Comprehensive Textbook of ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Comprehensive Textbook of ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
SECOND EDITION
VOLUMES 1 and 2
Editor
Navin C Nanda MD DSc (Hon) DSc (Med) (Hon) FACC FAHA FASE FISCU (D)
Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama, USA
President International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
Under the Aegis of
The International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
and
The Indian Academy of Echocardiography
Headquarters
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Overseas Offices
JP Medical Ltd.
83, Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44 20 3170 8910
Fax: +44 (0)20 3008 6180
E-mail: info@jpmedpub.com
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeedigital.com
© 2020, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. The CD/DVD-ROM (if any) provided in the sealed envelope with this book is complimentary and free of cost. Not meant for sale.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Comprehensive Textbook of Echocardiography (Volumes 1 and 2)
First Edition: 2014
Second Edition: 2020
9789352701643
Printed at:
- Aarti H Bhat
- MBBS
- Assistant Professor
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington
- Seattle, Washington, USA
- Aasha S Gopal
- MS MD FACC FAHA FASE
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Director
- Advanced Echocardiography
- St Francis Hospital, Washington Boulevard
- Roslyn, New York, USA
- Abdallah Kamouh
- MD
- Cardiologist
- University of Buffalo
- Buffalo, New York, USA
- Abid Ali Fakhri
- MD
- Fellow
- Division of Cardiology
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Aditya Bharadwaj
- MD
- Cardiologist
- Department of Cardiology
- Loma Linda University and
- VA Medical Centers
- Loma Linda, California, USA
- Ahmad S Omran
- MD FACC FESC FASE
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Head
- Non-Invasive Cardiology Lab
- King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center
- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Ahmed Almomani
- MBBS
- Cardiologist
- Division of Cardiology
- Department of Internal Medicine
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Alan Vainrib
- MD
- Cardiologist
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Non-invasive Cardiology—
- Leon H Charney
- Division of Cardiology
- NYU Lagone Health
- New York, NY, USA
- Allan L Klein
- MD FRCP(C) FACC FAHA FASE
- Director
- CV Imaging Research and Pericardial Center
- Professor of Medicine
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
- Cleveland Clinic Heart and Vascular Institute
- Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Anant Kharod
- MD
- Cardiologist
- Department of Medicine
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Andrew P Miller MD
- General and Invasive Cardiologist
- Cardiovascular Associates
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Angele AA Mattoso
- MD
- Heart Institute (InCor)
- The University of São Paulo School of Medicine
- São Paulo, Brazil and Santa Izabel Hospital
- Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Anita Radhakrishnan
- MD
- Fellow, Division of Cardiology
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Anjlee M Mehta
- MD
- Assistant Professor
- Division of Cardiology
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center
- San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Anna Agnese Stanziola
- MD
- Clinical and Surgery Department
- Division of Respiratory Medicine
- University “Federico II” of Naples
- Naples, Italy
- Arshad Kamel
- MD
- Department of Medicine
- University of Alabama
- Huntsville, Alabama, USA
- Arthur J Labovitz
- MD
- Professor of Medicine
- Chair
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
- University of South Florida
- Tampa, Florida, USA
- Arzu Ilercil
- MD
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
- University of South Florida
- Tampa, Florida, USA
- Atif N Qasim
- MD MSCE
- Assistant Professor of Medicine
- University of California
- San Francisco, California, USA
- Aylin Sungur
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Azhar Supariwala
- MD
- Division of Cardiology
- Department of Medicine
- St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025, USA
- Bader Almahdi
- MD
- Heart Institute
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Bahaa M Fadel
- MD
- Heart Institute
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Bernhard Mumm
- MSc (Engineering) Computer Science and Cybernetics
- President and COO
- TomTec Imaging Systems
- GmbH, Edisonstr
- Unterschleissheim, Germany
- Bo Xu
- MBBS (Hon)
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging
- Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment
- of Pericardial Diseases
- Heart and Vascular Institute
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Brian D Hoit
- MD
- Director of Echocardiography
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Center
- University Hospitals of Cleveland
- Ohio, USA
- Caroline Morbach
- MD
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center
- University of Würzburg
- Würzburg, Germany
- Cecil Coghlan
- MD
- Past Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Chetan Shenoy
- MBBS
- Fellow in Cardiovascular Disease
- Tufts Medical Center
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Chittur A Sivaram
- MD
- David Ross Boyd Professor
- Vice Chief of Cardiovascular Section
- Associate Dean for Continuing Professional Development
- University of Oklahoma
- Health Sciences Center
- Oklahoma, USA
- Christine Henri
- MD
- Department of Cardiology
- Heart Valve Disease Clinic
- CHU Sart Tilman Hospital
- University of Liège, Belgium
- CN Manjunath
- MD DM
- Director, Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Colette Veyrat
- MD
- Centre National de la Recherche
- Scientifique Honorary Researcher
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
- L'Institut Mutualiste de Montsouris
- Boulevard Jourdan, Paris Cedex, France
- Damien Voilliot
- Département de Cardiologie
- CHU Nancy, Nancy, France
- Dan G Halpern
- MD
- Medical Director
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Medicine
- NYU Langone Health
- New York, NY, USA
- Daniel Forsha
- MD
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Duke University Medical Center
- Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Daniel Sohinki
- Department of Internal Medicine
- University of Texas Southwestern
- Medical Center
- Dallas, TX, USA
- David A Parra
- MD
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- David Cosgrove
- MD
- Past Honorary Consultant
- Imperial and King's Colleges
- London, UK
- David Daly
- MD
- Department of Medicine
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Dheeraj Arora
- DNB PDCC MNAMS
- Medanta Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Dilbahar S Mohar
- MD
- Division of Cardiology
- UC-Irvine School of Medicine
- Irvine, California, USA
- Donald Hagler
- MD
- Mayo Clinic
- Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- E Rene Rodriguez
- Cardiovascular Anatomic Pathology
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Eduardo Bossone
- MD PhD FCCP FESC FACC
- Via Principe Amedeo Lauro (AV), Italy
- Heart Department
- University of Salerno
- “Scuola Medica Salernitana”
- Salerno, Italy
- Edward Gill MD
- Professor of Medicine and Cardiology
- University of Washington
- Seattle, Washington DC, USA
- Efstathia Andrikopoulou
- MD
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Boston, MA, USA
- Eleonora Gashi
- DO MPhil
- Senior Cardiology Fellow
- Lenox Hill Hospital
- Noninvasive Cardiology
- New York, NY, USA
- Elisa Zaragoza-Macias
- MD MPH
- Cardiovascular Diseases Fellow
- University of Washington
- Seattle, Washington, USA
- Elizabeth Ofili
- MD MPH FACC
- Morehouse School of Medicine
- Chief of Section of Cardiology
- Associate Dean of Clinical Research
- Professor of Medicine
- Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Eugenio Picano
- MD PhD
- Institute of Clinical Physiology
- National Research Council
- Pisa, Italy
- Fabrice Larrazet
- MD PhD
- Department of Cardiology
- HÔpital Saint Camille
- Bry sur Marne, France
- Fadi G Hage
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Section of Cardiology
- Birmingham Veteran's, Administration Medical Center
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Farooq A Chaudhry
- MD FACP FACC FASE FAHA
- Past Professor of Medicine
- Director, Echocardiography Laboratories
- Associate Director, Mount Sinai Heart Network
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Marie-Josée
- and Henry R Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health
- New York, USA
- Francesco Faletra
- MD
- Division of Cardiology
- Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino
- Lugano, Switzerland
- Francesco Ferrara
- MD
- Heart Department
- University of Salerno “Scuola Medica Salernitana”
- Salerno, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Sciences
- University “Federico II” of Naples
- Naples, Italy
- Garima Arora
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, AL, USA
- Gary P Foster
- MD
- Department of Cardiology
- Loma Linda University and
- VA Medical Centers
- Loma Linda, California, USA
- George Thomas
- MD
- Department of Cardiology
- Saraf Hospital
- Kochi, Kerala, India
- Gerald Buckberg
- MD
- Past Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
- David Geffen School of Medicine
- University of California
- Los Angeles, California, USA
- Gerald R Marx
- MD
