Fundamentals of Orthopedics Mukul Mohindra, Jitesh Kumar Jain
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flow chart, and t refer to table.
A
Aberrant epiphysis 8
Abrasion chondroplasty 194
Abscess, treatment of 303
Abundant callus formation 18f
Acetabular fracture 115, 118f
Acetabular index 498
calculation of 366f
Acetabular reconstruction procedures 369t, 370f
Acetabulum 110, 494
Achondroplasia 391, 498
Acidosis 53
Acne 426
Acquired clubfoot 340
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 81
Acquired syphilis 291
Acromioclavicular joint
dislocation 72f
injury 69
Acro-osteolysis 395
Acrosyndactyly 353f
Actinomadura
madurae 290
pelletieri 290
Actinomycetes 290
Actinomycosis 505
type of 505
Adactyly 352
Adam's test 245
Adamantinoma 327, 499
Adduct shoulder 70f
Adductor pollicis 104f, 259, 384f
palsy 260f
Adhesive capsulitis 456
Adrenaline 51
Adson's test 278, 278f, 497
Adventitious bursitis 450
Aeroplane splint 277f
Ahlback's disease 448
Aircast boot, modern 156f
Airway 462
management 51, 53
Aitken's classification 376f
Albers-Schönberg disease 392
Alkaline 400
phosphatase 406, 408, 525
Alkaptonuria 440
Alkaptonuric arthritis 440
Allen and Ferguson classification 223, 223t
Allen's test 280, 497
Allergy 55
Allis
blades of 489f
forceps 487, 489f
maneuver 126
sign 364, 365f
test 123
Allis/Galeazzi's test 124f
Alpha fetoprotein 388
Aluminum oxide 483
Alzheimer's disease 253
Ameloblastoma 327, 499
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 438
American College of Rheumatology 424
criteria 435b
recommendations 424
American Joint Committee 312
on cancer system 313t
Amputations 462, 529, 541
levels in 462, 463f
Anabolic steroids 403
Anal sphincter, contraction of 214f
Anconeus triangle 76, 76f
Anderson lesion 429
Anemia 330, 331
Aneurysmal bone cyst 316, 317f, 317t
Aneurysmal phenomena 299
Angle of Gissane 158f, 159
Ankle 494
and foot, injuries around 151
brace 164f
cushion heel foot, solid 465f, 466
dislocation 157f
dorsiflexion produces pain 236f
foot orthosis 21
fractures, undisplaced 156f
injuries 196
joint 293f, 341f, 475
deltoid ligament of 196f
medial ligament of 196f
normal 151
osteoarthritis of 158
sprain 196, 197t
management of 156f
stiffness of 159
taping 164f
Ankylosed hip joints, bilateral 431f
Ankylosing spondylitis 302, 426, 429f, 430b, 430t, 431b, 433, 497, 498, 509, 526
signs of 429f
Ankylosis 2, 3f
Annular sequestrum 285
Antalgic gait 372
Anterolateral decompression 304, 504
Anterolateral instability 503
Antibiotic 283
impregnated bone cement 474
Antiglide plating 34f
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 427
Antirheumatic drug, disease-modifying 423, 423t, 424b, 425
AO classification 15f
of fractures 12
Apley's grinding test 503
Apley's test 188, 189f
Appendicular skeleton 7
Application of Esmarch 48f
Apprehension test 167f
Arachnodactyly 352
Arachnoiditis 240
Arcade of Struthers 259
Arch support 468
Arcus juvenilis 396
Arm 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 265, 266
distal 261
lower 493
upper 493
Arrest theory, developmental 339
Arterial presentation 278
Arthritis 417, 418, 418t, 426, 437t, 509, 526, 540
degenerative 437
late 306
mutilans 432, 497
reactive 431
stage of
early 306
late 306
Arthrocentesis 2
Arthrodesis 3, 3f, 133, 134f, 308, 308f, 387, 425
Arthroeresis 3
Arthrography 3
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 340
Arthropathy 3, 3f, 168, 476
of hip joint, replacement 477
of knee, replacement 479
of shoulder, replacement 481
replacement 133, 476
Arthroscope 475f
Arthroscopic Bankart's repair 166f
Arthroscopic cruciate ligament reconstruction 191
Arthroscopic meniscectomy 192
Arthroscopic surgery 475, 475t
complications of 475
Arthrosis 3
Arthrotomy 3, 289
Articular cartilage 417, 418
composition of 418f
injury 193, 194t
zones of 418f
Articular fracture
complete 85
partial 85
Ascorbic acid 410
Asymmetrical oligoarthritis 432
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia 434
Atavistic epiphysis 8
Athletic pubalgia 202
Atlantoaxial joint, dislocation of 221
Atrial septal defect 378
Atrophic non-union, type of 18f
Attack
acute 434
of gout, acute 434f
Austin Moore's prosthesis 478, 514
Autogenous bone graft 18
Autologous blood 474
Autologous chondrocyte implantation 195
Automated external defibrillator 50, 52f
Autonomic dysreflexia 215, 501
management 215
Autonomic function, examination of 255
Autonomous bladder 228
Autosomal dominant 397
Autosomal recessive 397
Avascular necrosis 100, 134f, 442, 447f, 509
femoral head, causes of 446b
of femoral head 367
of head of femur 446
Aviator's fracture 496
Avulsion fracture 13
of calcaneum 199f
of dorsal base 178f
Axilla, vertical circumference of 66
Axillary nerve 530
anatomy of 267f
palsy 267
testing 497
Axonotmesis 254
B
Baastrup's disease 242, 498
Babcock's sign 531
Babcock's triangle 498
Baby car fracture 495
Bachelor's cast 367, 367f, 522
Bacille Calmette-Guérin osteomyelitis 310
Back pain 242
acute 243
causes 243, 244b
classification 242
history 243
red flags of 243t
treatment 244
yellow flags of 243t
Baclofen 385
Bacterial infection 424
Bado classification 92t, 93f
Bag valve mask ventilation 52f
Bailey-Dubow rods 397
Baker's cyst 450, 451f
Bakshi's procedure 504
Bakshi's prosthesis 504
Balkan's beam frame 25f
Ball catcher's view 425, 499
Ball catching position 425
Bamboo spine appearance 429
Banana fracture 496
Bankart's lesion 164, 165, 166f, 498
Bankart's operation 503
Bankart's tear of labrum 165f
Barlow's disease 411
Barlow's test 364, 364f, 497
Barton's disease 411, 525
Barton's fracture 95, 495
Baseball pitcher's elbow 176
Basilar impression 381, 381f
Battered baby syndrome 381, 498
Baumann's angle 80f, 498
Bear hug test 170, 170f
Bechterew's disease 426
Bed sores, grading of 227t
Beevor's sign 212, 212f, 502
Behçet's disease 528
Behçet's syndrome 527
Beheaded scottish dog sign 498
Beighton's criteria 497
Belly-press test 169, 170f
Bennett and Rolando fractures 104f
Bennett's fracture 513
dislocation 103, 104f, 495
Best eye opening 55
Biceps
anatomy 199f
load test 173, 174f
tendinitis 497
tendon
injuries 173
rupture 199
Bicipital tendinitis 199
Biconcave codfish vertebrae 410
Bicondylar fracture 85
Bigelow's maneuver 126
Biodegradable implants 33
Biopsy patterns 500
Bipartite patella 147, 148f
Bisphosphonate 402
therapy 397f
Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation 318
Black sequestrum 285
Blackburne-peel ratio 180, 180f
Bladder bowel involvement 213
Bladder, care of 228
Blade plate 490, 491f
Bleeding 464
Bleomycin 521
Blood
loss 140
supply of
bone 9, 11f
scaphoid bone 100f
talus 156f
vertebra 299f
Blount's disease 358, 359, 360f, 361, 496, 497, 498
Langenskiold classification of 361t
Blumensaat line 180, 180f
Body mass index 410, 439
Body of talus, avascular necrosis of 157, 157f
Bohler's angle 158f, 159, 498, 515, 530
Bohler's stirrup 487, 489f, 530
Bohler-Braun splint 21, 22f, 24f
Bombay sequestrum 285
Bone 59, 396, 498
anatomy of 7
appearance 498
aspiration of pus 283
cartilage 443
cells 7, 9
cement 473
chemical composition of 7b
chisel 484, 484f
classification of 8t
composition of 7
curette 484, 485f
cutter 484, 485f
cyst 315
simple 40f, 315, 316, 316f, 317t, 499, 500
destruction, pattern of 312f
forearm fractures 92f
formation 414, 500
forming tumors 311
found, malignant tumor of 499
gouge 485, 485f
graft 18, 132, 134
properties of 19
substitutes 19t
growth of 11
holding forceps 485
infarction 325
infections 281
island 332, 332f
lesions 330, 331
levers 484, 484f
marrow agents 46
matrix, demineralized 20
metastasis 334b, 500
mineral density 401
nibblers 484, 485f
of foot 340
plating 471
remodeling units 16
resorption 500
sarcomas, staging of 313t
scan 46, 283
uses of 46b
screw 491
parts of 491, 492f
types of 491
structure of 7
tumor 311, 311f, 499, 50
benign 313t, 319
capsule 499
classification of 499
malignant 313t, 324
of chest wall, malignant 499
of hand bones 499
staging of 312
true 311t
types of 7
Bony ankylosis 305f
postseptic arthritis of knee 288f
Bony articulating surfaces 65
Bony Bankart's lesion 165, 165f, 166f
Bony deformities 396f
Bony procedures 387
Bony relationship, three-point 75
Book test 260f
Boston brace 249
Boston's angle 531
Bosworth fracture 495, 515
dislocation 152
Botulinum A toxin 385
Bouchard's nodes 438
Boutonniere deformity 420, 420f
Bow tie sign 224f
Bowel, care of 228
Bowleg deformity 358, 361t
Bowler's thumb 176
Bowstring sign 236, 237f
Boxer's fracture 103, 105f, 495, 513
Boyd's classification 355b
Boyd's amputation 463
Braces 219, 238, 249
Brachial artery 87
Brachial plexus 276f, 277
palsy 275
Brachialis muscle 77
Brachioradialis 266
Bragard's sign 236, 236f
Breathing 51, 53, 462
Bridge plate 31, 31f
Brim sign 414
Bristow-Latarjet operation 165, 167f, 503
Brittle bone disease 395
Broadening of ankle 405
Broden views 499
Brodie's abscess 283, 284f
Brown's tumor 412, 498
Brown-Séquard syndrome 214, 502
Brucellosis 290, 505
Bryant's test 497
Bryant's traction 23, 124, 124f, 140f, 512
Bryant's triangle 497
Buck's traction 23, 24, 531
Bucket handle
fracture 114, 495
tears 192
Buckle fracture 35
Bulbar polio 385
Bulbocavernosus reflex 214f
Bumper fracture 495
