A Practical Guide to Diabetes Mellitus Nihal Thomas, Jachin Velavan, Nitin Kapoor, Senthil Vasan K
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWZ
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flow chart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdomen 382
magnetic resonance imaging 497f
Abdominal discomfort 105
Abdominal pressure, manual 359
Abdominal striae, classical 494f
Abscess, incision of 521
Abundant endocrine cells 8
Acanthosis nigricans 392f, 393, 393f, 465
Acarbose 99, 118, 625
inhibits pancreatic 105
Accidental intramuscular injections 155
Acesulfame K 48
Acetyl coenzyme A 12
Acid-base balance, correction of 419
Acidosis 414
signs of 413
Acquired ichthyosis 392
Acquired lipodystrophy 463
Acquired perforating dermatoses 404
Acrochordons 392
Activated protein kinase 560
Adenosine
diphosphate 102
monophosphate 560
activated protein kinase activators 560
kinase activators 562
triphosphate 3, 102
Adiponectin 562
lower levels of 17
Adipose insulin sensitivity 343
Adrenergic receptor antagonists 559
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 500
Aircast walker 263f
Airway 511
Alanine aminotransferase 117
Alberti-Thomas regimen 517
Albiglutide 139
Albumin 297
Albumin-creatinine ratio 303
Albumintocreatinine ratio 471
Albuminuria 287, 296f, 297fc
Alcohol and diabetes 47
intake 486
Alcoholic chronic pancreatitis 489t
Alcoholic liver disease 101
Aldosterone
I and II receptors, block 277
increase bradykinin and prostacyclin, reduce 277
Aldosterone receptor blocker 277
Alopecia areata 401
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 99, 105, 116, 118
Alpha-linolenic acid 47
Alstrom syndrome 460, 503
Alzheimer's disease 481
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 282
Ambulatory care, goals of 465
American Academy of Neurology 364
American Diabetes Association 115, 178, 312, 364, 427, 452, 456, 468
guidelines 454b
American Heart Association 31, 312
Amikacin 297
Amino acid 2, 44
transposition of 129
sequence 138
Amitriptyline 204
Amlodipine 278, 383
Amputation, role of 219
Amylin analog 140
Analytical errors, control of 543
Anemia, treatment of 298
Anesthesia
choice of 514
general 518
types of 517
Anesthetic
drug 517
limbs 246
Angiography 308
Angiotensin receptor blocker 273, 280, 293, 297, 303, 317, 353
therapy 296
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 273, 287, 297, 303
inhibitor 277, 280, 296, 309, 317, 353, 471
Ankle
brace, fixed 265, 265f
brachial index 234f
foot orthosis 231, 265, 265f
joints 265f
Anodyne therapy system 207
Anorectal atresia 448
Antepartum management 452
Antibiotic
role of 219
therapy 373
Antibody 465
Anticipated exercise 467
Anticonvulsants 204, 205
Antidiabetic
drugs, groups of 531
medications 387, 590
Antidiarrheal agents 356
Antihistaminic drug 361
Antihypertensive drug classes 277t
Antimalarial drug 118
Antiplatelet
agents 310, 319
therapy 235
Antipsychotics 499
atypical 500
Apnea 447
Arch of foot 224f
high 260
Arterial blood
gases 413
pressure, continuous 515
Arterial pH level 416
Ashdown's medium 379
Asparaginase 500
Aspart protamine suspension 127
Aspartame 48
Aspartate aminotransferase 117
Aspirin 499
therapy 310, 473
Atenolol 277
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 312
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis 271
Autoimmune
disease, chronic 19
mediated diabetes 503
T-cell-mediated 401
Autoimmune diabetes
diagnosis of 21
treatment of 565
Autoimmune thyroid
disease 473
disorders 473
Autonomic dysfunction, anemia of 364
Autonomic nervous system 347
Autonomic neuropathy 347, 355, 369, 392f, 486, 510
Axonal diseases 201
Azilsartan 277
Azithromycin 383
Azoospermia 359
B
Bacteremia, severe 373
Bacterial cystitis, acute 381
Bacterial rhinosinusitis, acute 383
Bacteriuria 373
asymptomatic 373, 374
Bacteroides 376
Balanced diet, components of 40, 41f
Bardet-Biedl syndrome 460, 503
Bariatric surgery 343, 531, 533t
Bariatric surgical procedures, common 532f
Baroreceptor activation therapy 282
Basal insulin, modified 563
Basal-bolus therapy 129f
Basic health education 91
Bedside blood glucose results 578b
Benidipine 278
Berardinelli-Seip syndrome 463
Beta-carotene 55
Beta-lactamase, extended-spectrum 375f
Betamethasone 456
Bethanechol 360
Bicarbonate 413, 422
Biguanide 98, 99, 116, 118, 483, 531
contraindications 101
therapeutic application 101
therapy, adverse effects of 100
Bile acid-binding resins 313
Bionic pancreases 564
Biothesiometer 202f
Bisoprolol 277
Blood 413
glucose 36, 180f, 474, 517
benefits of self-monitoring of 178
concentration 428
control 235
devices, self-monitoring of 180
fasting 135, 450
levels, goals for 575
monitoring 470, 489
monitoring and control 521
normal regulation of 7f
self-monitoring of 135, 177–179, 182, 456, 470
lipid control 235
pressure 32, 77, 269, 274, 278, 297, 308, 309, 352, 453, 472, 526, 624
control 235
high-normal 472
monitoring, home 282
ranges 477t
sugar 624
control, monitoring 624
level, reduce 520
low 625
Body fat 17
percentage 526
Body mass index 17, 24, 32, 36, 49, 49, 276, 476, 478, 525, 526, 526t, 590
Body weight, maintenance of 39
Bolus insulin 164
Bone scan 228
Bradycardia 430, 447
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 535
Breath, odor of 412
Brittle diabetes 354
Bromocriptine 99, 114, 118, 625
Bronze diabetes 492
Brownish pinpoint macules 403f
Buccal mucosa 405f
Burkholderia cepacia 372
Burkholderia pseudomallei 379
C
Calcaneal pitch, measurement of 227
Calcium 55
channel blockers 280, 309, 499
Calibration code 181
Callus formation 213
Callus story 215f
Callus/ulcer, region of 260f
Calorie calculation 466t
Campylobacter 376
Canagliflozin 99, 113, 118, 625
Cancers, pancreatic 493
Candida albicans 369
Candida, plaques of 398
Candidal infections, recurrent 398
Candidiasis 398
Capillary glucose 452
Captopril 277, 354
Carbamazepine 204
Carbapenems 373
Carbohydrate 41, 55, 474
complex 41
content of meal 56
counting 56
food list 57
fast acting 474
low 40
metabolism 4, 4f, 13
consequences of disturbed 12, 13
simple 41
to insulin 189
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy analyzer 353f
Cardiac disease 104
severe 300
Cardiac hypertrophy 447