- Associate Professor
- Harvard School of Medicine
- Senior Associate Cardiology
- Boston Children's Hospital
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Geru Wu
- MD
- Assistant Professor
- Cardiology and Internal Medicine
- Cardiology Fellowship at UTMB
- St Barnabas Medical Center
- New Jersey, USA
- Giovanni Di Salvo
- MD
- Specialist
- Heart Institute, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Gopal Ghimire
- MD DM MRCP
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Hamid Reza Salehi
- MD
- Research Fellow in Echocardiography
- Tufts Medical Center
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Hirohiko Motoki
- MD
- Cardiovascular Research
- Imaging Fellow
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation
- Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Hisham Dokainish
- MD FRCPC
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- McMaster University
- Director
- Echocardiography and Medical
- Diagnostic Units
- Hamilton Health Sciences
- Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- HK Chopra
- MD
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Moolchand City Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Hoda Mojazi-Amiri
- MD
- Loma Linda University Medical Center
- Loma Linda, California, USA
- Eisenhower Medical Center
- Rancho Mirage, California, USA
- IB Vijayalakshmi
- MD DM DSc FICC FIAMS FIAE FICP FCSI FNAMS FISH FRCP (London)
- Professor Emeritus
- Professor of Pediatric Cardiology
- Superspecialty Hospital (Pradhana Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana, PMSSY)
- Bangalore Medical College and
- Research Institute
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Isidre Vilacosta
- MD PhD FESCC
- Hospital Clínico
- San Carlos
- Madrid, Spain
- Itzhak Kronzon
- MD FASE FACC FACP FESC FAHA
- Professor of Cardiology
- Hofstra University
- North Shore-LIJ, School of Medicine
- Chief of Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging
- Lenox Hill Hospital
- Noninvasive Cardiology
- New York, New York, USA
- Ivan S Salgo
- MD MSc
- Philips Healthcare
- Andover, Massachusetts, USA
- James J Starc
- MD
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
- Drexel University College of Medicine
- Director, Cardiac MR
- Section of Cardiology
- St Christopher's Hospital for Children
- Philadelphia, USA
- James Seward
- MD
- Mayo Clinic
- Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Jarosław D Kasprzak
- MD
- Chair
- Department of Cardiology
- Biegański Hospital
- Medical University of Lodz
- Lodz, Poland
- Jatinder S Pabla
- BSc (Hons) MBBS MRCP
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
- Northwick Park Hospital
- Harrow, UK
- Javier López
- MD PhD
- Hospital Clinico
- Universitario de Valladolid
- Spain
- Jeane M Tsutsui
- MD
- Heart Institute (InCor)
- The University of São Paulo School of Medicine and Fleury Group
- São Paulo, Brazil
- Jennifer K Lang
- MD
- University at Buffalo
- Buffalo, New York, USA
- Jennifer Kiessling
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Jennifer Tingo
- MD FAAP
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
- Director, Undergraduate Medical Education
- Drexel University College of Medicine
- Section of Cardiology
- St Christopher's Hospital for Children
- Philadelphia, USA
- Jie Sun
- MD PhD
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
- Drexel University College of Medicine
- Section of Cardiology
- St Christopher's Hospital for Children
- Philadelphia, USA
- Jonathan H Soslow
- MD
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- José Alberto San Román
- MD PhD FESCC
- Hospital Clínico
- Universitario de
- Valladolid, Spain
- JRTC Roelandt
- MD
- Professor of Cardiology
- Honorary Chairman, Thorax Centre
- Erasmus University Medical Centre
- Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Judy R Mangion
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Julian Booker
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Julianne Nichols
- MD
- Cardiovascular Disease Fellow at Buffalo University, Buffalo, New York
- Julien IE Hoffman
- MD
- Department of Pediatrics
- University of California
- San Francisco, California, USA
- Julien Magne
- PhD
- Department of Cardiology
- Heart Valve Disease Clinic
- CHU Sart Tilman
- University of Liège, Belgium
- Kamran Haleem
- MD
- Yale University
- New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Kanwal K Kapur
- MD DM Cardiology
- Senior Consultant and Chief
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Karina Wierzbowska-Drabik
- MD
- Chair
- Department of Cardiology
- Biegański Hospital
- Medical University of Lodz
- Lodz, Poland
- Khadija Siddiqui
- DO
- Division of Cardiology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Kiyoshi Tamura PhD
- Hitachi Aloka Medical, Ltd.
