The Short Textbook of Medical Microbiology for Nurses Satish Gupte
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.
A
ABO
antigens 95
distribution 95t
group antigens 95t
Acanthamoeba 262f, 262t
culbertsoni 261
Accessory nutritional requirements 25
Acid-fast
bacilli 37f
stain 22
Acidic acridine orange stain 22
Acidic protoplasm theory 21
Acids 44
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 318f
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 99, 228
Acquired immunity 65
Acquired syphilis 194
Adeno associated virus 215
Adenovirus 209, 214
Adult worm 284, 285
Aedes 303, 303t
Aerobes 25
Aeromonas 183
hydrophilia causes 183
Aerosols 45
Agar 29
plate 152
Agglutination reactions 79
Agglutination test 79, 328
direct 79, 270
AIDS virus, face of 229f
Air centrifugation 356
Albert stain 22
Alcaligenes fecales 17
Alcohol 45
Alcohol-based hand rubs 349
Alimentary tract 314
infections 335
Alkalies 44
Alkaline peptone water 180
Allergy tests 144
Allograft rejection 101
Almonella 302
Alpha hemolytic 117
streptococci 123
Alum-precipitated toxoid 137
Amantia phalloides 252
Amebic dysentery 259t
Amebic intestinal ulcers 260
Amebic meningoencephalitis, primary 261
Amidase test 141
Amikacin 50
Amino acid, variety of 14
Aminoglycosides 50
Amphotericin B 252
Anaerobic
cellulitis 160
cocci 124
culture 32
media 31
myositis 160
streptococcus 124
Anaphylactoid reactions 92
Anaphylaxis 89, 90
mediators of 90, 91t
Ancylostoma duodenale 285, 286, 286t
Animal
inoculation 154, 158, 191, 193, 203, 324
models 268
pathogenicity 128, 161
Anopheles spp. 300, 303, 303t
Antibacterial serum 66
Antibiotic sensitivity tests 51
Antibiotics, uses of 51
Antibody 101t
immunoglobulins 72
reactions 77
Antifungal drugs 252
Antigen 69, 77
detection 351
partial 70
properties of 69
structure 157
subtypes of influenza 220t
terminology of 101t
Antigenic classification 172
Antigenic determinant 69
Antigenic properties 211
Antigenic specificity 70
Antigenic structure 117, 118, 126, 131, 135, 141, 162, 169
Antigenic variation 172
Antigens-antibody reactions 77
Antiseptic agents 349
Antistreptolysin O 327
antibody titer 328
Antitoxic serum 66
Antivirals drugs 227
Antricola 306
Arenavirus 210
Arthropod borne 207
Arthus reaction 92
Artificial passive immunity 66
Aryl sulfatase 141
Ascaris lumbricoides 284
Ascoli test 77
Ascomycetes 237
Aspergillus 250, 250f
fumigatus 250, 305
niger 250f
Athlete's foot 239
Auchmeromyia luteola 305
Autoclave, types of 43
Autoimmune diseases 99, 100
classification of 100t
Autopsy 130
Avian influenza 227
prevention 227
spread of infection 227
symptoms 227
treatment 227
B
Babesia 281
treatment 281
Bacillary 259t
Bacille calmette-guérin 145
Bacilli, types of 11f
Bacillus 15, 18, 56, 152
anthracis 9, 12, 154, 155t, 302
anthracoids 155t
anthrax 152, 153
Calmette–Guérin, complications of 146
cereus 155, 323, 353
subtilis 23, 32, 154, 353
Bacitracin 122f
Bacteria 105
classification of 35, 36
colonies of 32
higher 35, 245
identification of 35, 36
in milk, sources of 353
lower 35
morphology of 10
of human pollution of water 358
properties of 20t
shape of 10
size of 10
staining of 21
true 35
Bacterial anatomy 11
Bacterial appendages 49
Bacterial cell wall, structure of 12f
Bacterial changes growth curve 26t
Bacterial flagella, structure of 16f
Bacterial flora of water 357
Bacterial genetics 53, 55
Bacterial growth 28
Bacterial plasmids 56
Bacterial reproduction 27
Bacterial spore
structure of 18f
types of 19f
Bactericidin 64
Bacteriocidal agents 40
Bacteriocin typing 178
Bacteriological examination 354
environment dust 356
of air 356
Bacteriological investigations 127, 136, 169
Bacteriological method 121
Bacteriology of
air 353, 355
milk 353
water 353, 357
Bacteriophage 141
typing 39, 112, 135
Bacteriostatic agents 40
Bacterium, structure of 12f
B-alanine 25
Balantidium coli 282f
BCG vaccine 146
Bed bug 301
female 302f
Beef tapeworm 292
Beta hemolytic 117
Beta lysin 63
Bilharzia hematobium 297
Biliary tract disease
signs of 263
symptoms of 263
Biochemical reactions 38, 110, 123, 125, 129, 131, 134, 138, 153, 157, 159, 162, 170f, 171
classification on 117
Biofilms, formation of 23
Biological classification 35
Biological weapons 7
Biology of insects 301
Biosafety 233
preventive in 233t
Bird flu 227
Black piedra 239
Blair bismuth sulfite medium 171
Blastomyces dermatitidis 249, 249f
Blastomycosis 249
Blood
agar 110, 116, 118, 123, 129, 153, 157, 162, 171, 178, 180, 187
media 168f
medium 119f
culture 127, 130, 174, 185, 314