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 308
Cardiac muscle, innervates 347
Cardiogenic shock 577
Cardiopulmonary bypass 521
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy 349, 351, 352t
treatment of 353
Cardiovascular disease 17, 23, 32, 33, 44, 77, 98, 111, 118, 271, 301, 305, 338, 387, 471
nutritional management of 53
Cardiovascular lability, intraoperative 351
Cardiovascular safety and adverse effects 111
Cardiovascular system 448
Carotid artery 370
occlusive disease 306
Carotid atherosclerotic disease 319
Carotid endarterectomy 319
Carvedilol 277
Caudal regression syndrome 449f
Cayenne pepper on lower limbs 403f
Cefazolin 379
Ceftazidime 372, 379
Celiac disease 22, 356, 471, 473
Cell loss 323
Cell of Cajal 354
Cellulitis 365
Central nervous system 9, 448
Central retinal
artery occlusion 325
vein occlusion 325
Cereal 42
exchange 611
Cerebral edema 420, 422
Cerebrospinal fluid 5
Cerebrovascular disease 28, 305
Charcot's arthropathy 230f
acute 223
treatment of 230
types of 225
Charcot's feet 220, 263f, 391, 391f
Charcot's neuroarthropathy 225t
Cheiroarthropathy 400
Chemiluminescence immunometric assay, solid phase two-site 552f
Childhood diabetes 458, 466f
transitional care of 468
Chloroquine 388
Cholesterol 44, 308, 624
Cholesterylester transfer protein inhibitors 315
Ciliary neurotrophic factor 323
Cilnidipine 278
Ciprofloxacin 379
Clonazepine 499
Clonidine 278, 281
Clostridium 376
Cockayne syndrome 504
Codeine 356
Cognitive dysfunction 481
Collagenase enzyme 399
Common wart 398
Communication media 599
Community-acquired pneumonia 381, 383
Complete blood count 413
Concurrent infection, treatment of 420
Congenital abnormalities 447
Congenital malformations, common 448b
Congenital rubella 26, 503
Congestive cardiac failure 269
Conn's syndrome 497
Constipation 355
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis 181
Continuous glucose monitoring system, components of 183f
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
benefits of 166
risks of 166
Conventional insulin syringes 160
Cord blood stem cells 568
Coronary angiogram 301
Coronary arteriography 308
Coronary artery
bypass grafting 310, 311
disease 28, 278, 291, 297, 306, 471
Coronary heart disease 46, 305
Coronary syndrome, acute 305
Cortisol 410, 429
Corynebacterium minutissimum 396
Cotton wool spots 334
Cough 381
Counseling 80
caregivers and family members 91
casual patient 85
differences between education and 81t
focus 82
intervention 86, 95
types of 86
models of behavior change 87
overconfident patient 85
practical considerations 95
proactive patient 85
process 92f
resigned patient 85
skeptical patient 85
steps in 80
Counsellor, role of 92f
Counter regulatory hormone 154
Counteracting hormone glucagon 569f
Counterregulatory hormones 410
Cow's milk 22, 615
protein 19
Coxsackie 19
C-peptide causes 560
Cranial nerve palsies 370
Cranial neuropathies 197
C-reactive protein 25, 378
Creatinine 297
Critically ill patients 575
Crystalline penicillin 383
Cunninghamella 398
Cushing's syndrome 26, 463, 493, 494b, 494f
Cutaneous abscesses 394
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 7, 102
Cyclosporine 388, 499, 500
Cystic fibrosis 26, 492
Cystitis 373, 374
Cystometrogram 360f
normal 360f
Cytomegalovirus 19, 26
D
Dapagliflozin 99, 113, 118, 625
Dawn phenomenon 155
Deafness 478
Death in bed syndrome 434
Dehydration 578
clinical assessment of 422t
signs of 412
Depigmented macules of vitiligo 401f
Depression 481
Dermatophyte infections 377
Dermatophytosis 396
Desktop conference 600
Determine calorie requirement 50
Diabesity, management of 530
Diabetes 26, 34, 177, 195f, 213, 215, 269, 279fc, 286, 305, 316, 318, 321, 323, 324, 325, 338, 359, 380t, 381t, 525, 575, 627
acute metabolic complications of 574
associated autoantibodies 464
case record 619
clinics, integrated 587
complications of 39, 117, 347, 590
control and complications trial 29, 134, 168, 192, 292, 470
diagnosis of 288
type 1 365
type 2 365
dual-acting peptide for 561
duration of 326
during pregnancy 438
education 590
educator 576, 589
role of 482
etiological classification of 26t
foot clinic department, integrated 593f
history of 570
immunotherapy for type 1 565
in childhood and adolescence 458
classification 459
diagnosis 458
epidemiology 458
in elderly 480
incidence of 498
inpatient team 575
insipidus 478
maintenance therapy 235
management 39, 450fc, 481, 483, 513, 585
in critically ill patients 581
of type 2 115fc
natural history of type 2 30f
neonatal 461
nutritional management of 54
of young syndrome, maturity onset 459
of young, maturity onset (MODY) 27, 443, 465, 545, 463, 478, 501
overt 439
pathogenesis of type 1 21fc
pathophysiology of 99f, 589
prevention program 530
proportion of 18f
related discussions 590
secondary 488, 492f
specialist nurses 576
support group 593
steps for starting 593
type 1 11, 25, 146, 159, 269, 289, 348, 349, 459, 462, 465t, 466, 468, 473, 488, 566
type 2 11, 25, 33, 64, 159, 269, 289, 342, 348, 349, 401, 459, 460, 462, 465t, 466, 476, 476b, 488
types of 27, 464, 488, 490, 499, 501
Diabetes mellitus 11, 16, 34, 60f, 135fc, 213, 223, 238, 242, 278, 305, 317, 321, 354, 368, 373, 381, 387, 393, 395f, 396, 398, 400, 400f, 401, 403, 405, 406, 429, 462, 463, 478, 488, 499t, 502, 504, 536f, 546t, 582, 592, 623, 625, 626
and deafness, maternally inherited 462
characteristic of 391
cutaneous manifestations of 387
development of type 1 476
diagnosis of 29, 286
etiologic classification of 459t
foot care in 627
insulin therapy in
type 1 134
type 2 134
juvenile onset type 1 394f
malnutrition-related 491
management of 555, 566, 624
nutritional management of type 1 54
pancreatic 462
pathogenesis, model of type 1 20f
prevalence of 507
symptoms of 623
treatment of type 1 555
type 1 19, 21t, 22t, 26, 59–61, 124, 133, 165, 179, 401, 401f, 438, 458
type 2 22, 23, 24t, 26, 32, 98, 116t, 165, 167, 178, 338, 387, 390f, 392, 396, 397f, 399, 403f, 406f, 438, 458, 504, 533, 533t, 561
environmental factors 23
epigenetic effects 23
fetal and neonatal programming 23
genetic factors 23
Diabetic amyotrophy 198
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy 347, 348f, 349, 350t, 363
diagnosis of 364
epidemiology of 347