- Imai, Ome-Shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Krishnaswamy Chandrasekaran
- MD
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
- Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Kruti Jayesh Mehta
- MBBS PGDCC
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Kunal Bhagatwala
- MBBS
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Leon J Frazin
- MD
- University of Illinois Hospital and
- Health Science System
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center
- Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Leon Varjabedian
- MD
- University of Buffalo
- Buffalo, New York, USA
- Lissa Sugeng
- MD
- Associate Professor
- Director of Yale Echo Lab and
- YRCG Echo Corelab
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine
- Division of Medicine
- Yale University School of Medicine
- New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Luc A Pierard
- MD PhD
- Department of Cardiology
- Heart Valve Disease Clinic
- CHU Sart Tilman Hospital
- University of Liège, Belgium
- Luis Bowen
- MD
- Department of Medicine
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Luis Gruberg
- MD FACC
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Stony Brook University Medical Center
- Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Luna Gargani
- MD
- Institute of Clinical Physiology
- National Research Council
- Pisa, Italy
- Madhavi Kadiyala
- MD
- Saint Francis Hospital
- Roslyn, New York, USA
- Mahdi Veillet-Chowdhury
- MD
- Stony Brook University Medical Center
- Health Sciences Center
- Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Manreet Basra
- MBBS
- Professor of Medicine
- University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biological Sciences
- New York, USA
- Mark V Sherrid
- MD
- Director
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Program
- Professor of Medicine
- NYU Langone Health
- New York, NY, USA
- Martin G Keane
- MD FACC FAHA FASE
- Professor of Medicine
- Cardiology Section
- Director of Echocardiography
- Temple University School of Medicine
- Suite, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Masood Ahmad
- MD FRCP (C) FACP FACC FAHA FASE
- Division of Cardiology
- Department of Internal Medicine
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Matthew Liakos
- MD
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Bronx, NY, USA
- Stony Brook University Hospital
- Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Maximiliano German Amado Escañuela
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Michael Chen
- MD
- University of Washington
- Seattle, Washington DC, USA
- Michael J Campbell
- MD
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Duke University Medical Center
- Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Ming Chon Hsiung
- MD
- Cardiologist
- Cheng Hsin General Hospital
- Taipei, Taiwan
- Mohammad Al-Admawi
- MD
- Heart Institute
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Mohammad Alghrouz
- MD
- Division of Cardiology
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Monodeep Biswas
- MBBS MD
- Division of Cardiology
- Geisinger Community Medical Center, and
- The Wright Center for Graduate
- Medical Education
- Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA
- Muhamed Saric
- MD PhD
- Director, Echocardiography Lab
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- New York University
- Langone Medical Center
- New York, NY, USA
- Nagaraja Moorthy
- MD DM
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Natesa G Pandian
- MD
- Professor
- Tufts University School of Medicine
- Director, Heart Valve Center
- Co-Director, Cardiovascular Imaging Center
- Director, Cardiovascular Ultrasound Research, Tufts Medical Center
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Naveen Garg
- MBBS Dip. Cardiology
- Fellow
- Noninvasive Cardiac Lab
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Navin C Nanda MD DSc (Hon) DSc (Med) (Hon) FACC FAHA FASE FISCU (D)
- Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- President, International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
- Neeraj Awasthy
- FNB
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Neil L Coplan
- MD FACC
- Director
- Division of Clinical Cardiology
- Program Director, Cardiovascular Fellowship
- Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, USA
- Nelson B Schiller
- MD
- Professor of Medicine
- University of California
- UC-SF Division of Cardiology
- Parnassus Avenue
- San Francisco, California, USA
- Nicole Bhave
- MD
- University Health Network
- Toronto General Hospital
- University of Toronto
- Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Nidhi M Karia
- MBBS
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Nina Ghosh
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Padmini Varadarajan
- MD
- Department of Cardiology
- Loma Linda University and VA Medical Centers
- Loma Linda, California, USA
- Patrycja Galazka
- MD
- Cardiovascular Division
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, USA
- Peter S Rahko
- MD
- Professor of Medicine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- Department of Medicine
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
- Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Peter Sidarous
- MD
- Research Associate
- UC-Irvine School of Medicine
- Irvine, California, USA
- Piers Barker
- MD
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Duke University Medical Center
- Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Pooja Swamy
- MD
- Department of Cardiology
- Loma Linda University and VA Medical Centers
- Loma Linda, California, USA
- Poonam Malhotra Kapoor MD MBBS MD DNB MNAMS Fellow-in-IACTA (Hony) Fellow-in-Periop TEE (Hony) FISCU (Hony) Professor
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Premindra PAN Chandraratna
- MD FRCP FACC
- Professor Emeritus
- Division of Cardiology
- UC-Irvine School of Medicine
- Irvine, California, USA
- Priti Mehla
- MD
- Cardiovascular Disease (Cardiology) Specialist
- Yale-new Haven Hospital
- New Haven, Connecticut
- Rachel Harris
- MD MPH
- Morehouse School of Medicine
- Section of Cardiology
- Assistant Professor
- Echo Lab
- Co-Director
- Grady Memorial Hospital
- Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Rachel Hughes-Doichev
- MD FASE
- Temple University School of Medicine
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Rachel Myers
- RDCS
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Rajesh Ramineni
- MD
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Rakesh Gupta
- MD
- JROP Healthcare, New Delhi, India
- Ramdas G Pai
- MD
- Professor of Medicine
- Loma Linda University
- Medical Center
- Loma Linda, California, USA
- Reema Chugh
- MD FACC
- Consultant in Cardiology/Specialist in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
- and Heart Disease in Pregnancy
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Center
- Panorama City, California, USA
- Ricardo Benenstein
- MD
- Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Echocardiography and Vascular Lab
- New York University School of Medicine
- New York, NY, USA
- Robert J Siegel
- MD
- The Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai
- Medical Center, Beverly Boulevard
- Los Angeles, California, USA
- Robert P Gatewood Jr
- MD FACC
- Chief of Cardiac Services
- Kaleida Heath; Clinical Associate
- Professor of Medicine
- University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biological Sciences
- Buffalo Cardiology and Pulmonary Associates
- New York, USA
- Roberto M Lang
- MD
- University of Chicago
- Medical Center
- Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rohit Gokhale
- MBBS
- University at Buffalo
- Buffalo, New York, USA
- Rohit Tandon
- MBBS MD
- Dayanand Medical College and
- Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Roxy Senior
- MD DM FRCP FESC FACC
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit
- Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute
- Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
- Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK
- Roy Beigel
- MD
- The Heart Institute
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center
- Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Leviev Heart Center—Sheba Medical Center
- (Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine)
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Rula Balluz
- MD MPH
- Heart Center, St Christopher's Hospital for Children and Section of Cardiology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Drexel University College of Medicine
- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Ryozo Omoto
- MD
- Professor Emeritus
- Saitama Medical University
- Honorary Director
- Saitama Medical University Hospital
- Moro-Hongou, Moroyama
- Iruma-Gun, Saitama, Japan
- Satinder P Singh
- MD FCCP
- Professor, Radiology and Medicine—Cardiovascular Disease
- Chief, Cardiopulmonary Radiology
- Chief, 3D Lab, Director, Cardiac CT
- Director, Combined Cardiopulmonary and Abdominal Imaging
- Fellowship Program
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Satish K Parashar
- MD
- Metro Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Savitri Shrivastava
- MD DM FACC FAMS
- Director
- Pediatric and Congenital Heart Diseases
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Shuping Ge
- MD FACC FASE
- Professor of Pediatrics
- Drexel University College of Medicine
- Chief, Section of Cardiology
- St Christopher's Hospital for Children
- Philadelphia, USA
- Chair, Department of Pediatric Cardiology
- Deborah Heart and Lung Center
- Burlington County, New Jersey, USA
- Shyam Padmanabhan
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Siddharth Singh
- MD MS
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Siu-Sun Yao
- MD FACC
- Division of Cardiology
- Valley Health System
- Ridgewood
- New Jersey, USA
- Smadar Kort
- MD FACC FASE
- Professor of Medicine
- State University of New York
- Stony Brook Director, Noninavasive Cardiac Imaging Director, Echocardiography Director
- Valve Center, Stony Brook Medicine
- Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Stephanie El-Hajj
- MD
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Louisiana State University
- Health Sciences Center
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Steven Bleich
- MD
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Internal Medicine
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Steven J Horn