bottle 316f
diseases 97
donation 233
examination of 193
group 70, 95, 97
antigens 96
tellurite medium 134
transfusion 96
B-lymphotropic virus 217
Body, parts of 313
Bone marrow 269, 276
macroscopic 276
microscopic 276
Bordetella pertussis 352
Borrelia 190
burgdorferi 191
recurrentis 36, 190
vincentii 190, 191
Botulinism 9
Bound coagulase 112
Brain 70, 276
macroscopic 276
microscopic 276
Bronchitis, chronic 246
Bronchopneumonia 127
Browne's tube 41
Brucella 184, 314
abortus 184, 186, 302
melitensis 184
suis 184
Brucellosis 332
chronic 185
subacute 185
Brugia malayi 289, 301
Bubonic plague 332
Burns 334
C
Candida 252, 309
albicans 246, 247f, 313, 320
infection 253
Candidiasis 246
Caprococcus 124
Capsular polysaccharide 126
Capsular stain 23
Capsule 12
functions 12
of pneumococci 125f
Carbohydrate 24
Carbon dioxide 25
Castenada's blood culture bottle 186f
Castle disease 203
Castleman's disease 217
Catalase production 38
Catalase test 141, 319
Catarrh bronchitis 333
Cell
cultures 204, 206
primary 204
death 229
lines, viruses from 204t
membrane receptors for viruses 205t
wall 12, 13f
future 19
of gram-negative bacteria 14t
of gram-positive bacteria 14t
permeability 21
structure of 12
Cell-mediated hypersensitivity 87
Cephalic tetanus 158
Cerebrospinal fluid 96
examination 130
Cestodes 291
Chacko nair egg 131
Chédiak-Higashi disease 99
Chemotactic factor 91
Chemotherapeutic agents 50
Chick embryo 203, 220
growth of viruses in 203t
structure of 204f
Chikungunya fever 303
Chlamydia 302
Chloramphenicol 57
Chocolate agar 131
plate 129
Cholera 86, 182
Chorioallantoic membrane 203
Chromoblastomycosis 244
Chromomycosis 244f
Ciliata balantidium coli 282
Cimex hemipterus 301
Cimex lectularius 301
Cimicidae 301
Citrate utilization 38
Citrobacter 167
Cladosporium 244f
Clostridium 18, 156, 321
botulinum 9, 156, 161, 162, 322, 353
botulinum toxin 162
butyricum 156
difficile 163, 352
edematiciens 160
perfringens 156, 159f, 159161, 321, 322, 323, 353, 360
septicum 160
sporogenes 159f
tetani 33, 41, 156, 156f, 157, 321, 322
welchii 156, 159
Cocci, classification of 36
Coccidioides immitis 248f
infection 248
Coccidioidomycosis 248
Cockroaches 305
Coenzyme I 25
Cold hemagglutination test 328
Coliforms 358
Commensal neisseriae 133
Common cold 207
Common pili 17
Communicability 49
Community infections, control of 333
Community microbiology 332
Complement components, deficiencies of 85t
Complement-dependent serological tests 86
Congenital X-linked agammaglobulinemia 98
Cooked meat medium 156, 159, 159f, 162
Coombs’ classification 87
Coombs’ test 79
direct 81t
indirect 81t
steps of 80f
Coronavirus 210
Corynebacterium 15, 134
diphtheria 25, 57, 64, 134, 134f, 136, 136f, 317, 352
colonies of 135f
Cowdry bodies 214f
Cowpox 214
Coxiella burnetii 18
Coxsackieviruses 203, 210, 218
Crab louse 302
Craigie's tube 173f
C-reactive proteins 63
Cryptococcus neoformans 230, 252
Cryptosporidium parvum 280
life cycle 280
treatment 281
Crystal violet blood agar plate 119f
CSF, examination of 193
Culex 303, 303t
Cultivation viruses 203
Cutaneous anaphylaxis 89
passive 90
Cutaneous lesions 114
Cycloheximide 238
Cyclophyllidean tapeworms 291
Cyst 261, 263, 279, 282
Cysticercus cellulosae 294
Cytochrome system 15
Cytolytic 92
Cytomegalovirus 216, 230
Cytoplasm 10, 15
Cytoplasmic granules in bacteria 16t
Cytoplasmic membrane 14
functions 15
Cytotoxic 92
D
Daughter cysts 295
Decarboxylase 323
Dengue
cholera 331
fever 303
Deoxyribonucleases 120
Dermal leishmaniasis 271
Dermatophytoses 239
Desoxycholate citrate
agar 169
media 171
Detergents 45
di George's syndrome 98
Diarrhea 165
Diarrheal diseases 333
Digest broth 28
Dilution tests 52
Dimorphic fungi 237
Diphosphopyricine nucleotidase 120
Diphtheria 135, 138, 138t
bacilli 135, 138
Diphtheroids 138, 138t
Diphyllobothrium latum 291
life cycle of 291f
Diplococcus 35
Diploid cell strains 204
Diseases caused by group ‘B’ streptococci 122
Diseases with
common body antigen 100
inaccessible antigens 100
Disinfectant, application of 40
Disinfectant, uses of 46
Disinfection 40
Disposable syringes 45
Disposal of hospital 341
Distilled water 44
DNA
double helix 55f
structure of 55
viruses 207, 211
Dog tapeworm 294
Dracunculus medinensis 287
Draughtsman colonies of pneumococcus 126f
Drug resistance 57
Dry heat 41
Dust sampling 356
Dwarf tapeworm 296
E
Ear 313
Echinococcus granulosus 291, 294
Echinococcus multiloculares 291, 296
Echoviruses 210, 219
Edwardsiella 167
Egg 285
fertilized 284
