Peyman’s Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology N Venkatesh Prajna
INDEX
Page numbers followed by, b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table
A
Abacavir 408
Abatacept 1449, 1456, 1457
ABCD grading system 522t
Abducens nerve 1656
palsy 1347
paresis 1344
Abduction deficits
causes of 1558b
nonpathologic causes of 1561
Aberrant regeneration 1562b
Aberrations 603
chromatic 603
Aberrometry 604
intraoperative 625, 669, 671673, 676
systems, intraoperative 674
Ablation calculation 602
Ablepharon 1806
Macrostomia syndrome 1806
Abscess
lacrimal 1802f
subperiosteal 1734
Acalculia 1616
Acanthamoeba 106, 138, 140, 156, 204f, 213, 471t, 488, 489, 491, 612, 1740
castellanii 138, 488
culbertsoni 138
feeds 491
forms of 488
keratitis 161, 213, 370f, 482f, 488, 490f, 596
nonhealing 490f
polyphaga 138, 488
Acanthopodia 140, 488, 489
Accommodative esotropia 1330, 1342
assessment 1332
classification 1331
diagnosis 1331
differential diagnosis 1332
epidemiology 1330
risk factors 1330
treatment 1333
Acetazolamide 408, 825, 1125
Acetic acid 445
Acetylcholine 1566
Achiasmia 1284
Achromatic aberrations 603
Achromatopsia 49, 943, 1247, 1297
Acid and alkali injury, mechanism of 445fc
Acid-fast stain 127f
Acid-resistant penicillins 97
Acinetobacter 382
baumannii 126
calcoaceticus 1387
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 1370, 1737
Acquired lacrimal duct obstruction, secondary 1802, 1803, 1803f
Acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction
primary 1798
right-sided primary 1798f
Acremonium 94, 149
Acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth 1793
Acroreno-ocular syndrome 1185
Actinomyces 96, 98, 1797
infection 391
israelii 391, 391f
Activated rhodopsin, deactivation of 83, 84f
Acute central retinal artery occlusion, fluorescein angiograph of 821f
Acyclovir 102, 104, 500
Adalimumab 1446, 1448
efficacy of 1397
Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 936
Adduction deficits, causes of 1562b
Adeno-associated virus 962
Adenocarcinoma 210f, 985
primary 1729
proliferation of atypical 222f
Adenoid cystic carcinoma 1727, 1727f, 1728f
Adenoma, benign pleomorphic 1725, 1726f, 1730
Adenosine triphosphate 69
Adenoviral infection 392
Adenoviral keratitis, stages of 393b
Adenovirus 133, 386f, 392, 1191
pharyngoconjunctival fever 394f
types of 394
Adequate diathermy, perform 1161
Adie's tonic pupil 1646, 1652
Adipophilin 232
focal expression of 233f
Adneoid cystic carcinoma 223
Adnexa 1356, 1663
congenital disorders of 1806
glands of 8
Adrenal gland failure 1126
Adrenal medulla 1553
Adrenaline 1110
Adrenergic mechanism 33, 35
Advanced glaucoma intervention study 1097, 1100, 1119
Advanced phacoemulsification technologies 625
Aedes aegypti 1548
mosquito 137
Aedes albopictus 1375
Aflibercept 807, 858, 1424
African eye worm 142
Age-related Eye Disease Study 844
Age-related macular degeneration 216, 218f, 218t, 309, 310, 662, 665, 728, 738, 789, 795f, 844, 845, 846t, 847, 848, 849f, 853, 854t, 871, 904, 945
classification of 844
early 846f
intermediate 848f
neovascular 849, 849f, 850f, 871t
Agraphia 1616
Ahmed implant 1232
Alanine transaminase 1442, 1447
Albers-Schönberg syndrome 1807
Albinism 189, 943, 1286, 1297
Alcaligenes xylosoxidans 1387
Alcian blue stain 202, 203f
Alcon ora system, second generation 670f
Aldehyde dehydrogenase, role of 517
Alemtuzumab 1542
Alexander's law 1573
Alizarin red stain 202
Alkali
fluid 1843f
injury 1166
All trans retinol dehydrogenase 41
Allele 176
Allergens 113
Allergic conjunctivitis
perennial 113
seasonal 400
Allergic reactions 168
Allodynia, temporal 1558
Allopurinol 408
Alopecia 1354f, 1393, 1456
Alpha-adrenergic agonists 1123, 1125
Alphavirus 1375
Alport's syndrome 958, 958f, 1185
Alström syndrome 960, 1247
Alveolar soft part sarcoma 227, 228f
Alzheimer's disease 844, 1588, 1813
Amaurosis fugax 820, 826, 1536, 1629
Amblyopes fail 1216
Amblyopia 1207, 1212, 1213fc, 1337, 1707
classification 1212, 1212t
clinical assessment 1212
component of 706
management of 1213, 1224
recurrence of 1216
therapy 1226, 1238
treatment 1344
index 1216
modalities 1215, 1216f, 1216t
Amblyopic eye 1212, 1216, 1217
Ambrósio's relational thickness 354
Amelanotic choroidal melanoma, multimodal imaging of 753f
American Academy of Ophthalmology 308, 326, 558, 1119, 1207
American Joint Committee on Cancer 1274t
American National Standards Institute 1827
American Society of Ocularists 1785
American Uveitis Society criteria 1372b
Ametropia, correction of 1226
Amikacin 93, 97, 158
Amino acids 75
Aminoglycosides 92, 96, 158
Aminopenicillins 97
Amiodarone 1504, 1551
Amitriptyline 503
Ammonia 445
Amniotic bands 1806
Amniotic membrane
grafting 422, 423f, 424, 438, 443, 450, 452, 568
transplantation 409, 424, 1194
Amoebicidal drugs, topical 491
Amorphous corneal dystrophy, posterior 549
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1734
Amphetamines 824
Amphotericin B 98, 99, 100, 1739
Ampicillin 158
Amsler dubois chart 271
Amsler grid test 45, 45f
Amsler-Krumeich classification 522t
Amyloid deposition 214
corneal scar associated 215f
Anakinra 1457
Ancillary testing 1062, 1064, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1696
Ancylostoma caninum 1385
Anesthesia 628, 672, 1027, 1040
choice of 420
general 438, 1221
local 438, 486
local injectable 89, 90t
types of local 1040
under topical 1060
Aneuploidy 176
Aneurysmal lesions 871
regression of 880
Aneurysms 1516, 1560
intracranial 1632
Angelman syndrome 517
Angiography 724
dye-based 723
technique 731
Angiomas 407
Angiomatosis, encephalotrigeminal 1231
Angiosarcoma 407
cutaneous 1695
Angiostatin 858
Angiostrongyliasis 139
Angiotensin converting enzyme 1394, 1747
Angle closure
attack, signs of previous 1110b
disease, primary 1115
glaucoma 1128, 1148f, 1245
management of primary 1117fc
medical treatment of 1128
primary 1106, 1107
risk factors for 1109b
secondary 1153, 1171
types of 1106
prevalence of 1106t
primary 1106, 1107, 1112
sign of acute primary 1113f
Aniridia 19, 186, 517, 578, 1185, 1192f, 1195, 1297
traumatic 577f
Aniridic eye 1230f
Aniseikonia 1005
Anisocoria 1141, 1644, 1645, 1649f
acquired 1645t
benign 1645
congenital 1645
neurologic causes of 1646
ocular causes of 1645
pharmacologic 1645
physiologic 1645, 1646
reversal of 1650
simple 1645
Anisometropia 1308
hyperopic 1331
Ankyloblepharon 1808f
Ankylosing spondylitis 1355, 1359f, 1366, 1393, 1394, 1454, 1458, 1458f
Annulus of Zinn 5, 5f
Anomaloscope 49
Anophthalmia 1815
acquired 1784
Anophthalmic socket 1784, 1787
Anophthalmos 1810
bilateral 1808f
Anterior chamber 1043, 1140, 1839
anatomy 708
angle 10f, 11
cells and flare 1362t
depth 705, 1111
inflammation 627
intraocular lens 711f, 1115
paracentesis 825, 1031
reaction, mild 1144
Anterior ciliary
body 1146
sclerotomy 620
Anterior segment
abnormalities 1295
dysgenesis syndrome 19
examination 1234
formation 18
infections 160
Anti-inflammatory drugs, nonsteroidal 73, 111, 112t, 358, 395, 408, 464, 652, 683, 1455
Anti-Alexander's law 1573
Antiallergic drugs 113
Antiallergy eye drops 113t
Antianginal drugs 539
Anti-B glycoprotein 818
Antibacterial agents 158
list of 158t
Antibiotic 93, 1160
beta-lactam 408
drugs 93t
injection, intraocular 1386
intracameral 1822
susceptibility testing 157
Anticardiolipin 817, 818
antibodies syndrome 818
Anticholinergic agents 1209
Anticonvulsants 503
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 506, 1456
Antifibrosis
therapy, intraoperative 1166
treatment, intraoperative 1160
Antifibrotic 1160
therapy, intraoperative 1166f
Antifungal
agents 98, 100
classes of 98
medications 485t
intracameral 485
treatment 100
Antigen-antibody reaction 479f
Antiglaucoma medications 612
Antihypertensive agents, local 825
Anti-inflammatory
agents 464
drugs 714
therapy 464
Antilymphangiogenic agents 465
Antimetabolites 485, 1441
Antimicrobial peptides 169
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody 506, 507, 1397, 1429, 1460
Antinuclear antibodies 506, 508, 1394, 1396
Antioxidants 40, 77
production of 73
Antiphosphatidyl serine 818
Antiphospholipid antibody 812, 817
syndrome 818
Antiprotozoals 106
Antipsychotic drugs 905
Antiretinal antibodies, effects of 961
Anti-scarring agents 1230, 1232
Antithrombin deficiency 816, 817
Antitubercular treatment 1381, 1742
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor 323, 664, 779, 833f, 873, 1424
absorption of 1264
agents 1245
immunoglobulins 1262, 1263
injection 1263
intravenous 1046
treatment 1262, 1264
Antiviral agents 102t
Antiviral drug
intravenous 106
intravitreal dosages of 106t
topical 499
Anwar's big-bubble technique 572
Aortic arch syndrome 828
Apert syndrome 1195, 1810, 1813, 1814
Aphakia 1151, 1166
traumatic 578f
Aphakic autorefraction 699
Aphakic correction 1223
Aphakic eyes 1027, 1148
Aphakic spectacles 1223, 1223f
Apiospermum conidia 149f
Aplasia, chiasmal 1284
Apoptotic cells 417
Apraclonidine 1133, 1125, 1236
Aquatic protistan parasite 1743
Aqueous deficiency 506
dry eye syndrome 507
Aqueous formation, factors regulating 33
Aqueous humor
age-related changes of 35
biochemical composition of 72, 73t
drainage of 1157
dynamics of 33
flow 33, 33f
formation 33, 35, 71
functions of 32, 32b
physiology of 32
production, suppression of 1124
properties of 32
secretion 71
turnover rate 36
Aqueous layer
functions of 22
middle 169
Aqueous misdirection syndrome 1147, 1148
diagnosis 1148
differential diagnosis 1148
epidemiology 1148
management 1148
medical therapy 1148
ocular manifestations 1148
pathophysiology 1148
Aqueous outflow, factors regulating 34
Aqueous shunt implants 826
Arboviruses 136
Arcuate deficit
inferior 1077f, 1078f
superior 1075f, 1076f
Arcuate keratotomy 601f
Arcuate visual field
defect, superior 1074f, 1077f
loss in left eye, superior 1079f
Arcus marginalis release 1674
Arcus senilis 532, 532, 533
Argentinian flag sign 696, 697f
Argon laser
peripheral iridoplasty 1115
photocoagulation 429
settings 1137
trabeculoplasty 1100, 1132m 1134, 1143
mechanism of 1133
treatment 1134
Argyll Robertson pupil 1651
Arnold-Chiari malformation 1332
Arrhythmias, cardiac 1537
Arsenic 408, 1551
Arterial artery occlusion, central 815f
Arterial occlusions
histopathology of 813
management of 824
Arterial occlusive disease 1629
Arterial retinal phase 728
Arterial wall hyperfluorescence, fluorescein angiogram of 820f
Arteriovenous malformation 1709
management 1709
signs 1709
symptoms 1709
Artery 264
and veins in arteriovenous malformation 1246f
anterior communicating 1539f
biopsy, temporal 818, 1546
choroidal 827
masking 727
Arthralgias 506
Arthritis 1393, 1458, 1544
pauciarticular chronic 1429
reactive 1454
rheumatoid 1357f
Artifactual visual field results 1070f, 1071f
Artificial tears 114
preservative-free 537
A-scans 766
Ascorbic acid 75
Aseptic orbital cellulitis 1273
Asian eyelid 1671
Aspartate transaminase 1442, 1447
Aspergillus 101, 476
endophthalmitis 1389
diagnosis 1389
ocular manifestations 1389
treatment 1389
flavus 148, 148f, 484
fumigatus 100, 148, 483
keratitis 486
nidulans 148
niger 148, 483, 484
terreus 148
Aspheric lenses 638
Assessing binocular potential 1310
Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation 1827
Asthenopia 1347
Asthma 401, 1120, 1750
adult onset 1749
Astigmatic lens 293
shape 288
Astigmatic refractive errors 296
Astigmatism 419, 585, 646, 1204, 1205, 1207, 1558
hyperopic 297
patterns of 296, 519f
typical 646f
Astrocytes, proliferation of 227f
Asymmetry 1680
Atherosclerosis 532
Atopy 1195
Atovaquone 107, 1384
Atropa belladonna 116
Atrophic complications 881
Atrophic retina 911
Atrophy 897f, 910f
cerebellar type, multiple system 1580
choroidal 851, 1012f
diffuse 889f, 893f
geographic 848, 852f
Atropine 116, 1110, 1209, 1216
refraction 1333
sulfate 117, 1216
Audio book player, use of 334f
Auricular edema, severe 1461f
Autofluorescence 911, 1418
intensities 788
Autograft, conjunctival 421, 422, 424, 426f, 427f, 428
Autoimmune disease 1446, 1448, 1456
Autoimmune disorder 173
Automated microkeratome, components of 607
Automated perimetry, short-wavelength 1072
Autonomic nervous system 1643
Autorefraction 1206, 1206f
Autorefractors, advantage of 1206
Autosomal dominant
disease 914, 933
disorder 175
drusen 920, 921, 921f, 922f
complications of 921
genetics of 920
histopathology of 920
pathognomonic of 921f
treatment of 921
dystrophy 1187
keratitis 1192
optic
atrophy 192, 1502f
neuropathy 1501
snowflake vitreoretinal degeneration 955f
Autosome 176
Avastin 858, 1263
Avellino dystrophy 214, 1187
Axenfeld loops 10
Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly 1230, 1231f
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome 186f, 208, 578, 710, 1061f, 1230
Axial joint deformities, multiple 1458f
Azathioprine 443, 1397, 1441, 1442, 1444, 1457, 1541, 1544
side effects of 1442
Azelaic acid 511
Azelastine 113
Azithromycin 92, 93, 96, 107, 428, 1384
Azoles 98, 101
B
B cell lymphoma, large 1715
Bacilli
gram-negative 96, 125
gram-positive 124, 468
Bacillus anthracis 124
Bacillus cereus 124
endophthalmitis 1387
keratitis 472f
Bacillus infection 470
Bacillus polymyxa 98
Bacillus subtilis 98
Bacitracin 92, 93, 98
Bacteremia, catheter related 1388
Bacteria 471t
anaerobic 94
filamentous 127f
gram-negative 170, 472
gram-positive 170
Bacterial conjunctivitis
acute mucopurulent 384, 384f
hyperacute purulent 385
Bacterial corneal ulcer, pathogenesis of 469fc
Bacterial disease 560
Bacterial infections 1184, 1732
classification 1732
management 1732
Bacterial keratitis
active 470f
early 470f
high risk of 469
pathogenesis of 468
Bacterial syphilis 1377
diagnosis 1378
ocular manifestations 1377
treatment 1378
Bacterial virulence 470
Bacteroides fragilis 94
Bagolini glasses 1309
Bagolini striated glasses 1309
testing with 1309f
Bagolini test 1308
Balanced saline solution 1828, 1829
Balanced salt solution 652, 672, 693
plus 90
Bálint's syndrome 1580
Baltimore eye study 1106
Bancroftian filariasis 139
Band keratopathy 534, 534f
bilateral 1459f
Band optic atrophy 1286f
Bandage contact lens 438, 476, 598
Bangerter occlusion 1215, 1216f
Barbados eye study 1094
Bardet-Biedl syndrome 191, 934, 937f, 947, 948f
Bard-Parker knife 471
Barkan's membrane 1229
Barraquer polishing technique 422
Bartonella henselae 818, 1381, 1547
Basal cell 66
carcinoma 234, 235f, 1692, 1692f, 1693f
advanced 1700f
solid nodule of 234f
nevus syndrome 1692
Basal epithelium 518f
Basal ganglia, left 1508f
Basal lamina 592
Basement membrane 66, 218
dystrophy, abnormal 1186, 1186f
proteins 443f
Basilar arteries, hypoperfusion of 1630
Basophilic calcium deposits 242f
Basophils 163
Bausch and Lomb keratometer 339f
Baylisascaris procyonis 1385
B-cell 163
development 167
production of 166
Beaten-bronze appearance 910f
Beaver dam eye study 1094
Beehler pupil dilator 653
Behçet's disease 818, 1144, 1355, 1359f, 1361, 1364, 1397, 1409, 1431, 1432, 1446, 1448, 1449, 1454
Behçet's syndrome 1361
Behr syndrome 1502
Beijing Eye Study 1094
Belin/ambrósio-enhanced ectasia display 350
Bell's palsy 1691
Belt loops 1030
Bennett's recommendation 590t
Benoxinate 90
Benzalkonium chloride 1122
Benzodiazepine 1643
Bergmeister's papilla 20, 1245
Berry aneurysms 1632
Besifloxacin 91, 93, 94
Best corrected visual acuity 522, 678, 888, 905, 943, 957, 1295
Best disease 190, 914f, 915, 915f, 916, 916f, 917f, 918, 918f, 963
clinical features of 914
pathophysiology of 914
prognosis of 915
stage of 918
treatment of 918
Best fit sphere 347, 351
concept of 345f
Best fit toric ellipsoid 351
Best vitelliform macular dystrophy 914
Beta-adrenergic receptors 33
Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists 1124
Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins 97
Bevacizumab 417, 807, 858, 1263f, 1264, 1424
doses of 1263
Biconcave lens 283f
Bidirectional applanation tonometry 371
Bi-directional jerks 1297
Bietti's corneal degeneration 539
Bietti's crystalline dystrophy 953, 953f
Bifocal lenses 1209
Big-bubble technique 10
Bimanual aspiration technique 1222f
Bimanual pupil stretching 653, 653f
Binding protein
interphotoreceptor 41, 923
retinoid 41, 81
retinol 81
Binocular
diplopia 1005, 1557, 1558, 1567, 1568
fusion, maturation of 1331
single vision 1309, 1309f, 1310
vision, normal 1304f
Biointegration 581
Biomechanics, general concepts of 369
Biometry techniques 703
Biometry, accurate preoperative 706
Biomicroscopy, ultrasound 1111, 1112, 1143, 1149, 1428, 1436
Biomineralization defects 960
Biopsy 1697
conjunctival 443, 443f
incisional 234
Bioptic 615
placement 318
telescope 319f
Bipolaris 145, 150
Bird's eye view 272
Birdshot chorioretinopathy 1434
tuberculosis 1431
Birdshot retinochoroiditis 1394, 1399
Birmingham eye trauma terminology 1832, 1832f, 1832t