Burkhalter cast 27
Bursae around knee 451
Burst fracture 220f, 224, 224f, 226, 226f, 496, 501
stable 226
Buttress plate 31, 31f
C
Café-au-lait spots 314, 398
Caffey's disease 382, 382f, 498, 520
Caffey's hypothesis 369
Caffey's sign 373
Calcaneal
anatomy 158f
epiphysis 443
pitch 348, 348f, 498
spur 458f
traction 23, 25f
Calcaneotibial arthrodesis 463
Calcaneum
fracture 158
neutral triangle of 159
Calcific tendinitis 455f
Calcitonin 403
Calcium
carbonate 402
citrate 402
gluconate 402
lactate 402
oxalate deposition arthropathy 436
pyrophosphate deposition disease 528
pyrophosphate dihydrate 435
arthropathy 435
Calf muscles 459f
Callaway's test 66, 67f, 497
Callus formation 14, 15
Calve's disease 443
Camitz transfer 504
Camurati-Engelmann disease 395
Canale view 499
Cancellous bone 10f
Cancellous screws 491
Candle bone disease 393
Cannulated screws, multiple 132f
Capener's lateral rachiotomy 304
Capitellar epiphysis 84
Capitellum 88f, 93f
fracture 87f
Caplan's syndrome 425, 528
Capsular vessels 119
Caput ulnae syndrome 420
Card test 261f
Cardiac arrest, reversible causes of 53t
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 50, 51f, 53, 53t
Cardiovascular life support, advanced 51
Carpal bones
of hand 99f
dislocation of 99
Carpal tunnel syndrome 261, 273, 497, 537
etiology 273
investigations 273
Carpal tunnel view 499
Carrying angle 77f
Cartilage
oligomeric matrix protein 392
softening of 443
Cartilage-forming tumors 311
Cast bracing, functional 28
Cast immobilization 27
Cast syndrome 28
Cathepsin-K inhibitors 404
Caton-Deschamps ratio 180, 180f
Catterall classification 371
Catterall sign 370
Cauda equina 213, 213t
syndrome 213, 502
Cavus 3
correction 343f
Cemented fixation 477
Central cord syndrome 214, 215f, 224, 502
Central fracture dislocation 115, 125
hip 496
Central nervous system 425, 461
Ceramic on polyethylene 478
Cerclage wiring 147
Cerebral palsy 383
Cerebrospinal fluid 55, 388
Cervical collar 218, 219f
application of 54f
hard 467f
Cervical disk prolapse 240
Cervical orthoses 466, 467f
Cervical rib 279f
Cervical spine 211, 224f
anatomy 223f
immobilization 219f
injury 219
lower 223f
involvement 497
protection 53
Cervical traction 218, 219f
Cervicothoracic orthoses 466, 467f
Chalk stick fractures 228, 496
Champagne glass pelvis 409f
Chance fracture 226, 227f, 496, 501
Chandler's disease 446
Charcot joint 440, 440f
Charcot's arthropathy 291
Charcot's disease 440
of knee 441f
Charcot's triad 440
Charnley prosthesis 504
Charnley test 524
Chauffeur's fracture 95, 96f, 495
Chemical burns 48
Chemonucleolysis 3, 239
Chemoprophylaxis 298
Chemosensitive bone tumor 499
Chemotherapy 298, 303
Cheralgia paresthetica 273
Chest
arm bandage 74f
compression 50
site of 51f
Chiari's osteotomy 504
Chicken wire fence appearance 321, 321f
Chienes line 124
Chikungunya 442
Childhood accidental spiral tibial 148
Chin lift technique 51f
Chondroblastoma 321, 499, 500
cells 321f
of distal femur 321f
Chondroblasts 311
Chondrocalcinosis 435
of knee 436f
Chondrodiastasis 378
Chondrodysplasia punctata 390, 393, 393f
Chondroma 320
Chondromalacia patellae 443, 497
Chondromyxoid fibroma 321, 499
of proximal tibia 322f
Chondrosarcoma 325, 325f, 499, 500
Chopart amputation 463
Chopart fracture 496
Chordoma 324, 499
Chvostek's sign 405, 497
Cierny-Mader classification 281
of osteomyelitis 281f
Circumduction movement 4f
Clasping sign 497
Classical deformities 391f
Clavicle fracture 61, 61f, 62f
Clavicular brace 62f
Clavicular fracture 61f, 507
Claw hand 293, 497
Claw toe 351
deformity 352f
Clay-Shoveler's fracture 225, 225f, 496, 501
Cleavage tears, horizontal 192
Cleft foot 352, 354f
Cleidocranial dysostosis 393, 395
Clergyman's knee 450, 528
Clinical disease activity index 423
Clinodactyly 353, 355f
Clofazimine 292
Clonus 3
Closed reduction 26
internal fixation 137, 139, 149
technique 92f
Clostridial gas gangrene 462
Clostridial infection of limb 462
Clubfoot 345b, 409
congenital 340
primary 340
secondary 340
types of 340
Clutton joints 291
Coagulation disorders 446
Coal miner's knee 450
Coarse sandy sequestrum 285
Cobalt-chromium 482
alloys 483
Cobb's angle 247, 498, 531
calculation of 248f
Cobra plate 134f, 308f
Cock-up deformity 353f
Codman's paradox method 457
Codman's triangle 326f, 500
Cold abscess 300f
aspiration of 298
Cold limb 74
Coleman block test 347f
Collar button abscess 294, 294f
Collar, four post 467f
Collateral ligament 182, 187
function of 182
injury 187t, 503
lateral 182, 185f, 187f
medial 75, 182, 183f, 187
tears 191
Colles’ cast 27, 97f
Colles’ fracture 27, 94–96, 99, 400, 495, 496, 513
reduction 97f
reverse 94
Collision of vehicle 225f
Comminuted fracture distal end of radius 98f
Compartment syndrome 79, 83, 80f, 91, 93, 145, 150
development of 80f
Compensatory flat foot 348
Compensatory scoliosis 246
Complete blood count 41, 243
Complete cord injury 502
Complex clubfoot 346
Compound fracture 57f
Compound palmar ganglion 296f
Compression fracture 226
Compression neuropathies 273, 273t, 293
Compression plating 31f
Compression, sites of 261
Compressive extension 223
Compressive flexion 223
Condylar blade plate 504
Condyle fracture, lateral 84f, 85f
Condyle humerus fracture, lateral 84
Conradi-Hünermann syndrome 393
Conus medullaris 213
syndrome 213t, 502
Conventional test 497
Coracoacromial ligament 454
Coracohumeral ligament 456f
Coracoid process of scapula 456f
Coralliform sequestrum 285
Cord compression 300f
Cord injury, incomplete 502
Cord syndrome
anterior 214, 502
posterior 215
Core decompression 504
Corner injury, postero-lateral 191
Corner ligaments, posterolateral 183, 187f
Corner of knee, posterolateral 185f
Corrective osteotomy 409
Cortical bone 10f
Cortical desmoids 332, 333f
Corticosteroid injection 316
Corticotomy 3
Costoclavicular
maneuver 278
triangle 277
Costoplasty 250
Cotton's fracture 152, 153f, 495, 515
Coxa 3
magna 368
plana 368
saltans 460
vara 118f, 375
bilateral 409f
congenital 307, 375, 375f
Cozen's fracture 362
Cozen's test 175, 176f, 497
Craige's test 118f
Cramer wire splint 20, 22f
Craniocervical junction 220f
Craniotabes 405
Crankshaft phenomenon 250
C-reactive protein 41, 243, 372, 422
Creatine phosphokinase 386
Crescent fracture 114, 495
of pelvis 116f
Crescent sign 447f
Cricothyroidotomy 53f
Crohn's disease 433
Crouch gait 121
Crowe's sign 398
Cruciate ligament 182, 187, 188t
anterior 183, 183f, 186f
injury 188f
reconstruction 192f
function of 183
injuries 503
posterior 183, 183f, 186f, 189f
tears 191
Crush injury, evaluation of 108
Crush limb injury 462
Crush syndrome 57
Crutchfield tongs 23, 218, 219f, 487, 490f
Crystal deposition arthropathies 433
Cubital tunnel syndrome 273
Cubitus 3
rectus 82
valgus deformity 85f
varus deformity 81f
Cuboid decancellation 345
Cuff, posterosuperior 172
Cuneiform bones, lateral 160
Cunningham technique 69
Cushing's syndrome 401
Cyclophosphamide 521
Cylindrical cast 27
Cyst cavity 316f
D
Dactylolysis spontanea 459
Dagger sign 429f
Daily living, activities of 461
Dancer's fracture 161, 496, 536
Dancer's hip 460
Dancer's tendinitis 202
Dangerous injuries 113
Dantrolene 385
Dapsone 292
Dashboard
fracture 495
injury 146
David Letterman sign 498
De Quervain's
disease 452, 452f, 519, 533
synovitis 497
Deficiency, causes of 405
Deforming muscle forces 74f
Deformity 339
angular 85
assessment of fixed 122
digital 349
fixed flexion 497
predicting progression of 248
site of 358
Delbet classification 135t
Deltoid contraction 204f
Deltoid ligament 338
Deltoid paralysis 387
Denham's pin 487, 489f
Dennis brown splint 344, 344f
Denosumab 403
Dens fractures 221
Dental fluorosis 415
Dentinogenesis imperfecta 497
Dermatomes 210, 502
Dial test 193, 193f
Diaphyseal achalasia 390, 395, 500
Diaphysis 9
Diarthrodial joint 69
Diastatic skull fractures 109
Diastematomyelia 388, 389, 389f
Die punch fracture 495
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis 414, 416, 416f, 430, 430t, 531
Dillwyn Evans
calcaneocuboid fusion 345f
procedure 344, 504
Dimeglio classification 342
Dinner fork deformity 95
Diplegia 383
Discitis 240
Discoid meniscus 192, 193f
Disimpact fracture 97f
Disk degeneration 231, 232f
signs of 233f
stages of 233f
Disk disease, degenerative 232
Disk excision, open 239
Disk herniations, types of 233, 234f
Disk prolapse 234, 302, 502
stages of 233
Disk replacement, artificial 241f
Dislocation 4, 12f, 103
anterior 65
episode, acute 181
inferior 66
of hip
anterior 125, 496
congenital 363, 531
posterior 125, 125t
of knee, congenital 362, 362f
of shoulder
anterior 70f, 496
posterior 68f
subtypes of anterior 66f
patterns of 178
posterior 65
type of 125
Displaced ankle fractures, minimally 27
Displaced fracture 13, 152, 157
Distal arthritis 432
Distal end radius fracture 95t
unstable 97f
Distal femoral
angle, lateral 357, 358f
fractures, types of 143f
Distal femur 315f, 498
fractures 142
Distal fragment 77f
Distal humeral fracture 85, 87
classification of 86f
Distal leg
deformity of 355f
Distal phalanx 178f
Distal radioulnar
joint 420
junction 93
ligament 98
Distal radius
fracture 94, 96
fixation of 34f
indices 498
Distal realignment procedures 181
Distal tibia 38f, 355f
Distal tibial metaphysis 36f