inoculation, disadvantages of 203
yolk 162
medium 110
Egg-based solid media 140
Electron microscope 110f
ELISA plate reader 104f
Endogenous infection 332
Endolimax nana 260
Endotoxin shock 166
Energy source 35
Entamoeba coli 260, 261, 261t, 310
Entamoeba gingivalis 260
Entamoeba hislolytica 260, 257, 258, 258t, 260, 261, 261t, 305, 316
life-cycle of 259f
Enteric cycle in cat 278
Enteric fever 173
Enteric virus 207
Enteritis necrotican 161
Enterobacter 176
Enterobacteriaceae 164
Enterobius vermicularis 287
Enterococcus fecalis 123, 123f
Enterotoxin 113
Enteroviruses 218
Enzymatic digestion 72
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 103
Enzymes produced 112
by pseudomonas 179
Epidermophyton 237, 240, 243
floccosum 243f
Epithelial cell 263f
Epstein barr virus 217
Erythema chronicum migrans 191
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 142, 315
Erythrogenic toxin 120
Escherichia coli 16, 17, 32, 57, 159f, 164, 166, 168, 169f, 176, 318f, 320, 321, 334, 337, 352, 353, 358, 359
enteroinvasive 166
enteropathogenic 166
Eukaryotic cells 10
Exfoliative toxin 113
Exoenteric cycle in man 278
Exoskeleton of insects 22t
F
Fab fragments 72
Facultative anaerobes 25
Fairley's test 298
Fecal streptococci 360
Fever 64
Fibrinolysin 113, 120
Filter, types of 43
Filter, uses of 43
Filtration, drawback of 43
Fimbriae 17, 18t
Fimbrial antigen 165
Fish tapeworm 291
Flagella 16, 18t
in bacteria 17f
Flagellar antigen 165, 172
Fleas 304, 304f
Flocculation method 143
Flocculation test 132
Flora, normal 309
Flucytosine 253
Fluid media 28, 29t, 116, 118, 123, 129
types of 28
Fluorescein 178
Fluorescence microscope 20
Fluorescent treponema antibody 196
Fly maggots 304
Focal infection 47
Food poisoning 161, 322
Formaldehyde 44
Forssman antigen, distribution of 71t
Francisella tularensis 9
Frei's test 329
Fujerbio agglutination test 232
Fumigation 44
Fungal
ball 251
cells 244f
hypersensitivity 93
Fungi, classification of 237
G
Gaffkya tetragena 116
Gardnerella vaginalis 189
Gas gangrene 160
Gas requirements 25
Gaseous disinfectant 45
Gastric lavage 324
Gastroenteritis 165
Gastrointestinal tract 276, 310
Gel diffusion 78
precipitations, types of 78f
Gelatin 29, 153
Gell classification 87
Generation time 27
Genetic material, transmission of 56
Genetics of complement system 84
Genital tract 121
Gentamicin 50
Genus echinococcus 291
Genus taenia 291
Germination of spore 19
Giant cell 244f
Giardia lamblia 262, 263, 263f
trophozoite 263f
Glomerulonephritis 121t
acute 121
Glossina palpalis 266
Glucose
broth 29
phosphoisomerase 258
Glutathione 25
Glycerol 200
Gonococcus 131t
Graft rejection 101f
Gram staining 21, 37
Gram's iodine 21
Gram's smear 352t
Gram's stain 21
Gramicidin 50
Gram-negative
bacilli 19, 37f, 182, 188, 321, 337
bacteria 13f, 14
in blood 326
cell wall 13, 21
coccobacilli 184
classification 184
organisms 13f
Gram-positive
cell wall 13
coccus 18, 19
organisms 13f
Gram-stained smear 37f
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis 261
Granulomatous reactions 94
Grave's disease 94
Griseofulvin 253
Growth curve 25
Growth factor 24
Growth requirements 24
Guarnieri bodies 212, 213f
Guinea
pig dies 153
worm 287
H
Haemophilus influenzae 12, 25, 313, 326, 352
Hafnia 168
Halogens 44
Hand
antisepsis 347
drying agents 349
hygiene 348
Handwashing 337, 347
agents 348
technique 347
Hapten 70
complex 70
simple 70
Heart 100, 276
Helicobacter pyloridis 332
Helminths 283
Hemagglutinin 212, 227
Hematin 25
Hematological investigations 114, 121, 127, 130, 132, 142
Hemolysin 83, 113, 126
Hemophilus 56, 187
aegypticus 188
aphrophilus 189
ducreyi 188
hemolyticus 188
influenzae 51, 187, 313
parainfluenzae 189
suis 188
vaginalis 189
Hepatitis
A 48
B
infection 48
vaccine 68
virus, infective 48
Herd immunity 66
Herpes simplex virus 203, 209, 215, 329
Herpes virus 209, 215
B 203
morphology of 215f
Herpes zoster 216
Heterogenetic (heterophile) specificity 71
Heterophile reactions 71t
Hiss's method 23
Histamine 90, 91
Histocompatibility complex 69
Histoplasma capsulatum 47, 247f, 248f, 252
Histoplasmosis 247
HIV
inactivation of 230
properties of 228
structure of 229f
testing, strategies of 233
HIV-infected persons 230t
Hodgkin's disease 247
Homozygous twins 62
Hookworm 285
Hormonal influence 63
Hormones 105
Hospital infection 334, 335
sources of 335
Hospital prevention 334
Hospital waste 339
dispose of 340
segregation of 340
Host cell in feces 258t
Hot air oven 41
sterilization control of 41
Housefly 302, 302f
H-substance 96
Human