management implications of 365
metabolic manifestations of 361
Diabetic bullae 402
Diabetic cystopathy 360f
Diabetic dermopathy 387, 388f
Diabetic diet macronutrients, type 2 52fc
Diabetic dyslipidemia 311, 393
Diabetic enteropathy 355
Diabetic eye disease, advanced 331
Diabetic femoral neuropathy 198
Diabetic foot 216f, 266, 391
infection 378
diagnosis of 378
lesions, depth-ischemia classification of 218t
problems 220f, 221f
ulcers 217t, 245
classification of 217
treatment of 218
Diabetic footwear 255f
Diabetic gastroparesis, pathophysiology of 354
Diabetic history 27
Diabetic ketoacidosis 146, 166, 369, 409, 410, 410b, 412, 414, 415, 416t, 419t, 421, 422, 422t, 423, 458, 465, 474, 478, 519, 574, 577
clinical management of 414
pathogenesis of 411f
pathophysiology of 410
treatment 520
Diabetic lumbar plexopathy 198
Diabetic lumbosacral plexus neuropathy 198
Diabetic macular edema 328, 331
Diabetic nephropathy 287, 289, 290, 293f, 301, 302
diagnosis of 471
management of 303fc
progression of 472
stage of 288f, 300, 300t
Diabetic neuropathy 198, 206t, 211
incidence of 193f
nonpharmacological treatment of 206
signs of 211
symptoms of 210
treatment of 210
Diabetic polyneuropathy 192, 198
staging severity of 194t
Diabetic retinopathy 322, 325, 326, 334
classification of 326, 327fc
complications of 329
development of 329fc
management of 330
nonproliferative 328
pathogenesis of 329
types of 328, 328t
Diabetic rubeosis, skin related 389
Diabetic scleredema 399
Diabetic truncal mononeuropathy 198
Diabetic ulcer 391, 399
neglected 398
Diarrhea 100, 105
causes of 355
chronic 356, 358t
Diastolic blood pressure 269, 309, 472
Diazoxide 26, 499
Didanosine 499
Diet 466
in renal disease, modification of 296
Dietary
carbohydrate, replacement of 308
intervention 49
restriction 294
tips 56
toxins 489
Digital subtraction angiography 234
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers 278
Dilantin 26
Diltiazem 278, 280, 281, 354
Dipeptidyl peptidase 555
inhibitors 99, 100, 108, 109t, 117, 118, 342, 484, 557
Diphtheria 380
Direct ophthalmoscopy 332
Direct sympathetic activation 294
Disabling polyneuropathy 194
Disaccharides 41
Discharge planning 582
Disease 177
Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy
assessment of 200
medical management of 203
Diuretics 500
thiazide-like 280
Docosahexaenoic acid 47
Domperidone 356
Dopamine agonists 99, 118
Dorsa of hands 400f
Down's syndrome 27, 460, 504
Downregulate glucose transport 13
Doxazosin 278, 360
Doxycycline 383
Drug profile 102t
Drug-eluting stents 310
Dual energy absorptiometry 17
Duloxetine hydrochloride 204
Dunnigan syndrome 463
Dysautonomia 215f
Dysesthesia 204
Dyslipidemia 17, 31, 288, 305, 463, 472
control of 298
pharmacological management of 313
treatment of 472
Dysphagia 354
Dysuria 384
E
E. coli 374, 376, 396
Eating disorders 469
Ecthyma 394
Eicosapentaenoic acid 47
Electrical spinal cord stimulation 206
Electroacupuncture 207
Electrocardiography 36
Electrolyte correction 419
Embryonic stem cells 568
Empagliflozin 99, 113
Emphysematous cholecystitis 376, 382
Emphysematous pyelonephritis 374, 375, 381
Enalapril 277
Endocrinopathies 26
Endophthalmitis 325
End-organ
damage, evaluation of 508
disease 507
Endothelial cell damage 323
Enteral nutrition 580
Enterobacteriaceae 383
Entrapment neuropathy 210
Epidermophyton 377, 396
Epinephrine 410, 429
Equine antithymocyte globulin 566
Erectile dysfunction 359, 361t
management of 362fc
Ertapenem 376, 383
Eruptive xanthoma 393
Erysipelas 395
Erysipelas-like erythema 389
Erythrasma 396
Erythromelalgia 405, 406f
Erythropoietin, levels of 364
Esophageal candidiasis 369
Esophageal dysmotility 354
Essential pharmacy services 591
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 297
Ethanol 428
Exacerbated hyperglycemia 577
Exenatide 137, 138, 531
adverse effects 138
contraindications 138
Exercise 63, 65, 70, 72
aerobic 72
benefits of 64
best 77
electrocardiogram 306
endurance 74
flexibility 74
longer duration of 64
management of 467
nonweight-bearing 74
prescription 66
avoiding complications 68
exercise history 67
medical evaluation 66
motivation/psychosocial issues 67
patient education 67
timing of exercise 68
strengthening 72, 73f
Exocrine acinar cells 2f
Exocrine pancreas, disease of 460
External otitis, malignant 396
Extraocular muscles 321
Extreme insulin resistance, syndromes of 503
Eyes 511
Ezetimibe 314
acts 472
F
Facial palsy 197
Falling plasma glucose 429t
Fasting glucose, impaired 29, 30, 32
Fasting glycemia, diagnosis of impaired 30
Fat 44, 55
exchange 615
intake 44
invisible sources of 45
layer, subcutaneous 153f
low 40
visible sources of 45
Fatty acid 12
omega-3 46, 314
saturated 44
Fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 338
Fecal incontinence 355
Feet with peripheral artery occlusive disease 232f
Fetal complications 447
Fetal effects 448
Fetal hyperinsulinemia 451
Fetal insulin hypothesis 19
Fever 381
high-grade 375f
Fiber 55
neuropathy
large 196, 203
small 195, 196, 197, 203
Fibrates 314
Fibrocalcific pancreatitis 26
Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes 489, 490f, 491
Fibromuscular dysplasia 271
Fillers, choice of 417fc
Finger pebbles 400
Fissure story 215f
Flash glucose monitoring system 169–171, 171f, 172t, 174f, 177, 184, 185, 186f
advantages 171
benefits of 171, 174
disadvantages 171
individual graph of 173f
probe 184f
real-time values of 173f
technology 171
Flatulence 105
Flavin-Adenine dinucleotide 180
Fluid
choice of 416
overload, avoidance of 299
resuscitation 416, 421
Fluoxetine 354
Focal neuropathy 193, 197, 208
Folic acid 55
Folliculitis 394
Foods to avoid 615
Foot
care 213, 473
improving 592
technician, role of 590
technician/nurse 590
deformities 252
examination 247
infections 384t
injury mechanism 245, 246
orthotics 247
parts of 248f
ulcer 213
etiology of 213, 245
evaluation of 215
pathobiology of 214
treatment of 218
Footwear
and braces, choosing 247fc
checking shore value of 254f
management 257
material 253
parts of 251f
prescription 253, 256
selection of 250
sole of 257, 262
Forefoot
pressure 258f
ulcers/deformities 257
Fournier's gangrene 370, 377, 396
Fractures 481
Free fatty acid 4, 13, 64, 311, 574
receptor 559