Distractive extension 223
Distractive flexion 223
Dog tapeworm 302
Don Juan fracture 496
Donut sign 446, 447f
Dorsal space infections 295
Dorsal spine 212, 252f
Dorsal subcutaneous space 295
Dorsiflexion 100f, 152f
Dorsum 3
of hand 108f
Double malleoli sign 405, 406f
Double-crush phenomena 275
Dowager's hump 400
Down syndrome 353, 390, 395
Doxorubicin 521
Drawer test
anterior 167, 168f, 188, 188f, 198f
posterior 168f, 188, 189f
Drill bit 486, 488f
Dripping candle wax appearance 498
Drop arm test 171, 171f
Drop sign 171
Drummer boy's palsy 454
Duga's test 66, 497
Dunlop traction 23
modified 79f
Dupuytren's contracture 453, 453f, 529
Dupuytren's disease 453
Dural rupture 240
Durotomy 240
Duverney fracture 114, 495
Dwyer's osteotomy 504
of calcaneum 346f
Dynamic compression
plate 30, 471
screw 491f
Dynamic condylar screw 142, 490, 491f
Dynamic hip screw 137f, 490, 504
Dynamic labral shear test, modified 173, 174f
Dynamic stabilizer 179
Dynamization 470
Dysfunction, stage of 231
Dysostosis 390
Dysplasia 376f
classification of 390t
epiphyseal hemimelica 390, 392
of hip, developmental 347, 363, 363f, 366t, 393, 478, 522
Dysplastic hips 363
Dystrophic calcification 321f
E
East test 278
Echinococcus granulosus 302
Ectodermal ridge, apical 378
Egawa's test 260, 261f
Egg shell calcification 499
Ehler-Danlos syndrome 167, 362, 390
Elastic nails 139f
Elbow 259, 506
amputation
above 463
below 463
diagnosis, pulled 87
dislocation 497
extensor surface of 421f
extra-capsular calcification around 436f
injury 87
joint 75, 475
anatomy of 76f
Jones view of 80f
lateral X-rays of 79f
ossification around 76, 77f
pulled 87, 496
stiffness 81, 89
treatment, pulled 87
Electromyogram 245
Electrotherapy 237
Elevate abduct stress test 278
Elicitable bulbocavernosus reflex 214
Elmslie trillat osteotomy 504
Embolic occlusion of vessels 446
Empty can sign 171f
Enamel-forming cells 327
Encephalopathy 81
Enchondroma 320, 320f, 499
Enchondromatosis, multiple 321f
Enders nail 504
Endobones 498
Endochondral ossification 11
Endoscopic disk excision 239
Endotracheal intubation 51
Engelmann's disease 390
Enneking staging system 313t
Enneking system 313
Enteropathic arthritis 426, 433
Enterovirus 385
Eosinophilic granuloma 337, 499, 500
lesion 337f
of bone 337
Epicondyle fracture
complications, medial 85
diagnosis, medial 85
medial 85, 86f
treatment, medial 85
Epicondylitis
lateral 175
medial 176
Epidural steroid injections 238
Epiphyseal artery, medial 119
Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple 371, 390, 392
Epiphyseal injury 510
Epiphyseal plate 4
Epiphyses of knee 293f
Epiphysiodesis 4
Epiphysis 8
Epithelioid sarcoma 336
Eponychium 293
Equinus 4, 340
correction 343f
Erb's palsy 275, 497, 519, 520, 524
Erectile dysfunction, temporary 113
Erichsen's disease 225
Erlenmeyer flask deformity 498
Erythema nodosum leprosum 292
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 41, 243, 245, 372, 373, 422, 430, 479
Essex-Lopresti
fracture 88
lesion 89f
Estrogen receptor modulators 402
Eumycetes 290
Evans classification 135
Eversion stress test 197
Ewing's sarcoma 283, 328, 328f, 499–501, 532
cell of origin of 500
of proximal ulna 328f
Ewing's tumor 521
Excision arthroplasty 134, 476, 504
Exercises, types of 204
Exertional compartment syndrome, chronic 202, 202b
Exostosis 316
multiple 318f
Expanding giant cell tumor 322f
Exsanguinating pelvic blood 111
Extension injuries 224
Extension movements 4f
Extensor apparatus of knee, anatomy of 145f
Extensor carpi radialis
brevis 235, 257, 265
longus 235, 266
Extensor carpi ulnaris 98, 265
Extensor compartment of wrist 258f
Extensor digiti minimi 265, 419
Extensor digitorum 258
communis 177, 257, 421
Extensor hallucis longus 235
Extensor indicis 258
proprius 265, 421
Extensor lag 147
Extensor mechanism disruptions 147
Extensor pollicis
brevis 258, 265
longus 258, 266, 266f, 454
Extensor tendon
injuries 107
zones of 108f
Extensor zones 107
External fixator, application of 98f
Extra-articular fractures 13, 103, 104
supracondylar 85
Extracapsular
fracture 128, 128f
ring 128f
Extradural granuloma 303f
Extremity deformities, lower 384
Extrusion, stage of 233
F
Faber test 427, 428f, 497
Fabry disease 398
Face, injuries of 61
Facet dislocation 223, 224f, 501
Facet joint 216f, 231
hypertrophy of 241
synovitis 231
Facial fractures 109
Facial nerve 292
Failed back surgery syndrome 240
Fairbank's triangle 375, 375f, 498
Fascia 59
Fat embolism syndrome 141, 141t
Fat pad sign 78, 498
Fatigue fracture 13, 38
Fatigue stress fractures 38f
Fatigue syndrome, chronic 460, 461, 461b
Feathery sequestrum 285
of tuberculosis 286f
Feel 255
Felty's syndrome 425, 528
Femoral derotation osteotomy 368f
Femoral head
avascular necrosis of 127, 133
blood supply of 370
collapsed 134f
non-traumatic avascular necrosis of 448f
osteochondritis of 368
vascularity of 119f
Femoral interlocking nail 139f, 470f
Femoral neck 38
fractures 129f
stress fracture, compression side 40f
Femoral nerve 269
anatomy of 270f
Femoral shaft 38
fracture 138f, 138t, 139f
Femoral triangle 128
Femoroacetabular impingement 448, 449f
types of 448f
Femorotibial angle 357
Femur 506
head of 119
Ferguson forceps 467f
Fernandez osteotomy 504
Fetal alcohol syndrome 340
Fiber cast 469f
Fibroblast growth factors 15
Fibroblast-like cells 417
Fibrocartilage complex, tear of triangular 96, 98f
Fibromyalgia 460, 461f
syndrome 460, 461t
Fibrosarcoma 336, 336f, 500
Fibrosis, stage of 233
Fibrositis 460
Fibrous cortical defect 311, 314, 315f
Fibrous dysplasia 311, 313, 314f, 315f, 325, 499, 500
of neck of femur 314f
Fibrous histiocytoma, malignant 335, 500
Fibula 134
segmental fracture of 149f
Fibular collateral ligament 182
Fibular graft 133f
vascularized 132, 133f
Fibular hemimelia 356, 356f
Ficat-Arlet staging system, modified 447t
Fifth metatarsal base, avulsion of 161
Figure-of-eight bandage 62
Fine sandy sequestrum 285
Finger carpometacarpal joint fracture dislocations 103
Finkelstein's test 452, 452f
Finsterer's sign 445, 497
First generation nails 470
Fisk traction 23
Fixation
external 27, 28
failed internal 136
internal 27, 29, 33
Fixator assembly, external 488, 490f
Fixator, expandable 490
Flat foot 348, 348f
Flat vertebrae 500
Fleche test 428f
Flexed apparently shortening limb 123f
Flexible flat foot 348
Flexible keel 466f
Flexing interphalangeal joint of hand 260f
Flexion 4, 122f, 309f
classical attitude of 126f
compression injuries 223, 223f, 226
distraction injuries 223, 224f
movements 4f
type supracondylar fracture 77
Flexor carpi
radialis 235, 257, 262, 263f
ulnaris 235, 257, 259, 260f
Flexor digitorum
longus 340
profundus 259, 260f
disruption of 178
superficialis 107f, 257, 262
Flexor hallucis longus 340
contracture of 384f
muscle 82, 262
Flexor tendon
injuries 106
zones of 107t
Flexor tenosynovitis 497
Flexor zones 106f
Flexors of forearm, superficial 257f
Flowing calcification 498
Fluorosis 415, 415f
Foley's catheter 303
Fong's prongs 395
Foot
bones, ossification of 338
deformities 338
drop gait 121f
eversion movements of 5f
high-arched 347
inversion movements of 5f
keel of 465f
zone of 339
Footwear modifications 468
Forearm 258–262, 264, 265, 493, 506
bones
anatomy of 90f
disappearing 332f
deformities 318f
injuries of 90
lateral, X-ray 35f
Forefoot 338
Forequarter amputation 463
Fractional distraction 346
Fracture 12, 12b, 99
acetabular 117f
acetabulum 118f
around ankle 151
bimalleolar 156f
body of talus 16
calcaneum 158f
capitellum 87
carpal bones 101
classification 12
systems of 13t
common mechanisms of 138t
complete 13
considerations 35
depressed 109
diagnosis of pathological 40
disease 28
dislocation 227
of thoracic spine 227f
displacement 137
distal end of radius 94
eponyms 495, 501
around ankle 152b
fixation 26, 41, 57, 472, 493f
around hip 490
four-part 72, 73
geometry 148f
growing 37
healing 14, 162f
direct 14
indirect 15
primary 14
secondary 15
stages of 15b
humerus 81f
impacted 5
incomplete 13
insufficiency 38
intra-articular 13, 103
lateral condyle 16
humerus 496
linear 109
management 26
of open 56
mid shaft of humerus 75f
neck of femur 16, 128, 129f, 130f, 130t, 131, 131f, 132f, 135, 135f, 477f
non-union, treating 19b
of carpal bones, undisplaced 27
of patella, undisplaced 148f
of proximal humerus 73t
of scaphoid 493f
of tarsal bones, undisplaced 27
olecranon 89f
one-part 72, 73
patella 145
pathological 13, 40, 41b
pelvis 110
phalanges 161
prevention 397
proximal humerus 71
radial head 87, 88, 88f
classification 88
complications 88
diagnosis 88
treatment 88
radial neck 88
reduction, methods of 26
scapula 63
classification 63
diagnosis 63
treatment 63
shaft of
femur 125, 137f, 138f, 138t, 139f, 496
humerus 19f, 61, 72, 74f, 75f
tibia and fibula 147
site 138
supracondylar humerus 496, 507
surgical neck of humerus 27
talus 156
three-part 72, 73
treatment 397
two-part 72, 73
type of 12, 57, 77
undisplaced 13, 142, 157, 160
unresolved 495
Fragilitas ossium 395
Freeman-Sheldon syndrome 340
Freiberg's disease 443, 444f, 532
French osteotomy 503, 530
French physiotherapy method 343
Frog leg 367, 367f, 499
Froment's sign 519
Frozen shoulder 456
Fulcrum 121
Fungal spore 290
Fusion
depiction of 134f
of hip 308f