being 330
diploid tissue 223
disease 172
herpes virus type
6 217
7 217
8 217
immunodeficiency virus 99
leukocyte antigen 83
Humoral factors 63
Hyaluronidase 112, 120
Hydatid cyst 295
structure of 295f
Hydroclaving 341
advantages 341
Hydrogen
ion concentration 27
peroxide vapors 46
sulphide production 38
Hydroxystilbamidine isethionate 252
Hymenolepis diminuta 305
Hymenolepis nana 296
life cycle of 297f
Hypersensitivity 87
delayed 93
reactions 88t
I
Idiotypic antigen 102
IgA, structure of 74f
IgG molecule 75f
IgG, structure of 74f
IgM molecule 75f
IgM, structure of 74f
Imidazoles 253
Immune
adherence test 81
complex diseases 92
deficiency syndrome 98
response 202
system 230
Immunity 61, 62, 137, 144, 275
active 65, 66t
classification of 62f
combined 137
individual 62
local 66
passive 65, 66t, 137
Immunization
active 158
combined 159
development of 67
passive 158
schedule of 67
Immunodeficiency diseases 98t
Immunodeficiency with ataxia telangiectasia 98
Immunoelectron microscopic test 82
Immunoelectron microscopy 82
Immunoelectrophoresis 78
Immunoenzyme system 82
Immunoferritin test 82
Immunofluorescence 81
Immunofluorescent technique 82f
Immunoglobulin 72
classes 74, 75t, 77t
deficiency 98
diversity 105
function of 74
G, subclasses of 76t
molecule 73f
structure of 72, 74f
Immunohematology 95
Immunologic methods 127
Immunological surveillance 102
Immunological tolerance 102
Immunology 59
application of 62
events in 61
of transplantation 100
Incinerator 340
advantages 340
Indole production 38
Infected birds 227
Infecting dose 49
Infection 47, 48, 65
classification of 47
control committee 3
control for nursing staff 342
control nurse 3
control team 3
cross 47, 335
deep 114
in man, sources of 47
mode of 336
of skin 239
primary 47, 213
route of 49, 142, 154
in man 153
secondary 47
subclinical 47
surgical site 346
Infectious disease 68, 332
diagnosis of 331
Infectious microorganisms with hospital 339
Infectious waste 339
of hospital 339
Infective diarrhea 320
causes 320
Infective disease 93
bacterial 93
fungal 93
parasitic 93
viral 93
Infective endocarditis 325
causes 325
Inflammation 64
Influencing handwashing 337
Influenza 202, 203, 207, 331
virus 203, 219
structure of 219f
Infusion broth 28
Innate immunity 62, 63
Inorganic anion 44
Insects
life cycle of 301
physiology of 301
Intestinal anaerobic microflora 63
Intracutaneous test 137
Intracytoplasmic inclusions 15
Intranuclear 214f
catheter related infections 346
Iodamoeba butschlii 261
Iodine 320
Isoantibodies 95
Isospora belli 279
life cycle of 279, 280f
morphology 279
J
Jeryl-Lynn strain 221
Johne's bacillus 139
Jungmann's method 143
K
Kahn's test 194
Kanamycin 50
Kaposi's disease 217
Karpas test 232
Kidney 100, 276
macroscopic 276
microscopic 276
Kinins 90
Klebsiella 12, 167, 168, 176, 321, 326
ozaenae 167
pneumoniae 167
rhinoscleromatis 167
L
Laboratory waste 339, 341
Lactobaccillus 309
Lactose 162
egg yolk milk medium 157
fermenter colonies 30f
Laryngeal swab 324
Lastomyces dermititidis 252
Lattice formation 78f
Lattice hypothesis 77
Legionella pneumophila 352
Leishmania braziliensis 271
life cycle 271
Leishmania donovani 267, 267f, 271
life cycle 268
Leishmania tropica 271
Lens protein 70
Lepotospira bataviae causes 192
Lepra bacilli 22, 139
Lepromatous leprosy 149t
Lepromin test 150
Leptospira 191
australis 192
autumnatis causes 192
canicola causes 192
classification 191
grippotyphosa causes 192
hebdomadis 192
icterohemorrhagica 36, 192
causes 192
pamona 192
pyrogen causes 192
Leukocidin 113
Leukocyte count 114, 142
Leukocytes release lysosomal enzymes 93
Leukovirus 202, 210
Lice 302
Lichen scrofulosporum 243
Limulus amebocyte lysate test 103
Lipid 24
Liquid media 140
Listeria monocytogenes 48, 230
Litmus milk 159f
Live vaccine 68
Liver 259, 269, 276
infusion agar 184
macroscopic 276
microscopic 276
Loa loa 290
Lobar pneumonia 127
Loeffler's slope culture 134
Löwenstein-Jensen medium 324
Lung 276
cancer 332
Lyme disease 191
Lymph node biopsy 279
Lymphadenopathy associated virus 228
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 210
Lysogenic conversion 57
Lysozyme 63
M
MacConkey agar 169
medium 123
MacConkey media 30f, 171
MacConkey medium 110, 165, 184
MacConkey's agar 180
Macrophage containing blastospores 248f
Maduromycotic mycetoma 245
Maggot fly (adult) 305f
Magnesium ribonucleate theory 21
Malaria 331
Malassezia furfur 238
Mannitol salt agar staphylococcus aureus 110f
Mansonella ozzardi 290
Mantoux test 145
Mastigophora 262