- MD FACC FASE FASNC
- State University of New York (SUNY)
- Buffalo, New York, USA
- Sula Mazimba
- MD MPH
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Susan H Kwon
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- Mayo Clinic
- Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Sushilkumar K Sonavane
- MD
- Assistant Professor
- Cardiopulmonary Radiology
- University of Alabama
- Department of Radiology
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Teena Tulaba
- RDCS
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Teresa Sevilla
- MD
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid
- Spain
- Timothy D Woods
- MD
- Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Cardiology Division
- Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Trevor Jenkins
- MD
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute
- University Hospital Case
- Medical Center, Cleveland
- Ohio, USA
- Tuğba Kemaloğlu Öz
- MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Victor Vacanti
- MD
- University of Buffalo
- Buffalo, New York, USA
- Vincent L Sorrell
- MD
- Anthony N DeMaria Professor of Medicine
- Assistant Chief
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Wendy Tsang
- MD
- University Health Network
- Toronto General Hospital
- University of Toronto
- Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Willem Gorissen
- Clinical Market Manager
- Toshiba Medical Systems Europe
- Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
- Wilson Mathias Jr
- MD
- Heart Institute (InCor)
- The University of São Paulo School of Medicine and Fleury Group
- São Paulo, Brazil
- Yatin Mehta
- MD MNAMS FRCA FAMS FIACTA FTEE FICCM
- Chairman
- Medanta Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
The great popularity enjoyed by the First edition of this book and further recent advances in echocardiography have stimulated both myself and the Publisher to bring out a second edition. To this end, all authors who are experts in their fields have gone through their respective chapters and where necessary have revised and updated them in a concise manner so as not to inordinately increase the size of the book. The book most likely remains the largest and most comprehensive text on echocardiography to date with 2230 pages, 4361 illustrations and 1860 movie clips. I am most grateful to all authors and contributors of the book for taking precious time off their extremely busy schedule to help complete this project. Also, the invaluable help of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, and their staff as mentioned in the acknowledgments section including Ms Krtika Dua is most appreciated. I am also most thankful to Dr Raziye Ecem Akdogan, Research Fellow, Division of Cardiovascular Disease at our institution for helping check all figure legends and movie clips.
Navin C Nanda
Preface to the First Edition
Monumental strides have occurred in the evolution of echocardiography since its first introduction in the 1950s. It began with A-mode and M-mode echocardiography which progressed to real-time two-dimensional echocardiography in the 1970s after a hiatus of several years. This development completely revolutionized the field of noninvasive cardiac imaging; and within a few years of its introduction, there were hardly any cardiology divisions in any hospital anywhere in the world which did not own an ultrasound machine. The next few years saw the development of continuous and pulsed wave Doppler and color Doppler flow imaging which provided assessment of cardiac hemodynamics to supplement the structural information obtained using two-dimensional echocardiography. Other advances rapidly followed or occurred concurrently. These included stress echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, contrast echocardiography and tissue Doppler and velocity vector imaging. More recently, further innovations were introduced such as live/real-time three-dimensional echocardiography and both two-and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography which have obviated some of the limitations of the previous techniques and have further enhanced the clinical usefulness of echocardiography. To this day, echocardiography represents the most useful and most cost-effective noninvasive modality available for the assessment of various cardiac disease entities. The development of allied noninvasive technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography has further added to the information provided by echocardiography and are useful and important additions to the armamentarium of the cardiologists and other patient care providers in the comprehensive assessment and management of cardiac disease.
The aim of the current book is to provide an overview of the subject of clinical echocardiography as it is practiced today. Given the many advances that have not only been recently introduced but are also ongoing in this field it would be very difficult for anyone to realistically come up with a comprehensive book on echocardiography but an attempt has been made to cover as many topics as possible in this book. In addition, the supplementary information provided by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography is also included in this book.