G
G sign 434, 498
Gaenslen's test 427, 427f, 497
Gage sign 371f
Gait
analysis 358
hand-to-knee 121
pattern
abnormal 120
normal 119
Galeazzi fracture 495
dislocation 93, 94, 94f
complications 93
diagnosis 93
treatment 93
reverse 94
Galeazzi sign 364
Gallow's traction 23, 140f, 531
Gamekeeper's thumb 177, 177f, 495
Gamma aminobutyric acid 385
Gamma nail 135
Ganglion 452
cyst 452f
Gantzer's muscle 274
Garden's classification 130, 130f
of fracture neck of femur 130t
Gardner well tongs 23
Garre's osteomyelitis 287f
Garrod's nodules 453
Gartland classification 77
Gasping respiration 49
Gaucher's disease 390, 395, 398, 399, 498
Genetic defects 167
Genu recurvatum 362
Genu valgum 358f, 360, 405, 409
bilateral 362f
deformity causes of pathological 362b
Genu varum 358, 358f, 361, 405
deformity, causes of 358b
Gerber sign 169
Gerber-Ganz posterior drawer test 167
Gerdy's tubercle 386
Germplasm defect theory 339
Giant cell 81
tumor 311, 322, 323f, 324, 499
of proximal tibia, aggressive 323f
Gilliatt-Sumner hand 279
Gilmore's groin 202
Gilula lines 498
Gilula's arcs 102f
Giraffe spots 398
Girdlestone arthroplasty 134, 308f, 504
Girdlestone excisional arthroplasty 308
Glasgow coma scale 53, 55, 55t
Glenohumeral instability 167
anterior 167f
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit 173
Glenohumeral ligaments 64, 65f
lesion 164
Glenoid bone
defects 165
loss 166f
Glenoid labrum 65, 65f
Glomus tumor 333, 333f, 499
Gluteus maximus lurch gait 121
Glycation end product, advanced 418
Godfrey's posterior sag 188, 189f
Golfer's elbow 176
Gonococcal arthritis 290
Good sports technique 164
Gorham's disease 332, 332f
Gout 433
acute 434
chronic 434
Gouty tophi 435f
Graf's method 366t
Gram stain 283
Granulation tissue, stage of 15
Grass appearance, blade of 414, 414f
Greater tuberosity 455f
Green stick fracture 495
Green's procedure 380
Green-Anderson growth remaining method 377
Greenstick fracture 14, 35
of radius 35f
treatment of 35
Grice green procedure 504
Griffith's classification 301
Ground glass appearance 314f
Growing fractures 496
Growing rod technique 250
Growth arrest lines 39f
Growth disturbances 285
Growth plate 4, 360
Guillain-Barré syndrome 81, 386, 519, 520
Gull-wing sign 118
Gunstock deformity 81, 81f
Gurd's criteria 141t
Gustilo-Anderson classification 56, 57, 57t, 60
Gutter fractures 109
Guyon's canal 258, 259, 273, 518
H
Haemophilus influenzae 282
Haemorrhage, classification of 55b
Haglund's deformity 451f
Hair pin 281
arrangement of vessels 282f
Hajdu-Cheney syndrome 413
Hallux rigidus 351
Hallux valgus 349, 350f, 351f, 352fc, 421f
angle 350f
splint 351f
Halo device 467f
Halo vest 218, 219f
Halo-pelvic
distraction system 250f
traction 23
Halstead's maneuver 278f
Halstead's test 278
Hamilton ruler 497
test 66, 67f
Hamilton-Russell traction 136f
Hammer toe 352, 353
Hammer/mallet 485f
Hamstring muscles, anatomy of 201
Hamstring strain 201, 201f
Hand 258, 259, 261, 262
anteroposterior, X-ray of 310, 321f
crush injury of 108
infections 293, 505
injuries of 90
Hanging cast 27
Hangman's fracture 222, 222f, 496, 501, 518
Hannover fracture scale 59
Hansen's disease 291
Hardinge's approach 494
Harrington rod system 250
Harris view of hind foot 499
Hartshill rectangles 250
Harversian system 510
Hawkin's classification 157
Hawkin's sign 157f, 498
Hawkins-Kennedy test 455, 456f, 496
Head
halter traction 23
injury 141
Headless screws 493
Healing of disease 305
Hegemann's disease 83
Hemangioma 324, 499, 500
Hemarthrosis 5, 441
Hematogenous osteomyelitis, acute 282
Hematoma
formation, stage of 15
ossificans 81
Hemiarthroplasty 477, 477f, 481
bipolar 132f
prostheses 464, 478b
types of 477
Hemilaminectomy 239
Hemiplegia 383
double 383
Hemoglobin 422
Hemophilic arthritis 441
Hemophilic arthropathy, signs of 442f
Hemophilic pseudotumors 441
Henry's approach 493
Herbenden's nodes 438f
Here injury 211
Hereditary multiple exostosis 318f
Herring 372
classification 371f, 372
lateral pillar classification 371
Heterotopic ossification 83, 127, 142, 479
Hexagonal tip 488f
Higoumenakis sign 291
Hilgenreiner epiphyseal angle 375, 375f, 498
Hill-Sachs lesion 165, 166f, 498
large 165f
reverse 165
Hindfoot 338
recorrects 347f
Hindquarter amputation 463
Hinge fracture 109
Hip 307f, 366, 494, 506
abduction of 363f
arthroplasty, total 478f
biomechanics 119
deformities around 363
dislocation of 125, 125t
dysplasia of 307
examination 513, 535
injuries of 110
joint 4f, 117f, 118, 119, 120f, 121, 125, 132f, 136, 283f, 290, 308f, 376f, 475
calculation of 120f
injuries around 125
telescopy test of 125f
tuberculosis of 306, 307f
X-ray of 136f
movements 135
observation 372
posterior dislocation of 496, 497
prosthesis
bipolar 477f
components, total 478f
replacement prosthesis, total 477
replacement, total 477, 478b
spica 27, 140f, 367f
cast 367
tuberculosis of 307, 496, 498
unstable 497
X-ray of 137f, 139f
Hippocratic technique 68, 69f
Histocompatibility complex 419
Hitchhiker thumb deformity 421
Hoffa's fracture 143f, 495
Hoffa's syndrome 202, 451
Hoffman's reflex 215
Hoffman's sign 254
Holstein-Lewis fracture 75
Homocystinuria 399
Hompson's prosthesis 478
Hong Kong procedure 306, 504
Hormone replacement therapy 402
Hornblower sign 171, 172f
Horner's syndrome 276
Hotchkiss terrible triad 87
of elbow injury 495
Housemaid's knee 528
Howship's lacunae 19, 510
Hueter-Volkmann law 11, 378
Human immunodeficiency virus 298, 442, 446
Human leukocyte antigen 245, 419, 430
Human position 367
Hume's fracture 94, 495
Humeral avulsion 164
Humeral line, anterior 498
Humerus, medial epicondyle of 443
Hump back deformity 100
Hunter's disease 390
Huntington procedure 151f
Hurler's syndrome 390
Hydatid disease of bone 302
Hydrogen ions 53
Hydroxychloroquine 423, 425
Hyperabduction maneuver 278, 278f
Hyperabduction test 497
Hypercalcemia 330
Hyperdorsiflexion talar neck 157
Hyperextension 185, 225
Hyperflexion injury 185
Hyperkalemia 53, 57
Hyperostosis 426
Hyperparathyroidism 401, 411, 413f, 498
Hyperthermia 53
Hyperthyroidism 401
Hypertonic saline 56
Hypertrophic nonunion 17, 18f
Hypocalcemia 57
Hypochondroplasia 391
Hypoglycemia 53
Hypogonadism 401
Hypokalemia 53
Hyponatremia 57
Hypophosphatasia 395
Hypoplastic patella 395f
Hypothenar-Hammer syndrome 454
Hypothermia 53
Hypothyroidism 395
Hypovitaminosis-associated proximal myopathy 410
Hypovolemia 53
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 433
Hypoxia 53
I
Idiopathic chondrolysis of hip 375
Idiopathic kyphosis, adolescent 251
Idiopathic scoliosis 246
management of 249t
Iliac spine
anterior superior 123, 364, 513
posterior superior 427
Iliac wing fracture 115f
Iliopsoas tendinitis 201, 497
Iliotibial band 386f, 460
contracture 387f, 497
friction syndrome 200
Ilizarov method, use of 29b
Ilizarov ring fixator 28, 30f
Immunoglobulin G 423
Impingement syndrome, stages of 455b
Incongruent joints 351f
Incremental fracture 496
Infantile cortical hyperostosis 382
Infection 42, 45, 150, 464, 479
around nail 293
mid-palmar 294
space 296
spread of 504
Inflammation 45
Inflammatory
arthritis 42, 419
bowel disease 419
joint swelling 46
Infraglenoid tubercle 63f
Injury
closed 270
mechanism of 501
mode of 501
severity score 58
Insall Burstein prosthesis 504
Insall-Salvati ratio 180
Instability, anterior 167
Instrumentation methods
anterior 250
posterior 250
Intercalary hemimelia 356f
Intercondylar fracture 143f
of humerus 86f
Interference screws 493
Interferon-gamma-release assay 424
Interlaminar route 238
Interleukin 423
Interlocking nail 32f
modern 470, 470f
Intermittent lumbar traction 23, 237, 238f
Interosseous membrane 5
Interosseous nerve
anterior 513
posterior 513
syndrome
anterior 274, 274f
posterior 274
Interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments 338
Interphalangeal joint flexion thumb 264f
Interposition arthroplasty 476
Interstitial growth 11
Intertrochanteric fracture 136
femur 135, 136f
of right femur 136f
operative treatment of 135
treatment of 135
unstable 136f
Intervertebral disk
degeneration 231
prolapse, chronic posterior 237f
structure of 231, 232f
Intra-abdomen hemorrhage 141
Intra-articular
bleeding 441
extension 323f
pressure, negative 65
steroids 438
Intracapsular fracture 128, 128f
of proximal femur 129t
Intracapsular neck femur fracture 128t
Intradiskal electrothermic therapy 240, 241f
Intramedullary metaphyseal blood supply 119
Intramedullary nailing 32, 33, 469
advantages of 33
generations of 470, 470b
Intramembranous ossification 11
Intramuscular bleeding 441
Intrathoracic hemorrhage 141
Invasive disk herniation treatment, complications of 240
Inversion stress test 197
Inverted napoleon hat sign 231f, 498
Iridocyclitis 427
Irritable hip 372
Ischemia 369
Isokinetic exercises 204
Isokinetic machine 206f
Isometric exercises 203, 204
Isometric quadriceps 204f
Isotonic biceps contraction 204f
Isotonic exercises 204
Ivory
phalanx 498
sequestrum 285
J
Jaccoud arthropathy 442
Jack knife injury 226, 501
Jack's test 348
Jahnke test 167
Jaipur foot 466, 466f
James slab 27
Janus kinases 424
Javelin throwers’ elbow 176
Jaw
osteonecrosis of 402
thrust technique 51f
Jefferson fracture 221, 221f, 496, 501
Jerk test 167, 168f
Jersey finger 178, 495