pathology 263
prevention 264
treatment 264
McFadyean reaction 154
Mcintosh and fildes jar 33f
Measles 221
diagnosis of 221
virus 221f
Meat extract broth 28
Media, classification of 29
Medical entomology 255, 300
Medical microbiology 330
Medusa head 152f
Membrane filter 43
Membrane of red cells 95
Meningitis causes 319
Meningococcemia 130
Meningococcus 129f, 131t, 312
Mesophilic 26
Mesosomes 15
Metachromatic granules 136f
Methyl red test 38
Microagglutination test 79f
Microbiology 8t
branches of 7
emergency 351
in community, role of 332
role of 330
scope of 7
Micrococcaceae 109
Micrococcus 116
tetragen 35, 116
Microsporon 240
Microsporum 237, 240
audouinii 241, 243
canis 240, 241f
gypseum 240, 240f
Microwaving 340
advantage 340
disadvantage 340
uses 340
Milk 354
agar medium 162
pasteurization of 42, 354
Milk-borne diseases 353
Milker nodules 214
Mineral salts 24
Mites 306
Mitior 124
Moisture 25, 27
Moller methods 22
Molluscum contagiosum 205, 214
Monkey kidney cell culture 220
Monoclonal antibodies 104
Monotrichate 17
Moraxella catarrhalis 133
Morphological classification 35, 117
Morphology of bacteria 20
Mortality rate 9
Mosquito 303, 303f
life cycle in (sporogony) 272
Mouse/human monoclonal antibodies 105t
Mouth 309
Mucocutaneous, chronic 98
Mueller hinton agar 51f
Mumps 203, 220
infection 221
virus 203
Murine typhus from rodent 47
Musca domestica 302
Mutans 124
Mycetoma 245
Mycobacteria 139
atypical 139, 146
classification of 139
Mycobacterial culture 140t
Mycobacterium
atypical 147t
avium 147, 230
bovis 139, 139t
habana 146
intracellulare 147
leprae 148, 148f, 149, 151
marinum 148t
tuberculosis 27, 32, 37, 94, 139, 140, 143t, 145, 146, 230, 312, 313
pathology 141
typical 147t
ulcerans 148t
Mycology 235, 237
topics 252
Mycosis, superficial 238
Mycotoxins 252
N
N-acetyl-l-cysteine 143
Naegleria 262t
fowleri 261
Nagler's reaction 160, 160f
Nasopharyngeal swab 130
Natural active immunity 65
Natural flora of water 357
Natural passive immunity 66
Nausea 165
Necator americanus 286, 286t
Negri bodies 223, 223f
Neisseria 56, 129
catarrhalis 32
characteristics of species of 133t
flavescens 133
gonorrheae 25, 131, 133, 313
meningitides 129, 131, 133, 309, 314, 326, 352
sicca 133
Nematodes 283
Neomycin 50
Netilmicin 50
Neurosecretory hormone 301
Neutral red 141
Neutralization of toxin 87
Neutralization test 80
Newer enteroviruses 219
Newer vaccines 67
disadvantages of 68
Niacin test 141
Nicotinic acid 25
Nile virus 203
Nitrate
agar 318f
reduction 38, 141
Nitrite test 319
Nocardia asteroides 47, 230
Non-agglutinable vibrios 183
Nondisposable syringes 45
Non-gonococcal urethritis 133
Noninfectious diseases 332
Noninfectious waste 339
Nonlactose fermenter colonies 30f
Nonpathogenic amebae 260
Nonpathogenic treponema 196
Nonspecific hyaluronidase inhibitors 64
Nontreponemal tests, uses of 195
Nose 309
Nosocomial infection 47
prevention of 335
Nucleic acid
probe 132
synthesis 50
Nucleoprotein 119, 126
antigen 212
Nucleus 10, 16, 257
Nurses 3
Nutrient agar 29, 109, 115, 116, 152f, 159, 178, 180, 184
medium 156, 162
Nutrient broth 29, 152
Nutrient requirement 24, 35
Nutritional requirements of bacteria 24
Nystatin 51
O
Obligate anaerobes 25
Ogawa medium 143
Oil immersion microscopy 20
Onchocerca volvulus 290
Oocysts 278
Opportunistic mycotic infections 250
Opsonization 81
Oral thermometer 345
Organ specificity 70
Orthomyxoviruses 209, 219
Osmotic pressure 27
Otitis media 136
Otobius 306
Oxidase reactions 39
Oxidizing agents 44
Oxygen 25
requirement 35
P
Papain digestion 72
Papova virus 209
Para-amino
benzoic acid 50
salicylic acid 50
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 248
Paracoccidioidomycosis 248
Parainfluenza viruses 221
Paramyxoviruses 209, 220
Parasites 47, 105
with AIDS 281
Parasitic hypersensitivity 93
Particle agglutination tests 232
Pathogenic protozoa, classification of 258t
Pathogenicity 130
Paul-Bunnel test 328
Pediculus fumanus (male) 302f
Pediculus humanus
capitis 302
corporis 302
Pencillin sensitivity 122f
Penicillin 57, 109
Penicillin-binding protein 115
Penicillium conidia firm within phialide 251f
Penicillosis 251
Pepsin digestion 72, 73f
Peptococcus 124
Peptone water 29, 178
Peptostreptococcus 124
putridus 124
Periodic acid schiff stain 238
Petroff's method 143, 324
Phenol 45
Phenylalanine agar 169f
Phlebotomus 304
Phosphatase 112
Phosphoglucomutase 258
Phycomycetes 237
Picornavirus 210
A 218
Pityriasis versicolor 238
Plague 300
bacillus 19
causing bacteria 9
from rat 47
Planococcus