Friedreich's ataxia 504
Fructosamine 545, 551
Fructose 41 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors 561
Fundus findings, recording of 335
Fungal cystitis 381
Fungal infestation 217f
Fungi/dermatophytes, types of superficial 377
Furunculosis 394, 395f
G
Gabapentin 204
Gait and strength training 203
Galactomannan 48
Galactose 41
Gamma-glutamyl transferase 340
Gangrenous limb, amputation of 521
Gastric emptying study 357f
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide 534
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 354, 355
Gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy 354
evaluation of 355
treatment 356
Gastrointestinal infections 376
Gastroparesis 354, 356
diabeticorum 354
diagnosis of 356
Gene therapy 569
Genetic factors 20, 272
role of 25fc
Genetic syndrome 460, 503
association 27
Genitourinary autonomic neuropathy 358
evaluation of 359
treatment 359
Genitourinary tract 448
infections 384t
Gentamicin 297
Gestational diabetes 27, 433, 444, 453t, 461, 488
mellitus 438, 439, 441, 444, 445t, 446, 447t, 449, 450, 452, 454, 455
diagnosis of 440t
Glargine U300 132
Glaucoma 323–325
Glibenclamide 99, 101, 102, 117, 118, 484, 625
fetal concentration of 451
Gliclazide 99, 102, 103, 117, 118, 484, 625
Glimepiride 99, 102, 103, 104f, 118, 484, 625
therapeutic applications of 104
Glimins 559
Glinides 117
Glipizide 99, 102, 103, 117, 118, 484
Glitazars 556
Glomerular filtration rate 278, 287, 291, 293, 296, 303
Glomerular hyperfiltration 287
stage of 287
Glucagon 410, 429
receptor antagonist 561
Glucagon-like peptide 9
agonists 109t
Glucagon-like peptide 1 7, 8, 110, 117, 136, 528, 534, 537
actions of 137f
agonists 136, 342
analogs 108, 136, 485, 580
Glucocorticoid 26, 499, 500
antagonists 562
therapy, high dose 575
Glucokinase
activators 558, 562
gene defect 502
regulatory protein 558
disruptors 559
Glucometer 180
glucose estimation, factors influencing 181
Glucometer's accuracy 181
Glucometer's and enzyme technology 180
Glucometer's estimation of blood glucose levels 181
Gluconolactone 180
Glucose 41, 413
6-phosphatase inhibitors 561
administration of 7
challenge test 545
control 578
dehydrogenase 180
dependent insulin
releasing polypeptide 110, 117
secretion 9
dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 8
intravenous infusion 433
levels, extreme fluctuant 186f
lowering effects 562
measurement of 190
point-of-care 517
meter selection 181
monitor, continuous 183, 564
monitoring 578
gadgets and 177
system, continuous 183, 184f, 188f
system, indications of continuous 185
oxidase 180
reading, pattern of 186f
regulation during pregnancy, normal 443f
sensor 183
tolerance test 445, 450
tolerance, impaired 29, 30, 32, 402f, 488
transporter 5, 6f, 102, 443
deficiency 5
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 21, 22, 465, 503, 545
antibodies 20, 552
Gluten-containing diet 22
Glycated hemoglobin 105, 117, 125, 178, 303, 439, 450, 453, 471, 529, 547
Glycation end-products, advanced 387
Glycemic control 183, 274, 308, 310, 365, 471, 482t, 516
benefits of 573
better 470
in hospital, barriers to 576
levels of 508
poor 27, 287
targets 34
Glycemic disorders 16
classification and approach 26
epidemiology and evolution 16
pathogenesis 19
Glycemic goals 35, 471, 575
Glycemic index 42
foods, high 43
of meal, lower 43
Glycemic load 43
Glycemic management 581
Glycemic targets 452b, 590
high 576
Glycemic variability 516
Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors 562
Glycogen synthesis 507
Glycolysis 507
Glycosuria 517
Glycosylated glycated hemoglobin 199
Glycosylated hemoglobin 24, 35, 35t, 36, 545, 624
Glycosylation end-products, advanced 14
G-protein coupled receptors 109
Gram-positive bacteria 378
Granuloma annulare 402, 402f
Growth hormone 410, 429, 499, 500
excess 493
Growth retardation 471
H
Haemophilus influenzae 383
Hallux valgus 259, 259f
Haloperidol 428
Hammer toe 258f
Harris mat
assessment 249
footprints 250f
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 22
Head and neck infections 370
Hearing impairment 481
Heart
disease 31, 35
failure 294, 305
rate 352
abnormal 348
variability 349
Heel pad 254f
Heel wedges 262
Heloderma suspectum 138
Hematopoietic stem cells 568
Hematuria, macroscopic 292
Hemochromatosis 492, 492f
primary 492
secondary 492
Hemodialysis 423
Hemoglobin 300, 548
Hemolytic disease 548
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 460
Hemorrhage 334
subcutaneous 246f
subhyaloid 334
vitreous 325, 329, 334
Hepatic disease 116
Hepatic dysfunction 486
Hepatic fat deposition, metabolic consequences of 339f
Hepatic glucose production 99
Hepatic metastasis 497f
Hepatitis
A 380
B 380
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 461
Hereditary neuromuscular syndromes 504
Heterogeneous disorder. 503
Hindfoot ulcers 261, 262f
Hirsutism 402, 493
Homeostatic model assessment 24
Human C-peptide 551
Human glutamic acid decarboxylase 566
Human immunodeficiency virus 498
infection 463
Human insulin
and insulin analogs, pharmacokinetic profiles of 128f
intermediate-acting 127, 159
primary structure of 128f
structure of 2f
Human leukocytic genes 19, 21
Human Organs Act, transplant of 301
Human papillomavirus 380
infection 398
Human placental lactogen 441
Human pluripotent stem cells 568
Huntington's chorea 504
Huntley's papules 400
Hyaline membrane disease 447
Hydration 517
Hydroxychloroquine 99, 112, 118, 625
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors 313
Hyperaldosteronism, primary 272, 273, 497
Hyperbilirubinemia 447, 578
Hyperesthesia 198
Hyperglycemia 12, 17, 146, 154, 272, 290, 319, 371, 401, 411, 414, 439, 447, 488, 498, 519, 521, 574fc, 575, 582
acidosis 410
chronic 317
degree of 368
effects of 573
high risk for 575
impairs neutrophil chemotaxis 368
management of 135
pathogenesis of 496fc
risk of 152
signs of 462
symptoms of 29, 462, 482, 430t, 482
tends 393
treatment 519
vascular effects of 269
Hyperglycemic
complications, acute 481
emergencies 409
hyperosmolar state 574
states 323
Hyperinsulinemia 17
Hyperkalemia 299
Hyperkeratotic papules 404f
Hyperleptinemia 17
Hyperosmolar coma 12
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 409, 410, 410b, 411f, 412, 414, 415, 416t