Jobe's apprehension test 167
Jobe's relocation test 167
Joint 59
aspiration 309
capsule 64
care of 227
contractures 464
debridement 298
deformities 292
fusion of 133
infections 281
involvement 396, 422
line tenderness 503
opening, lateral 190f
reconstruction 323f
replacement surgeries 425
stabilization procedures 387
stiffness 75, 88
tuberculosis of 309
Jones elbow 499
Jones fracture 161f, 496
Jones operation 504
Jones transfer 504
Joshi's external stabilization system 346, 346f
fixator 490
Judet and Letournel classification 117f
Jump knee gaits 384f
Jumper's fracture 495, 501, 514
Jumper's knee 200
Juvenile chronic arthritis 418, 425
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 418, 425
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 283, 373
Juxta-articular osteosclerosis 528
Juxtacortical osteosarcoma 327
K
K nail 469f, 470, 504
magnified, tip of 469f
K wires 504
fixation 101
Kahler's disease 329
Kaplan injury 105
Kaplan's dislocation 495
Kashin-Beck disease 443
Keinböck's disease 532
Keller's operation 350, 351f, 504
Kienbock's disease 443–445, 445f, 497
pathogenesis of 445f
Kiloh-Nevin
sign 274, 274f
syndrome 273, 274
Kinder's procedure 349
Kinetic chain exercises, close 205
Kinky hair syndrome 395
Kirner's deformity 353
Kirschner wires 29, 487, 489f
Kissing sequestrum 285
Kissing spines 242, 498
Kite's angle 342t, 498, 530
Kite's index 346
Kite's method 343
Klein's line 374
Klippel-Feil syndrome 380, 381
Klisic sign 364, 365
Klumpke's paralysis 275, 497, 519
Knee 494
amputation
above 462
below 463
arthroplasty, total 480f
arthroscopy of 475, 476f
portals 476b, 476f
cartilage injuries of 182
deformities
angular 357
around 357
dislocation 145
posterior 145f
sign of posterolateral 145f
extensor mechanism, rupture of 200
hyperextended 186f
hyperextension 186f
injuries, acute 190
joint 184f, 195, 284f, 392f, 405, 444f, 451, 475, 476, 503
tuberculosis of 308
ligament 183, 185
anatomy of 182
arthrometry 190
injury 503
tears 185
meniscal injuries of 515, 536
replacement 3f
total 479
sagittal section of 183f
stiffness 141, 147
triple deformity of 309f
tuberculosis 309f, 496
X-ray of 3f, 143f, 145f, 146f, 149f, 318, 318f, 322f
Knock knee deformity 361
Knowles and Moore's pins 504
Knowles pins 135, 135f
Knuckle bender splint 272f
Knuckle pads 453
Kocher's criteria 373b
Kocher's forceps 487, 489f
blades of 489f
Kocher's technique 68, 70f
Kocher-Langenbeck approach 118
Kohler's disease 443, 444f
Krukenberg amputation 463, 463f
Kyphoplasty 403, 502
Kyphosis 5, 251, 251f
types of 251
Kyphus angle 302f
L
Laborer's nerve 260
Labral tear, superior 497
Lachman test 187, 188, 188f, 190
Lactate dehydrogenase 501
Lambrinudi arthrodesis 346f, 504
Lamellated periosteal reaction 328f
Lamina dura of teeth, loss of 412
Laminectomy 5, 239, 305
Laminoplasty 243f
Laminotomy 5, 239
Lane's forceps 485, 486f
Langerhans cell histiocytosis 337, 500
Larsen syndrome 362, 340, 390
Laryngeal mask airway 52f
Lasegue's test 236, 236f, 497
Lauge-Hansen
classification 151, 153t
grading 196t
Le Fort Wagstaffe fracture 152, 496
Ledderhose's disease 453
Leflunomide 423
Leg, deformities of 354
Leontiasis ossea 313
Leprosy 291, 292b
diagnosis of 292
Leri's disease 393
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 433
Lesion
curettage of 298
of bone 499
Lesser trochanter 136f
Leverage techniques 68
Lichtblau procedure 345, 345f
Life support, advanced 51
Lift-off test 170, 170f
Ligament 182
around clavicle 61f
injury 188, 196t
laxity secondary 167
sprain, acute 196
stabilizing knee joint 182f
Ligamentous
complex, posterior 226
laxity 363
Ligamentum teres, artery of 119
Light bulb sign 67, 68f, 498
Limb
amputations 463
artificial 465
attitude of 125
deformities 285
gait, short 121
length
discrepancy 355, 376, 377, 479
inequality, causes of 377b
lengthening 30f
methods of 378
lower 463f
orthoses
lower 468
upper 466
salvage 481
support fractures of 22f
upper 463f
Liposarcoma 335
Lisfranc amputation 463
Lisfranc dislocation 160,
Lisfranc fracture 496
Lisfranc injury 160f
Lisfranc ligament 160
rupture of 160f
Little Leaguer's
elbow 176
shoulder 176
Lobstein-Vrolik's disease 395
Locking compression plate 74, 144
Locking screws 493
Loder classification 373
Log rolling technique 55f
Looser's zones 409, 410, 498
Lordosis 5, 248f
Lover's fracture 496
Low backache 242, 245
Lower limb 495, 497, 502, 504, 513, 536
alignment 357
injuries of 110
Lowman's clamp 487f
Lumbar canal stenosis, degenerative 241
Lumbar spine 122f
Lumbar triangle 300
Lumbosacral spine 233f, 237f, 429f
Lunate and perilunate dislocation 102f
Lunate, degeneration of 445f
Luque rods 250
Luxatio erecta 67f, 495
M
Madelung deformity 94, 378, 379f
Madura foot 290, 291
management 291
pathophysiology 290
Madurella mycetomatis 290
Maffucci syndrome 320, 500
Maisonneuve fracture 152
Malgaigne's fracture 114, 115f, 495
Malgaigne's subluxation 495
Malignancy, biomarkers of 330
Malleolar reduction forceps 486f
Malleolus fracture 156f
Malleolus, medial 38
Mallet finger 178f, 495
injury 177
Mallet toe 352, 353f
Malunion 63, 81, 98, 141, 150
Mandibular fractures 109
Mangled extremity severity score 58
Mannerfelt syndrome 421
Manual in-line stabilization 54f
Manus 5
Marble bone disease 390, 392, 533
March fracture 161, 496, 515
Marfan's syndrome 167, 410
Marie-Strumpell disease 426
Marjolin's ulcer 285
Marrow stimulation 194
Marrow tumors 311
Martel sign 434, 435f, 498
Martin-Gruber anastomoses 274
Masada syndrome 500, 533
Massonaie's fracture 495
Master knot of henry 346
Matles knee flexion test 198, 198f
Matta's angle 118f
Matta's roof arc angle 498
Mature bone 8f
Maudsley's test 175, 176f, 497
Maxillofacial fractures 109
Maxpage operation 504
Mazabraud syndrome 314, 500
McCune-Albright syndrome 314, 500
McMurray's osteotomy 134, 134f, 504, 514, 530, 533
McMurray's test 188, 189f
McRobert's maneuver 274
McRobert's procedure 519
Meary's angle 342, 342f, 347, 498
Medial proximal tibial angle 357, 358f
Median nerve 210, 260, 263f
palsy 260, 497
Medicinal poisonings 53
Megaprosthesis 323f
Mehta's angle 498
Mehta's rib vertebral angle difference 250, 250f
Melorheostosis 393, 394f
Menelaus’ method 378
Meningocele 388
Meningomyelocele 388
Meniscal injuries 188t, 503
Meniscal tear 191, 192
classification of 192
degenerative 441f
Menisci 183, 187
functions of 183
Meniscofemoral ligaments 183, 184f
Meniscus
repair 192
zones of 192f
Meralgia paresthetica 273, 274
Mesenteric artery syndrome, superior 28
Metabolic bone diseases 400, 524, 539
Metabolic disorders 508
Metacarpal fractures 27, 101, 102
complications 102
treatment 101
Metacarpal sign 414f
Metacarpal traction 23
Metacarpophalangeal joint 177
Metadiaphyseal junction 161f
Metal on polyethylene 478
Metaphyseal
blanch sign 374f
bucket-handle fractures 382f
chondrodysplasia 394
diaphyseal separation 13f
dysplasia 390
tibial fractures 149
Metaphysis 9
fraying of 406f
Metatarsal
bar 468
fractures 27, 161
pad 468
Metatarsalgia 459, 459f
Metatarsus adductus 347, 347f
Metev sign 83
Methotrexate 423, 425
high-dose 327
Methylprednisolone 218
Metsen's technique 68
Metsen's traction-counter traction technique 69f
Meyer's procedure 131, 132f, 134, 504
Microdiscectomy 239
Microfracture technique 194
Midfoot 338
arthritis 160
joints 160f
Midshaft
fracture 150f
injuries 160
Milch classification 84, 84f
Milch osteotomy 503, 530
Military posture 278, 279f
Milkman's fracture 525
Mill's maneuver 497
Mill's test 175, 176f
Milwaukee's brace 249
Milwaukee's angle 531
Minerva cast 27
Minerva jacket 250f
Mini trampoline exercises 206f
Minus weight-bearing leg 120f
Mirel's criteria 41t
Miserable malalignment syndrome 182
Mitchell's and Chevron osteotomy 504
Mixing techniques 474t
Mobius syndrome 340
Mogigraphia 389
Monoarticular rheumatoid arthritis 307
Monoclonal antibody 404
Monoplegia 383
Monteggia fracture 91, 92, 92t, 93f, 495
dislocation 91
Moore's pins 135, 135f
Morel-Lavallée lesion 113, 114f, 115
Morquio disease 524
Morquio syndrome 381, 390
Morrant Baker's cyst 450
Morton's metatarsalgia 273, 274
Morton's neuroma 274, 457
Mosaic fractures 109
Moseley’ straight line graph 377
Moth-Eaten appearance 287f
Motion deficits, range of 173
Motion exercises, range of 203f
Motor examination including reflexes 255
Motor march 497
Motor neuron
lesion, lower 208, 210t
lower 210, 210f
Motor weakness, grading of 213t
Motorcyclist's fracture 109, 496
Movements, abduction of 3f
Mucopolysaccharidosis 399, 399t
Mulder's click 497
Muller's AO/OTA classification 12
Multidrug therapy 292
Multifocal osteomyelitis
chronic recurrent 286
subacute recurrent 286
Multiple myeloma
classical lytic lesions of 330f
diagnosis of 330b
Muscle 340
abductor 120f
care of 227
cells, lysis of 57
cramps, exercise-associated 207
fibers
lengthen during contraction 205
shorten during contraction 205
flexibility 205
forces displacing forearm fractures 90f
paralysis 292
pedicle bone grafting, vascularized 134
pre-exercise stretching of 164
strength
imbalance 173
restoring 203
Muscular cysticercosis 460
Muscular torticollis, congenital 380, 380f
Musculocutaneous nerve palsy 268
Musculoskeletal tumor 312
benign 313
biopsy of 312b
staging of malignant 313