citreus 109
halophilus 109
Plasma cells 100
Plasma technology 341
advantages 341
Plasmid 56
Plasmodium
falciparum 275, 276
complications of 275
malariae 276
ovale 272
pathogenesis of 274
vivax 272, 275
Plesiomonas 183
Pneumococcal meningitis 127
Pneumococcus 56, 125, 125f, 126, 127t, 313, 318, 352
Pneumocystis carinii 250
Pneumonia 136
causes of 9
P-nitrophenyl phosphate 103
Poisonous substance 252
Polio 207
virus 48, 210
Poliovirus 218
Polymerase chain reaction 130, 154, 231
Polypeptides 63
Polysaccharide
C antigen 118
granules 16
Polysomes 15
Pork tapeworm 293
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis 271
Potassium hydroxide preparation 238
Poxvirus 203, 211
structure of 211f
Prausnitz-Kustner reaction 92
Precipitation 77
reaction, uses of 77
Precystic stage 257
Pregnancy, stage of 222
Presumptive coliform test 359, 360f
Prions 202
characters of 203
Prokaryotes, viruses in comparison to 199t
Prokaryotic cell 10, 10t
Properdin, promptly with 63
Prophylactic measures 151
Prophylaxis 213
prevention 292
Propionibacterium acnes 138
Protease 120
Protein
acute phase 65
nucleic acid 24
Proteus 168, 313
morganii 169
vulgaris 169f, 353
Protoplast fusion 57
Protozoa 178, 257
Pseudomonas 1517, 178, 313, 321
aeruginosa 23, 32, 97, 159f, 178, 179, 334
infection 179
pyocyanea 178
sepsis 179
Psychrophilic 26
Public health services 40
Puerperal tetanus 158
Pulmonary anthrax 154
Pulmonary candidiasis 246
Pulmonary tuberculosis 323
Pyocyanin 178
Pyogenic infection 166
Pyomelanin 178
Pyorubin 178
Pyrexia of unknown origin 316
R
Rabies 207, 332
from dog 47
virus 222, 223f
Racial immunity 62
Radial immunodiffusion 78
Radioimmunoprecipitation assay 231
Rapid plasma reagin test 195
Reaction
accelerated 213
combined 138
delayed hypersensitivity 88t
immediate hypersensitivity 88t
staining 38
techniques of precipitation 78
type I 88
type II 92
type III 92
type IV 93
uses 79
Red blood cells 83
Reinfection 47
Renal glomeruli 100
Reovirus 210
Reservoir 359
Respiratory
enzymes 15
infections 120, 221
syncytial virus 221
syndrome, severe acute 225, 225f
Rh system 96
Rhabdovirus 210, 222
Rheumatic fever 121t
acute 121
Rheumatic heart disease 332
Rhinoviruses 210, 219
Rhizopoda 257
pathology 259
Rhizopus 252f
Ribosomes 15
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi 306
Ring test 78
Ringworms 239
Rivers’ postulates 199
RNA viruses 209, 218
Roundworm 284
Rubella
infection 62, 222
virus 222
Ruminococcus 124
S
Sabouraud's dextrose agar 238, 241, 242, 252
Salmonella 9, 16, 17, 39, 57, 64, 171, 230, 323
classification 172
enteric 172
typhi 62, 94, 171, 327
Sandfly 304, 304f
Sanguis 124
Saprophytes 47
Saprophytic mycobacteria 139
Sarcina 116
Sars-associated coronavirus 226f
Satellitism 187f
Schick test 137
Schistosoma 297
hematobium 297, 298f
life cycle of 298f
Schizogony 272
Schultz-Charlton reaction 122, 329
Schütz-Dale phenomenon 90
Schwartzman reaction 94
Scrupulously decontaminate equipment 345
Sell's classification 88
of hypersensitivity 89
Septicemia 166
acute 314
chronic 314
Septicemia/bacteremia 325
Sereny test 166
Serological diagnosis 115
Serological reactions 77t
Serological test 154, 174, 327
for brucellosis 328
in invasive amebiasis 260
treatment 260
Serotonin 90
Serratia 168
Serum
bilirubin 190
broth 131
sickness 93
Sewage proper bacteria 357
Sewage, mixed with 357
Sharps injuries, preventing 343
Shigella 57, 169, 176, 311
boydii 170
dysenteriae 170
flexneri 170
shigae 170
Sjogren's disease 100
Skin 309
graft 100
infection 120
lesion, cause of 139
pathogens 147
test 78, 186, 327, 329
Smallpox 9, 212, 333
Smear examination 114, 127, 136, 167, 188, 191
Smear preparation and stainings 324
Soap 45, 348
Sodium polyanethol sulfonate 325
Soil ameba, free living 261
treatment 262
Soil, mixed with 357
Solid media 29, 29t, 140
Somatic antigen 165, 172
Sonic vibration 44
Sore throat 317, 333
Species immunity 62
Species of cooked fish 92
Sphygmomanometer cuffs 345
Spillages, promptly with 343
Spinal cord 70
Spirillum 17
Spirochaetes 190
Splanchnic tetanus 158
Spleen 269, 276
macroscopic 276
Spore 18
formation of 18, 18f
forming bacteria 19
stain 22
Sporosarcina 18
Sporothrix schenckii 246f
Sporozoa 272
life cycle in man 272
Sporozoite 275t
Sporthrix schenkili 252
Staphylococcal food poisoning 114
Staphylococci, antigenic structure of 111f
Staphylococcus 35, 45, 48, 57, 109, 112
albus 35, 110112, 114, 115, 313, 316
aureus 25, 35, 38, 49, 57, 109, 110f, 113, 113f, 115, 116, 187, 309, 313, 317, 320, 321, 322, 334, 335, 337, 357