The book consists of a total of 85 chapters organized into seven sections. The first section deals with the basics of ultrasound, Doppler, speckle tracking, three-dimensional echocardiography and instrumentation. A short history of echocardiography and Doppler are also included in this section. The second section consists of various aspects of echocardiography and ultrasound examination. M-mode and two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal examinations, nonstandard planes, various aspects of Doppler assessment including tissue Doppler, velocity vector and speckle tracking imaging, assessment of endothelial function, contrast echocardiography for evaluation of left ventricular endocardial border opacification and myocardial perfusion, transpharyngeal echo, epiaortic echocardiography and both intracardiac and intravascular ultrasounds are dealt with in this section. In addition, examination with a small hand-held ultrasound system, peripheral ultrasound, echocardiographic artifacts, quantification techniques in echocardiography and echocardiography training form a part of this section. Valvular heart disease is covered in the next section. It deals with evaluation of mitral valve disease, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis including assessment of low gradient stenosis with preserved left ventricular function, aortic regurgitation, aortic disease, tricuspid and pulmonary valves, pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis and prosthetic valves. Rheumatic heart disease is also included in this section. deals with two- and three-dimensional echocardiographic assessments of systolic and diastolic function of both left and right ventricles. Newer aspects of structure and function to assess cardiac motion, evaluation of left atrial function, ventricular assist devices, pacemakers and intracardiac defibrillators and use of echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac hemodynamics and guidance of therapy are also included in this section. The next section contains chapters covering ischemic heart disease, coronary arteries and coronary flow reserve, different aspects of stress echocardiography including three-dimensional stress echocardiography, obstructive and non-obstructive cardiomyopathies, differentiation of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies, pericardial disorders and tumors and masses. deals with congenital heart disease and consists of chapters on fetal cardiac imaging, M-mode and two- and three-dimensional assessments of pediatric congenital heart disease, ventricular function, adult congenital heart disease and acquired heart diseases in childhood. The final section in the book, , covers systemic diseases, life-threatening conditions, echocardiography in women and the elderly, echocardiography for the electrophysiologist and lung ultrasound. A separate chapter assesses the future of echocardiography and ultrasound. Lastly, two chapters cover the allied techniques of magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac computed tomographic imaging. A very large number of echocardiographic images and other figures illustrate most of the chapters of the book and eight DVDs contain numerous movie clips to supplement the images. These represent a major highlight of the book.
All chapters in this book are written by well-known experts in the field of echocardiography and ultrasound. Because of the large number of contributors, some overlap of content and chapters do exist in the book. This has been deliberately not excluded because it provides a different perspective to the reader and also serves to reinforce important concepts and echocardiographic findings.
Navin C Nanda
Acknowledgments
I am most grateful to all the contributors from different countries of the world who have taken valuable time off from their busy schedule to prepare chapters for this book. I am also grateful to the faculty, clinical and research fellows, medical residents, and observers, both past and present, from our institution who have directly or indirectly helped in the preparation of this book. Special mention needs to be made of Kunal Bhagatwala, Nidhi M Karia, Steven Bleich, Aylin Sungur, Tuğba Kemaloğlu Öz, Kruti Jayesh Mehta, Maximiliano German Amado Escañuela and Ming Chon Hsiung for their invaluable help. I wish to express my thanks to the International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and the Indian Academy of Echocardiography for agreeing to have the book under their aegis. Special thanks to all the members of the Indian Academy of Echocardiography including the current President as well as Drs Satish Parashar, HK Chopra and Rakesh Gupta for their unstinting support of this project. I especially appreciate the constant support and encouragement of Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman) and Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, in helping publish this book and also all their associates particularly Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director–Content Strategy) and Ms Kritika Dua (Senior Development Editor) who have been prompt, efficient and most helpful. I also deeply appreciate the help of Lindy Chapman, Administrative Associate, University of Alabama at Birmingham, who provided excellent editorial and secretarial assistance; and Diane Blizzard, Office Associate, for her help. Last but not least, I appreciate the patience, understanding and support of my wife, Kanta Nanda.