Musician's nerve 257
Mycetoma 290
foot 290f
Mycobacterium
leprae 291
tuberculosis 297
Myelodysplasias 387
Myelography 237
Myeloma, multiple 329, 499, 500
Myelomeningocele 388
Myodesis 462
Myofibroblastic theory 339
Myopathic scoliosis 246
Myoplasty 462
Myositis 5
ossificans 81
progressiva 83
Myotomes 210, 502
N
Nail-patella syndrome 395, 395f, 498
Nails
second generation 470
third generation 470
Nalgonda technique 416
Napoleon sign 169
Nasal fractures 109
Nasopharyngeal airway 52f
Navicular bone, accessory 349
Neck
femur fracture 133f
femur, neglected 134f
fractures, surgical 72
of femur 314f
posterior triangle of 267
reconstruction 134
shaft angle 498
normal 118f
Needle thoracocentesis 54f
Neer's classification 71, 72, 73f, 73t
Neer's impingement
sign 455
test 455, 456f
Neer's prosthesis 504
Neer's test 496
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 290
Nelaton's line 124, 124f, 497, 532
Nerve
abscesses 293
compression 42
conduction
studies 255
velocity 245
entrapment syndromes 273
injury 47, 81, 83, 254–256, 272, 272t, 479
classification of 254
management of 270, 271f
involvement 292
pattern of 292
microscopic anatomy of 254f
neuroma, digital 176
of bell 268
palsy 442
high versus low 254
root 212, 213f, 236, 238
compression, signs of 497
involvement 240f
thickening 292
Nesovic's operation 202
Neural tube defect 387
Neurapraxia 74, 254
Neuritis, acute 292
Neurofibromatosis 246, 398, 398t
Neurogenic shock 215, 501
Neurolysis 5
Neuromuscular
disorders 383, 523, 539
syndromes 362
Neuronal degeneration 253
Neuropathic joint 440, 440t
disease 440t
Neuropathic scoliosis 246
Neurorraphy 5
Neurotmesis 254
Neurovascular injury 74, 91, 141, 150
Neutralization plate 31, 31f
New York Criteria, modified 430b
New York Heart Association 424
Niemann-Pick disease 395, 398
Night pains 499
Night stick fracture 94, 495
Ninety-Ninety (90-90) traction 23
Noble's compression test 200f
Nonadhesive skin traction 24f
Nondisplaced fractures 78
Nonhealing bed sore 60f
Nonoperative methods 387
Nonossifying fibroma 314, 315f
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 82, 245, 273, 373, 423, 430, 438, 450
Nonstructural kyphosis 251
Nontapping screw 491
Non-toothed forceps 487, 488f
Nonunion fracture 84
lateral condyle 85f
Nonunion scaphoid 496
Nonunion, types of 18t
Nonweight-bearing exercises 205
Nora's lesion 318, 319f
Nose sign, anteater 350f
Notochord remnants, tumor of 499
Nuclear degeneration 233
Nucleic acid amplification tests 297
Nurse maid's elbow 495
Nursemaid's elbow 87
Nutcracker injury 162
Nutrition 298
Nutritional rickets 405
O
O Brien's test 173, 173f, 198
OA of
hip 496
knee 496
Ober's test 386, 387, 497, 524
Oblique fracture 34f
Oblique ligament, posterior 183
Oblique popliteal ligament 183
Observing attitude of limb 255
Occult fracture 13
Ochronosis 440
Ochronotic arthritis 441f
Ochsner's clasping sign 264f
Odontoid fractures 221, 222f
Olecranon fracture 88
complications 89
diagnosis 88
treatment 89
Olecranon traction 23
Oligohydramnios 363
Ollier's disease 320, 498, 500
Omer's transfer 504
Oncogenic osteomalacia 410
Onycho-osteodysplasia 395
Open book fracture 114, 115f, 495
Open fracture 13, 49, 56, 57f, 58f
management 57t
of tibia 28f
Open kinetic chain exercises 205
Open pelvic fractures 113
Open reduction 5, 26, 33
internal fixation 63, 94f, 144
Opera glass deformity of hand 432f, 497
Operative fixation 63
Opponens pollicis 262, 264f
Oral polio vaccine 387
Oropharyngeal airway 52f
Orthopedic 291, 386, 410
applications 474
biomaterials 482
common 483
deformities 292b
disorders 391
management 330
manifestations 291
oncology 311, 312
screw driver 488f
surgery 469
synopsis of 495
tractions 25f
Orthoroentgenogram 378f
Orthotic 5, 462, 529, 541
nomenclature of 466
Ortolani's test 364, 497
Osgood-Schlatter's
disease 443
syndrome 444f
Osner's test 524
Ossifying iliac apophysis 249f
Osteitis 426
deformans 413
Osteoarthritis 88, 101, 127, 195, 307, 423, 437, 438f
advanced stages of 439
early stages of 438
knee 439b, 439f
signs of 439f
Osteoarticular tuberculosis 297
Osteoblastoma 320, 499
Osteoblasts 7, 9, 311
Osteochondral autograft transplantation surgery 194f
Osteochondral fragment 445f
Osteochondral grafting 194
Osteochondritis 443, 458
dissecans 195, 444, 509
knee 497
Osteochondroma 316, 318f, 499
Osteochondromatosis 325
Osteochondrosis 443
Osteoclasis 5
Osteoclastoma 322
Osteoclasts 7, 9
Osteocytes 7, 9
Osteofibrous dysplasia 315, 315f
Osteogenesis 5
imperfecta 358, 390, 395, 396f, 397f
Osteoid osteoma 319, 320f, 499, 500
Osteolytic bone metastasis 334b
Osteoma 319
Osteomalacia 409, 409f, 498
Osteometric devices 5
Osteomyelitis 281, 285b, 504
acute 282f, 283b, 283f, 504, 505
chronic 283, 284, 285f, 287f, 505
classification 281
complications, chronic 284
diagnosis, chronic 284
etiology, chronic 284
of humerus, chronic 287f
pathogenesis 281
treatment, chronic 284
Osteonecrosis 5
Osteopathic scoliosis 246
Osteopetrosis 390, 392, 393f
Osteopoikilosis 393, 394f
Osteoporosis 400, 400t, 401f, 401t, 404, 412f
circumscripta 414f
secondary 400, 401b
Osteosarcoma 283, 325, 326f, 327b, 499, 500
distal femur 326f
secondary 325b
treatment of 326
Osteosclerosis 394f
Osteosynthesis 5, 27, 29
Osteotome 484, 484f
Osteotomy 5, 425
corrective 308
Otopalatodigital syndrome 395
Ottawa ankle rule 156, 499
Ottawa foot rule 156, 499
Owl's eye appearance, loss of 247f
Oxygen 51
Ozone therapy 240
P
Packaging disorders 363
Paget's disease 325, 410, 413, 414f, 498, 511, 524–526, 533, 540
Pain syndromes, functional 460
Painful articular syndrome 443
Painful retained hardware 147
Pains, growing 36
Palm deformity 384f
Palmar abscesses, drainage of deep 295f
Palmar flexion 97f
Palmar space, deep 294, 294f
Palmaris longus 497
Palmar-plantar pustulosis 286
Palsy, high versus low 260, 263
Panner's disease 443
Parallel fashion 324f
Paralysis 266
high versus low 266
Parapatellar approach, medial 494
Paraplegia 303, 383
causes of 300t
early onset 301
Parathormone 435
Parathyroid hormone 7, 41, 400
Paravertebral abscess 301f
Paresthesia 74
Parietal bone 337f
Parkinson's disease 253
Paronychia
acute 293
chronic 293
Paronychia treatment
acute 293
chronic 293
Parosteal osteosarcoma 327
Parrot joints 291
Parrot-beak tears 192
Pars interarticularis 228f
Parvovirus arthropathy 442
Patella
alta 180b, 180f
congenital dislocation of 182
fracture 146
habitual dislocation of 181
length of 180
lower pole of 181
reduction forceps 467f
superolateral aspect of 148f
transverse fracture of 146f
Patellar apprehension test 180f
Patellar dislocation 178, 181f
pathophysiology of 179
Patellar fracture 146f
types of 146f
Patellar injuries 178
Patellar ligament 443
Patellar tendinitis 200
Patellar tendon 180
bearing cast 27
Patellectomy
complete 147
partial 147
Patellofemoral
joint 178
ligament, medial 179
Patrick test 427, 497
Pauwel's angle 498
Pauwel's classification 130, 130f, 130t
Pauwel's osteotomy 132, 133f, 134, 491, 504, 530
Pavlik disease 366
Pavlik harness 367f
Pediatric
bone 35
elbow, X-ray of 78f
hip fractures 135t
neck femur fractures 135f
orthopedics 508, 522, 538
Pedicle screw 504
fixation 220f
Pedobarography 207
Pelkan spur 411
Pellegrini-Stieda lesion 503
Pelvic
belt traction 23
bone, columns of 117f
fracture 110, 111t, 112, 114f
classification of 112t
management of open 113
hemorrhage 110, 113f
injuries 110, 112f
classification of 110
osteotomies 370f
reduction forceps 486f
ring 112
sheath application 113f
support osteotomy 132
Pelvis 494, 495, 506, 513, 536
posterior stabilization of 113f
Pemberton's acetabuloplasty 369
Pemberton's osteotomy 504
Pen test 264f
Pencil like sequestrum 285
Penumbra sign 285f
Percutaneous K-wire fixation 97f
Periarthritis shoulder 456
Perilunate dislocation 101, 102f
Periosteal reaction, types of 311
Periosteum elevator 484
Peripheral nerve 253f, 255
injury 253, 257, 268, 507, 518, 537
anatomy 253
classification 253
diagnosis 253
of upper limb 255f
Peripheral tears 192
Peripheral vascular disease, chronic 462
Periprosthetic fractures 479
Peri-talar dislocation 162
Perkin's line 365
Perkin's traction 23, 512
Peroneal nerve 268
deep 269, 270
palsy 497
Peroneal spastic flat foot 349
Peroneal supplies, superficial 269
Peroneus brevis 504
Perthes disease 307, 370fc, 371f, 372, 376, 498
pathogenesis of 370f
Pes cavus 347, 347f, 497
Pes planus 347, 348
Pes valgus 348
Petrie's orthosis 531
Peyronie's disease 453
Phalangeal fracture 103
buddy strapping for 105f
Phalen's test 273f, 497, 519
Phantom sensations 464
Phocomelia 391f
Photon absorptiometry, single 401
Physeal injuries 35, 36, 37b
diagnosis of 36
Physiotherapy 298
Physis 4
structure of 8f
Piano key sign 94, 378, 497
Picornavirus 385
Piedmont's fracture 93, 495
Pierre Robin syndrome 340
Pigeon chest 405
Pigmented villonodular synovitis 332, 332f, 499
Pilon fracture 150, 151f, 496
Ping pong skull 109
Pirani classification, modified 342
Piriformis syndrome 273
Pirogoff's amputation 463
Pivot shift test 193, 193f
Plantar fascia 338, 458f, 459f
stretching of 459f
Plantar fasciitis 458, 458b
Plantar flexion 152f
Plantar surface 5
Plantaris 5
Planus 5
Plasma cell
disorder 331
proliferative disorders 331t
Plaster of Paris 33, 469