Birth trauma 1185f
Bisphosphonates 1425
Bisretinoids 907
Bisulfite-free preparations 652
Bitot spot 1855, 1855f
Blastomyces 477
dermatitidis 100, 153, 396
Bleb fibrosis 1167f
Blebitis 1169
Blepharitis 123, 155, 209, 420, 463, 493, 506, 209, 1386
Blepharoconjunctivitis 386, 386f, 443, 510
Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis 1192, 1194
Blepharonasofacial syndrome 1807
Blepharophimosis 1813
syndrome 1809, 1813
Blepharoplasty 1675
transconjunctival lower 1672
transcutaneous lower 1672, 1674
upper 1669, 1671f
with fat redraping, lower 1673f
Blepharoptosis 1707
congenital 1809
postoperative 1680
Blepharospasm 1690
benign essential 1690
functional 1587
treatment of 1690
Blind and painful eye, nonsurgical management of 1790
Blind spot 310
enlarged 1615f
mechanism 1305
minimally enlarged 1490f
Blinding scarring diseases 412
Blindness 308f, 1098, 1849
and visual impairment, global magnitude of 1849
causes of 1849
legal 308f, 309
permanent 1733
prevalence of 1850f
prevention of 1863
sea of 1066f
statutory 308f
Blink cycle 25f
Blood
aqueous barrier 72
cell speed 767
count, complete 1394, 1442, 1447, 1542, 1545
dyscrasias 1126
eosinophilia 1750
etinal barrier 813
flow, choroidal 748
glucose control 803
oxygen level-dependent 1532
pressure 1442
control 1555
diastolic 1490
low 1057
systolic 1490
retinal barrier
dysfunction of 801
outer 813
transfusion 1377
vessels 20
Blown pupil 1645
Blue cell tumor 224f
Blue excitation light 788
Blue mountain eye study 1094, 1106
Blue protective intraocular lens 665
Blue sclera 1185, 1195
Blunt trauma 716
Blurred optic disk margins 1480f
Blurred vision 1004
Bobble-headed doll 1288
Body mass index 798, 856
Bone marrow 1442
Bone spicules 934
Bony orbit 468, 1629
Borderline severe disease 827
Borrelia 129, 131
burgdorferi 131, 1378, 1740
Borreliosis 1378
Boston keratoprosthesis 581, 581f, 582
Boston K-pro assembly 440f
Botryodiplodia theobromae 152
Bottom-up refraction 1590
Botulinum toxin 1327
injection 1687
Bowen's disease 233
Bowman's layer 9, 66, 533, 539, 545, 546f, 1187
corneal dystrophy of 1187
transplantation 526
Bowman's membrane 370, 489, 610, 1186
Brachydactyly 1195
Brachytherapy 1280
Bradyrhizobium 382
Brain
abscess 1733
heart infusion 481
magnetic resonance imaging 949f
Brainstem 1540, 1558
disease 1573
ocular motor machinery 1578f
reflexes 1327
Branch artery occlusion 822
Branch retinal
artery occlusion 780, 819, 820
vein occlusion 777, 780, 834, 836f, 837f
Branhamella catarrhalis 94
Brazilian technique 698
Breast cancer medication 905
Breastfeeding 1121
Brilliant blue 1002
Brillouin optical microscopy 375
Brimonidine 1125, 1127, 1133
Bringing print closer 315
Brinzolamide 1126
Brolucizumab 858
Bromfenac 112
Bronchodilators 1062
Bronchospasm 724
Brow back 1662
Brow melanoma 1699f
Brow ptosis 1668
repair 1669
Brown tendon sheath syndrome 1816
Brown's syndrome 1564
Brucellosis 509, 1379
diagnosis 1379
ocular manifestations 1379
treatment 1379
Bruch's complex 916
Bruch's membrane 13, 201, 219, 248, 249f, 250, 740, 849, 878, 882f, 893, 920, 953f, 1083, 1083f
complex 876, 879
opening 1084f
termination of 1084f
Brudzinski's sign 1478
Brugian filariasis 139
Brunescent cataract 678, 695
B-scan 766
ultrasonography 691f, 894t
Buckle exoplant and sutures, placement of 1029
Bulbar conjunctiva
perilimbal 415
superior 403, 403f
temporal 462, 1813f
Bulbous cellular extension 1275f
Bull's eye 911, 1625
maculopathy 906
Bullous detachment 870f, 1030
Bullous exudative retinal detachment 869
Bullous retinal detachment 870f
Bullous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, superior 1022f
Bunyaviridae 136
Buphthalmia 1267
Buphthalmic eyes 1238
Buphthalmos 1226
Bupivacaine 90
Burkhardt test 1589
Burkholderia cepacia 170
Burkitt's lymphoma 1373
Burn 506
Busacca nodules, multiple 1357f
Butterfly rashes 1354f, 1456
C
Cadaveric eyes 1133
Cadaveric histology 770
Caffeine 824
Cajal, interstitial nucleus of 1578
Calcific emboli 816
Calcineurin 1445
antagonist 1457
inhibitors 1442, 1445
topical 1195
Calcium
channel blockers 408
hydroxide 445
intracellular 84
oxalate 216
salts 216
Calcofluor white stain 202, 204f
Calculating ocular trauma score 1838t
Callender classification 248
Camera lens, plane of 342f
Campylobacter jejuni 94
Canal of Schlemm 1157
Canalicular agenesis 1796
Canalicular laceration repair 1846f
Canaliculitis 123, 155, 391, 1797, 1798f
Candida 143
albicans 100, 144, 146f, 483
endophthalmitis 1389
endogenous 1389f
infection 385
keratitis 481f
mycology of 145
Candle wax drippings 1406
Cannula placement 1041
Canthal webbing 1681
Canthoplasty, lateral 1674
Capsular
bag
late spontaneous dislocation of 715
postoperative dislocation of 714f
fibrosis, moderate 715f
opacification, posterior 715
phimosis, postoperative anterior 715, 715f
rupture, posterior 687, 692, 694, 698, 717
support devices 711
tension
devices 712, 713f
ring, modified 713f
segment 713f
Capsule
layer 13
retractor 713f
rupture 679
tear 704
larger 682
Capsulectomy, posterior 1044
Capsulopalpebral fascia 8
Capsulorhexis 216, 629, 632, 687, 1044, 1222
central 715
creation 710
ectropion of 715f
formation 707
posterior 1224
removal of 632
tear 692, 696
Capsulotomy 679, 1221
anterior 655
precision 626
Captopril 408
Carbachol 118
Carbamazepine 408
Carbapenem 158
Carbogen, inhalation of 825
Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 182
Carbon monoxide 1551
Carbonic anhydrase 72
inhibitors 961, 1115, 1123, 1125
role of 72
Carboplatin 1278, 1552
Carboxypenicillins 97, 98
Carcinoma
conjunctival mucoepidermoid 237f
ex-pleomorphic adenoma 1726, 1729
Cardiovascular disease 856
Cardiovascular system 111
Carolina macular dystrophy 1250f
Carotid
aneurysm 1650
artery
disease 1537
dissection 1632
external 1664
internal 5, 827, 1615, 1629, 1642
obstructive disease 1144
stenosis 827
cavernous fistula 1636, 1637f, 1643, 1650, 1659
duplex sonography 827
endarterectomy 820
occlusion 1733
plaques 812
stenosis 828
Carpal destruction, extensive 1455f
Carpenter syndrome 1815f
Cartilaginous tumor 247f
Caruncle tumor, pigmented 212f
Cat scratch disease 1381, 1429, 1432, 1548f
Catabolic lysosomal enzymes 191
Cataract 184, 623, 698, 716, 795, 961, 1220, 1267, 1281, 1577, 1643, 1815, 1851, 1856, 1861
congenital 517, 1195, 1223, 1271
dense 692, 1558
brunescent 691, 691f, 692
development 1040
etiologies of 1220b
extraction 662
intracapsular 718
focal 1837f
formation 78, 958
hypermature 655, 696f, 1152f
lower risk of 1439
management of 452
microcornea syndrome 1185
penetrating traumatic 716f
removal 625
role of 1858
senile 1358f
services 1851f
subcapsular 955
surgery 310, 625, 628f, 636, 639, 646, 649, 652, 661, 664, 665, 669, 671, 678, 686, 702, 702f, 706f, 707, 708, 710, 717, 856, 1136, 1821, 1856, 1857t
bilateral 1223f
combined 1014
complication of 678
congenital 1232
following femtosecond laser 631
higher risk of 716
impacting macular disease 665
intracapsular 1165
manual small incision 691
routine 671
timing of 665, 717
uncomplicated 678
surgical rate 1851
traumatic 710, 716718, 718f, 1358f, 1840f
typically progresses 665
white 691
Catarrhal ulcers 511
Caudal nucleus, central 1563, 1578
Cavernous hemangioma 1638, 1706, 1706f, 1707f
management 1706
signs 1706
symptoms 1706
Cavernous sinus 1528f, 1629, 1636
lymphatic malformation 1639f
meningioma 1528f
symptoms 1558
syndrome, inflammatory 1650
thrombosis 1635, 1635f, 1709, 1733, 1735
Cefazolin 95, 158
Cefepime 95
Cefoperazone 95
Cefotaxime 95, 158
Cefoxitin 95
Cefpirome 95
Ceftazidime 95, 158
Ceftizoxime 95
Ceftriaxone 95
Cefuroxime 95, 158, 682
Celiac disease 168
Cell
death protein 239
degeneration, progressive 801
loss, localized 805
proliferation of 225f
replacement therapy 859
superficial 66
Cellophane maculopathy 1046, 1047
Cellular
collection, mild 611
defense systems 163
growth factors 42
infiltrates, inflammatory 497
inflammation, lack of 1423
phenomenon 938
retinaldehyde-binding protein 41, 938
retinol binding protein 81
Cellulose esters 115
Center keratoconus index 354
Central corneal
curvature 618, 1183
degenerations 538
regularization 524f
thickness 627, 1095, 1096, 1234
Central cortical fibers 216
Central diseases 1588
Central field defects 323
Central geographic atrophy 852
Central guttata 550
Central nervous system 130, 189, 1268, 1274, 1342, 1407, 1442, 1447, 1517f, 1536, 1629
disease 1457
primary 1415f
structural 943
syphilis 1651
Central retinal artery 5, 812, 827, 829, 1658
occlusion 780, 820, 822, 822f, 823f, 1546, 1733
Central retinal detachment 1036
Central retinal vein 780, 822
occlusion 780, 823f, 828, 828f, 829, 831f, 1144
ischemic 830f
Central scotoma 329, 1489f, 1607f, 1609f, 1611f
Central serous chorioretinopathy, acute 748f, 864, 865f, 866f
Central suppression scotoma, small 1309f
Central toxic keratopathy 612
Central vein occlusion 732f
acute stage of 733f, 734f
Central vestibular
imbalance 1573
nystagmus 1574
Centrocecal visual field deficit 1069
Cephalophora irregularis 170
Cephalosporin 94, 158, 1737
classification of 95t
Cephalosporium 94
Cerebellar artery, posterior inferior 1643
Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia 950
Cerebellopontine 1577
Cerebellum 1540
Cerebral
aneurysm 1538, 1539, 1539f, 1642
artery
middle 1583
posterior 1583, 1615
visual impairment 309
Cerebrospinal fluid 142, 1393, 1537, 1560, 1764, 1777, 1778
Cerebrovascular disease 1246
Cerebrovascular ischemia 1494f
Cerebrum 1540
Ceruloplasmin 64
Cestodes 142, 1742
Cetuximab 1700
Chagas disease 139
Chalazia 510
Chalky-white calcification 1269f
Chaperone function, loss of 38
Charles Bonnet syndrome 336
Charleux oil droplet reflex 518
Chemical
burns 457
injuries 446f, 448f, 449t
acute 260f
causes of 445t
Chemokines 165, 405
Chemosis 382, 446
conjunctival 1681
Chemotherapy 1699
intra-arterial 987, 1278
intracameral 1278
intravenous 1278, 1280
Chemothermotherapy 1278
Chiari malformation 1568
Chiasmal anatomy, normal 1289f
Chiasmal disease 1283, 1284
Chiasmal neuritis, radiation-induced 1554f
Chickenpox 501
Chikungunya 1355, 1375, 1375f
diagnosis 1375
epidemics 1375
infection 1375
ocular manifestations 1375
treatment 1376
virus 134, 137
infection 1375f
Child with reduced vision, management of 1213fc
Childhood glaucoma 12261228, 1228b
angle surgery 1236
classification 1227
investigations 1235
surgical therapy 1236
treatment 1235
Chills 1558
Chlamydia 94, 96, 128, 213, 488, 509
trachomatis 94, 129, 210, 382, 388, 390, 394, 1740, 1852
Chlamydial infection 394, 396
Chlamydospores 147
Chlorambucil 1442, 1446
side effects 1446
Chloramphenicol 92, 93, 98, 1504, 1551
Chloroquine 408, 1461, 1544, 1551
maculopathy 789
Chlorpromazine 905
Choanae, stenosis of 1645
Cholesterol
crystalline deposits of 549f
emboli 816
Cholinergic
agents 1141
agonists 1123, 1124
mechanisms 34
nerve 34
Chondritis, development of 1460
Chondrodystrophia punctata 1808
Chondroitin sulfate 39, 1033
proteoglycans 79
Choriocapillaris 13, 736f
atrophy 792
chronic granulomatous inflammation of 219f
inflammation of 736
Choriocapillaritis 1434
primary 1434
secondary 1434
Chorioretinal adhesion 1025
Chorioretinal atrophy 888, 889, 890f, 891f, 953f, 954, 958, 1854f
atrophic scar of 1270
causes of 758
characteristics of 890
classification of 889
diffuse 890, 1012f
progression of 891
progressive 943
sequelae of 891
severe 951f
Chorioretinal degeneration 950
Chorioretinal scar 737, 1403f
Chorioretinitis 493, 1377, 1428, 1547
acute posterior placoid 1377
sclopetaria 1842
Chorioretinopathy
central serous 746, 748, 749, 864, 869, 870f, 872, 883, 1423
chronic central serous 749, 749f, 865t, 867, 868f, 869f, 871t
Choriovaginal vein 729
Choroid 12, 218, 729, 812, 871, 879, 894, 1408, 1658
layers of 12f
massive invasion of 244f
Choroidal detachments 1148, 1150, 1178
Choroidal dystrophies 950
Choroidal excavation, unilateral 882
Choroidal fluorescence 728
Choroidal fold 1158f, 1168
Choroidal hemangioma
indocyanine green angiography of 750f
large 1235f
Choroidal hyperpermeability 878
effects of 878
Choroidal melanoma 206f, 248, 249f, 250f, 751, 752, 979, 980, 980f
metastasis 980
optical coherence tomography of 980f
treatment 981
ultrasonography of 980f
Choroidal metastases 753
multimodal imaging of 754f
Choroidal metastatic tumor 982, 984f
optical coherence tomography of 984f
ultrasonography of 984f
Choroidal neovascular
lesions 850t
membrane 739f, 849f, 850f
classic 850f
Choroidal neovascularization 724726, 728, 738, 739, 739f, 742, 749f, 755f, 756, 780, 781, 850, 891, 1249, 1402, 1431, 1435, 1473
age-related 858
development of 1430f
inflammatory 737, 739f
Choroidal nevus 978, 979f
Choroidal osteoma
indocyanine green angiography of 755f
ultrasonography of 985f
Choroidal perfusion 820
Choroidal signal enhancement 853
Choroidal stroma 19
Choroidal sub-segmentation 877
Choroidal thickness 772, 874, 888
Choroidal vasculature 727, 770
Choroidal vessels 752
medium 950
Choroideremia 191, 945, 950, 963
Choroiditis 1375, 1380, 1400, 1430, 1431
active 1432f
ampiginous 1434
lesions 1430, 1435
yellowish 1433f
punctate inner 1405
types of 1434t
Choroidopathy 1431
central serous 772, 782
punctate inner 882, 1401
Christmas tree cataract 184
Chromic acid 445
Chrysops 142
Ciancia syndrome 1325
Cicatricial disease 1166
Cidofovir 103, 106, 1371, 1424
Ciliary arteries
long posterior 5
posterior 5, 812
short posterior 16, 827
Ciliary body 12, 71, 73, 218, 245f, 1229
basement membrane 217f
mass 246f
plane 976
region 1428
Ciliary epithelial basement membranes 201
Ciliary ganglion 4
Ciliary injection 1144
Ciliary muscle 12, 1216
contraction 37
Ciliary nerves
branches of 10
long 3
short 1642
Ciliary retinal artery occlusion 820
Ciliary sulcus 707
Cilioretinal artery 728, 812, 823f
occlusion 818, 820, 823f
Cimetidine 408
Ciprofloxacin 91, 93, 94, 158, 1425, 1551
Circinate balanitis 1393
Circle of Willis 1291, 1629
Circulatory system 1355
Cisplatin 1504
Cladophialophora bantiana 149
Cladosporium 145, 151
cladosporioides 151, 170
Clarithromycin 1384, 1424
Climatic droplet keratopathy 539, 539f
Clindamycin 107, 1384, 1737
Clival meningiomas 1560
Clofazimine 539
Clonazepam 1300
Cloquet's canal 994f
Closed angle glaucoma 1145, 1152, 1185
Closed macular holes 1003f
Clostridia 94
Clostridium
botulinum 124
difficile 95
welchii 124
Cloudy corneas 1185
Clozapine 1643
Coagulation system 165
Coats disease 1244, 1271
classification of 1245b
Coats plus syndrome 1244
Cobalamin C deficiency 1247
Cobalt blue filter 495f
Cocaine 90, 357, 1643
Coccidioides 101, 477
immitis 100, 153
Coccidioimmitis 396
Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer 357, 357f
Cockayne syndrome 1808
Cogan's eyelid twitch 1545
Cogan's microcytic dystrophy 1186
Cogan's syndrome 509, 510f
Coherence interferometry, low 763
Cold abscess 1741
Collaborative Corneal Transplantation Studies 570
Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study 1097, 1100
Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study 1097, 1100
Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study 250
Collagen 66
fibers 66
composed of 11
fibrils 369
lamellae 552
secretion of 67fc
vascular disease 458, 1355, 1429, 1632
Collector channels 11
Collier's sign 1579
Coloboma
choroidal 1185
posterior 1271
Color coding system, opponent 48
Color deficiency 49
classification of 49
Color fundus camera 794
Color theory, opponent 48
Color vision 47, 1284, 1468
neurophysiology of 48
signals 48
testing of 49, 50
theories of 47
Combination therapy 1126
Comitant esotropia, acute acquired 1568
Commissure, posterior 1578
Communicating aneurysm, posterior 1632f
Complete cycloplegic refraction 1296
Complex genetic disorder 176
Comprehensive vision rehabilitation 306, 307f
Concomitant strabismus, evaluation of 1321t
Cone
cell proliferation 955
dysfunction syndromes 1247
dystrophies 793, 960
photoreceptors 48
phototransduction 84
rod dystrophies 919, 960
visual cycle 81
Confocal laser ophthalmoscopes 724
Confocal microscopy 362, 363, 366368, 521
principles of 367f
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope 790, 1082
principle of 788f
Confrontation test 45
Congestion, conjunctival 446
Congo red stain 202
amyloid 203f
Conjunctiva 11, 23, 53, 108, 199, 200f, 210, 236, 337, 432, 432f, 511, 539, 629, 1113, 1157, 1160, 1193f, 1356, 1663, 1665, 1678, 1683, 1743, 1839
allergic sensitization of 173
bulbar 255, 382, 432
cicatrizing disease of 173
correct placement of 200f
lateral contraction of 1163f
palpebral 168, 382, 1843
superior 513
suturing of 1678
tarsal 382, 404, 437
Conjunctival closure, simple 421
Conjunctival disorders, inflammatory 412
Conjunctival epitheliectomy, sequential sectoral 450, 452
Conjunctival graft, sliding 421
Conjunctival hyperemia, mild 386