clinical management of 423
Hyperparathyroidism, primary 497
Hyperpigmentation 393f, 493
Hyperpigmented pedunculated soft papules 392f
Hypertension 269, 272t, 279fc, 291, 430, 472, 473, 493, 512, 587
control of 274, 294
general classification of 270t
mechanisms of 271fc
nonpharmacologic therapy of 275
pharmacotherapy of 276
resistant 282
secondary 273f
Hypertensive subjects, lifestyle modifications for 276t
Hyperthyroidism 26, 495
Hypertriglyceridemia 313, 498
Hyperuricemia 317
Hyperviscosity syndrome 447
Hypocalcemia 447
Hypoglycemia 112, 136, 146, 153, 154, 166, 318, 361, 365, 418, 427, 428, 431, 434, 447, 466, 467, 469, 473, 474, 484, 486, 486b, 519, 574, 581, 581t, 589
associated autonomic failure 433
asymptomatic 427
causes of 428
clinical classification of 427
clinical management of 431
clinical recognition of 429
disposition of 430
documented symptomatic 427
episodes 361
evaluation of recurrent 434fc
high risk of 484
history of 474
in elderly 486
in hospital setting 581
in pregnancy 452
intermittent 447
low risk of 555
management of 432fc
mild 474
moderate 474
multiple recurrent 432
recurrent 433
risk of 467, 471, 555
severe 153, 417, 427, 453, 474, 489
symptomatic 473
treatment of 474, 519
unawareness 361, 480
Hypoglycemic attack 625
Hypoglycemic autonomic failure 362
Hypokalemia 417, 493
Hypothermia, signs for 430
Hypoxia 578
I
Ichthyosis, background of 395f
Imeglimin 559
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome 461, 462
Immune hypothesis 194
Immune system 512
Immunomodulators 565
Immunosuppressive medications 575
Impaired glucose tolerance, prevalence of 438
Impetigo 394
Incretin 531
hormones, effect of 8f
Infections 26, 213, 368, 387, 393
abdominal 376
insults of 573
Infectious disease 379, 503
Inflammation, role of 25
Inflammatory bowel disease 106
Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, chronic 199
Influenza 380
virus 373
Injectable agents 484
Inositol derivatives 561
Insoluble fiber, sources of 42
Insulin 127, 164, 387, 428, 429, 451, 484, 626
absorption of 418
action
acquired defects of 460
defects in 503
genetic defects of 460
additional 161
administration 161f, 421
intraoperative 517t
analogs 127
long-acting 130
rapid-acting 129
use of 419
autoantibody 20–22, 432, 552
basal 127, 164, 485
bolus 163, 485
classification of 125, 127t
containing cartridges 149
deficiency 11
degludec 127
delivery 160
alternative methods of 159
dependency 465
detemir 130
discovery of 124
dose 178
adjustments 179
of rapid-acting 161
effects of 4
exercise 152
glargine 130
history of 125
infusion 136
injecting cold 149
injections 162
daily 178
kinds of 160
like growth factor 194
management 469
mealtime 127
mechanism of action of 3
mixing of 151
native human 128f
needle length 152
neuritis 199
non-sulfonylurea 484
pen 159, 160
disposable 159
reusable 159
pen device 160f, 161f
advantages of 160
limitations of 161
port 169
contraindications 169
indications for use 169
insulin delivery device 187
product description 169
preparations 149
promoter factor 461
pump 161, 162, 162f, 185, 580
candidates, suitable 165
parts of 162f
therapy, components of 162
rapid-acting 151, 164
receptor 3, 503
activators 560
structure of 3f
regimens 133, 133t, 134, 151
replacement therapy, development of 126f
resistance 44, 272
mechanisms of 442
syndrome 30
resuspension of 150
secretagogues 483
secretion 10, 465
sensitivity 453, 465
sensitizer 342
single-use 159
site for injection 152
site rotation 152
small amounts of 161
smart 564
split-mix and multiple dose regimens 151
storage 149
subcutaneous 575
injection of 188
supplemental 575
synthesis of 2
syringes 147, 147f, 159
alternatives 149
reuse and disposal 147
temperature 152
therapy 124, 132, 135, 146, 157, 182, 417, 418f, 484, 485t
and monitoring 169
complications of 153
duration of 159
initiation 132
lifestyle 157
patient barriers 157
physical and mental 157
provider barriers 157
psychological barriers 157
side effects of 136
special population 157
system barriers 157
total daily dose of 164fc
treatment 417
types of 159–161
Insulinoma associated-2 autoantibodies 22
Insulin-treated 579, 580
Integrated diabetes clinic, functionaries of 588, 589f
Integrating systems 585
Intensive glycemic control 365
Intercurrent illness, signs of 413
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group 439
International Diabetes Federation 31
criteria 30t
International Working Group on Diabetic Foot 217
Interstitial glucose 184
Intestinal disease, chronic 106
Intestine brush, small 472
Intracranial atherosclerosis 319
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities 334
Intravenous
dextrose 474
glucose tolerance test 20
insulin 179, 577
infusion, indications for 577b
Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents 331
Intravitreal triamcinolone 331
Intrinsic muscle paralysis, causes of 246
Invasive otitis externa 382
Ipragliflozin 99
Irbesartan 277
Iron 55
Ischemia 213
Ischemic heart disease 107, 307, 361, 512
Ischemic optic neuropathy 325
anterior 324
Ischemic stroke 316
acute 318
Islet cell
antibodies 20–22, 465, 552
transplantation 567
Islets of Langerhans 1, 2f
Isophane neutral protamine hagedorn insulin 127
J
Joint
aspiration 229
mobility syndrome 511
K
K cells 8
KDIGO CKD classification, revised 296f
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 459
Keratinocytes 398
Keratolytics 403
Keratosis pilaris 403
Keto acids 423
Ketoacidosis 411, 469
Ketoconazole 377
Ketogenesis 410
Ketone 411
bodies 550
Ketonuria 410
Kidney disease
causes of 291
chronic 53, 274, 286, 293, 296, 298–300, 471
improvement of global outcomes 296
progression of 292
severe chronic 111
Kidney failure, stage of 296
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules 290
Klebsiella 374
oxytoca 372
Klinefelter's syndrome 460, 504
Kussmaul breathing 12
Kussmaul respiration 411
Kyrle's disease 404, 404f
L
Labetalol 277, 281
Lactose 41
Laser photocoagulation 331
Laser therapy, low-intensity 207
Latent autoimmune diabetes 22f
Laurence-Moon syndrome 503
Legionella 373
Lens 323
Lente insulin 151
Levey-Jennings chart for glucose 544f
Levofloxacin 383
Lichen planus 405
Limb mononeuropathies 198