splint 20, 21f
Plastic deformation 36, 36f
Plate
excrescences, apical 528
fixation 31t
holding forceps 485, 487f
opposes fracture displacement 34f
osteosynthesis
biological 471
technique, minimally invasive 472
prebending of 35
types of 472f
Platelet-rich plasma 176, 438, 474
preparation of 474
Plating technique, evolution of 471
Plexus injury, lower 275
Plyometric exercises 207
Pneumatic tourniquet 47
Pneumothorax 63
Podagra 434f
Poems syndrome 331
Pointing sign 264f, 497
Policeman tip 277f
Polio 386
vaccine, inactivated 387
Poliomyelitis 385, 386t
Pollicis brevis, abductor 262
Pollicis longus, abductor 104f, 258, 265
Polydactyly 352, 354f
Polymerase chain reaction 297, 397
Polymers 483
Polymethyl methacrylate 60, 403
Polytrauma 49, 55f, 56f, 511, 535
Poncet's disease 310
Ponseti method 343
Ponseti technique 343f
Popcorn calcification 325f
Pope's sign 497
Popeye sign 199f
Popliteal cyst 450
Popliteal fossa 451f
Porter's hand 277f
Postamputation neuroma 464
Post-chikungunya rheumatic disorder 442
Posteromedial soft tissue release 344, 344f
Postlaminectomy syndrome 240
Postmenopausal osteoporosis 400
Post-polio residual paralysis 386
treatment of 387
Post-tourniquet syndrome 47
Post-traumatic
cord ischemia 216
patellofemoral arthritis 147
Postural back pain 244
Postural scoliosis 245
Pot belly 405
Pott's fracture 152, 495
Pott's paraplegia 300, 304f
Pressure epiphysis 8
Prominent spinous process 300f
Pronation injuries around ankle 155f
Pronation-dorsiflexion injury 152
Pronator syndrome 273
Pronator teres 257
Prosthesis 5
parts of 465, 465f
Prosthetics 541
Proteoglycans 231
Protrusion, stage of 233
Proximal femoral
focal deficiency 356, 376
fractures 127
nail 135, 136f, 137, 504
Proximal femur
osteomyelitis of 372
pathological fracture of 40f
posteromedial part of 136f
Proximal focal femoral deficiency 376f
Proximal forearm 261
Proximal humeral fracture, complication of 72
Proximal humerus 316f, 317f
fracture 73f
fixation of 74f
internal locking system 74f
metaphysis 316f
Proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger 420f
Proximal phalanx
middle finger 310f, 320f
of thumb 177f, 178f
Proximal radioulnar ligament 98
Proximal tibia 284f, 332f
metaphyseal fracture 13f
Prune belly syndrome 340
Pseudallescheria boydii 290
Pseudoachondroplasia 391
Pseudoarthrosis 18f
of tibia congenital 354, 355f
Pseudogout 435
Pseudo-Jones fracture 161, 496, 536
Pseudorosette formation 328f
Psoriatic arthritis 418, 426, 432, 432f, 433b
Psoriatic arthropathy 526
Pubic rami fracture 115f
Pucker sign 77
Pulleys of hand 107f
Pulmonary contusions 63
Pulmonary embolism 113
Pulp space
infections 293
of digit 294f
Pump handle test 427, 428f, 497
Pustulosis 426
Putti-Platt operation 165, 166f, 503
Pycnodysostosis 394, 394f, 395
Pyle's disease 390, 394, 395, 498, 532
Pylon 463
Pyrophosphate arthropathy, chronic 435
Q
Q-angle 178, 179f
Quadriceps
active test 188
angle 178
atrophy 147
Quadriplegia 383
R
Radial club hand 378, 379f
Radial deviation 100f
Radial head
dislocation 318f
fracture, Mason classification of 89t
Radial hemimelia 378
Radial inclination 94, 95
Radial length 95
Radial nerve 210, 257, 530
palsy 263, 266f, 272f, 497
Radial tuberosity 320f
Radial tunnel syndrome 176, 273, 274
Radiation-induced
soft tissue sarcoma 501
tumor 499
Radical anterior decompression 306
Radicular pain 229
Radiolucent nidus, center of 320f
Radioulnar synostosis 378, 379f
congenital 379
Radius, head of 93f
Railroad spine 225, 501
Ramsey's safe zone concept 368f
Ray amputation 463
Recombinant parathormone 403
Recurrent clubfoot 345
Recurrent dislocation 127, 178
of patella 179t
of shoulder 164
management of 165
Recurrent shoulder instability, management of 167
Recurvatum 6
Red flag signs 502
Reflex 209, 502
arc 210f
Regiment badge sign 267f
Regional pain syndrome, complex 97
Rehabilitation, phases of 203
Reimer's index 498
Reisser's angle 531
Reisser's turn buckle cast 249
Reiter disease 528
Reiter syndrome 423, 426, 431
Renal
failure, chronic 409
insufficiency 331
osteodystrophy 407
Resistant clubfoot 345
Retraining of bladder function 228
Retrocalcaneal bursitis 450
Retrolisthesis 229
Retropulsed fragment 226f
Rhabdomyosarcoma 336, 501
Rheumatic arthritis, acute 283
Rheumatoid arthritis 418, 419, 422f, 422t, 423t, 425, 438t, 509, 526
foot 496
hand 496
knee 496
Rheumatoid nodules 421, 421f
Rhomboides 497
Rib hump 247f
Ribonucleic acid 385, 442
Rice bodies 309f
Rice grain sequestrum 285
Riche-Cannieu anastomoses 275
Rickets 361, 395, 404, 406f, 410, 496, 497
management of 407
types of 405, 407t
Rifampicin 292
Rim sign 68f, 285f, 314f
Ring fracture 109
Ring sequestrum 285, 286f
Ring shaped epiphyses 411
Risser's cast 27
Risser's grade 249
Risser's sign 498
Robert's view 499
Rocker bottom foot 346
Rockwood classification 70, 71f
Rolando fracture 104f, 495
dislocation 103, 104
Romanus lesion 429
Roos stress test 278
Roos test 279f
Rotation lag sign, external 171, 172f
Rotation resistance stress test 171, 171f
Rotation stress test, external 197, 198f
Rotationplasty 377f
Rotator cuff 65, 169f
deficient shoulder 169
injuries 173
muscles 66f
passes 169
tear 168, 169
Rotatory instabilities of knee 192, 193t
Rugger jersey spine 412, 498
Runner's fracture 39f, 495, 511
Rush nail 504
Russel Hamilton traction 23
Russell's traction 531
S
Saber shin 291
Sacroiliac joint
ankylosis 429f
side-to-side compression test 427, 427f
Sagging rope sign 371f
Saha's transfer 387, 504
Salmonella osteomyelitis 287, 505
Salter's innominate osteotomy 369
Salter's osteotomy 504
Salter's procedure 369
Salter's Thompson classification 371
Salter-Harris classification 36t, 37f, 37t
Sarmiento's amputation 463
Saturday night palsy 265
Saturn's ring 396
Saunders classification 159
Sausage digits 497
Scanty callus 18f
Scaphoid 445
cast 27
fracture 99, 100, 100f, 497
avascular necrosis of 100f
complications 100
diagnosis 100
treatment 100
undisplaced 100
plaster, position of 100f
Scapholunate ligament of wrist, rupture of 99f
Scapula, causes of winging of 275
Scapular
assistance test 455, 456f
dyskinesia 173, 175, 175f
fracture 63f
malposition 175
manipulation 68
Scapulothoracic dissociation 64
Scar tissue 270
Schaeffer's test 497
Schanz pins 488
Schatzker's classification 144t
Scheuermann's disease 251, 252f, 443, 511, 518, 524, 532
Schmorl's nodes 233, 233f
Schober's test, modified 428, 428f, 497
Schoemaker's line 124, 124f
Sciatic nerve 268
course of 268f, 269f
injury 117
palsy 269
Scissoring gait 121, 384f
Sclera, blue 497
Sclerosed fracture ends 18f
Sclerosing bone disorders 395
Sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garre 286
Sclerostin 404
Sclerotic bone disorders 498
Sclerotic segment 355f
Scoliosis 244, 245f, 247f–249f, 250b, 497
classification of 245
congenital 246
correction 504
early onset 250
fixed 246
type of 248
Scoliotic curves 246, 247f
Scoliotic spine, X-ray of 247f
Screw driver 487
Screw tap 487
Scrivener's palsy 389
Scurvy 283, 410, 497
signs of 411f
Seagull wing deformity 438f
Seat belt injury 226, 501
Sectoral sign 446
Seddon's axonotmesis 254
Seddon's classification 254
Seddon's neurapraxia 254
Seek kebab treatment 398f, 504
Segmental instability, stage of 231
Segond fracture 190f, 503
Sensory
dissociation 213
fibers 257
testing 260, 263
Septic arthritis 287, 372, 505
acute 283
low-grade 307
pathogenesis 287
Septic knee, X-ray of 288f
Sequestration, stage of 233
Sequestrum, types of 285b
Serendipity view 498
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies 418, 426, 438t
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors 438
Serpentine foot 346
Serratus anterior 497
Serum
procalcitonin 282
uric acid 434
Sessile osteochondromas 318f
Shaft humerus fracture 507
Shanmugasundaram classification 308
Shenton's line 117f, 498, 532
Shepherd crook deformity 314f
Shin splints 202
Shiny corner sign 429, 429f
Shoemaker's line 497, 532
Shoulder 168, 493
abducted 70f
affections 454
anteroposterior X-ray of 66f, 72f
arthroplasty 481, 481f
reverse 172, 481
arthroscopy 476
portals for 476b
dislocation 64, 65, 507
acute 67
anterior 66f
clinical tests 497
girdle, injuries around 61
inferior dislocation of 67f
instability 167, 173, 497
anterior 166f
meniscal injuries of 515, 536
joint 4, 65f, 165f, 475
posterior dislocation of 496
tuberculosis of 310
Sickle cell
crises 283
disease 533
Side-swipe injury 495
Siffert-Katz sign 360, 497
Signature fractures 109
Silicone heel pad 468
Simmond's test 524
Simmonds-Thompson test 198, 198f
Simplified disease activity index 423
Singh's index 498
Sjögren's syndrome 442, 528
Skeletal
dysplasias 390, 390b, 391
fluorosis 415
structures 59
traction 24
tuberculosis 297
Skeleton system, functions of 7
Skew foot 346
Skier's thumb 177, 177f, 495
Skin 59
care of 227
flap necrosis 464
involvement 292
necrosis, superficial 151
traction 23, 24
Skull
bones 109b
fractures 109
injuries of 61
Slap lesion 6
Slap tears 173, 173f
Slip, mechanism of 374fc
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 360, 373, 375f, 508
Smith fracture 94, 95f
Smith Peterson
approach 494
osteotomy 504
Smith's fracture 495, 496
Smith's traction 23
Smith-Peterson nail 504
Smoldering multiple myeloma 331