Conjunctival inflammatory disorders, classification of 400b
Conjunctival lesions, severe 437
Conjunctival limbal autograft 421, 426, 450, 452
transplantation 421
Conjunctival melanoma, management of 239
Conjunctival microbiota 382
epidemiology 382
Conjunctival mucosa, consists of 432
Conjunctival nevus, benign 210
Conjunctival scarring 106, 449
leads 408
Conjunctival tissue, autologous donor 426
Conjunctivitis 123, 155, 382, 384, 385, 391, 397fc, 420, 493, 1374, 1375
acute 384t, 385
adenoviral 393f
hemorrhagic 133
adenoviral 392, 394
adult inclusion 388, 390f
allergic 73, 400
bacterial 382, 384, 386, 387, 392, 394
chemical 390
chlamydial 387
chronic 385, 391, 407
follicular 210
cicatricial 592
cicatrizing 410, 412b, 510
diagnosis of 160
episode of 417
follicular 106, 405, 493
chlamydia-negative 211f
papillary 388
giant papillary 404, 1785
gonococcal 385f, 390
hyperacute mucopurulent 386
infectious 382, 383t, 396
membranous 436
ligneous 406, 406f
neonatal 390t
non-infectious causes of 382
otitis syndrome 385
papillary 597
Connective tissue disease 1141
Conradi syndrome 1809
Contact dermatitis 106, 432
Contact lens 469, 515, 516, 523, 585, 1208, 1223, 1336
advantages of 1115b
complications 596t
effect of 586
fitting 587, 590
modalities 590
wear 488, 585, 586b, 592
Contact transscleral semiconductor 1238
Contagious disease 1354
Contour stereoacuity tests 1310
Contrast reading cards, mixed 320f
Contrast sensitivity 46, 1078, 1468
function, testing of 46
Contrast tests 319
Contrast vision 313
supporting 319
Conventional hydrodelineation technique 687f
Conventional outflow 34, 35
pathway 34
Convex macular thickening 1006f
Core vitrectomy 1027
Corectopia 1189
anterior surface of 657
applied anatomy of 370
biomechanical properties of 371
buckling of 610
collagen fibers of 71t
composition of 65t
covers 65
different layers of 369f
dimensions of 9t
droplet degeneration of 539
edematous 1042f
elastotic degeneration of 539
enlargement 1227
guttae 366f
immunological disorders of 505
inferior 510
inner third of 1314f
layers of 9, 9f
outer two-thirds of 1314f
paracentral 497
physiology of 26
placido-disk image of 342f
plana 1183, 1185
preservation and storage 563
protrusion of 1196f
punctate epithelial erosions of 106
steepening of 1196f
superior 403
temporal-nasal cross-section 373
transects 1837f
viscoelastic 1197
properties of 371
Corneal ablation refractive surgery 1064
Corneal abrasion 1680, 1839
Corneal abscess, large central 1190f
Corneal absorption 69
Corneal additive procedure 617
Corneal anomalies 1185
Corneal applanation 626
Corneal astigmatism 419, 655
Corneal biomechanical measurements 376
Corneal biomechanics 368, 370, 521, 602
maturing 1197
Corneal blindness 412
Corneal collagen 71
crosslinking 374, 524, 525, 1197
action of 475
Corneal curvature map 348f
Corneal decompensation 715
states of 359
Corneal degenerations 532, 539
age-related 532
Corneal dermoid 1183
Corneal diameter measurement 1234
Corneal disease 170t, 214, 346, 359
inflammatory 1191
Corneal disorder 1183
noninflammatory 1195
Corneal dystrophies 177fc, 214t, 257f, 542, 544f, 1186, 1188f
classification of 542
congenital 1184
gelatinous drop-like 544
Corneal ectasia 591t, 592
Corneal ectatic disorders 515
epidemiology 515
etiology 515
pathogenesis 515
role of genetics 516
Corneal edema 446, 448f, 472f, 578, 1144, 1224, 1227, 1386f
diffuse 552f
measurements of 627
postoperative 1171
Corneal endothelial
cell 31, 551, 616
damage 693
Corneal endotheliitis, herpetic 498
Corneal endotheliopathy, inferior peripheral 1398f
Corneal endothelium 68f, 203f, 562f, 1058f, 1139f
pigment on 1058f
Corneal epithelial
cells 169, 433f
defect 446, 449
total 446f
dendrites, herpetic 358
Corneal epithelium 18, 66, 356, 432, 469, 499, 592
Corneal examination 339, 357
Corneal exposure 1689
sight-threatening 1762
Corneal flap 602
Corneal gas permeable lenses 588
Corneal graft 501f
Corneal guttae 955
Corneal haze 446
Corneal health 30
Corneal higher order aberrations 592
Corneal hydration 28
Corneal hydrops, acute 1197
Corneal hypoesthesia 826
familial 358
Corneal hypoxia-related complications 592
Corneal hysteresis 371, 1197
Corneal illumination 257
Corneal incisional techniques 650
Corneal incisions 630, 649f
Corneal infections, secondary 388
Corneal infiltrates, perilimbal 384
Corneal infiltrative event 597
Corneal inlays 618
Corneal intraepithelial neoplasia 213
Corneal investigations 339
Corneal laceration 718f
Corneal lamellae, separation of 477
Corneal layers 65
Corneal lens 587
Corneal light reflex, location of 1315f
Corneal limbal stem cell 1183
deficiency 1192, 1192f, 1193
Corneal lusture, normal 496
Corneal lymphangiogenesis 28
Corneal metabolism 586
Corneal midperiphery 619f
Corneal mucous plaques 502
Corneal nerves superiorly and striae, prominent 519f
Corneal neurotrophic status 1192
Corneal opacification 459f, 1183, 1191, 1456
Corneal opacity 266, 389f, 1227, 1853
anterior stromal 1192
congenital 1183
overlapping pupil 579f
Corneal pachymetry 561, 562f
Corneal perforation 428, 572f
Corneal physiology 586
Corneal pigmentation 533
Corneal power 1202
Corneal protrusion 518f
Corneal reflex 1308f
test 1307, 1314
Corneal refractive procedures 615
Corneal relaxing incisions 671, 674
Corneal resistance factor 371, 372
Corneal scar 592, 1186, 1196f, 1851, 1855
Corneal sensation 356, 357, 1191, 1815
quantitative assessment of 357
reduced 358t
testing 356
Corneal sensitivity, reduced 586
Corneal shape, measurement of 339
Corneal splits 1227
Corneal staining 1455
solution induced 597
Corneal stroma 203f, 485f
Corneal surface 30, 672
anterior 258, 345f
evaluation of 356
posterior 258, 345f
Corneal sutures, appropriate depth of 1837f
Corneal swelling 586, 1196f
Corneal thickness
measurement of 359
spatial profile 352, 353f
Corneal thinning, progressive 449
Corneal tissue 491, 517
fragility 586
prepeeled 576
Corneal topography 340, 519, 650
combination of 372
dynamics 372
interpretation of 344
machines 346
Corneal transparency 26, 28
Corneal transplantation 567
complications of 569t
decision-making 568fc
indications of 569t
Corneal ulcer 123, 155f, 1855, 1855f
bacterial 474fc
long-standing nonhealing 499
subtotal 472f
Corneal vascularization 27, 587
Corneal velocities 373
Corneal verticillata 538
Corneal warpage 598
Corneal wound
healing 30
incisional 678
suture placement for 1837f
Corneal xerosis 1855
Corneoscleral limbus 432, 433f
Corneoscleral meshwork 11, 34
Coronal short tau inverse recovery 1513f
Corpus callosum 1496f
Corpus ciliaris 1280
Correctopia 549
Cortex removal 632, 711
Cortical cleaving hydrodissection 687
Corticobasal degeneration 1580
Corticospinal tract 1559
Corticosteroids 107, 109t, 872, 1042, 1057, 1220, 1366, 1439, 1440t, 1543, 1544
doses of 1439
endogenous 873
glaucoma 1142
indications of 108b
intraocular 1439
mechanism of action 35, 107
sparing monotherapy 1443
topical 1195, 1439
Cortisone 1439
Corydon forceps 689
Corynebacterium 96, 382
diphtheriae 96, 124, 170, 384, 385, 469
minutissimum 1387
Coryneforms 125
Cotton-wool spots 273, 779, 830f, 836f, 982f
multiple 1458f
Cough 1459
Cover test 1212, 1310, 1311, 1324
Coxsackievirus 135
Cranial nerve 4, 6, 1471, 1525f, 1558, 1566, 1569
branches of 1656
left 1529f
nuclei 1558
palsies 1375, 1637f
right partial 1526f
Cranial neuropathies 1343, 1525, 1543, 1560, 1636
multiple 1527
Craniofacial dysjunction 1781
Craniofacial syndrome 1220, 1793, 1806, 1809
Craniopharyngiomas 1283, 1285f, 1289, 1554, 1576
adamantinomatous 1290
Craniosynostosis 1185, 1814f
setting of 1810f
syndromes 1810, 1813
Craniotomy 1539
Cranipharyngiomas 1614
C-reactive protein 173, 506, 818, 1394, 1494, 1545, 1546
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 1548, 1588
Cri-du-chat syndrome 1807
Criggler's lacrimal sac compression, technique of 1794f
Critical flicker fusion 1074
Crocodile shagreen 533, 534
Crohn's disease 516, 1144, 1355, 1459
Cromolyn sodium 113, 402
Crouzon syndrome 1195, 1813, 1814
Cryoprobe 718
Cryotherapy 1031, 1245, 1258
Cryptococcus 143, 146
gattii 146
mycology of 146
neoformans 100, 144
Crystalline keratopathy, infectious 472
Crystalline lens 788
age-related changes of 37
dislocated 1045
Crystalline structures, siastase-resistant 228f
Cupless optic disk 1479f
Curvularia 144, 145
Cushing's syndrome 1290, 1440
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 24f
dependent pathway 24
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate 83, 84
levels, restoration of 84fc
Cycloablative procedures 1177
Cyclodestruction 1238
Cyclodestructive procedures 1150
Cyclodialysis, traumatic 1841
Cyclooxygenase 112
Cyclopentolate 116, 117
Cyclophilin 1445
Cyclophosphamide 443, 1446, 1457, 1544
side effects 1446
Cyclophotocoagulation 826, 1145
continuous transscleral 1177
endoscopic 1178, 1178f
Cycloplegia 544, 1168, 1205, 1325
Cycloplegic refraction 1205, 1320, 1323, 1325
Cyclosporins 402, 405, 1442, 1445, 1457, 1477
Cylinder lens 288291
power of 290f
transposition of 291
Cylindrical femtosecond laser lens fragmentation pattern 689f
Cylopentolate 1205
Cyst 209, 1516
hyper-reflective double-walled 370f
hyporeflective 766
intraretinal 781, 1006f
Cystic degeneration 418f
Cystic intraretinal fluid 849f
Cysticercosis 1292, 1478
Cysticercus cellulosae 142
Cystoid
bodies 216
cavities 1007f
diabetic macular edema 800f
edema, intraretinal 664f
macular edema 273, 664, 678, 715, 745f, 837f, 905, 946, 956, 956f, 961, 997f, 1007f, 1123, 1178, 1382, 1414, 1416, 1421, 1431, 1435
formation 778
maculopathy 996f, 1007f
Cytokine 165, 405, 1166
analysis 1420
anti-inflammatory 1414
secretion of 42
Cytomegalovirus 133, 170, 492, 1184, 1252, 1364, 1369, 1370, 1740
diagnosis 1370
ocular manifestations 1369
retinitis 1370, 1371f
congenital 1271
treatment 1371
treatment 1370
D
Daclizumab 1449
Dacryoadenitis 1379, 1740f
causes of 1740
infective 1740
Dacryocystitis 123, 155, 1741
acute 1741, 1741f, 1802
chronic 1741
left-sided pediatric acute 1794f
management 1741
right-sided acute 1802f
Dacryocystocele 1810
Dacryocystorhinostomy
endoscopic 1801
operative steps of external 1800f, 1801f
Dacryology 1793
Dalen-Fuchs nodules 219
Danazol 1477
Dapiprazole 118
Dark adaptation 734
Dark atrophy 758
Dark choroid 911
sign 758
Dark optic nerve head 788
Dark-field microscopy 129
Dawson's fingers 1496f, 1520
De Lange syndrome 1807
De novo mutations 1246
Dead necrotic tissue 449
Deafness 1502, 1816
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty 522, 568, 569, 571
Deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty 567
Deep orbital capillary hemangioma 1706
Deferoxamine 905
Defibrillator paddles 1825
Dehydroascorbic acid 75
levels of 75
Demodex mites 209
Demodicosis 143
Demulcents 114
Dendrites 502t
Dendritic cell 163, 164, 168, 171
absence of 164
antigen-loaded 166
specific intercellular adhesion 164
Dendritic keratitis 494
Dendritic ulcer 494f, 495f, 498
Dengue virus 134, 136
Dense cataract, presence of 663
Deoxyhemoglobin 1532
Deoxyribonucleic acid 161, 244f, 416
viruses classification 132t
Depression 336, 1120
Dermatitis
atopic 401
herpetiformis 444
Dermatobia hominis 143
Dermatochalasis 181
Dermatomyositis 1454
Dermoid cyst 1499
Descemet's layer 433
Descemet's membrane 10, 67, 199, 201, 214, 361f, 364, 368, 370, 509, 518f, 532, 548, 550, 551f, 562, 571, 576, 1174, 1183, 1184, 1185f, 1188, 1196, 1226
endothelial keratoplasty 560, 567569, 574, 575f
termination of 10
Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty 567-569, 575f, 1149
Detoxification 73
Deuteranopia 49
Dexamethasone 109, 1439, 1440
delivery system 807
Dextrocycloversion 57
Dextrodepression 57
Dextroelevation 57
Dextroversion 57
Diabetes 1138, 1738
insipidus 1502
mellitus 798, 1342, 1386, 1490f, 1502, 1736
Diabetic macular edema 663, 664f, 778, 779, 798, 801f, 804, 1859
classification of 1859t
management of 806
severity 1859
management of 1859t
Diabetic neovascular disease 825
Diabetic retinopathy 216, 310, 665, 678, 729, 731, 778, 798, 801, 806, 827, 828, 831, 837, 1040f, 1851, 1858, 1859, 1859t
classification of 1859t
early 216
management of 806
mild nonproliferative 732f
natural evolution of 801
nonproliferative 778
pathogenesis 1858
prevention 1858
printscreen of automated 799f
progression 803
severity, management of 1859t
study 801
early treatment of 43, 44f, 313, 799, 1295
tractional 796f
treatment of 1859
Diaphoresis 1558
Diarrhea 1393, 1447
Dichoptic binocular training 1217
Dichromats 49
Diclofenac 112, 1167
Diencephalic syndrome 1284, 1289
Difluprednate 110, 1440
Digital fundus cameras 724
Digitalis 1551
Dihydrofolate reductase 1443
Dimethyl fumarate 1542
Dimorphic fungi 153, 153t, 477
Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation 1115
Diopters 282
Diplopia 428, 1304, 1308, 1342, 1522, 1557, 1561, 1568, 1569, 1743, 1764
monocular 1557
postoperative 1680
symptoms of 1347
vertical 1509f
Direct microscopic examination 154
Dirofilariasis 139
Discoid rash 1544
Discrete fourier transform 941, 952, 957
Disk
edema 1490
neovascularization of 805
Dislocations 184, 185
Disopyramide 1110
Disparity method, near 1333
Dissociated optic nerve fiber layer 796
Distance disparity method 1333
Distichiasis 1806
Disulfram 1504
Diuretics 408
Dizziness 335
Docosahexaenoic acid 41, 961
Dominant cone dystrophy 190
Dominant diseases 905
Donder's law 55
Donor
blood sample 560
conjunctival site, superotemporal 426
screening of 559t
Dorello's canal 1560
Dorsal midbrain syndrome 1651
Dorsal nucleus 1563
Dorzolamide 1126, 1236
Double-headed pterygium 419f
Down syndrome 1185, 1195, 1205, 1294, 1809, 1811, 1813
Doxycycline 91, 1378
Doyne's honeycomb dystrophy 920
Draining subperiosteal abscess 1734b
Droopy eyelid 1647f, 1648f, 1668, 1668t, 1681
Drugs orbital inflammation 1752
Drusen, different types of 218t
Dry age-related macular degeneration, optical coherence tomography of 662f
Dry eye 420, 443, 456, 464b
classification of 457, 457f
disease 458, 460b, 465, 1192, 1455
diagnosis of 464f
disorders 433
epidemiology 456
management of 463
pathogenesis of 458f
severe 459f
syndrome 507, 605, 1455, 1457
treatment 461f
workshop report 457f
Dry socket 1789
Dua's classification of ocular surface burns 448t
Dua's layer 10, 433
Duane syndrome 20, 1325, 1342, 1343, 1347, 1350, 1815, 1816f
Duochrome test, red-green 1591
Dural sinus thrombosis, pregnant woman with 1634f
Dural venous sinus 1629
thrombosis 1482
Dural venous thrombosis 1633
Dye staining 462
Dysarthria 1558, 1561
Dysautonomia 1647
Dyschromatopsia 1003, 1552, 1555
Dysesthesia 1162
Dysesthetic bleb 1166, 1166f
Dysfibrogenemia 817
Dysgerminomas 1290
Dyslipidemia 1537
Dysmetric limb movements 1581
Dysmetric saccades 1581
Dysphagia 1558, 1561
Dysplasia
craniometaphyseal 1807
ectodermal 1191, 1813
syndrome 245
Dyspnea 1459
Dysthyroidism 1762
Dystrophy 1558
chorioretinal 191
endothelial 183, 550
gelatinous drop-like 1188
symptoms of pattern 919
E
Eales’ disease 1144, 1380
Early manifest glaucoma trial 1097, 1099, 1121
Eating disorders 1503
Ebola virus 134, 138, 138f, 1377
disease 138, 1377
diagnosis 1377
treatment 1377
Eccentric gaze nystagmus 1574
Echinocandins 485
Echinococcosis 139
Echinococcus granulosus 1743
Echothiophate 1110
Echovirus 135, 1740
Eclampsia 820
Ectasia 351
risk assessment of 376
superior area of 526f
Ectatic cornea 374
Ectatic disorders 526
Ectoderm 16, 17
Ectopia lentis 1154, 1195
et pupillae 185, 1645
nontraumatic 711f
Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting
mandibulofacial dysostosis 1811
syndrome 1191
Ectropion 1684t, 1687
acquired 1686, 1688, 1688f
cicatricial 1684, 1689
congenital 1684, 1687, 1687f
involutional 1684, 1688
uveae 975, 1144, 1145f, 1232
Eczema 401
Edema 382, 1047, 1732f
conjunctival 1785
interstitial 1757
Edinger-Westphal nucleus 1660
Edwards syndrome 1807
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 517, 1185, 1195, 1291
Eicosanoids 73
Ejection fraction, left ventricular 1542
Elastic lamina, internal 203f
Elastic modulus 369
Elastoid degeneration 417f
Electrolytes 64, 75
Electromagnetic radiation 278f
Electron microscopy 498
Electronic magnifiers 317
Electronic reader 331f
Electro-oculography 1296
Electrophysiologic testing 918
Electroretinogram 935, 942, 948, 956, 957
testing 949f
Electroretinography, physiologic testing 934
Elevated serum angiotensin converting enzyme 1406
Ellipsoid zone 997
central disruption of 997f
Elschnig's pearls 216
Emboli, types of 817f
Embryology 16
Embryonic tissues, derivatives of 17t
Embryotoxon
anterior 1185
posterior 208, 209f
Emmetropia 1206, 1330
Emmetropic eyes 603
Emmetropization 1202
Empty sella
syndrome 1292
turcica 1482f
Enalapril 408
En-bloc recession 1326
Encephalopathy
signs of 1536
syndrome, posterior reversible 1555
