this disease from the developing world. However, it remains a disease which significantly decreases the quality of life of the affected children as well as their parents and can remain a cause of loss of school days and economic burden.
Treatment is aimed at decreasing the dryness of the skin as well as to reduce the pruritus in the patients. Clinical manifestations of the disease can vary in different countries as also among children and adults. Recognition of minor features of the disease as well as atypical features are also important. Over several decades, the mainstay of treatment remains moisturizers, topical steroids, and topical calcineurin inhibitors. However, only recently, there is an excitement at the introduction of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, crisabarole, a janus kinase inhibitor, tofacinib, and an FDA approved biological, dupilumab. Of course these still need to be evaluated over time.
However, one must also tactfully use age old treatment, combining it skillfully with newer advances to improve the life of the affected child. One also must give adequate information regarding general measures to be used in the child.
Rashmi Sarkar MD MNAMS
Professor, Department of Dermatology
Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital
New Delhi, India
Abbreviations AAP
American Academy of Pediatrics
ABCD
Airborne contact dermatitis
AD
Atopic dermatitis
AECs
Absolute eosinophil counts
AMPs
Antimicrobial peptides
APCs
Antigen presenting cells
APT
Atopy patch testing
AZA
Azathioprine
BSA
Body surface area
cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CI
Confidence interval
CLA+
Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen positive
CLRs
C-type lectin receptors
CoNS
Coagulase negative Staphylococcus
CRS
Raman microspectroscopy
CS
Contact sensitization
CSVA6
Coxsackievirus A6
DARC
Danish Allergy Research Centre
DBPCFC
Double-blind placebo controlled food challenge
DCs
Dendritic cells
DDCs
Dermal dendritic cells
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
EASI
Eczema Area Scoring Index
EC
Eczema coxsackium
ECP
Eosinophil cationic protein
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
FLG
Filaggrin
GM-CSF
Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
hBD
Human β-defensins
HDM
House dust mite
HFMD
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
HOME
Harmonizing Outcomes Measures for Eczema
HSV
Herpes simplex virus
IDECs
Inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells
IFN- γ
Interferon gamma
IGA
Investigators’ Global Assessment
IgE
Immunoglobulin E
Ig-FLCs
Ig-free light chains
IL
Interleukin
ILCs
Innate lymphoid cells
ISAAC
International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood
ISAC
Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip
JAK
Janus kinases
KiGGS
German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents
LDH
Lactate dehydrogenase
mDC
Myeloid DC
MMF
Mycophenolate mofetil
MPA
Mycophenolic acid
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus
MTX
Methotrexate
NB-UVB
Narrowband ultraviolet B
NFAT
Nuclear factor of activated T cells
NK
Natural killer
NMFs
Natural moisturizing factors
NOD
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein
OR
Odds ratio
PAMPs
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PBP
Penicillin-binding protein
PCRS
Pruritus Categorical Response Scale
pDC
Plasmacytoid DC
PDE
Phosphodiesterase
PNRS
Pruritus Numerical-Rating Scale
POEM
Patient-Oriented Eczema Measurement
PO-SCORAD
Patient oriented SCORAD
POSTN
Periostin
PRRs
Pattern recognition receptors
PVL
Panton-Valentine toxin
QOL
Quality of life
RANTES
Regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted
RAST
Radioallergosorbent Test
RCTs
Randomized control trials
SA-EASI
Self-assessed version of the EASI
SASSAD
Six Area, Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis
SCCmec
Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec
SCORAD
Scoring Atopic Dermatitis
SD
Seborrheic dermatitis
SE
Staphylococcal enterotoxins
sIL-2R
Soluble interleukin-2 receptor
SPT
Skin prick test
STAT
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
TARC
Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine
TB
Tuberculosis
TC
Topical corticosteroids
TCI
Topical calcineurin inhibitors
TCs
Topical corticosteroids
TEWL
Transepidermal water loss
Th2
T helper type 2
TIS
Three Item Severity Score
TLR
Toll-like receptor
TNF
Tumor necrosis factor
TPMT
Thiopurine methyltransferase
TSLP
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin
TSST-1
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1
VAS
Visual Analogue Scale
VISA
Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus
VRSA
Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
WWT
Wet-wrap therapy