infection 334
methicillin-resistant 115
citrus 116
epidermides 23, 109, 309, 310, 337
genus 109
hemolyticus 109
hominis 109
poisoning 113
pyogenes 109, 313
saprophyticus 109, 115, 116
simulans 109
Sterilization 40
by filtration 43
Stimulation hypersensitivity 94
Stool specimen, collection of 320f
Streptobacillus moniliformis 19
Streptococci, diseases caused by 118t
Streptococcus 35, 117, 117f, 124
agalactiae 122
classification of 117
faecalis 316, 353, 360
lactis 353
mitis 124
pneumoniae 125, 309
pyogenes 12, 35, 39, 65, 70, 118, 119, 119f, 120, 121, 122f, 309, 313, 318, 321
structure of 119f
salivarium 124
viridans 35, 124, 127t, 128, 313, 314, 316
colonies of 124f
Streptodornase 120
Streptokinase 120
Streptomyces albus 119
Streptomycin 50, 51
Stress mechanical 27
Stress, sonic 27
Strongyloides stercoralis 286
Subcutaneous mycosis 244
Subcutaneous test 137
Subunit vaccines 67
Sugar
fermentation 38
media 30
with inverted Durham's tube 30f
Sulfonamides 50
Sulfur 14
oxidizing bacteria 16
Superantigen 71
Sweep plate method 356
Systematic classification 237
Systematic mycosis 246
Systemic bacteriology 107
Systemic lupus erythematosus 100
T
Taenia
saginata 291, 292, 292f, 293, 293t
solium 291, 293, 293f, 293t
Teichoic acid 14, 114
Temperature of growth 35
Tetanus 48, 157
neonatorum 158
prophylaxis in wound 158t
Tetracoccus 35
Tetrathionate 171
Thayer-martin medium 131
Thermophilic 26
Thiamine 25
Threadworm 287
Throat swab 313, 317f
Thymic hypoplasia 98
Thyroglobulin 70
Thyroid-stimulating hormone 94
Ticks (ixodidae) 306, 306f
Tinea
cruris 242
nigra 239
Tissue
cells 88
culture 204
test 137
cysts 277
defenses 63
enzymes 70
graft 101t
normal 105
sections 238
Tobramycin 50
Togavirus 210
Total leukocyte counts 114
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 113
Toxicity 138
Toxigenicity 48
Toxin 43, 113, 126, 135, 153, 157, 160, 162, 163, 170, 179, 181
A 163
action of 135
B 163
neutralization 81
production 119, 165
Toxoid antitoxin floccules 137
Toxoplasma gondii 230, 277, 278f
isolation of 279
Transport media 30
Trematodes 297
Treponema 193
carateum 196
pallidum 36, 81, 86, 193, 196, 315
agglutination test 195
immune adherence 195
tests killed 195
tests live 195
pertenue 193, 196
refrigens 196
Treponemataceae 190f
Trichinella spiralis 283
Trichomonas
hominis 265
tenax 265
vaginalis 264, 264f, 265
treatment 265
Trichophyton 240, 241
mentagrophytes 241, 242f
rubrum 241, 242f
schoenleinii 243
tonsurans 242
verrucosum 240
Trichuris trichiura 283
Tri-phenyl tetrazolium chloride test 319
Trisodium phosphate 143
Trophozoite 257, 261, 263, 277, 279
induced malaria 275t
of toxoplasma gondii 277f
Trychophyton 237
Tryocidin 50
Trypanosoma brucei 265, 266
life cycle 266
treatment 266
Trypanosoma cruzi 266
treatment 267
Tube test 78
Tubercle bacilli 22, 139
Tuberculin 145
test
false negative 145
uses of 145
Tuberculoid leprosy 149t
Tuberculosis 139t, 331
Tularemia 9
Tumor
antigens 102
producing 211
Typhoid
carrier, tracing of 175
fever pathogenesis 174f
U
Ukaryotic cell 10t
Ultrasonic vibration 44
Urease test 38
Urethral discharge 131f
Uricult 319
Urinary tract 314
infection 166, 318, 334, 346
causes 318
Urine
culture 174
examination 193
Urogenital tract 310
V
Vaccination 66, 213
complication of 213
hazards of 67
method of 213
response of 213
Vaccine 67
advantages of newer 68
against HIV infection 232
against microorganisms, classification of 68t
application of 68
bath 42, 42f
inactivated 68
Vaccinole 213
Varicella 215
Variola major 212
Variola viruses 212
VDRL test 195
Veillonella 133
Ventilator-associated respiratory infections 346
Viable bacteria, growth curve of 26f
Vibrio 17
cholera 23, 48, 86, 139, 181f, 183, 320
fluvialis 183
mimicus 183
parahemolyticus 183, 323
Vincent angina 191
Vincent's angina 191f
Viral
antigens, detection of 206
hypersensitivity 93
multiplication 200, 201f
nucleic acids, detection of 206
Virology 197
Virulence factors 114
Virulence test 137
Virus 105, 212
characteristics of 199
classification of 207
composition of 208t
in water 361
morphology of 209t
neutralization 80
of birds 211
of mammals 211
structure of 200f
types of 208f
Visceral leishmaniasis 269
Vital dyes 200
Voges-Proskauer test 38
Volutin granules 15
Vomiting 165
W
Wash hands 338, 347
steps to 337
Wassermann reaction 194
Waste safely, disposing of 342
Waste treatment, techniques for 340
Water 48
samples on bacteriological tests, classification of 360t
sampling of 358
Water-borne diseases 357