Linagliptin 99, 111, 118, 625
Linjeta 563
Lipemia, severe 578
Lipid 34
lowering 295
metabolism 4, 13
consequences of disturbed 12
profile, fasting 545
Lipoatrophic diabetes 503
syndromes 460
Lipoatrophy 154
Lipodystrophic diabetes 463, 465
Lipodystrophy 498
familial partial 463
generalized 463
syndrome 464
Lipohypertrophy 154
Lipoic acid 562
Lipoprotein
cholesterol, high-density 46, 549
high-density 31, 32, 308, 526
very low-density 13
Liraglutide 138, 531
Lisfranc's dislocation 227f
Lisinopril 277
Lispro insulin 160
Liver
biopsy 341
disease 101, 338
chronic 341
selective glucokinase activators 558
Lixisenatide 140
Loperamide 356
Losartan 277
Low-density lipoprotein 13, 32, 44, 472
cholesterol 549
Lower extremity amputations, causes of 245
Lower limb motor neuropathy, asymmetric 198
Lymph nodes, pancreatic 565
M
Macroalbuminuria 302
Macronutrients 40
Macrovascular complications 305, 447
Magnetic field therapy 207
Malassezia globosa 398
Mallet toe 258f
Malnutrition 489
Maltose 41
Maternal complications 447
Maternal nutrition, sequence of 19fc
Maturity onset diabetes of young, diagnosis of 465
Meal plan, formulation of 50
Meal planning 48
goals of 54
Meary's angle 228
measurement of 227f
Meary's line 228
Measles, mumps, rubella 380
Medical nutrition therapy 308, 449, 450, 581
Medical therapy, initiation of 275
Medicine, evidence in 618
Medium-glycemic index foods 43
Megestrol acetate 499
Meglitinide 99, 104, 117, 484
analogs 118
disadvantages 105
mechanism 104
therapeutic application 104
Melanin-concentrating hormone 528
Melanocortin-4 receptor 535
Melanocyte stimulating hormone 528
Melioidosis 379
Mental obtundation 416
Meropenem 383
Mesenchymal stem cells 568
Metabolic acidosis 299, 371, 411
Metabolic control 359
poor 473
Metabolic disease, group of 16
Metabolic disorders 16
Metabolic hypothesis 194
Metabolic rate, basal 528
Metabolic stress 573
Metabolic surgery 531, 534
Metabolic syndrome 30, 31, 32f, 38, 405
clinical diagnosis of 31t
concept of 30
prevalence of 526t
Metatarsal bar 258f
Metatarsal heads 258f
and heel, plantar aspect of 216f
Metatarsophalangeal joints 246
Metformin 99–101, 115, 117, 118, 142, 342, 531, 562, 579, 625
therapy 355
Methyldopa 278, 281
Metoprolol 277
Michael somogyi 154
Miconazole 377
Microalbuminuria 287, 288, 301, 471
stage of 291
Microangiopathy 387
Microcellular rubber 247, 254
bar 258f
footwear 255f
sandal 257
Y strap sandal 256f
Micronutrients 47
Microsporum 377, 396
Microvascular hypothesis 194
Midfoot
abnormalities 259
ulcers 261, 261f
Miglitol 99, 118
Milk and milk products 42
Milk exchange 615
Mitochondrial diabetes 463
Mitochondrial DNA defects 502
Molded shoes 264
Monochromatic near-infrared treatment 207
Monofilament test 200f, 201f
Monomicrobial type 396
Mononeuropathy 208
Monosaccharides 41
Monounsaturated fatty acids 44
Moraxella catarrhalis 383
Motion exercises
neck range of 76f
shoulder range of 76f
Motor and sensory neuropathy 246
Moxonidine 278, 281
Mucormycosis 398
Multifocal bacterial nephritis, acute 375
Multi-infarct dementia 481
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes 497
Multiple hypoglycemias, asymptomatic 188f
Multiple palmar verrucae 399
Multipoint control unit 600
Mumps 19, 26
Muscle
paralysis, intrinsic 248
smooth 347
strength, intrinsic 248
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 373
Mycophenolate mofetil 388
Mycoplasma 373
Myocardial infarction 294, 305, 480, 512, 577
Myocardial ischemia 512
silent 350
Myotonic dystrophy 504
N
Nateglinide 99, 118, 625
National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program 29
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 31
Nausea 100
Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum 388
plaques of 389f
Necrotic lesions, debridement of 372
Necrotizing fasciitis 220f, 382, 385, 396
Needle phobia 155
Neonatal complications 447
Neovascular glaucoma 324, 329
Nephropathy 286, 288, 387, 471
classification 287
management 292
nutritional management of 53
pathogenesis of 289
pathology 290
risk factors 287
tests for 36
Nephrotic syndrome 289
development of 291
Nerve
conduction studies 199
conduction velocity 201
dysfunction 195
fiber syndrome, small 202
growth factor 323
Nervous system, involuntary 347
Neuroarthropathy 213, 223
anatomical classification of 225f
Neurogenic bladder 358
Neuroglycopenia 486, 574
Neuroglycopenic symptoms 474
Neuroischemic ulcers 391
Neuropathic ulcer 220f, 391
Neuropathy 387
disability score 197t
multifocal 193, 197
severe 201
tests for 36
treatment-induced 195, 199
Neurosurgery 521
Neurotrophic hypothesis 194
Neurovasculopathies 391
Neutral protamine
hagedorn insulin 127, 133, 149t, 580
lispro 127
New York Heart Association 117
Newer glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs 557
Newer insulin
pump 173
secretagogues 558
Newer peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists 556
Next-generation sequencing technology 465
Niacin 55, 314
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide 180
Nicotinic acid 499, 500
Nifedipine 278
Nisoldipine 278
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
evaluation of 339
management of 341
Nondiabetic conditions 488
Nondiabetic renal disease 471
Nondigestible carbohydrates 41
Nondihydropyridine 280
calcium-channel blockers 294
Noninsulin-requiring diabetes 465
Noninvasive blood pressure 515
Noninvasive stress testing 306
Nonketotic hyperglycemia 409
Nonketotic hyperosmolar state 577
Nonnutritive sweeteners 47
dose of 47
recommended dose of 48t
Normoalbuminuric chronic kidney disease 301
Nosocomial pneumonia 383
Novel insulin formulations 563
Nutrition therapy, goals of 39
Nylon monofilament test 200
O
Obesity 271, 392, 400f, 465, 525, 526t, 530t, 535fc, 587
epidemiology of 525
etiopathogenesis of 526
evaluation of 527
management of 531
prevalence of 525
related syndromes 503
role of 25
Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 383
Obstructive sleep apnea 536f
Octreotide 575
Ocular
complications 321
disease 321
hypotension 324
Oculomotor nerve, lesion of 197
Olanzapine 499, 500
Olmesartan 277
Omarigliptin 557
Ophthalmoscopy 331
indirect 332
types of 332
Opiates 499, 500
Opioid
derivatives 205
semisynthetic 205
Optic atrophy 478