Enchanced S-cone syndrome 191
Encompass ectasia 573f
Endo optiks laser endoscopy 1178f
Endocarditis, bacterial 1291
Endocrine signs 1711
Endocyclophotocoagulation 1174
Endoderm 16
Endogenous fluorophores, visualization of 788
Endophthalmitis 155, 156, 485, 581, 1029, 1039, 1042, 1169, 1224, 1364, 1386, 1387, 1821
acute postoperative 1386
bleb-related 1158, 1386
chronic postoperative 1387
diagnosis of 161
endogenous 123, 1271, 1387
isolates, gram-positive 1386
overall risk of 581
postoperative 678, 681, 1043fc, 1043t, 1386f, 1821
prevention of postoperative 1821
risk of 1387
vitrectomy study 1043
Endophytic growth 1267
Endophytic retinoblastoma, unilateral 1279f
Endostatin 28, 858
Endothelial cell 30, 356f, 364, 366, 366f, 368, 1189, 1706
abnormal 364
adjacent 364
apoptosis 31
atypical 552
count 694
density 363
loss 215, 627
morphology 562
normal 364
number of 29
postoperative 575
Endothelial corneal dystrophy, X-linked 552
Endothelial decompensation 550
Endothelial dystrophy, congenital hereditary 550, 551, 552f, 1183, 1189, 1189f, 1227
Endotheliitis 494, 498, 502, 1369f
diffuse 498
herpetic 498
linear 498
Endothelium 10, 27, 67, 69, 433, 551f
epithelialization of 551
Endotoxin 164
Endovascular coil embolization 1539
En-face optical coherence tomography 876, 996f, 1008f, 1012
Enterobacter 94, 96
aerogenes 170, 491
Enterobacteriaceae 125
Enterococcus faecium 122
Enterococcus group 122
Enterovirus 134, 135, 392
type 170
Entropion 1684t, 1685
acquired 1686f
cicatricial 449, 1684, 1686
congenital 1684, 1685
forms of 1685f
involutional 1684, 1686
marginal 1684, 1687
Enucleated eye, section of 1275f
Enucleation 200, 1789
Enzymatic vitreolysis 662, 998, 1003, 1046
Enzyme 64, 516
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 499, 507, 1365
Eosinophil 163
cationic protein 1194
Eosinophilia 1384
Epiblepharon 1684, 1685, 1806, 1809f
Epibulbar dermoids 1815
Epicanthal folds 1306
Epicanthus inversus 1808f
Epicanthus palpebralis 1809f
Epicanthus superciliaris 1808f
Epicanthus tarsalis 1809f
Epidermoid inclusion cysts 209
Epidermolysis bullosa 1191
Epididymitis 1393
Epimacular proliferation 1042, 1046, 1047, 1048f
Epinastine 113
Epinephrine, intracameral 631
Epiphora 1796, 1797, 1798, 1798f
Epiretinal contraction 1000
Epiretinal membrane 663, 702, 778, 795, 796, 996f, 997f, 1004, 1005f1007f, 1010, 1011f, 1012, 1012f, 1038, 1046, 1430
contraction of 1006, 1006f1008f
multiple eccentric epicenters of 1008f
pathogenesis of primary 1004
primary 1004
secondary 1010
worsening of 1005f
Epiretinal proliferation 1000f, 1001
Episclera 1356
Episcleral implants 1281
Episcleral venous pressure 36, 1171
Episcleritis 510, 1375, 1379, 1455, 1543
diffuse 1357f
Epi-shugarcaine 90
Epistaxis 1459
Epithelial abrasions, smaller 444
Epithelial adhesion, reduced 586
Epithelial basement membrane 199f, 237f, 442
dystrophy 542, 543f, 650
Epithelial bullae 550f
Epithelial cell 23f, 24f, 31, 164, 170, 171, 508, 1195
eosinophilic 213f
malignant 237f
Epithelial defect 449, 562f
chronic 490f
conjunctival 446, 449
persistent 434, 435f, 476, 592
Epithelial dystrophy 178, 542
hereditary juvenile 1186
Epithelial edema 498
Epithelial inclusion cyst 209
Epithelial involvement, levels of 237
Epithelial islands of tumor 228f
Epithelial keratitis 493, 502
early 489f
infectious 494, 499
management of 499
Epithelial lacrimal gland
benign 222
tumors 221
Epithelial layer 29, 169
Epithelial lesions 499
Epithelial markers, expression of 229f
Epithelial membrane antigen 233
Epithelial mesenchymal transformation 30
Epithelial microcysts 178, 586
Epithelial proliferation 222f
Epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy 543
Epithelial surface, anterior 77f
Epithelial thinning 586
Epithelial wound healing 30
Epithelioid cell 209, 248, 250
Epithelioid histiocytes 1752
Epitheliopathy, superficial 460f
Epithelium 9, 26, 66, 69, 238
conjunctival 212
consisting of 433
layer 13
nonpigmented 72f
pigmented 72f
Eplerenone 874
Epstein-Barr virus 104, 133, 492, 979f, 1368, 1373, 1740
diagnosis 1373
ocular manifestations 1373
treatment 1373
Erdheim-Chester disease 1748, 1750
Erythema 446, 1732f
nodosum 1393, 1478
Erythematous skin lesions 1354
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 506, 1394, 1494, 1545, 1546
Erythromycin 92, 93, 96
Escherichia coli 94, 125, 170, 386, 1387, 1802
Eskimo corneal degeneration 539
Esophoria 1305, 1311f
larger 1336
Esotropia 1309f, 1312f, 1314f, 1330, 1338, 1342
acquired comitant 1332
childhood 1347
complications 1328
congenital 1323
diagnosis 1331
early onset 1325
infantile 1331, 1332
intermittent 949f
large angle of 1331
left 1315f
management of early onset 1325, 1328
nonrefractive 1330
surgery, types of 1326
temporally in 1308f
treatment for
early-onset 1327fc
infantile 1331f
Esthesiometry 356
Estimated lens position 657
Estrogen antagonist 539
Etanercept 1448
Ethambutol 1504, 1551
Ethmoid air cells, left anterior 1510f
Ethmoidal foramina 4
Ethmoidal nerve
anterior 3
posterior 3
Ethmoidal sinusitis 1733
Ethylene glycol 1551
Ethylene oxide 1824, 1827
gas sterilizer 1824f
sterilization 1824
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 198, 535
Etinitis pigmentosa 1421
Etoposide 1278
Eukaryotes, immune system of 163
Eukaryotic organisms 143
European Glaucoma Prevention Study 1096, 1098, 1099
Euryblepharon 1684, 1688, 1806, 1809f
treatment of 1688
Euthyroid 1549
Evisceration 1789
Excimer laser
ablation 526
photorefractive keratectomy 547, 1194
phototherapeutic keratectomy 424
Excision 1697
Exenteration 201, 1789
Exfoliation syndrome 1154
Exophiala 145
Exophoria 1311f
Exophthalmos 1810f
malignant 1567f
severe bilateral 1760f
Exophytic melanoma 1694f
Exophytic retinoblastoma mass, large whitish 241f
Exotropia 1306, 1344f
intermittent 1336
larger 1568
nasally in 1308f
primary position 1344f
Exposure keratopathy 502, 592, 1193
Exserohilum 145, 150
rostratum 170
External beam radiotherapy 1276, 1280
External carotid artery, branches of 5
External limiting membrane 14
Extracapsular cataract
extraction 691
surgery 1165
Extracellular fluid 164
Extracellular matrix 517
Extracerebrospinal fluid 1479
Extramacular disease 1462
Extramacular retinal lamellar holes 1006f
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma 1724f
Extraocular extension, evidence of 1272
Extraocular movements 1314, 1324, 1469, 1660
Extraocular muscle 6, 6t, 20, 32, 200, 224, 1312, 1342, 1344, 1558, 1564
actions of 55, 56t
dysfunction 1344
palsies 1379
surgery 1301, 1765
weakness 1344
Extrapulmonary disease 1429
Extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation 1256
Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma 227
Extreme nasal periphery 265f
Extrinsic chiasmal disease 1292
Eyes 8, 293, 306, 665, 796, 858, 958, 1061f, 1246, 1454
affected 1489f
anatomy of 3, 1160
anterior segment of 255
bank 557, 558, 561
associations, regional 563
structure and function 558
technician, certified 558
chemosis 1738f
contralateral 1270f, 1283
contrast sensitivity of 320
development of 16, 208
diabetic 1036
disease 1362, 1424, 1445, 1456, 1457, 1459, 1460
allergic 434
consequences of 306
immunology of 163, 173
disorders 173
donations 565
embryology of 3
esotropia, left 1304f
examination 1342
techniques of 265
fetal development of 18t
field, parietal 1583
function 305, 306, 313, 325
fundus
autofluorescence of 890f
infections of 98
general examination of 255
glands of 8
harboring retinoblastomas 240
health 1849
hypoglobus, left 1472f
infections 1184
layers of 370
lens, yellow-brownish discoloration of 794
long 295
microphthalmic 706, 1224
misalignment of 1304
movement 55, 192, 340, 1571, 1578
abnormalities, classification of 1295
binocular 56, 57f
conjugate 56
monocular 55, 1324
system, supranuclear 59
types of 55
naked 1039
natural lens 1220
non-amblyopic 1215
nondiabetic 1036
non-dominant 1302
normal right 1474f
optical surfaces of 294
overview of 9f
parasitic infections of 138
partially gas filled 1026f
physiology of 21, 1159
point of 298
posterior segment of 263
proptosis 1738f
protection 1837f
pseudophakic 1059, 1423
red 987
removal 1280
surgery, types of 1784
rubbing, role of 516
short 295
strategy, steady 328
susceptible 1110b
tissues of 172f
torsion of 1320
treatment for 1043f
upper lid edema, left 1733f
vascularization, left 1256f
with acute primary angle closure 1113f
with glaucoma tubes 576
Eyeball 201
Eyebrows 1662
anatomy 1662
and forehead, muscles of 1663f
examination 1662
loss 446, 1280f
Eyelashes 446
Eyelid 7, 8, 21, 209, 232, 432, 1663, 1690, 1692, 1806, 1810
anatomy of 1655, 1663, 1683f
anomalies 1808f, 1809f
assessment, intraoperative 1678
basal cell carcinoma 234f
blepharoplasty
lower 1672
transconjunctival lower 1672
upper 1681t
cancer 1698, 1701
coloboma 1808f
congenital disorders of 1806
congenital eversion of 1684, 1687
crease
fixation 1678
lack of 1809f
double 1671
ectropion
lower 1681
upper 1681
edema, left 1510f
examination of 1655, 1666, 1798
function 1666
functional measurements of 1666f
glands of 8t
hygiene 537
imbrication syndrome 1690
lacerations 1842
laxity 1688f
left lower 1694f
lesions 209
lower 1843
lymphatic drainage 1665
malignancies 1698
malposition 1683, 1689, 1690f
categories 1683
disorders 1683, 1684
margin 7, 1663, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688f
laceration repair 1844
sagittal section of 1664f
movement 1664
musculature 1657f, 1664
neoplasms 1692
types of malignant 1692
palpebral conjunctiva, lower 1775
part of 629
procedures 1765
temporizing 1764
ptosis 1668, 1674
repair 1674, 1675t
retraction 1683, 1689, 1690f
and strabismus, upper and lower 1760f
causes of 1689
lower 8, 1664, 1681, 1765
signs of lower 1685
right upper 1695f
section 233f
skin 1663
folds 1808
swelling, medial 1798f
tightening, lower 1674
tumors, malignant 232
upper 1699f, 1809
and lower 1657f
vasculature 1664
F
Fabry disease 1246
Facial
anhidrosis 1648
clefting 1793
diplegia, congenital 1816
droop, left 1649f
examination 1798
filler materials, types of injectable 1754
nerve 1689
damage 1688
ipsilateral 1691
palsy 1690
paresthesias 1636
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy 1244
Faden operation 1336
Faden surgery 1326
Famciclovir 102, 104, 500
Familial dysautonomia 1191
Fanconi anemia 1244
Far point, determining location of 299
Farnsworth panel D-15 test 50
Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test 50
Fascicles 1558
Fast spin-echo 1519
Fastigial nucleus 1582
Fat pedicles
development of 1672, 1674
re-draping of 1674
Fatal familial insomnia 1548
Favored techniques 711
Feathery margin 478f
Feeding retinal arteriole 743f
Femtolaser flap 608f, 614f
Femtosecond laser 608, 625, 626, 628, 628f, 631, 634
assisted keratectomy 547, 571
assisted cataract surgery 655, 689, 698
Femtosecond lenticule extraction 614
Festooned pupil 1357f
Fetal
alcohol syndrome 1813
development, remnants of 208
eyes 216
vasculature, persistent 1245
Fever 509, 1205, 1558
Fiberoptic bundle 257
Fibrillar protein 1186
Fibrillin 79
Fibrils, cross-sectional view of 27f
Fibrin glue versus sutures 422
Fibrinous reaction, absence of 1359f
Fibroblast 1033
dysregulation 1567
growth factor 28, 64
Fibrosarcoma 407
Fibrosis 1164
management of postoperative 1167
submucosal 411f
syndrome, congenital 1809
Fibrous proliferation 801
Fibrous pseudocapsule 222f
Fibrous tissue 1183
envelope 829
Fibrovascular
contraction 1255
core cover 211f
membrane 215, 1144, 1145
pannus 451
proliferation 805
ridge 1258
Fibulin 80
Fick's axes 55, 55f
Field fluorescein angiography, ultra-wide 1432
Filamentous bacteria, gram-positive 127f
Filamentous fungi 144, 476
Filamentous keratitis, severe 485
Filoviruses 392
Filters worn over glasses 328f
Fine needle aspiration 1697
Finger agnosia 1616
Finger-to-nose perimetry 1591
Fingolimod 1542
Finite element model 375
First branchial arch syndromes 1814
Fisherman keratopathy 539
Fish-tail technique 712
Fissure, interpalpebral 539
Fite stain 202
Fixation switch diplopia 1568
Flap dislocation 611
Flashlight test, oblique 1111, 1111f
Flat cornea 1183
Flaviviridae 136, 1374, 1376
Flavivirus 392, 1374, 1548
Flavus 170
Fleck corneal dystrophy 549
Fleischer's ring 260, 518, 518f, 533f
Fleshy pterygium 416f
Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes 189, 242, 243f, 247f, 1273
typical 1275f
Flicker perimetry 1074
Floppy eyelid syndrome 1690
treatment of 1690
Floppy iris syndrome, intraoperative 652, 656
Flow cytometry 1420
Flowing blood cells 766
Fluconazole 99, 101, 159, 485, 1389, 1424
Flucytosine 99
Fluid
air exchange 1027
intraretinal 662, 951
Flu-like syndrome 113, 114
Fluorescein 118, 357
angiogram 736f, 746f, 788, 813f, 815f, 822f, 823f, 830, 830f, 832, 832f, 834f
late phase 743f
midphase 744f
complexon 119
dye disappearance test 1794, 1798
execution of 724
fit, grading of 591t
injection of 799
staining 462, 459f, 494, 494f, 495f
Fluorexon 119
Fluorometholone 109
Fluorophore, dominant 789
Fluoroquinolones 91, 93, 158, 1425
Flurbiprofen 112
Flying spot television 787
Flynn depressor 270
Focal choroidal
excavation 882, 882f
thickening 881f
Focal line, posterior 293
Focal points
primary 285
secondary 285
Focus intraocular lenses, extended depth of 641
Focus lens, extended depth of 674
Fogla dissector 573f
Folic acid 1443
Folinic acid 1384, 1443
Follicular conjunctivitis, acute nonspecific 392, 394
Follicular diseases 432
Folliculitis 432
Fonder's laws 55
Fonsecaea pedrosoi 149
Foot deformity 1191
Footprints, herpetic 496f
Foramen lacerum 4
Foramen ovale 4
Foramen rotundum 4
Foscarnet 103, 105, 106, 1371
Fossa malformations, posterior 1812
Four point touch 356
Four prism diopter reflex test 1318
Fourier-domain detection methods 763
Fourth nerve palsies, etiologies of 1566b
Fovea 791, 1065, 1384, 1591
region of 790
temporal part of 1005f
Foveal architecture, distortion of 663f
Foveal avascular zone 264, 731, 773
Foveal cones, atrophy of 934
Foveal detachment 996f, 1010, 1012f
Foveal hypoplasia 790, 904, 1248, 1248f, 1297
Foveal photoreceptors 998
Foveal pit
complete closure of 1006f
diameter, small 1007
Foveal suppression 1305
Foveoschisis 895f, 1012f
Foville's syndrome 1579
Fractures, medial wall 1776
Fragility, conjunctival 1165
Franceschetti syndrome 1815
Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein syndrome 1815
Francois syndrome 1815
Fraser syndrome 1806, 1808
Freeman-Sheldon syndrome 1807
Freezing point depression 463
Frenzel goggles 1572
Frequency doubling technology 1073
Fresh amniotic membrane 422
Fresh tissue, submission of 198
Friedreich's ataxia 1582
Frontal eye field 1559, 1583
Frosted branch angiitis 1370, 1431
Fuchs’ corneal dystrophy 517
Fuchs’ dystrophy 183, 215, 567
Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy 183, 215, 364, 550, 550f, 693, 955
Fuchs’ heterochromic uveitis, treatment of 1374
Fuchs’ heterochromy 1142
Fuchs’ patches 418, 418f
Fuchs’ spot 896f
Fuchs’ superficial marginal keratitis 512, 512f
Fuchs’ uveitis syndrome 1373
Fugal keratitis 485
Fumigatus 170
Fundus 1296
abnormalities, minor 913
albipunctatus 959
appearance 920, 934, 938
autofluorescence 750, 787, 792, 845f, 848f, 853, 881f, 896, 905, 910, 915, 915f, 920f, 936, 1428, 1434, 1479, 1594
imaging 787, 790f, 792f, 916, 1248f, 1251f, 1399
normal 788
signal 792t
color photography 1430
evaluation 1320
examination 1246
normal 1594
excyclotorsion 1345
flavimaculatus 910f
fluorescein angiography 748, 748f, 850, 850f, 850t, 1364, 1365, 1428
hypopigmentation 1297f
photography 1428
recording 271
and color coding 271
stereoscopic photography 731
tessellation 871, 888
visualization 664
Funduscopy 1060, 1063
Fungal
cell 484
glucans of 164
colonies 484f
conidial spores 477
conjunctivitis 396
corneal ulcer 480f
culture 481
disease 560, 1292
endophthalmitis 1389
entry and adhesion, stage of 477
filaments 482f, 483f, 485f
gram-positive 483f
hyphae 482f, 483f
infections 1737, 1738
clinical features 1737
risk factors 1737
keratitis 370f, 475, 476, 482f, 485, 486fc, 1190, 1190f
characteristics of 478f
pseudodendrite of 478f
treatment of 483
pseudodendrite 478f
ulcer, dematiaceous 480f
Fungi 382, 471t
dematiaceous 145t
Fusarium 146, 476, 483
endophthalmitis 213f
keratitis 147
solani 484f
Fusion maldevelopment nystagmus 1577
syndrome 1298, 1299, 1300
G
Gabanergic drugs 1300
Gabapentin 503, 1300
Galactorrhea 1290
Galactose metabolism 78fc
Galactosemia 184, 1220
Galilei dual scheimpflug analyzer 344
Ganciclovir 103, 105, 106, 394, 1371, 1371f
intravenous 1371f
Ganglion cell 48
color coding 48
layer 14, 768, 772, 1012f
Gangrenous necrotic periocular skin 1737f
Gap junctions 72
Gas tamponade 1030
Gass plaques 819
Gastrointestinal complications 111
Gatifloxacin 91, 93, 94, 158, 473
Gaucher disease 1580