aquatic host 358
bacterial 357
helminths 357
protozoal 357
viral 357
Watercan perineum 132
Weil's disease 192
Weil-Felix test 328
Western blot assay 231
Western blot technique 231f
Whipworm 283
Widal test 7, 174, 175, 175f, 327
Woolsorter's disease 154
Wound 334
infection 321
Wuchereria bancrofti 288
X
Xenopsylla cheopis 297
Y
Yeast 237
extract 28
like fungi 237
Yellow fever 303
hepatitis 207
Yersinia enterocolytica 353
Yersinia pestis 9, 15, 302
Z
Zenker's fixative 223
Zidovudine 228
Ziehl-Neelsen stain 22, 37, 37f, 315
Zygomycosis 251
×
Chapter Notes

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1GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
  • Microbiology and Nurses
  • History and Scope
  • Morphology of Bacteria
  • Nutritional Requirements of Bacteria
  • Media for Bacterial Growth
  • Classification and Identification of Bacteria
  • Sterilization and Disinfection
  • Infection
  • Chemotherapeutic Agents
2

Microbiology and NursesCHAPTER 1

In fact medical microbiology discipline forms the foundation for nurses capability to the followings:
  1. Development of infection control program.
  2. Participation in the appropriate application of techniques to reduce or prevent the incidence of hospital infection.
  3. Reduce the opportunity for the development of antibiotic resistance.
The daily problems faced in patient health-care and clinical decision made by nurses are quite difficult and require broadest foundation of knowledge possible. In this regard medical microbiology remains a vital part of foundation. Moreover, it is compulsory that nurses have a working knowledge of principles of epidemiology, surveillance and outbreak management of infections to provide ongoing quality care in special situations.
It is important to understand main elements of medical microbiology. The way they can affect the health of a person, the family and community, is vital requisite in blocking the transmission of diseases.
 
INFECTION CONTROL TEAM
The team consists of:
  1. Physician (Infection Control Officer)
  2. Nurse (Infection Control Nurse)
  3. Medical Microbiologist
 
Infection Control Nurse
She supervises the infection control program and provides intermediate care facilities, etc.
 
ROLE OF NURSES IN PREVENTION of HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
Nurses play an important role to prevent hospital acquired infection. In this regard their responsibilities include:
  1. By explaining the importance of hand-washing to patients and all those who come in contact with patients. It really reduces the load of bacteria and thus reducing the chances of transfer of infection from one patient to others.
  2. Isolation of infected patients in private room, e.g. chickenpox, measles, typhoid fever, meningitis, etc.
  3. Considering all blood and body fluids samples as infectious and thus handle them with utmost care.
  4. Handling of blood, fluids, secretions, excretions, etc. using sterilized gloves.
  5. Wearing of mask, gown, eye protecter during any procedure likely to cause splash of body fluids, secretions, etc.
  6. Ensure the single use items proper disposal.
  7. Proper sterilization of reusable items.
  8. Practical knowledge and its application regarding disposal of biomedical wastes infections.
  9. Practically following the policies of Infection Control Committee (ICC) of the hospital regarding use of disinfectants and hygiene practices.
  10. Carefully handling of soiled linen and body fluids. This is done to avoid4 transmission of microorganisms to other patients and environment.
  11. Must arrange placing of cards on the doors of the patients, mentioning the type of isolation and instructions for visitors and nursing staff.
  12. Making the patients to understand to avoid the over use of antibiotics. This is possible by explaining to them about infection, differences between viruses and disease causing organisms, bad effects of antibiotic over use and body immunity.
  13. Restricting the entry of number of attendants of patient.
  14. Teaching of infection control isolation, etc. to employees at all levels.
  15. Identification of areas of hospital showing infection risk and act to remove hazards of infections.
  16. Assist in identifying carriers, tracing source of infection and preventing transmission of disease.
  17. Review of microbiological data and note the significant findings.
  18. Maintaining records of all environmental culturing and surveillance.