Optic nerve 324
Optimal medical therapy 311
Oral agents 483
Oral antidiabetic agent 98, 99t, 115, 119fc, 406, 451
therapy 116t
role of 98
Oral antidiabetic drug 117t, 177, 451, 502
therapy 118t
Oral candidiasis 369
Oral ciprofloxacin 376
Oral contraceptives 499
Oral glucose
lowering agents 133
tolerance test 29, 545, 547
Oral hypoglycemic agent 514, 625
Oral infections, risk of 373
Oral lichen planus 405f
Organ transplantation 577
Organic disease 355
suspicious of 354
Organism-specific factors 369
Orthostatic hypotension 349
Osmotic diuresis 411
Osteoporosis 493
Otelixizumab 565
Otitis externa, malignant 370, 372
Outreach activities 591
Oxidant stress hypothesis 489
Oxidative stress 319
hypothesis 195
Oxygen saturation 515
P
Pain 155
Palms and fingers, hyperkeratosis of 397f
Palms, burning sensation of 406f
P-aminobenzoic acid 428
Pancreas 1, 10
artificial 564
disorders of 488
functional anatomy 1
kidney transplantation 301
Pancreatectomy 26, 491
Pancreatic diseases 26
Pancreatic function, tests of 491
Pancreatic islet cell transplantation 566, 567
Pancreatic lesion 497f
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 497
Pancreatic structure, tests of 490
Pancreatic transplant 566
Pancreatic tumors 497
Pancreatitis
acute 491
chronic 489, 489t
Paper grip test 248f
Paper peeled off inked Harris mat 250f
Papillopathy 325
Paradox 576
Parasitic infestations 398
Parathyroid hormone 298–300
Parenteral nutrition 575, 580
Parenteral therapeutic agents 124
Paresthesia 198, 204
Parkinson's disease 115
Paronychia 396
chronic 396
Pars plana vitrectomy 331
Patchy nonscarring alopecia 401f
Patellar tendon-bearing
ankle-foot orthosis 263f
Bohler iron orthosis 262f
orthosis 266
Pearson syndrome 459
Pentamidine 499
Pentose phosphate 507
Pentoxifylline 302, 388, 403
Penumbra 318
Percutaneous coronary intervention 310, 311
Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 207
Perindopril 277
Perinephric abscess 374, 381
Periodontal infections 373
Peripheral artery occlusive disease 231
Peripheral autonomic neuropathy 363
Peripheral nerve damage 195f
Peripheral neuropathy 192, 510
classification 193
pathogenesis 194
risk factors 193
Peripheral vascular disease 13, 28, 291, 294, 306
Periungual telangiectasia 390, 390f
Permanent neonatal diabetes 461
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors 556
Pertussis 380
Pes cavus 259
Pes planus 260
Phenotype hypotheses 18
Phenytoin 499, 500
Pheochromocytoma 26, 496, 496fc
Phlebotomy 541
Phosphate
administration 422
binders 298, 299fc
noncalcium-based 298
buffered insulin 151
replacement 420
Phosphorous 414
Physical activity, types of 72
Pigmented pretibial papules 387
Pigmented purpuric dermatoses 403
Pinch test 255f
Pindolol 354
Pioglitazone 6, 99, 118, 342, 625
Piperacillin 373, 376, 379, 383
Pityriasis versicolor 398
Placental human chorionic somatomammotropin 441
Plantar pressure assessment 249
Plantar skin damage 265f
Plasma 181, 413
aldosterone-renin ratio 274
glucose 181, 545
fasting 29, 439, 545
level 416
level, mean 35t
test result 182
Pluripotent stem cells, induced 568
Polycystic ovary syndrome 106, 463, 476
Polydipsia 12, 412, 462
Polyglandular autoimmune disease 22
Polyneuropathy
asymptomatic 194
chronic relapsing 199
distal symmetrical 196, 196f
Polyphagia 462
causes of 12
Polypharmacy 481
Polyunsaturated fat 309
Polyuria 412, 462
Portable infrared dermal thermometry 229
Postmeal hyperglycemia 131
Postprandial plasma glucose 117, 135, 140, 508, 545
Potassium 413, 419
amount of 419
hydroxide 376
replacement 419t
intraoperative 520t
sparing diuretic 280
supplementation 520
transport 5
Practical medical nutritional therapy 39
Prader-Willi syndrome 460, 503
Pramlintide 140
Prayer sign 400, 400f, 511
Prazosin 278, 281
Prefilled insulin pens 149
Pregabalin 204
Pregestational diabetes 439, 447, 448
mellitus 163, 454
Premeal insulin dosage 466
Preproglucagon molecule 9f
Preproinsulin 3
Pre-retinal hemorrhage 334
Pretibial hyperpigmented papules 388f
Probable symptomatic hypoglycemia 428
Probe test 216f
Progeroid syndromes 504
Proglucagon fragment, major 9
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy 328, 331
Prostatic hypertrophy, benign 278
Protamine zinc insulin 126
Protease inhibitors 499, 500
Protective sensation, loss of 200
Protein 43, 55
in diabetic diet, role of 43
kinase C inhibitor
act 561
therapy 302
metabolism 4, 13
consequences of disturbed 12
tyrosine phosphatase-1b, inhibitors of 561
Proteinuria 291, 302
progression of 291
Proteus mirabilis 372
Proximal motor neuropathy 197, 203
Pseudo-cushingoid facies 498f
Pseudo-hypoglycemia 428
Pseudomonas 395
aeruginosa 372, 396
Psoriasis 404f
vulgaris 404
Psychological therapy 208
Pulmonary
infections 373
tuberculosis, developing 373
Pulse exchange 613
Pupil 324
Pyelonephritis 359, 374, 384
acute 374, 381
Pyomyositis 377
Q
Quality control 543
internal 544
Quinine 428
derivatives 99
Quinolones 500
R
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome 460, 503
Ramipril 277
Random plasma glucose 439
Randomized control trials 275
Ranitidine 515
Reactive oxygen species 25, 559
Red blood cell casts 292
Regular human insulin 126
Rehydration 520
Renal disease 292
advanced 296
chronic 119
end stage 113, 289, 296, 423
risk of end stage 351
severe 138
Renal failure 271
Renal hypertrophy, stage of 287
Renal impairment 101
Renal insufficiency 486
Renal papillary necrosis 374
Renal replacement therapy 286, 300
Renal revascularization 271
Renal sympathetic denervation 282
Renal threshold 12
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 270, 272, 293
Renovascular hypertension 271, 273t
Repaglinide 99, 118, 625
Repetitive stress 246
Reserpine 278
Resistant hypertension, treatment of 282
Respiratory distress 447
Respiratory tract 381
infections 373
Resting electrocardiogram 306
Reticulate hyperpigmentation 405f
Retinal detachment 325
Retinopathy 321, 330, 387, 473
absence of 201, 291
screening for 330fc
tests for 36
Reye's syndrome 310
risk of 473
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis 370, 371f, 382
Rhino-orbital mucormycosis 321
Rhizopus 370, 398
arrhizus 371
species 369
Riboflavin 55
Rilmenidine 278
Ringer's lactate 517
Risperidone 498