Gaze
deviation 1579
diagnostic positions of 55f
disorders of 1571, 1579
neuroanatomy of 1578
palsy 1579
positions of 54
primary position of 54
secondary position of 54
tertiary position of 54
Gel-forming mucins 21
Gene
augmentation therapy 924f
rearrangement 1420
therapy 922, 962, 963
Genetic disorders 1241
treatment of 193
Genetic heterogeneity 176, 1250
Geniculate body, lateral 1283
Geniculate nucleus 1073
lateral 1615
Genital hypoplasia 1645
Genital mucosae 442
Genital ulcers 1393
Genitourinary system 1355
Genome-wide linkage study 516
Gentamicin 93, 96, 158
Genus ebola virus, flaviviridae of 1377
Geographic atrophy, region of 772
Germ cell 1266
Germ layers form 16
Germline mutation 1266, 1267
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome 1548
Ghost cell glaucoma 215, 1146
Ghost vessels 509
Giant cell
angiofibroma 1710
histopathology of 1546f
multinucleated 209
Giant papillae 404, 404f
Giant papillary reaction 1193f
Giant retinal tear 1021, 1023f, 1841
Giardiasis 139
Giemsa stain 129f, 140f, 498
Gillespie syndrome 187
Glands of Moll 457
Glands of Zeiss 407, 457
Glandular tissue 168
Glare control 327
Glatiramer acetate 1542
acute 1138
after infant cataract surgery 1224f
after vitreoretinal surgery 1150
childhood 1228b
classic immature primary congenital 1234f
clinical assessment of 1861
common causes 1862
congenital 578, 1183, 1184, 1234, 1795
corticosteroids induced 1153
development 1096, 1141
diagnosis of 1082
drainage
devices 1145, 1147, 1150, 1150f, 1151, 1170, 1230, 1237
implant 1117
epidemiology of 1094
evaluation 1057
eye drops, topical 636
filtering surgery 1149
following cataract surgery 1232
Haab's striae pathognomonic of 1226f
hemifield test 1068
hemolytic 1146
history of 1140
implants 1753
infantile 1185
late post-traumatic 1147
lens-induced 1152
malignant 1147, 1148t
management of 1082, 1170
medical therapy 1120, 1127
timeline of 1119f
medical treatment of 1119
medication 210, 1175, 1424
topical 1123t
melanomalytic 250
monitoring of 1065
normal-tension 1097, 1100
open-angle 1094t
pediatric 1173
pigmentary 1140f
postoperative 1170
pre-existing 1151
pre-perimetric 1063f, 1089
presentation of 1138
prevalence of 1861
open angle 1094
primary childhood 1228, 1229
primary congenital 186, 1229, 1230
primary open angle 187, 1106, 1132, 1138, 1170, 1171
pseduoexfoliation 1175
risk of 1224, 1812
screening 1861
secondary 216f, 1138, 1268f, 1854
childhood 1228, 1230
status post-trabeculectomy 578f
surgery
concomitant 581
microinvasive 1120
types of 538
temporary management 1150
topical therapy 1122
trauma related 1146
traumatic 1171
treatment 1128, 1862
tumor related 215
types of 1150
lens-induced 1152
with important iridodialysis, traumatic 1147f
Glaucomatous damage 1085
risk of 1101
stage 1098
Glaucomatous defects, structural 1089
Glaucomatous optic
disk 1089
neuropathy 1179
Glaucomatous visual field
deficits 1069
loss 1067, 1073, 1601
progression, monitoring 1073
Glial fibrillary acidic protein stain 207f
Glioma, chiasmal 1291, 1619f
Global database optimization 669
Global retinal nerve fiber layer, analysis of 1092f
Glucocorticoids 873, 1195
Glucose 68
transporter 1705
Glueless pterygium excision 423
Glutathione 75
dependent enzymes 75
reduced 75
Glycemic control 803
Glycocalyx 21, 169
layer 21
functions of 22
Glycolysis, anaerobic 75
Glycopeptide 92, 158
antibiotics 95
Glycosaminoglycan 35, 39, 182, 445
Gnathostomiasis 139
Goblet cell 8, 457
insufficiency 436b
Goldenhar syndrome 1184, 1809, 1812, 1814, 1815, 1816
Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome 358
Goldmann 3 mirror contact lens 270f, 1133
Goldmann applanation tonometry 1060, 1151, 1233
Goldmann visual field 1285f, 1434, 1593f, 1594f, 1602
Goldmann-Favre syndrome 191, 955
Goldmann-Witmer coefficient 1372, 1374
Golimumab 1448
Gomori methenamine silver stain 202, 204f
Gonioscopy 1060, 1063, 1111, 1144, 1152, 1234, 1423, 1841
direct 1234f
indentation 1112f
technique 1111
Goniosynechialysis 1117
Goniotomy 1173, 1230, 1236f
incision 1173
Gonococcal disease 1355
Gorlin-Goltz syndrome 1692
Grade lid margin keratinization 260f
Graft
conjunctival 419f, 423
failure 571, 576
rejection 570
retraction 428
versus host disease 465, 592
Gram stain 124f-127f, 154f, 202, 483f
Granular dystrophy 181f, 214, 547, 1187, 1187f, 1188f
Granular-lattice dystrophy 214
Granulation tissue 210
Granulocytes 163
Granulomas 1290
choroidal 736, 737f, 1354, 1432, 1435
eosinophilic 1748f
noncaseating 405, 1406
Granulomatosis 506, 507f, 1454, 1459, 1460f, 1631, 1750, 1751f
eosinophilic 506, 1750
Granulomatous
disease 1432
inflammation, signs of 1406
inflammatory disease 405
uveitis, severe 1153
Graves’ disease 1478, 1549, 1757
Graves’ ophthalmopathy 1549
Gray baby syndrome 92
Grayson-Willbrandt dystrophy 1187
Gray-white superficial stromal opacities 182
Gregory's grading system 438
Griseofulvin 408
Growth hormone 1477
Guaifenesin 1643
Guanosine
diphosphate 83, 84
triphosphate 83, 84
Guanylate cyclase-binding proteins 84
Guerin fracture 1780
Guillain-Barré syndrome 137, 1343, 1564, 1567
Gullstrand's eye 295, 295f
Gullstrand's principle 266
Gyrate atrophy 191, 945, 950, 952
H
Haab's striae 1226, 1234
Haag-Streit depth measuring device 360
Haemophilus
aegyptius 469
influenzae 94, 98, 126, 382385, 1387, 1388, 1733, 1802
organisms 126
Hemorrhage
large intraparenchymal 1508f
midperipheral retinal 826
orbital 1772, 1781
patch of 1371f
postoperative 1050, 1680
subarachnoid 1343, 1539f, 1539
suprachoroidal 707, 1168
Hair follicles 1183, 1663
Halberstaedter-Prowazek bodies 128
Haller's layer 868, 883
enlargement of 866
vessels 874f, 881, 883
pathologically dilated 882f
Hallermann-Streiff syndrome 1220, 1814, 1815
Hallucinogens 1643
Hallux valgus deformity, severe 1455f
Hamartoma, astrocytic 988, 989f
Handheld electronic magnifiers 317f, 318f
Handheld telescope 319f
Hand-Schüller-Christian diseases 1748
Hansen's disease 357
Haploscopic test 1308
Harboyan syndrome 551
Hard drusen 218
Hardy-Rand-Rittler plates 49
Hartmann-Shack aberrometer 342f
Hartmann-Shack sensor 342f
Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis 1549
Hassall-Henle warts 364
Hassell-Henle bodies 534
Hay-Wells syndrome 1793
Head
posture, observation of 1323
trauma 1576
Headache 824, 1393, 1558
Healed juxtapapillary chorioretinal scar 1360f
Healing abrasions 495
Heart
failure, congestive 960, 1125
rate 559
valve calcifications 812
Heartbeats 774
Heavy trabecular meshwork pigmentation 1060f
Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon 1578
Heinz bodies 215
Helminthic parasitic diseases 141
Hemangioblastoma 1640f
capillary 189
Hemangiomas 1638
capillary 1638, 1705, 1812
choroidal 729f, 750, 984, 984f, 1231
Hematogenous metastasis 1268
Hematologic disorders 1467, 1544
Hematologic malignancy 1738
Hematoxylin 1273
Hemiachromatopsia 1622
Hemianopia, bitemporal 1283, 1286, 1291, 1576, 1610, 1619f
Hemianopsia
homonymous 1624f
incongruous
left inferior homonymous 1620f
superior bitemporal 1618f
Hemifacial spasm 1691
Hemiretinal vein 834
occlusion 833
ischemic inferior 835f
Hemodynamic theory 896
Hemoglobin 791
glycated 803
Hemoptysis 1459
Hemorrhage 798, 799f, 801, 871, 897f, 1042, 1048, 1063, 1632
acute subarachnoid 1632f
aneurysmal subarachnoid 1539
choroidal 980, 1148
chronic vitreous 215
complications of 137
extensive preretinal 732f
graft 427f
intraocular 1423
intraretinal 826f
subretinal 756f, 849, 894
Hemorrhagic
disease 138
intravitreal mass 1051
lymph channels 1707
phenotypes 879
telangiectasia, hereditary 1641
Henle's fibers layer 263, 1008f, 1012f
Hepatitis virus 104
Hepatobiliary disease 1387
Hepatobiliary tract infection 1388
Hepatocyte growth factor 64
Hereditary inflammatory cornea, hereditary 1191
Heredodegenerative theory 896
Hering's law 58, 1317, 1345
Heroin 1643
Herpes simplex 1184, 1252
dendrite 478f
infection 1191
keratitis 493, 496t
congenital 1227
keratouveitis 1142
retinitis 1271
stromal keratitis 496
viral keratitis 359f, 493
virions 131f
virus 132, 170, 214, 390, 390t, 395, 417, 496, 509, 1368, 1370
infection 395f, 510f
keratitis 104, 492
neonatal 1191
treatment of 499
Herpes viruses 131
Herpes zoster 501, 1355, 1740
annual incidence of 501
ophthalmicus 104, 501, 502, 1356f
left periorbital 1740f
viruses 104, 131f
Herpetic eye disease study 500, 501t
Herpetic keratitis, clinical spectrum of 494t
Herpetic retinal necrosis, rapidly progressive 1372
Heterochromia 987, 1141, 1267
subtle 1059f
Heterogeneous disorders 960
Heterophoria method 1319, 1333
Heterotropia, intermittent 1312
Hexagonal cells, percentage of 363
Hexose monophosphate 67, 76
High dose pulse steroids 438
High power
convex lens 1082
reading glasses 317f
High resolution infrared digital fundus cameras 727
High tension glaucoma 1097
Hirschberg method 1314
Hirschberg test 1314
Histiocytic disorders 1747, 1748
Histiocytoma, fibrous 224
Histoplasma 477
capsulatum 100, 153
Hodgkin's syndrome 1373
Hole size, role of 1002
Holladay formula 659
Hollenhorst plaques 816
Homatropine 116, 117, 1110
hydrobromide 117
Homer-Wright rosettes 1276f
Homocysteine 818
Homocystinuria 185, 185f, 710, 1154, 1229, 1232
Hormones, role of 517
Horner's syndrome 5, 7, 1531, 1553, 1581, 1648, 1650, 1675, 1809
acquired 1651
causes of 1643f
congenital 1651
diagnosis of 1649
etiologies of 1650
first-order 1650
ipsilateral 1531f
non-localizing 1531
Horseshoe tear 1021
superior 272f
temporal 1022f
Hounsfield units 1506
Human adenovirus 170
Human amniotic membrane 450f, 451
Human antichimeric antibodies 1445
Human cells 77
Human cysticercosis infection 142
Human disease 139
Human embryos 16
Human enteroviruses 135
Human eye, parasites affecting 1742t
Human herpes virus 492
Human immunodeficiency virus 130, 134136, 1365, 1378, 1477, 1547, 1581, 1740
mature 136f
Human leukocyte antigen 408, 1394f
Human macula
lutea 844
normal 845f
Human monocular visual field 1599
Human optic cup, development of 16
Human papillomavirus 132, 134, 210, 417
conjunctival 211f
Human prion diseases 1548
Human visual field
anatomy of 1604f
characteristics of 1599
Humphrey field analyzer 1066f, 1068f, 1071, 1072f
Humphrey matrix frequency 1075f
Humphrey visual field 1591, 1592, 1601
testing 1595f, 1601
Hunter syndrome 191
Huntington's chorea 1582
Huntington's disease 1580
Hurler syndrome 191
Hutchinson triad 1190
Huygen's principle 280, 281, 281f
Huygen's wavefront theory 280f
Hyaline filamentous fungi 144t
Hyaline septate fungal filaments 156f
Hyalocytes 1033
Hyaloid
artery, persistent 1245
detachment, posterior 1001
face
anterior 1034, 1148
posterior 1034, 1410
system 20, 1245
Hyaluronic acid 79, 247f, 1766
Hybrid contact lenses 523
Hydatid disease 1292
Hydrocephalus 1346
Hydrochloric acid 445
Hydrocortisone 109
Hydrodelineation 687f
Hydrodissection 632
Hydrofluoric acid 445
Hydrogel scleral buckle 1753
Hydrogen peroxide 77
plasma sterilizers 1825
Hydrolyzed miragel scleral buckle 1753f
Hydrops 519
Hydroxyamphetamine eye 1650
Hydroxyapatite orbital implants 1753
Hydroxychloroquine 905, 1461, 1544
Hydroxyethyl cellulose 115
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 90, 115
Hydrus microstent 1171
Hyoscyamus niger 116
Hyperautofluorescent foci 869
Hyperbaric oxygen 1737, 1739
therapy 825
Hyperchromatic nuclei 246f
Hyperemia 382, 401, 1414, 1490f
conjunctival 437, 502
Hyperfluorescence 724, 819, 827
Hyperfluorescent fuzzy vessels 736
Hyperglycemia 804, 1764
driven activation 804
intracellular 804
Hyperhomocysteinemia 817, 818
genetic cause of 818
Hyperintensities, linear 1496f
Hyperkalemia, risk of 873
Hyperlysinemia 710
Hypermetropia 1337
Hyperopia 298, 603, 1202, 1203, 12051207
axial 296
high 702, 705
moderate 1330
Hyperopic eye 702
model 298
Hyperosmotic agents 1126
Hyperplasia 755
Hyperplastic primary vitreous 1185, 1643
persistent 19, 216, 1224, 1271
Hypersensitivity reactions
classification of 505t
delayed-type 168
Hypertension 856
arterial 803, 1536
diagnosis of 1536
treatment study 1121
Hypertropia 1307, 1308f, 1316, 1344, 1345, 1565
Hyperviscosity syndromes 820, 827
Hyphal fragments 481
Hyphema 215, 1043, 1134, 1144, 1178, 1232, 1267
grading of 1839t
transient postoperative 1176
traumatic 1839
Hypofluorescent dots 1406
Hypokalemia 1126
Hypoplasia 1284
chiasmal 1284
hemifacial 1244, 1814
Hypopyon 479f, 1042f, 1359f, 1368f
dome-shaped 479
Hyporeflective optic disk drusen 1480f
Hypotension 820
Hypotensive therapy 1142
Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis 1441
Hypothyroid 1549
Hypotony 826, 1042, 1167, 1168
maculopathy 1168
Hypotropia 1347
superiorly in 1308f
Hypovolemia, severe 824
Hypoxia 28, 586
Hypoxic avascular retinal cells 1265
Hysteresis 369
I
Ibuprofen 408
Idiopathic arthritis, juvenile 1142, 1393, 1394, 1396, 1443, 1454
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 1292, 1478, 1485, 1523f, 1615f
management of 1485, 1487fc
treatment trial 1588
Idiopathic orbital inflammation, nongranulomatous 1754
Idoxuridine 102, 103
Imbibition pressure 29
Imidazoles 99, 485
Imipenem 158
Immune corneal ring 513
Immune dysregulation 1160
diseases of 1160
Immune privilege 163, 172, 173
Immune response
normal 168, 505
sequelae of 477
Immune system 163, 476
activators of 164
defense functions of 163
Immunity
acquired 165
adaptive 165, 166t
innate 166t
natural 163, 392
Immunoglobulin 64
intravenous 443, 512
Immunomodulators, topical 465
Immunomodulatory therapy, early 1397
Implantable collamer lens 522
complications of 617t
In vivo confocal microscopy 483, 489, 521
Incontinentia pigmenti 192, 1244, 1271
Indapamide 408
Indocyanine green 119, 723, 725727, 735, 737, 738, 744, 1001
angiogram 746f, 891f
angiography 727, 727f, 729, 729f, 730f, 731f, 733f, 740f, 741, 743f, 744f, 747f, 751f, 756f, 879f, 890, 896, 1364, 1394, 1399, 1432
midphase 868
Indocyanine, execution of 724
Indomethacin 112
Infant aphakia treatment study 1223
Infantile developing lens 1259
Infections 1784, 1787
congenital 1184, 1252
conjunctival 434
postoperative 1680
types of 155t
Infectious diseases 1295, 1547
Inferior oblique
muscle, actions of 56
overaction, absence of 1347
Inferior rectus muscle, actions of 56
Infiltrating orbital neoplasms, malignant 201
Inflammation
allergic 1194
chiasmal 1291
chronic 1194, 1458f
lipogranulomatous 209
conjunctival 436
intraocular 173, 1166, 1405
non-infectious 382
postoperative 427f
specific signs of 734, 735f
Inflammatory bowel disease 1355, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1454, 1458, 1459
Inflammatory cells 1058, 1058f, 1232
Inflammatory disease 111, 734, 793, 1144, 1160, 1346, 1422, 1747
multisystem 1406
sign of 1423
Inflammatory disorders, conjunctival 400
Infliximab 1443, 1445, 1448
Infraduction deficits 1565
causes of 1565b
isolated 1565
Infraorbital canal 1773f, 1774
Infratrochlear nerve 3
Infusion cannula 1044
Inherited syndromic disorders 1244
Injection 1785
intravenous 724, 857, 1366
intravitreal 727, 1031, 1151. 1387
Innate immune
response, activation of 164
system, cell of 163
Innate lymphoid cells 167
Inner retinal
activity 1078
amacrine cells 1078
boundary 774
Inositol 75
Integumentary system 1355
Interferon 1448, 1542
Internal limiting membrane 14, 768, 993, 997f, 1038, 1042, 1047, 1050
International Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema 1858
International Council of Ophthalmology Guidelines for Diabetic Eye Care 1858
International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification 1272
International Nongovernmental Organizations 1864
International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology 1106
International Vitreomacular Traction Study 1000t
Intracorneal ring segment 515, 524, 524f, 525
Intracranial aneurysms, majority of 1632
Intracranial pressure 1290, 1489, 1560, 1711, 1814
elevated 1536
Intracranial tumors 1289
Intracystic injection 1290
Intraepithelial neoplasia, conjunctival 211f
Intraocular cells 1414
Intraocular injection 111
Intraocular lens 453, 615, 616, 618, 634, 636, 640f, 642, 642f, 659, 661, 664, 702, 714f, 1043, 1045, 1115, 1154, 1221, 1223, 1828
accommodative 619
calcification 637t
dioptric power 1223b
endocapsular 682
implantation 689, 1358f, 1397
insertion 711
late postoperative dislocation of 715
light-filtering 637
luxation 1046
material 636
placement 655, 682
posterior chamber 718
power 712
related phacovitrectomy 1044
selection 689
shell technique 695f
Intraocular lymphoma, treatment of 1420
Intraocular malignancies 1266, 1414
Intraocular miosis 112
Intraocular pressure 29f, 30, 35, 359, 445, 498, 617, 672, 717, 975, 1023, 1037, 1042, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1106, 1107, 1112, 1117, 1119, 1123, 1170, 1184, 1226, 1228, 1233, 1370
elevated 714, 812, 817, 1149b
greater 1138
high 1057, 1861, 1862
Intraocular refractive surgery 615
Intraocular retinoblastoma 1280
classification of 1272, 1273t
Intraocular surgery 1645
Intraocular tuberculosis, classification of 1381t
Intraocular tumor 189, 240
Intraorbital foreign bodies 1772, 1781, 1847
removal of 1782fc
Intraretinal fluid, detection of 961
Intraretinal hemorrhages, diffuse 732f
Intrauterine infection 1220
Intravitreal antibiotics, injection of 1042
Intravitreal hemorrhage, massive 1273
Invasive glaucoma surgery, minimally 1139
Iodothyronines 1762
Ion transport 40
Ipilimumab 1701
Ipsilateral limbal stem cell translocation 450
Iridocorneal adhesions 549, 1183, 1189
Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome 517, 538
Iridocyclitis
chronic nongranulomatous 714
Fuchs’ heterochromic 1059f
Iridodialysis 652, 656, 1840f
Iridoplasty, mechanism of 1132
Iridoschisis 652
Iridotomy, patency of 1063
Iris 11, 73, 751, 1138, 1229, 1280, 1356
anomalies 1815
atrophic patches 1110f, 1358f
atrophy 549, 654f, 1368f
attachments, posterior embryotoxon with 1231f
base 1146
bombe 1357f
bowing, posterior 1059f
coloboma 1185
cyst 977, 978f, 1358f
ultrabiomicroscopy of 978f
defects 684
fixated intraocular lens 643f
flocculi 1816
hooks 654f
hypoplasia 1185
lesions, infectious 978
melanoma 975, 976, 976f, 977f
clinical diagnosis of 975
radiation treatment of 976
neovascularization 1268f
nevus 975, 975f
permeability 36
processes 549
retracting hooks 654
sphincter 1652
tear 1840f
transillumination defect 1058f
bilateral 1425
tumors 975
Iritis 1543
Iron chelating agents 905
Irritation, chronic 1786
Irvine-Gass syndrome 664
Ischemia 780
choroidal 897, 1458
severe 826
typical retinal picture of 812
Ischemic optic neuropathy 1458, 1491, 1494
anterior 108, 1545f, 1546
decompression trial 1492
non-arteritic 1490, 1492f
anterior 1492, 1536, 1606f
posterior 1546
Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates 49, 50f
Isoniazid 1504, 1551
Isopter plot 45f
Istent trabecular micro-bypass stent 1170
Itching 456
Itraconazole 99, 101, 159, 485
Ivermectin 511
Ixekizumab 1457
Ixodes dammini 131
J
Jaeger's chart 44
Jalili syndrome 960
Janus kinase inhibitors 465
Jaw claudication 1558
Jerk nystagmus, left 1298f
Joint disease 1456
Joubert syndrome 949, 949f, 1247, 1580
signs of 950
Juxtacanalicular meshwork 11, 34
Juxta-limbal corneal thinning 1456
K
Kabuki syndrome 1808
Kahook dual blade 1175
ophthalmic knife 1174f
Kamra inlay implants 618
Kaposi's sarcoma 407, 1740
Kassabach-Merritt syndrome 1812
Kayser-Fleischer ring 533
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 192, 1581
Kelman phacoemulsification, development of 691
Keloid formation 1166
Keratan sulfate 548
Keratectomy 1160
photoreactive 522, 524
photorefractive 357, 515, 605, 1208
phototherapeutic 535, 543, 544, 1186
superficial 421, 1194
Keratic precipitates 1143f, 1368, 1370
large 1369f
medium-sized 1370f
pigmented 1357f
Keratinocytes 407, 408
division of 407
Keratitis 155, 156, 395, 471t, 503, 510, 581
acquired 1192
adenoviral 393, 503, 503f
advanced 481
bacterial 468, 469, 473, 482f, 1190
dematiaceous 480f
disciform 498, 502
filamentary 106
hereditary 1191
herpes 214
ichthyosis-deafness syndrome 1191
immune stromal 496, 500
infectious 160, 468, 471, 1189
infective 468t
interstitial 502, 509, 509t, 510f, 572f
marginal 495, 496f
microbial 382, 592, 1190, 1197
noninfectious 471, 1197
nummular 502, 1379
punctate 494
suppurative 483
Keratoconic cornea 343f, 1195
Keratoconjunctivitis 154, 1543
adenoviral 393f
atopic 113
chronic 392, 394
epidemic 392
sicca 358, 458, 506, 507, 508f, 509, 1457
superficial 106
unilateral 495
Keratoconus 260, 347, 351, 352, 356f, 374, 516, 518, 522t, 527t, 567, 1149, 1185, 1195, 1196, 1196f, 1197, 1558
classification, topographical 356f
clinical diagnosis of 519
collaborative longitudinal evaluation of 1197
detection 519t
diagnosis, early 376
eyes 521
grading of 522
index 354, 519
management of 515, 522, 524f
pediatric 1195
percentage index 519
prediction index 519
severity
index 519
score 519
subclinical 352
Keratocyte 67
dysfunction 1195
phenotype 1196
Keratoderma blennorrhagicum 1393
Keratoendotheliitis 1192
fugax hereditaria 1192
Keratoglobus 526, 527f, 527t, 1196f
Keratolenticular adhesions 1183
Keratolimbal allograft 452
Keratometers 340
Keratometric astigmatism 519
Keratometric map 346
Keratometry 339, 349
accurate 650
central 349
measurements 717
Keratoneuritis, radial 489f
Keratopathy
filamentary 459f
severe exposure 1810f
Keratoplasty 515, 525
conductive 618, 619f
endothelial 562, 574
pediatric 580f
penetrating 576
penetrating 443, 522, 525, 544f, 567, 569, 718, 1149, 1187
phototherapeutic 1187
Keratoprosthesis 258f, 439, 568, 579, 581
designs, current 581
temporary 1051
vitrectomy, temporary 1051f
Keratoscopy, placido-disk based 341
Keratosis, actinic 1693
Keratotomy
astigmatic 600
radial 600, 601f
Keratouveitis 494, 502
herpetic 1368f
Kernig's sign 1478
Kestenbaum procedure 1301
Ketoconazole 99, 101, 159, 485
Ketorolac 112, 113
Ketotifen 113
Khodadoust endothelial rejection 501
Khodadoust line 570, 570f
Kidney 958
diseases 727
stones 1126
Kimura's spatula 471, 481, 482f
Kinetic perimetry 45, 1066f
manual 1602f
principle of 46f
Kinetic visual field testing 946
Kingella kingae 170
Kjer optic neuropathy 1501
Klebsiella 96, 98, 1389
endophthalmitis 1388f
liver abscess 1388f
pneumoniae 94, 125, 170, 386, 1387, 1388
Klippel-Feil anomaly 1816
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome 1228, 1232
Knobloch syndrome 958, 959f, 1242
Knudson's two hit hypothesis 787, 1266
Koeppe lens 1234, 1234f
Krause and Wolfring, accessory lacrimal glands of 22
Krebs cycle 67, 76
Krimsky technique 1324
Krimsky test 1317
modified 1318f
Krukenberg spindle 1058, 1140, 1140f, 1158f
Kuglen hook 711
Kupffer cells 163
Kyrieleis arteriolitis 1382, 1383f
L
Labial mucosa 1687
Labrador keratopathy 539
Laceration repair, simple 1844
Lacquer cracks 893, 893f
progression of 894
Lacrimal apparatus 1661, 1661f, 1796
anatomy 1661
normal 456f
Lacrimal artery 1658
Lacrimal bone 1655
Lacrimal crest, posterior 1657
Lacrimal disease 1459
Lacrimal disorders 1803
Lacrimal drainage
malignancies 1803b
system 1662, 1793
diseases of 1793
examination of 1662
tumors of 1803
Lacrimal excretory system 8, 1661
Lacrimal fistula, congenital 1796
Lacrimal functional unit 432
Lacrimal gland 1661, 1723
adenoid cystic carcinoma of 223f
enlargement 1543
examination 1662f
injury 1681
lesions 221
palpebral lobe of 1661
pleomorphic adenoma of 222f
swelling 1393
tumors 1723, 1729, 1730
Lacrimal irrigation 1798
Lacrimal nerve 1727
Lacrimal probing and irrigation 1663f
Lacrimal sac 1798
fistula, left side congenital 1797f
Lacrimal secretory system 1661
Lacrimal system 456, 1810
Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome 1793
Lacritin 64, 169, 465
Lactoferrin 64, 169
Lacunae 80, 985
Lagophthalmos 255, 1193, 1680
Lamella, posterior 1663, 1842
Lamellar
ablative procedures 607
corneal transplant 422
femtosecond laser-based procedures 614
hole 1000
cluster of 1006f
keratitis, diffuse 610, 611, 612t
keratoplasty 526, 544, 1188
laceration 1832
macular hole 1000, 1000f
retinal holes 1007f
scleral transplant 422
Lamina cribrosa 244f, 264
Lamotrigine 408
Landolt's rings 43
Landolt's test 43
Lang's test 1310
Langerhans cell 1290
histiocytosis 1748, 1748f
Langerhans lineage 1749
Larcimal punctum, lower 1314f
Laser 618, 1258
ablation
conventional 603
procedure 609
types of 603
application 626, 629
assisted subepithelial keratomileusis 607
biophysics 601
delivery system 602
flare photometer 1395, 1436
in situ keratomileusis 533, 607, 639f, 1208, 1336
iridotomy 1139
peripheral iridoplasty 1136, 1137f
complications 1137
indications 1136
management 1137
mechanism 1136
procedure 1137
peripheral iridotomy 1113f, 1114, 1115b, 1117, 1135, 1136, 1154
complications of 1115b, 1136
indications 1135
management 1136
procedure 1135
photocoagulation 1028
focal 897
procedures, basics of 1132
production 601
refractive
procedures 601t
surgery 1336
scanning confocal microscope 367
therapy 1114
trabeculoplasty 1120, 1132, 1132f, 1133, 1141, 1142
indications 1132
mechanism of selective 1133
repeat 1134
selective 1115, 1132, 1134, 1143
treatment 1139, 1258, 1262
application 1259
variables of 1132
vision correction 601, 603, 604t
principles of 601
white spot burns 1260f
Lashes 468, 1666
LASIK 602
complications of 610t
Lasiodiplodia 152
theobromae 145, 152, 152f, 170
Latanoprost 1119
Lattice corneal dystrophy 203f, 545, 546f, 1187, 1188f
Lattice degeneration 898
prevalence of 898
Lattice dystrophy 180f, 214
Lattice-Gelsolin type 181
Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome 1195, 1808
Le Fort classification 1780
Le Fort fracture 1773, 1777, 1779, 1780, 1780f, 1847
Lead 1551
Leber's congenital amaurosis 191, 517, 943, 944f, 962, 1195, 1246
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 192, 1500, 1501f, 1520, 1551, 1589
Leber's optic atrophy 49
Lecithin retinol acyltransferase 41, 81
Leflunomide 1441, 1442
side effects 1443
Left eye
proptosis of 1500f
restricted upgaze in 1567f
scleritis of 1461f
Legionella 94, 488
Leishmania 139
Lens 13, 19, 73, 184, 216, 282, 623, 1043
based refractive surgeries 615
biochemical composition of 74
capsule 201, 711
anterior 714, 1139f
thickness of 14f
changes 428
choice 1135, 1137
coloboma 1192f
conventional 298
crystallins 36, 37
damage 1042
different types of 587t
dimensions of 13t
dislocated 185f
epithelial cells, regrowth of 1222f
epithelium 216
extraction 1116
fibers
architecture of 37
primary 19
fragmentation 629, 631
injury, causes of 1132
iris diaphragma 1267
miniscleral 593f
minus 286, 287, 1202
noncontact 270
nucleus 216
overview of 13f
panfundoscopic 270
particle 1152
glaucoma 1153
perpendicular 290f
physiology of 36
placode 19
plus 285
power 1202
progressive addition 1209
protein 37, 1152
uveitis 1364
remnants 1232
retrieval instrument 680
selection of trial 588
spherical 282, 283f, 289
spherocylinder 290, 291, 291f, 292, 294f
subluxated 1267
surface, anterior 617f
transparency 36
trivex 1207
tumor touching 1273
type 587
vault 1108f
Lensectomy 1044, 1045t, 1183, 1245
Leprosy 509, 1355
lepromatous 1355
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis 1484
Leptomeningeal disease 1646
Leptospira 129, 130
interrogans 130, 1381
Leptospirosis 130, 1355, 1364, 1381
diagnosis 1382
ocular manifestations 1382
treatment 1382
Lesions on autofluorescence, staging of 1434t
Letter chart acuity 310
Leucovorin 1384, 1443
Leukemia 1364, 1414, 1446, 1467, 1552
Leukemic malignant masquerades 1420
Leukemic optic nerve infiltration 1552
Leukocoria 987, 1241, 1245, 1267, 1267f, 1268f
Leukopenia 1442
Leukotrienes 400
Levator
advancement of 1678
aponeurosis 1677, 1678
Levocycloversion 57
Levodepression 57
Levodopa 1217
Levoelevation 57
Levofloxacin 91, 93, 94, 158, 1425
Levothyroxine 1477
Levoversion 57
Levy-Hollister syndromes 1796
Lid 108, 432, 468, 1325
abnormalities 255
and lacrimal apparatus 17
colobomas 1193
disorders 458
laceration repair
general principles of 1843
margin 1844f
lower 1808
margin 437
keratinization 409f
nodule 1743
ptosis 1648
retraction in left eye 1567f
speculum 628, 672
position 672
Lidocaine jelly 1133
Light emitting diode 334, 787
Light-near dissociation 1651
causes of 1651
development of 1651
Lignocaine 90
Limbal cells 403
Limbal conjunctiva 507
Limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation 421, 424
Limbal dermoid 1184f
Limbal epithelial stem cell 450f
transplantation, cultivated 450
Limbal epithelial transplantation 450, 451f, 452
Limbal hyperemia 587
Limbal ischemia
total 448f
variable 446
Limbal redness 597
Limbal relaxing incisions 648, 671
Limbal stem cell 433
characteristics features of 433b
deficiency 409f, 428, 433f, 434, 435f, 435fc, 436b, 441f, 442f, 449, 450f, 452fc, 1193, 1194
management of 450
mild 419
total 437f, 442f
transplantation 412
Limbal tissue 451
Limbic epithelial cells, superior 403
Limbic keratoconjunctivitis, superior 403, 513
Limbus 10, 168, 432, 433, 631
Limiting membrane, middle 14
Linezolid 1504, 1551
Lipid 74, 586
keratopathy 538
layer 22
mediators 165
Lipocalin 64, 169
Lipodermoids 1813f, 1815
Lipofuscin 789
concentration of 758
Liposarcoma 227
well-differentiated 227f
Liposomal amphotericin B 1739
Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy 544
Lissamine green stain 359, 495f
Listeria 384
monocytogenes 125, 469
Listing's law 55
Listing's plane 55
Lithium 408, 458
Liver
cirrhosis 1387
disease 94, 1126, 1461
function test 1542
Loa loa 142, 170
Lobe tumor, left frontal 1588f
Local injectable anesthesia, classification of 89t
Localized neurofibroma 1714
management 1714
schwannoma 1714
signs 1714
symptoms 1714
Lockwood's suspensory ligament 8
Lodoxamide tromethamine 114
Loteprednol etabonate 109
Low vision 306, 308f, 1849
functional 1862
rehabilitation 326
services 1862
therapists, certified 325
Lowe syndrome 1220, 1229, 1807
Lower eyelid
cross-section of 7f
fat pedicles 1674
Lucentis 858
Lukosz, principle of 367
Lung 1406
adenocarcinoma 1718f
upper 1650
Lupus anticoagulant 817, 818
Lupus choroidopathy 1458
Lupus erythematosus 812
Lyme disease 131, 509, 1355, 1378, 1435, 1483
diagnosis 1378
ocular manifestations 1378
stages of 1379t
treatment 1378
Lyme meningitis 1478
Lymph nodes 1406, 1697
Lymphangioma 1708f
intraconal 1708f
Lymphatic drainage 8
Lymphatic malformation 1707
signs 1707
symptoms 1707
Lymphatic system 1355
Lymphatic tissue, mucosa-associated 210, 211f
Lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome 1806
Lymphocytic hypophysitis 1554
Lymphocytic pleocytosis 1484
Lymphoid
cells, abnormal 1419
hyperplasia 1715
lesions, treatment of 1724
malignancies 1420
progenitor cells 163, 167
tissue
conjunctival mucosal-associated 469
lymphoma, mucosal-associated 1420
tumors 1723
of lacrimal gland 1723
Lymphoma 198, 407, 1414, 1446, 1467, 1696, 1715, 1716f
follicular 1724
infiltrates, biopsy of 1419
management 1715
mimicking follicular conjunctivitis 211f
signs 1715
symptoms 1715
Lymphomatous meningitis 1560
Lymphoproliferative disorders 1414, 1446, 1749
Lymphoproliferative tumors 1715
Lymphovenous malformations 1639
Lysine 41
Lysozyme 169, 1747
Lysyl oxidase 516
enzyme 1197
M
Mackool capsule retractors 712
Macroconidia 147
Macrolides 92, 95, 408
Macrophage 163, 168, 209
migration inhibitory factor 173
Macropinocytosis 164
Macropsia 1004, 1005
Macula 263, 893, 1035, 1065
central 770
chorioretinal atrophy of 890
degeneration 1851
dome-shaped 894
functional assessment of 912f
inherited dystrophies of 905
lutea 844
status of 1025
temporal 770
Macula-on detachment 1023
Macular artery branch after occlusion, superior 815f
Macular branch
artery occlusion, superior 822f
retinal vein occlusion, small superior 836f
Macular capillary telangiectasias 1423
Macular corneal dystrophy 203f, 548, 548f
Macular cystoid edema 731
Macular degeneration 702
atrophic age-related 852
dry age-related 781
exudative age-related 738, 780
treatment of age-related 857
Macular diseases 1046, 1047, 1461
Macular disorders 1013
Macular drag 1260
Macular dysplasia 1246f
Macular dystrophy 182f, 214, 904, 905, 907, 914, 919, 921, 1188, 1188f, 1248
chart of 187fc
developmental 1248
hereditary 904
inherited 920
Macular ectopia 1242
Macular edema 772, 780, 798, 803, 826, 837, 1046, 1047, 1364, 1423, 1430
center-involving 779
chronic 833f
treatment of 833
Macular exudates 988
Macular hole 100f, 999, 999f, 1000, 1000f, 1001f, 1021, 1047
fellow eyes of 997f
full-thickness 1000
prevalence 999
primary 999
secondary 1004
traumatic 1841
Macular ischemia 982f
Macular leakage 827
Macular neuroretinopathy, acute 824, 824t
Macular pathology 702
Macular pattern dystrophy 907
Macular pigment 790
absorption 790
Macular pseudohole 1000, 1006
Macular region, retinoblastoma in 1269f
Macular star 988
Macular telangiectasia 790
Macular thickness map 1000f
Maculopapular rash, non-painful 1378f
Maculopathy 189, 1577
age-related 853, 855
drug-induced 906f
paracentral acute middle 812, 824, 825f
Maculorrhexis 1001
Maddox rod 1318
Magnesium hydroxide 445
Magnetic resonance
angiography 1529
imaging 1394, 1782
Magnification 287, 310, 315
Magnocellular nevi 218
Malabsorption syndromes 1503
Malattia léventinese 920
Mammilary bodies, hyperintensities of 1567
Mandibular fracture 1773
Mandibulofacial dysostosis 1809, 1810f, 1815
Mannose receptor 164
Mannose-binding proteins 489
Map-dot fingerprint
corneal dystrophy 1186
dystrophy 214f
Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome 20, 1690
Marden-Walker syndrome 1807
Marfan's syndrome 13, 517, 710, 1045, 1154, 1185, 1195, 1229, 1232, 1291
Marijuana 1643
Mason's trichrome 1187