Rituximab 565
effect of 565
Rocker bottom
foot deformity 227f
sole 257, 259f
Roger's syndrome 459
Rosiglitazone 6
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass bariatric surgery, effects of 534f
Rubella 19
Rubeosis faciei diabeticorum 389
Rubeosis iridis 329
S
Salicylates 428
Salmonella 376
Sample walking program 70t
Saponins 48
Saroglitazar 556
Saxagliptin 99, 111, 118, 625
Schamberg's disease 403
Scleredema adultorum of Buschke 399
Sclerodactyly 400
Sclerodermatous changes 399
Secretagogues 579
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor 204, 499
Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test 200, 223
Sensory neuropathy 245, 369
Sensory testing, quantitative 201
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 204
Serum
bicarbonate level 416
cholesterol 549
C-peptide 464
creatinine 545, 548
hyperosmolarity 411
potassium levels 419
triglycerides 549
Sexual dysfunction 359
Shear stress 246
Shin spots 387
Shock 578
Shoe size, choosing correct 252t
Short-acting insulin 151, 159, 163, 190
extra dose of 158
Short-acting regular insulins 126
Sick-day
care 475t
guidelines 158
management 158, 474, 475b
goals of 474
Sildenafil 361
Silicone insole 254f
Single-minded homolog 1 535
Single-photon emission computerized tomography 497f
Sitagliptin 99, 109, 118, 625
Sjögren's syndrome 503
Skin
and soft tissue 370
infections 376
biopsy 202
breakdown 246f
disorders, hyperlipidemia-related 387, 392
tags 392
waxy thickening of 400f
Sleep apnea 351
Slit-lamp
biomicroscopy 332
ophthalmoscopy 332
Sodium 272, 413
bicarbonate 419
fluoride 578
glucose 112
glucose co-transporter 2 100, 117, 118, 531, 537
inhibitors 99, 112, 114, 343, 484
inhibitors, mechanism of action of 112
lithium counter transport 272
Soft fibromas 392
Soluble fiber 42
Somogyi effect 154, 155f, 156f, 188f, 431f
symptoms of 154, 154f
Staphylococcus aureus 369, 372, 373, 378, 379, 394
Start walking program 69
Statin 499
Steatohepatitis, nonalcoholic 338
Steatotest 340
Stem cell 570
therapy 567
Steroid therapy 580
high dose 577
Stevens-Johnson syndrome 110
Stiff joint syndrome 511
Streptococcus pneumoniae 373, 383
Streptococcus, group A 379
Stress echocardiography 307
Stress myocardial perfusion imaging 307
Stretching exercises 75f
Stroke 294, 316, 319, 577
acute ischemic 316
prevention strategies
primary 317
secondary 317
Structural deformity 214
Subcutaneous injection 474
Subcutaneous insulin
administration 147f, 148t
infusion therapy, continuous 163f, 166
infusion, continuous 161, 164, 167, 580
Subtalar joint 262
Subthreshold micropulse diode laser 331
Sucralose 48
Sucrose 41
Sudden death 294
Sudomotor 362
axon reflex test, quantitative 363
Sulfonamides 428
Sulfonylurea 99, 101, 102, 102t, 103, 104f, 116–118, 125, 342, 483, 484, 579
augment insulin 101
derivatives 6
differential effects of 102f
mechanism of action of 102f
receptor 102, 495
treatment 444
Surgery
metabolic challenge of 508
role of 219
types of 513
Surgical wound management 522
Symmetric polyneuropathies 193, 196
Sympathetic nervous system 272
Symptomatic polyneuropathy 194
Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis 370, 377
Synovial biopsy 230
Systemic clofazimine 388
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 385
Systemic lupus erythematosus 503
Systolic blood pressure 269, 309, 472
T
Tachycardia 430
Tachypnea 430
Tacrolimus 388, 499
Tadalafil 361
Target blood pressure 274
Taspoglutide 557
Tazobactam 376, 379, 383
Technetium-99 bone scan 228f
Telmisartan 277
Teneligliptin 111
Teplizumab 565
Terbinafine 377
Tetanus 380
Thalidomide 388
Therapeutic footwear 245
Thermoregulatory sweat test 363
Thiamine 55
Thiazide 26, 279
diuretics 428, 499
Thiazolidinediones 6, 99, 106, 116, 118, 125, 342, 484, 562
adverse effects 106
contraindications 107
mechanism of action of 107f
recent controversies 108
therapeutic applications 106
Thrifty genotype 18
Thymoglobulin 566
Thyroid
enlargement 453
hormone 26
stimulating hormone 473
Thyrotoxicosis 495b
Thyroxine 500
Tight glycemic control 471, 486
Tinea corporis 396, 397f
Tinea infections 377
Tinea manuum 397
Toast classification 316
Toe
clawing of 246f, 258f
gangrene of 390f
muscles, intrinsic adductor 249f
separator 259f
space, choosing correct 252t
Toenails, care of 222
Tolbutamide diffuses 451
Topical tretinoin 388
Topiramate 204
Total parenteral nutrition 499
Tractional retinal detachment 329, 335
Trans fat, sources of 46
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 206
Trans-fatty acid 44
Transforming growth factor beta 1 290
Trelagliptin 557
safety of 557
Tretinoin 403
Tricarboxylic acid 507
Trichophyton 377, 396
rubrum 397
Tricyclic antidepressants 204
Tricyclic drugs 205
Triglycerides 32
Trochlear nerve 197
Tumor necrosis factor 25, 388
Turner's syndrome 460, 504
Tyrosine phosphatase-like protein 552
Tyrosine receptor kinase B 535
U
Ulcers 216f, 257
formation 222f
in forefoot 259
previous history of 252
usual locations of 216f
Ultralente insulin 151
University of Texas Diabetic Wound Classification System 218t
Urinary
albumin excretion 550
frequency 381
tract infections 359, 373, 374, 384
Urine 413
glucose 545
ketones 464, 545
microalbumin 545
microalbumin test 550
Urothelial cells 556
V
Valsalva maneuver 365
Valsartan 277
Varicella 380
Vascular disease 301
prevention 235
Verapamil 278, 280, 354
Verruca vulgaris 398
Vildagliptin 99, 110, 118, 625
Vipoma 497
Vision loss
acute causes of 325, 325t
chronic causes of 325, 325t
Visual impairment 480, 481
Vitamin
B12
deficiency 24
malabsorption 100
C 55, 403
D analogs 298, 299fc
D3 403
E 343
Vitiligo 401
vulgaris 401f
Voglibose 99, 118, 625
Voltage-dependent calcium channels 102
Vomiting 375f
W
Waist circumference 526
Waist-hip ratio 526
Warm-up and cool-down exercises 69fg
Water retention 272
Web-based learning method 600
Weight gain 154
causes of 529f
Weight status, classification of 49t
Weight-bearing areas 262f
Werner syndrome 460, 504
Wet foot gangrene 390
White blood
cell 225
glucose 181
Wilson disease 341
Wolcott-Rallison syndrome 461
Wolfram's syndrome 459, 462, 504
Wound myiasis 398, 399
Z
Zinc 553
phosphate 151
transporter 22, 552
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