Masquerade syndrome 242, 407, 1365, 1397, 1414, 1424, 1425, 1427, 1430
non-neoplastic 1421
Mass drug administration 388
Massachusetts eye and ear infirmary 520
Massilia timonae 1387
Masson's trichrome stain 202, 202f, 545
Mast cells 163
Maternal inheritance 176
Matrix metalloproteinases 80, 463, 517
Maxillary division 4
Maxillary nerve 1666
Maxillary sinus 1774f
McNeill-Goldmann scleral fixation ring 579
Measles 134, 135, 1374
Mebendazole 1385
Mechanical ectropion 1684, 1689
Mechanical eye injuries, classification of 1832f
Mechanical ptosis 1733f
Mechanical theory 896
Medial canthal tendon 1843
repair 1845
Medial wall fracture, left 1774f
Medrysone 109
Medullary syndrome, lateral 1650
Medulloblastoma 1276f
Medulloepithelioma 245, 245f-247f
classification of 246t
Meesmann corneal dystrophy 543, 543f
Meesmann dystrophy 178f
Meesmann's epithelial corneal dystrophy 1186
Meesmann-Wilke syndrome 1186
Megalocornea 534, 1185, 1186f
Megalophthalmos 1185
part of anterior 1186f
Meibomian gland 21, 23, 169, 457, 1194
dysfunction 458, 461, 463, 596, 1192, 1194
openings of 7
secretions 1195
Melanized fungi 149
Melanocytic intraepithelial neoplasia, conjunctival 238
Melanocytic proliferation, bilateral diffuse unilateral 990f
Melanocytoma 218, 984
Melanoma 206f, 407, 792, 1420, 1693, 1694, 1697, 1812
cells, epithelioid type 249f
conjunctival 238, 239f
cutaneous 239, 1266
malignant 210
Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome 1751, 1752f
Melles-trained corneal surgeons 574
Melphalan 987
intracameral 1279
Memantine 1300
Membrane dystrophy, anterior 1186, 1187
Membrane proteins 74
Membranectomy, peripupillary 653
Membrane-forming mucins 64
Membranous conjunctivitis 385, 386f, 437
Memory cells 167
Mendelian disorders 904
Meningeal symptoms 1558
Meningioma 226, 1650
sellar/suprasellar 1518f
Meningitis 1733
carcinomatous 1560
Meningococcus conjunctivitis 385f
Mental model 311f
Mental vigilance 1644
Mepivacaine 90
Mercury 408
Merkel cell
carcinoma 1695, 1695f
tumor 1699
Mesenchymal cells 227f
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma 227f
Mesoblastic tissue 684
Mesoderm 16, 17
Messenger ribonucleic acid 66, 67
Metabolic buffer function 38
Metabolic cataracts 1220
Metabolic disease 1363
Metabolic disorders 1229
Metabolic memory 803
Metabolic optic neuropathies 1500
Metabolic toxic diseases 1549
Metacarpal phalangeal joints, erosion of 1455f
Metallic foreign body 1834f
Metalloproteinases, synthesis of 419
Metamorphopsia 45, 847, 914, 1004
Metastasis 209
Metastatic adenocarcinoma 1422f
Metastatic disease 1365
risk of 243
Metastatic endophthalmitis 1271
Metastatic iris lesions 976
Metastatic lesions 1696
Metastatic lymphoma 1414
Metastatic orbital tumor 1716, 1717, 1717f, 1718f
Metastatic retinoblastoma 1276
Metastatic tumor 228, 1717
Methanol 1551
Methotrexate 443, 1441, 1443, 1445, 1457, 1544, 1551
Methulose 115
Methylcellulose 115
Methylene blue 119
Methylmalonic aciduria 185
Methylprednisolone 110
sodium succinate 1440
Metronidazole 511, 1737
Meyer's loop 1616
Miconazole 99, 159
Microabrasion 489
Microaneurysms 731, 798, 1423
Microbial flora, normal 469
Microbiology surveillance 1827
Microblepharon 1806
Microcephaly chorioretinopathy syndrome 1244
Microconidia 147
Microcornea 1185, 1816
Microcorneal perforations 358
Microfilarial pathogen onchocerca volvulus 141f
Microglial cells 163
Microkeratome 607
automated 607
limitations of 608
suction ring determines flap diameter 607f
Microphthalmia 1185, 1815
Microphthalmos 1185
posterior 1249
Micropulse diode laser photocoagulation 872
Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation 1178
Micro-ribonucleic acid 245
Microsomia, hemifacial 1814, 1815
Microspherophakia 1154
isolated 1154
Microsporidia 153, 154
Microsporidial infection 106
Microsporidium ceylonensis 106
Microsporifium africanum 106
Microtopia 1309f
Microvascular abnormalities, intraretinal 733f, 798
Microvascular disease 1342
Microvitreoretinal blade 679, 680
Midfacial fractures, classification of 1780f
Midperipheral atrophy 956f
Midperipheral retina 799, 934
Migraine 820, 1057, 1631
Miller Fisher variant 1560, 1567
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists 872, 873
Minocycline 91
Miosis, intraoperative 714
Miotic agents 118
Miotic pupil, persistently 652
Mirror artefact 774f
Mirror test 1589
Misdirection syndrome 1148f
Misfolded prion protein 1548
Mitochondria 814
Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid 1551
Mitochondrial diseases 1550
Mitomycin C 423, 424
Mitoxantrone 1542
Mittendorf's dot 20, 1245
Mixed tumor, malignant 1729
Mobius syndrome 358, 1816
Modern cataract surgery, development of 625
Moebius syndrome 1325, 1343, 1347
Mohs micrographic surgery 234, 1697
Molar tooth sign 950
Molds 144, 146
Molecular biology 1430
Molecular genetic testing 1241
Molecular ophthalmic pathology 197
Molecular patterns, pathogen-associated 164t
Molecular testing 198
Molecule polyenes
large 100
small 100
Molluscum contagiosum 132, 133, 395
Molteno surgery 1159
Money management 333
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 1123, 1125
Monochromatic laser 795
Monochromatism 49
Monoclonal antibodies ipulimumab 1753
Monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1 1758
classical 163
Monocyte-derived macrophages 163
Monofixation syndrome 1305, 1308
Monofocal lens 676
Monogenic disorders 845
Mononucleosis, infectious 1740
Monovision 617
Mooren's ulcer 507, 535, 536f
Moraxella
catarrhalis 382384
lacunata 386
Morbillivirus 1374
Morgagnian cataract 696f
leaking 1359f
Morganella morganii 125
Morning glory syndrome 1271
Morphine 1643
Mosaic corneal dystrophy 1185
Mosquito-borne arbovirus 137
Motile trophozoite 488
Motion artefact 774, 775f
Motor system, guidance of 322
Movement disorder 1580
Moxalactam 95
Moxifloxacin 91, 93, 94, 158
eye drops 473
treatment for sinusitis 1425f
Moyamoya disease 1291
Mucin 64, 586
soluble 21
Mucinous layer 457
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 222, 223f, 1730
Mucoid discharge 1785, 1785f
Mucolipidoses, cystinosis 1227
Mucopolysaccharidoses 191, 1183, 1227, 1229
Mucor 100, 152
Mucosa
conjunctival 406f, 433
palpebral 432
Mucosal membrane 432
Mucous layer 22
functions of 22
Mucous membrane 436
graft 439, 439f, 440f
pemphigoid 410, 440
Mucous secreting cells 223f
Muir-Torre syndrome 1694, 1696, 1697
Muller muscles 5
Muller's cells 15, 189, 993, 1034
Muller's muscle 1648, 1664, 1675, 1678, 1679f, 1843
denervation of 7
flap, conjunctival 1678
Multidrug-resistant strains 97
Multifactorial disease 1192
Multifocal choroditis 1401, 1405, 1422
Multifocal electroretinography 1462
testing 907
Multifocal intraocular lenses 619, 640
Multifocal leukoencephalopathy, progressive 1521, 1542
Multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, acute posterior 1401, 1403, 1431f
Multifocal retinitis 1359f
Multifocal serous retinal detachment 869
Multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis 1380
Multifocal subepithelial keratitis 1191
Multifocal visual evoked potential 1079f
Multiple cranial neuropathies, evidence of 1558
Multiple sclerosis, developing 1541f
Mumps 134, 135
Munson's sign 518, 518f, 1197
Muscae volitantes 1034
Muscle
cell marker, expression of 224f
ischemia, transient 1569
isolation of 1029
plane 53f
pulleys 53
Muscle-specific kinase 1566
Musculoskeletal system 1355
Mutations, types of 1266
Mutton-fat keratic precipitates 1407f
Myasthenia 1345, 1349, 1568
gravis 1332, 1343, 1545, 1564, 1566
Myasthenic diplopia 1566
Myasthenic syndrome 1566
Mycobacteria 204f
atypical 128
nontuberculous 127, 128, 472, 474
Mycobacterial conjunctivitis 391
non-tuberculous 391
Mycobacterium 128, 488
avium 94
kansasii 94
manitobense 1387
tuberculosis 27f, 94, 127, 1391, 511, 1379, 1740
Mycophenolate 1397, 1444
mofetil 412, 443, 1441, 14431445, 1457, 1541, 1544
Mycophenolic acid 1443, 1444
Mycoplasma 94
pneumoniae 96
Mydriasis 115, 1344f
Mydriatics 115
intracameral 652
Myelinated nerve fibers 1250, 1251, 1271
Myelodysplastic syndrome 1460
Myeloid cells 168, 170
recruitment of 170
Myeloma, multiple 1516f
Myeloperoxidase 506
Myiasis 142
Myocarditis 1459
Myogenic ptosis 1675
Myokymia, superior oblique 1569
Myopathy 1564
Myopia 601f, 603, 605, 756, 887, 888, 1096, 1202, 1203, 12051207
axial 296, 665
clinical features of 889
correct 299f
evaluation trial, correction of 1209
high 664, 702, 756, 887, 893, 1264, 1264f
pathologic 887, 896
prevalence of 887t
severity of 898
treatment of 1209
undercorrection of 1209
Myopic astigmatism 297f, 528f
Myopic choroidal neovascularization 892f, 895
fundus autofluorescence of 897f
indocyanine green angiogram of 897f
optical coherence tomography of 897f
Myopic degeneration 702f
Myopic eyes 362, 702, 703, 703f, 704
Myopic foveoschisis 895, 1010, 1011, 1012f
Myopic fundus 888f
tessellation of 1012f
Myopic macular schisis 664f
Myopic progression, prevention of 1209t
Myopic refractive surgery 671
Myopic spectacle correction 299
Myopic staphylomata 877
Myopic tilt, severe 1473f
Myotonic dystrophy 184, 184f, 710
N
Nail guns 1781
Nail pitting 1378f
Naïve pachychoroid neovasculopathy 878f
Nanophthalmic eyes, choroid of 707
Nanophthalmos 705, 1185
Naphazoline 1110
hydrochloride 114
Narcotics 1643
Nasal field-related fibers 1284
Nasal interpalpebral region 417
Nasal lacrimal drainage system 8f
Nasal pterygium 415f, 417f
recurrent 419
Nasal pupillary margin 417f
Nasal retina 1286f
reflecting temporal field 1604f
Nasofrontal artery 1658
Nasolacrimal canal 4
Nasolacrimal duct 1793
obstruction, congenital 1793, 1794f, 1796f
Naso-orbital-ethmoidal fractures 1773, 1779
classification of 1779f
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 228, 228f, 1373, 1528
island of 228f
Natalizumab 1542
Natamycin 99101
exception of 483
National Comprehensive Cancer Network 1699
Natriuretic peptide mechanism 34
Natural killer cells 163
Nature-nurture model 517
Nausea 1205, 1447, 1649f
Near vision, diopters for 298
Neck pain 1558
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma 1749
Necrosis
central 234f
ischemic 242
zones of 242f
Necrotic corneal stroma 204f
Necrotic intraocular retinoblastoma 1267
Necrotizing fasciitis 1736
clinical features 1736
investigations 1737
management 1737
pathophysiology 1736
risk factors 1736
Necrotizing scleritis 1366
Necrotizing stromal keratitis 496, 500
Needle threader 332f
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae 94, 125, 170, 384, 469, 472, 1184, 1740
meningitides 98, 125, 384, 1388
Nematodes 1742
Neoadjuvant intra-arterial cytoreductive chemotherapy 1725
Neonatal conjunctivitis, preventing 395
Neoplasm 1594
Neoplastic Masquerade syndrome 1414
Neoplastic optic neuropathies 1551
Neovascular complications, treatment of 833
Neovascular extension, intraretinal 740
Neovascular glaucoma 215, 825, 828, 829, 1143-1145, 1145f, 1171, 1245, 1273
epidemiology 1143
management 1144
pathophysiology 1144
stages of 1145t
treatment algorithm for 1145fc
Neovascular proliferation, focal 740
Neovascularization, treatment of 1144
Neovessels in angle 1145f
Nepafenac 112
Nephritis 1393, 1456
Nephrotic syndrome 1456
Nerve
fiber
density 521f
swelling of 1007
fiber layer 14, 16, 216, 270
atrophy 772
hemorrhages 216
fiber plexus, sub-basal 521f
palsy 727
paresis of 1561
Nervous system 958
Neural crest
cells 19
migration 16f
Neural filamentous structures 243f
Neural tumors 225, 1711
Neuritis, chiasmal 1291, 1292f, 1554
Neuroblastoma 1276f, 1364, 1552, 1553, 1582, 1716
course of 1716
signs 1716
symptoms 1716
Neurocutaneous syndromes 1811
Neuroectoderm 17
Neuroectodermal cells 19
Neurofibroma 1714
Neurofibromatosis 1228, 1552, 1750, 1811f
Neuroma, acoustic 357
Neuromuscular junction 1558, 1561
disease 1565
symptoms 1558
transmission defects 1561
Neuromyelitis optica 1497, 1498t, 1519, 1541
spectrum disorder 1497, 1519
Neuron
second-order 1642
third-order 1642
Neuronal cell count 814
Neuronal growth factors 42
Neuro-ophthalmic
examination 1467, 1599
lesion 1506
manifestations 15361538, 1539f, 1540, 1541, 1543, 1545, 15471549
problems 1555
Neuro-ophthalmology 1649f
Neuroprotection 859
Neuroprotective compounds 961
Neuroretinal rim thinning 1089f
Neuroretinitis 1375, 1375f, 1431, 1499, 1500f
diffuse unilateral subacute 1385
in cat scratch disease 1548f
subacute 1385
Neurosarcoidosis 1485
Neurosensory
abnormalities 1192
deafness 1393
detachment, multiple episodes of 867
retina 14, 738, 781
conform 882
physiology of 42
Neurosyphilis, acute 130
Neurotrophic epithelial keratitis 495
Neurotrophic keratitis 476, 494, 1733
management of 499
Neurotrophic keratopathy 495, 502, 592
Neurotrophic ulcers 497f
Neutral buffered formalin 241
Neutral density filter 1213
Neutropenia 1737, 1738
Neutrophil 163, 168
activation 477
chemotactic factors 405
infiltration 477
Nevirapine 408
Nevus
conjunctival 212f
of Ota 1816
Nicotine lozenges 1643
Night blindness 933, 1248, 1855
early onset 955
symptoms of 933
Night myopia, symptoms of 933
Night vision distortions 606
Nitric oxide 804
Nitrofurantoin 905
Nocardia 127, 471
asteroides 472, 474
filaments, thin 156f
keratitis 370f, 470, 473f, 482f
Nodular episcleritis 1455
Nodular inflammatory response 511
Nodules, conjunctival 1543
Noncollagenous proteins 79
Nonconfocal system 791
Noncontact method 270
Nonepithelial tumors 221
Nonexudative choroidal hemangioma 751f
Nonfoveal fixation 328
Nonfusional divergence 58
Nonhemolytic streptococci 122
Nonhemorrhagic swelling 1496f
Nonhereditary cataracts, test for bilateral 1221b
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas 1449
Nonimmune cells 164
Noninfectious systemic diseases 1397t
Noninfectious uveitis, symptoms with 1393t
Nonkeratinizing carcinoma 228
Non-lymphoproliferative malignancies 1420
Non-nutrient agar 156
Non-sexually transmitted bacteria 390
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, chronic 357
Nonteratoid medulloepithelioma, malignant 248f
Nontreponemal tests 1378
Nontuberculous mycobacterium, Runyon classification of 128t
Noonan's syndrome 1195
Norfloxacin 93, 158
Norries disease 1241, 1271
Norries syndrome 1185
North Carolina Macular Dystrophy 1249, 1250b
Nortriptyline 503
Novel techniques 579
N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine 789
N-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine 907
Nuclear cataract 78, 794
Nuclear layer 14, 768
Nucleic acid
amplification tests 1430
biosynthesis 423
Nucleotide polymorphisms, single 896
Numerous strabismus surgeries 1765
Nutritional deficiencies 1550, 1551
Nutritional optic neuropathies 1502
Nyctalopia 191, 933, 1399
phenotype of 933
Nystagmus 1241, 1248, 1294, 1300fc, 1468, 1528, 1571, 1573, 1577
abducting 1332
acquired 1294
pendular 1575, 1576
acuity function 1295
asymmetric periodic alternating 1297
blockage syndrome 193, 1297, 1325
certain forms of 1296
congenital 1294, 1296, 1300, 1577
motor 193, 1298f
convergence retraction 1579
downbeat 1573, 1575
early onset 1296
gaze evoked 1572, 1575
horizontal-torsional 1574
latent 1298
like eye movements 1578
manifest latent 1298f
motility disorder 1297
ocular conditions with 1295b
pathophysiology of 1571
pediatric 1575, 1577
pendular 1298
see-saw 1576
periodic alternating 1576
pharmacologic therapy 1300
positional 1574, 1576
primary motor 1296
right-beating 1577
see-saw 1288, 1575
surgery 1301
syndrome, infantile 1296, 1297, 1299, 1577
torsional 1573, 1575
jerk 1573
pendular 1575
treatment 1300, 1301t
types of 1296, 1571, 1572, 1574t
common 1295b
early-onset 1299t
upbeat 1573
vestibular 1571
voluntary 1578, 1587
waveforms of 1294f, 1572f
X-linked infantile 193
Nystatin 100, 408
O
Oblique muscles 56
Obliterated fornix 449
Obscuring optic disk 1270f
Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 1120, 1123
Occipital lobe lesion 1624f
Occult choroidal neovascularization 876
Occupational therapy 326f
Ocrelizumab 1542
Ocular
adnexa 3, 458
albinism 904
antifungal agents 99t
bacteriology 122
biochemistry 63
cicatricial pemphigoid 198, 199f, 261f, 410, 411f, 432, 435, 440, 442f, 443
disease 604
treatment of 443fc
coherence tomography 562, 1403f
coloboma 1249
comorbidities 708
conditions 717
chronic 412
cysticercosis 142
deviation measurement 1324
disease 136, 412, 506, 1143, 1373
dengue-related 1376
disorders 1244
examination 933, 1110, 1295, 1834
factors 803
flutter 1582
fungi, transmission of 144
genetics 175
herpes
primary 493
recurrent 493
hypertension 682, 1096, 1127
treatment study 1069, 1096, 1098
hypotensive drug 1122
immune tolerance 171
infections 123, 154, 159
diagnosis of 157t, 160
inflammatory disease 1366, 1428, 14441446, 1449
ischemia 826
ischemic syndrome 826, 826f, 828, 1144, 1423, 1630
signs of 828t
lubricants 114
lubricating agents 115t
manifestations 146, 176, 1384t
microbiology 122
motility 1296
disorders 1522
restriction of 1743
motor
abnormalities 1650
deficits 1566
neuropathies, multiple 1349
movement
pathways for control of 1559f
physiology of 53
myasthenia 1566
mycology 143
nerve palsy 1374
neuromyotonia 1567
pain, severe 1113
parasites, classification of 138f
parasitology 138
perfusion pressure 1096
pharmacotherapy 89
phthiriasis 143
protection index 462
protozoal infections, treatment of 106
response analyzer 371, 371f, 372f
rigidity 36
rosacea 510
management of 511
staining score 508, 508t
surface 1839
allergies 173
cell of 171
conjunctivalization of 447f
constitutes 432
disorder 432, 450, 452
failure 435, 436b
fluorescein staining of 260f
health 462
keratinization of 437f, 442f
neoplasia 412
tumors 236
surface burns 436, 444f
severity of 448t
surface chemical
burns 435, 444
disease 388, 396, 592, 1191
hallmark clinical features of 434
injury 447f
surface squamous neoplasia 197f, 407
diagnosis of 236
symptoms 1127
toxocariasis 1271, 1384, 1384t
toxoplasmosis
diagnosis of 1382
medical management of 1384t
treatment of 1384b
trauma 1831, 1832
acute 717
epidemiology of 1831
penetrating 718f
sequelae of 716
tuberculosis 1430
virology 131
xerophthalmia, classification of 1855
Oculocerebral renal syndrome 1807
Oculocutaneous disease 436
Oculogenital contact 384
Oculogyric crisis 1582
Oculomotor nerve 1343, 1343f, 1656
dysfunction, signs of 1344
left 1344f
paresis 13431346
Oculomotor nucleus 1578
Oculoparasympathetic dysfunction 1646
Oculoplastic trauma 1842
Oculosympathetic dysfunction 1648
Oculosympathetic innervation, pathway of 1643f
Oculus pentacam 344
machine 344f
Oertli diathermy creates 1222f
Oestrus ovis 143
Ofloxacin 91, 93, 94, 158
Oguchi disease 959, 960
Olexiform layer 14
Oligodendrocyte, anti-myelin 1498
Oligomenorrhea 1290
Olopatadine 114
Onchocerca volvulus 141, 170, 1854
life cycle of 1854fc
Onchocerciasis 141, 1385, 1854
diagnosis 1385
ocular manifestations 1385
treatment 1386
Oncocytic cells 213f
Oncocytoma 212, 213f
One-and-a-half syndrome 1579
Opacities disrupt visual image formation 309
Open angle glaucoma 10941096, 1145, 1152, 1171, 1185
chronic 1138
diagnosis 1099
juvenile 1230
progression 1099
Open globe injury 1832, 1835
signs of 1835
Open-angle glaucoma, lens-induced 1152t
Open-sky vitrectomy 1033
Operating room ventilation 1827t
Ophthalmia
neonatorum 386, 390
nodosa 405
Ophthalmic antibiotics 91t
Ophthalmic artery 827, 1539f
aneurysm 1539
branching pattern of 1659f
occlusion 820, 821f
Ophthalmic division 3
Ophthalmic laboratory technician 199
Ophthalmic lenses 1825
Ophthalmic operation theater 1821
Ophthalmic pathology 198, 202t
basic principles of 197
laboratories 197
Ophthalmic trauma, management of 1831
Ophthalmic vein
inferior 813
superior 1659f
Ophthalmic viscoelastic device 653
Ophthalmic viscosurgical device 679, 692, 711
Ophthalmology
pediatric 1181, 1860
with acute missing spot 1625f
Ophthalmomicroscope, binocular indirect 619, 1038f, 1041
Ophthalmomyiasis 142
Ophthalmoplegia 826
chronic progressive 1557
external 192, 1467, 1551, 1564
internuclear 1528, 1540, 1557, 1562, 1575
painful 1636
progressive external 1581
Ophthalmoplegic migraine 1564
Ophthalmoscope 787
indirect 266, 267f
Ophthalmoscopy 788, 864, 943, 1572
direct 265, 266, 272
scanning laser 787
Opographical keratoconus classification 354
Opsoclonus 1582
myoclonus syndrome 1582
Optic atrophy 803, 1498f, 1502, 1712, 1854f
dominant 1520
Optic canal 4, 5f
Optic chiasm 1540, 1608
enhancement of 1554f
glioma 1288f
lesions of 1608
severe atrophy of 1554f
Optic cup, formation of 17f
Optic disk 263, 827, 830f, 1057, 1060, 1063, 1475f, 1480f
anomalies 1473t
anomalous 1472
cupping 1228
diameter 263
drusen 1477, 1480f
bilateral 1536, 1537f, 1549f
elevated 1479f
hyperemia 1380f
left 1474f
pallor of 910f, 1373f
staining 1406
suspicious 1089f
swelling 1458
Optic glioma 1286
chiasmal 1287
Optic nerve 16, 16t, 19, 192, 207f, 311, 868f, 1380, 1384, 1514, 1538, 1539f, 1604
and retina, junction of 1480f
anomalous 1605
coloboma, mild 1251f
compression of 1549f
disease 1458
disorder 1295
congenital 49
dysfunction 1489, 1491
edema 1477
enlargement of 1063f
extensive 1251f
fibers 311, 1007f
normally 1250
swelling of 1007
glioma 226, 1711
management 1712
signs 1711
symptoms 1711
drusen 792, 817, 1613f
hyperfluorescence 734, 735f
imaging 1082
melanocytoma of 985f
hypoplasia 1297, 1577
left 1518f
metastasis 1552
mild enhancement of right 1516f
perineuritis 1489
right 1496f, 1519f
section, central pupillary 200f
segmentation of 1083f
sheath meningioma 1500f, 1552, 1712
management 1712
primary 1552f
signs 1712
symptoms 1712
swelling 1477
thickened 227f
triad of 1712
tumors 1513
vertical tortuosity of 1490f
Optic neuritis 1292f, 1374, 1375, 1379, 1380, 1459, 1495, 1496, 1498f, 1541f, 1637f, 1743
acute 1496f
anterior 1496f
atypical 1497
demyelinating 1495
episode of 1541f
inflammatory 1499
pediatric 1496
treatment trial 1540, 1541f
Optic neuropathy 1379, 1489, 1491, 1516, 1577, 1733
amiodarone-associated 1503f
arteritic anterior ischemic 1493, 1493f, 1611f
causes of 1489
common 1489
compressive 1499, 1500f, 1549f, 1552, 1760
distinction of 1477
dominant 1501
infiltrative 1610f
inflammatory 1498
paraneoplastic 1553
radiation-induced 1553
right 1509f
traumatic 1495, 1847
Optic pathway glioma 1287, 1552
Optic perineuritis 1499f, 1605
Optic radiations 1616
Optic tract 1610
demyelination 1620f
right 1620f
Optical coherence tomography 521, 557, 562f, 661, 724, 726, 751, 763, 768, 771, 798, 799, 814, 815f, 822f, 825f, 831, 833f, 846f, 858f, 868f, 871, 886f, 895f, 918f, 936, 935, 939, 940, 942, 946, 948, 956, 993, 1007f, 1009, 1012f, 1086, 1089, 1394, 1416, 1506
angiography 750, 766, 770, 778, 799, 802f, 814f, 815, 869, 936
principles of 766
anterior segment 361, 575f, 609f, 1108f, 1112
configuration 764f
corneal 521
high-definition 1086, 1090
principles of 763
spectral domain 90f, 661f, 787, 801, 866, 874f, 878, 879, 881f, 882, 906f, 916, 917f, 922f, 1087
anterior segment 461f
technologies, newer 1436b
three-dimensional 997f
vertical 1007f
Optical function 39
Optical magnifiers 316
Optical pachymetry 343f
manual 360, 360f
Optical principle 363, 367
Optical problems 309
Optical rehabilitation 1245
Optical system 293
Optimal glaucoma
management 1098
treatment 1102
Optociliary shunt vessels 1552f
Optokinetic drum testing 1589
Optokinetic nystagmus 1571, 1589
system 59
Optos wide-field autofluorescence 940
Ora serrata 15, 264, 265, 898
Oral
acyclovir 1368, 1739
antibiotics 463
antifungals 485
antiviral
drugs 500t
role of 500
contraceptives 812
corticosteroids 1456
mucosal epithelial transplantation, cultivated 452
prednisone 1441
ulcers 1393, 1544
Orbicularis 1671
oculi 7, 1566
paralysis of 1688
platform, creation of 1672
Orbit 219, 1629, 1653, 1655, 1806, 1810
anatomy of 3, 1655
and periorbital region, arterial supply of 1658f
apertures of 4t
bony structure 1655
congenital disorders of 1806
vasculature of 5
Orbital abscess 1734
Orbital anatomy 3
Orbital apex 1639f, 1656
structures of 1656f
Orbital aspergillosis 1738
clinical features 1738
management of 1739
risk factors 1738
Orbital blood supply 1658
Orbital blowout fractures 1845
Orbital capillary hemangioma 1705, 1706
Orbital cellulitis 123, 155, 1267, 1271, 1510f, 1732t, 1733
complications of 1733, 1733b
right 1743f
Orbital compartment syndrome 1772
Orbital computed tomography 1705, 1723
Orbital contents, herniation of 1774f
Orbital cysticercosis 1742
Orbital decompression surgery 1764, 1765
Orbital dermoid in left zygomaticofrontal suture 1813f
Orbital disease 1343, 1345, 1459
Orbital echinococcosis 1743
Orbital exenteration 1790
Orbital fat 1657, 1683
pads, anterior 1657f
Orbital fibroblasts 1757
Orbital fissure
inferior 4, 1656
left 1511f
right superior 5f
superior 4, 1636, 1656
Orbital floor
consists 1656
fracture 1774
left 1773f, 1774f
pediatric 1775
Orbital foramen 4
Orbital foreign bodies 1753
Orbital fracture 1772
internal 1845
repair 1776
Orbital implant
choices 1775, 1777
exposure 1788, 1789f
Orbital infarction 826, 1732
syndrome 826
Orbital inflammation 1508, 1747, 1751, 1753, 1754
bisphosphonate-related 1753f
chemical-induced 1752
idiopathic 1754f
nonspecific 219
reports of 1753
Orbital inflammatory disorders 1747
Orbital innervation 1659
Orbital lesions
clinicopathologic correlations of 219
primary 221
Orbital lymphatics 1659
Orbital malignant fibrous histiocytoma 225f
Orbital meningioma 226f
Orbital metastatic
breast carcinoma 229f
tumor 1717
Orbital myositis 1522
Orbital neoplasms 221
prevalence of 221
Orbital neuroblastoma 1717
Orbital pain 826
Orbital pilocytic astrocytoma 227
Orbital processes 1522
Orbital pseudotumor 1508
Orbital radiotherapy 1763
Orbital retinoblastoma 1267, 1276
Orbital roof fractures 1777, 1778, 1778t, 1847
Orbital schwannoma 226, 1714
Orbital septum 7
Orbital soft tissue 1656, 1657f, 1774
tuberculoma 1741
tumors 224
Orbital symptoms 1558
Orbital tissues 1579
Orbital trauma 1775, 1845, 1847
Orbital tuberculosis 1741
Orbital tumors 221, 1705
diagnosis of 223
neurogenic 226
Orbital vein, superior 1656
Orbital viral infections 1739
management 1739
Orbital volume loss 1787, 1788f
Orbital walls 3t
Orbitary retinoblastoma 1268f
Orbitofacial trauma 1772, 1773, 1781
systemic stabilization 1772
Orbitomalar ligament release 1674
Orbitomalar suspension 1674
Orbscan
parallel imaging of 344f
surface irregularity 350
Organ-cultured human eyes 1133
Organic vision loss 1593f
Origin of sixth nerve 1559f
Orthokeratology 1208, 1209
lenses 1209
Orthomyxoviridae 136
Orthophoria 1309f, 1337
Orthoptic examination 604
Oscillatory potentials 957
Oscillopsia 1297, 1571
Osmolarity 114, 586
Osseous deformity, radiation-induced 1280f
Osteogenesis imperfecta 517
Osteoma, choroidal 753, 985, 985f
Osteopetrosis 1807
pseudoglioma 953
syndrome 1242
Osteosarcoma 1266
Outer retina, atrophy of 1003f
Ox eye 1226
Oxacillin 158
Oxidation products 907
Oxidative stress 637
role of 516
Oxidized glutathione 77
Oxycodone 1643
Oxygen 68
consumption, rate of 68
tension 68
Oxyhemoglobin 1532
Oxytetracycline 91
Ozurdex 1440
P
Pachy vessels 879, 883
Pachychoroid 746, 864, 876, 883
disease 864
disorders 864, 883
entities 880
neovasculopathy 748, 749, 876, 876f
pigment epitheliopathy 876, 883
spectrum 772
Pachymetric index 354
Pachymetric progression index 353, 353f
Pachymetry 604, 1060, 1063
ultrasound 359, 360f
Paecilomyces 101, 144, 149, 170
Pagetoid invasion 233
Pain 1743
abdominal 1447
Palpebral arteries, medial 1658
Palpebral conjunctiva, exposure of 1678
Palpebral fissure 1666
observation 1325
width 1813f
Palsy
convergence 1567
divergence 1567
Pancoast tumor 1650
Pancreas carcinoma, metastasis of 210f
Panel tests 50
Pannus 631
Panophthamitis 123
Panretinal disease 905, 910f
Panretinal laser treatment, intraoperative 1050
Panretinal photocoagulation 429, 807, 812, 828, 833, 1145
Panuveitis 1360, 1375, 1375f, 1377, 1401, 1405, 1406
chronic granulomatous 1406
diffuse 1384
Papillae, conjunctival 1786
Papilledema 263, 1379, 1477, 1486f, 1489, 1490, 1554
causes of 1478
development of 1478
distinguishing true 1477
evaluation 1477fc
true 1481
Papillitis 1379, 1380, 1409, 1540
diabetic 1489
hypertensive 1489
Papillomacular bundle 1069
Papillomatous lesion, conjunctival 211f
Papillopathy
diabetic 1490, 1490f
hypertensive 1490, 1491f
Papillophlebitis 1489, 1490, 1491f
Papovaviruses 134
Paracentesis wound 679
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy, typical features of 824t
Paracentral defect 1069
Paracentral scotomas, configuration of 328
Paracoccidioides 101
brasiliensis 153, 396
Parafovea, region of 790
Parafoveal rings 793
Parafoveal tumor, larger 1269f
Paralytic ectropion 1684, 1688, 1689
Paralytic strabismus 1342
causes of 1346
Paramedian pontine reticular formation 1559, 1578, 1583
Paramyxoviridae 1374
Paramyxoviruses 134, 392
Paraneoplastic diseases 1553
Paraneoplastic disorders 975, 988
Parasellar anatomy 1528f
Parasellar meningioma 1553
Parasitic
disease 1365
infections 1430
infestations 1742, 1742t
ocular disease 1364
protozoan organism 140f
Parasympathetic denervation hypersensitivity 1647
Parasympathetic nerves 24
Paresis 1343
Paresthesia 1393
Parietal brain lesion, right 1623f
Parietal tumor 1273f
Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome 384, 1381
Parinaud's syndrome 1579
Parkinson's disease 1580
Parks-Bielschowsky 3-step test 1344, 1345
Pars plana 265
approach 718f
vitrectomy 662, 679, 1026, 1027, 1038, 1041-1043, 1145, 1399, 1421
approach 681f
complications of 1029
setup, three-port 1027
Pashayan syndrome 1807
Patch test 1319
Patchy atrophy 889f, 890, 895f
Patchy chorioretinal atrophy 891f
Peak visual symptoms 872
Pediatric cataract 1221
surgery 1220
etiology 1220
morphology 1220
Pediatric eye 1860
disease 1213t
investigator group 1212
Pediculosis palpebrarum 143
Pediculus humanus capitis 143
Peek sign 1566
Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart 47, 47f
Pelli-Robson score 47
Pellucid marginal degeneration 348, 515, 526, 526f, 527t
Pelvic ganglia 1553
Pemphigus 432
vulgaris 443
Penetrating injury 1832
Penetrating trauma 716
Penicillamine 1504
Penicillin 97, 158, 1737
classification of 97b
combination 158
G 97, 158
treatment 1379
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins 97
Penicillium marneffei 153
Pentacam
and orbscan 344f
axial curvature map 348f
derives 344
pachymetry map 353f
refractive map 356f
topography refractive quad map 347f
Peptide, calcitonin gene-related 173
Percutaneous injury 1377
Perfluorocarbon liquid 1027
Perfluoropropane 1028
Perforating injury 1832
Perhexiline maleate 539
Pericarditis 1459
Pericentral retinitis pigmentosa 938, 940f
Perifoveal vitreous detachment 994
Perilimbal edema 106
Perimetry testing 934
Periocular
chemotherapy 1280
injectable steroids 108
region 1822
sebaceous gland carcinoma 232
skin lesions 1692
triamcinolone 1765
xanthogranuloma 1749
Periodic acid-Schiff
reaction 213
stain 201, 202, 202f
Periorbital capillary hemangioma 1705
Periorbital ecchymosis 1553
Periorbital edema 446
Periorbital fascia 1656
Periorbital infections 1732
Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis 1736, 1737f
Periorbital tissues 1742t
Periostitis, classical 1741
Peripapillary arterial loop 817
Peripapillary atrophy 1360f
Peripapillary nerve fiber 912
Peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome 880, 881f
Peripapillary retina 770, 921f
vasculitis 1375f
Peripheral anterior synechiae 568, 1107, 1107f, 1232, 1357f
Peripheral chorioretinal atrophy 940f
Peripheral choroidal neovascularization 756f
Peripheral cornea 370, 505, 511, 1188, 1188f
Peripheral corneal
degenerations 534
guttae 534
Peripheral Dalen Fuch's nodules 1360f
Peripheral drusen 848
Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy 755, 756f
Peripheral field defects 324
Peripheral granuloma 1384
Peripheral iris 1108f
Peripheral laser
iridotomy 1135f
scars 1259f
Peripheral macula 911
Peripheral nerves, aberrant regeneration of 1652
Peripheral nonperfusion 799
Peripheral retina 265, 954, 1026, 1036
white flecks in 1246f
Peripheral retinal
defocus 1209
degeneration 933, 944
exam 683
nonperfusion, mild 1242
Peripheral ring lesion 490f
Peripheral sclerocornea 684
Peripheral subepithelial hypertrophic degeneration 536
Peripheral telangiectasia 1244f, 1245
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis 505, 506t, 507f, 1454, 1456
Peripheral vasculitis 1380f
Peripheral vestibular nystagmus 1572, 1574
Peripheral vision 1593f
loss 310, 933, 960
Peripheral visual field, severe concentric 1626f
Peripheral vitrectomy 1027
Periphery retina, near 265
Periphlebitis 1406
Perisac tissues 1802
Perkins tonometer 1151
Peroxisomal disorders 1247
Perspex inspired 657
Petechial rash 1478
Petechial subconjunctival hemorrhage 1376
Peter's anomaly 19, 186, 684, 1171, 1183
Peter's syndrome 578
etiologies of 578
Petrosal sinuses, inferior 1629
Phacoanaphylactic glaucoma 1153
clinical examination 1153
diagnosis 1153
management 1153
pathogenesis 1153
Phacodonesis 678
Phacoemulsification 633, 655, 691, 1044, 1175
energy 625
modern 707
time 627
Phacolysis 1364
Phacolytic glaucoma 1152, 1152f
clinical examination 1152
diagnosis 1152
management 1153
pathophysiology 1152
Phacomorphic glaucoma 1153
clinical examination 1153
diagnosis 1153
management 1154
pathophysiology 1153
Phacotopic glaucoma 1154
epidemiology 1154
management 1154
mechanisms 1154
Phacovitrectomy 1041, 1044t
Phagocytosis 41
Phakic eyes 620, 1026, 1027, 1029, 1148
Phakic intraocular lens 615
Pharmacotherapy, intravitreal 806
Pharyngoconjunctival fever 392, 393, 503
Phenol red thread test 461
Phenothiazine 539,