Snapping hip syndrome 460
Snapping knee syndrome 460
Snapping pes syndrome 460
Snapping syndromes 460
Soap bubble appearance, classical 322f
Sodium fluoride 403
Soft tissue 26t
abnormalities 340
disorders 450, 528, 541
injury
management of 26
severe 151f
release operations 387
restraints 179
sarcoma 335, 500, 501
Solitary plasmacytoma 331, 499
Sourcil sign 498
Southwick's angle 374, 374f, 498
Spaso technique 70f
Speed's test 199f
Spider
fingers 352
web fractures 109
Spilled tea pot sign 101, 498
Spina bifida 387, 388, 388f
cystica 388, 388f
occulta 388, 388f
Spina ventosa 310f
Spinal
accessory nerve palsy 268
crash course 501
decompression, methods of 239, 239f
epidural injections 238f
fixation 250b
fractures 501
fusion 305, 306
hyperextension brace, anterior 219f
injuries 215, 501
joints 243
manipulation techniques 238
orthosis 466
pseudoarthrosis 429
shock 214
stability, concept of 217
tuberculosis 302t
tumor syndrome 302, 303f
Spinal canal 217
stenosis 229, 241, 242f, 502
causes 241
diagnosis 241
pathophysiology 241
Spinal cord 208f, 209f, 389f
anatomy of 208, 210f
compression of 303f
injury 214, 215, 217, 228
acute 213, 215
biomechanics of 216
incomplete 214
syndrome 502
syndrome, incomplete 214, 214f, 502
syndrome, partial 502
Spinal lesion 208, 211
types of 299f
Spinal ligaments 217f
calcification of 415f
Spine 208, 496, 504, 517, 537
anteroposterior, X-ray of 337f
injury patients, management of 218
tuberculosis 298, 299f, 300f, 300t, 305t, 498
Spinoglenoid notch 267
Spiral groove 265
before 265
below 265
Splinting, indications of 23
Splints 20
Spondylitis 6
Spondyloarthritis 430t
International Society 430t
assessment of 429
Spondyloarthropathies 419, 432, 433t
Spondylodiscitis 429f
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia 390, 392
congenita 392
tarda 392
Spondylolisthesis 6, 228, 229, 501
grading of 229
Spondylolysis 6, 229
Spondylosis 6
Sponge holding forceps 487, 488f
Sports
hernia 202
injuries 163, 186f
acute 163
around elbow 175
around shoulder 164
classification of 163
prevention of 163
medicine 515, 536
Spotted bones 393
Sprengel shoulder 380, 381f
Spring ligament 338
Spur formation, lateral 84
Spur sign 498
Spurling's test 278, 279f
Squamous cell carcinoma 285
Stabilization, stage of 232
Stable fractures 218
Stable pelvic ring 112
Stainless steel 483
Staphylococcus
aureus 282, 288, 293
epidermidis 288
Static stabilizers 179
Steffi plate 504
Steindler's flexorplasty 387, 504
Steindler's release 504
Steinman's pin 487, 489f, 530
Stem cells 474
in orthopedics 474
types of 474
Stener's lesion 178, 178f
Sternoclavicular joint
dislocation 71
injuries 71
Sternocleidomastoid 380
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis 286
Sternomastoid tumor 380
Sterno-occipital mandibular immobilizer 21
Stiff hip gait 121
Stiff knee gait 121
Still's disease 426
Stimson's gravity
method 127f
technique 68, 69f
Stippled epiphyses 393
Straddle fracture 495
Straddle injury 114
Straight leg raising test 236, 236f
Strengthening exercises, types of 204t
Streptococcus pyogenes 520
Streptomyces somaliensis 290
Stress 13
fracture 27, 38, 39, 39f
of distal fibula 39f
of third metatarsal 162f
pathophysiology of 38
radiology of 38
treatment of 39
Stress-strain
curve 482f
relationship 482
Stroke 51
Strontium 403
Structural kyphosis 251
Structural scoliosis 246
Stryker notch view 498
Student's elbow 450, 450f
Stulberg classification 371, 372
Subacromial bursa 169f
Subacromial impingement syndrome 454
Subaxial cervical spine injuries, classification of 223
Subaxial spine 223
Subchondral drilling 194
Sublaminar wire fixation 250
Subluxation 6, 12f
Subperiosteal hemorrhages 411
Subperiosteal resorption 413f
Subscapularis 166f, 168
testing 496
Subtalar arthrodesis 504
Subtalar dislocation 162
Subtalar joint 196, 341f
stiffness of 159
Subtrochanteric fracture 137, 137f
Subungual osteochondroma 318, 319f
Sudeck's atrophy 513
Sudeck's dystrophy 97
Suicidal jumper's fracture 114, 116f
Sulcus sign 168f
Sulfasalazine 423, 425
Sunderland classification 254
Supination 6, 6f
injuries around ankle, stages of 154f
Supinator syndrome 274
Supracondylar femoral traction 23
Supracondylar fracture 77f
extension type 77
femur 143f
management 79f
of humerus 79, 79f, 80f
Supracondylar humerus fracture 76, 79f
undisplaced 78f
Suprascapular
fossa 267
nerve palsy 267
Supraspinatus testing 496
Supratrochanteric shortening
assessment of 123
signs of 497
Suspensory shoulder complex, superior 64f
Swan neck deformity 420
of middle finger 420f
Swanson's prosthesis 504
Swimmer's view 499, 501
Symbrachydactyly 352
Syme's amputation 463, 464
Symmetrical polyarthritis 432
Sympathetic nerves 277
Symphalangism 352
Syndactyly 352, 353f
Synergistic muscles, depiction of 272f
Synovectomy 298, 424
Synovial
biopsy 422
cell sarcoma 336, 499, 500
chondromatosis 195, 445
of hip joint 446f
fluid 417
analysis 418t, 422
joints 216, 231
sheaths, digital 295f
Synovitis 6, 426
Synovium 332f
Synthetic cast material, modern 469
Syphilis 291
congenital 291, 505
Syringomyelocele 388
Systemic lupus erythematosus 418, 422, 443, 446
T
Tabes dorsalis 291
Taenia solium 460
Tailor's ankle 450
Tailor's knee 528
Talar fracture 157, 157f
Talar neck 157f
Talar tilt test 197, 198f
Talipes equinovarus, congenital 21, 338, 339f, 339t, 342f, 344, 344f, 346f, 393, 522
Talocalcaneal
angle 342, 342f
joint 196
Talofibular ligament, anterior 196
Talus first metatarsal angle 342
Talus fracture 157f
Talwalkar nails 504
Talwalkar prosthesis 504
Tam O’ shanter sign 498
Tarsal coalition 349
Tarsal coalition, X-ray of 350f
Tarsal tunnel syndrome 273
etiology 273
management 274
Tarsometatarsal dislocation 160
Taylor spatial frame 30f
Tear
complex 192
drop fractures 223, 223f, 501
Tendinopathy 6
Tendinosis 6
Tendo-Achilles 340
inserts 158, 197
lengthening 346f
rupture 198t, 497
Tendon 340
injury 98
of hand 106, 106f
treatment of 107
transfers 293b, 387
Tendonitis 6
Tennis
elbow 175, 497
leg 202
Tenodesis 6
Tenolysis 6
Tenosynovitis 6
acute suppurative 295
Tenotomy 6
Tension band
plate 31
principle 32, 32b
wiring 156f, 504
of olecranon fracture 89f
of patella 146f
of patella fracture 32f
Tension pneumothorax 53, 54f
Tensor fascia lata 386
Teratological dislocation of hip 368
Teres minor 169, 171
Terminal hemimelia 356f
Terry Thomas sign 99f, 498
Tethered cord syndrome 388, 389
Thenar muscles 258f, 384f
Thenar space infection 294, 296
Thessaly's test 188, 189f
Thiemann's disease 443
Thigh foot angle, measurement of 342f
Thomas heel 468
Thomas splint 20, 22f
preparation of 20
size of 20
Thomas test 122, 122f, 497
Thompson-Epstein classification 125t
Thoracic
kyphosis 252f
nerve palsy, long 268
outlet syndrome 277
spine 212, 303f, 324f
tubercular affection of 303f
Thoracolumbar
fractures 225, 226
injury classification 226t
orthosis 467f
spinal orthoses 249f
spine 218
Thoracolumbosacral orthosis 466
Thoracoplasty 250
Thromboembolism 53, 479
Throwing shoulder, disabled 173b
Thumb
base of 104
movements 5f
opposition of 5
spica 27
Thurston Holland fracture fragment 498
Thurston Holland sign 510
Thyroid-stimulating hormone 435
Tibia 38, 150f
distal third of 285f
fracture 150f
interlocking nail 149f
neglected pseudoarthrosis of 355f
open fracture of 490f
segmental fracture of 149f
vara 359
Tibial
collateral ligament 182
diaphyseal fracture 28f
hemimelia 356
nerve 268
osteotomy, high 439
plafond fractures 150
plateau 184f
lateral 190f
plateau fracture 144, 144t
classification 144
complications 144
management 144
shaft fracture 148
high-energy 148
skeletal traction, upper 24f
stress syndrome, medial 202
torsion, internal 340
traction
lower 23, 25f
upper 23, 25f
tubercle, normal 444f
tuberosity 443
Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction 349
Tibiocalcaneal angle 342, 342f
Tibiofibular ligament
anteroinferior 196
posteroinferior 196
Tile's classification 112f
system 111
Tillaux fracture 496, 515
Tillaux-Chaput fracture 152
Tinel's sign 254, 270, 273, 274, 497
Tissue, functional 59
Titanium alloys 483
Toddler's fracture 37, 147, 148f, 495
Toe nail 333f
Tofacitinib 424
Tom Smith arthritis 289, 289f
sequel of 289f
Tooth forceps 487, 488f
Torn retinacular extensions 146f
Torticollis 379
Torus fracture 35, 36f, 495
Total hip replacement 308, 431f, 507
Tourniquet, application of 48f
Toxic synovitis 372
Toxins 53
Trabecular system 119f
of femoral neck 119, 119f
Traction 20
continuous 27, 28
counter-traction techniques 67
epiphysis 8
instruments 487
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 438
Transforaminal route 238
Transient femoral nerve palsy 367
Transient osteoporosis 447
Transient synovitis 372
Transitional vertebra 244
Translational injuries 226
Transpedicular decompression, posterior 305
Transverse tibiofibular ligaments 196
Trapdoor sign 316
Trapezius palsy 497
Trauma 42, 45, 498, 505
life support, advanced 50, 52, 111, 462
score, revised 58
scoring systems 58
Traumatic
amputation 462
anterior shoulder dislocation 66
dislocation, acute 178
fracture 13
paraplegia, management of 227
protrusio acetabuli 115
radioulnar synostosis 379
rhabdomyolysis 57
spondylolisthesis 222
vertebral fracture 302
Trendelenburg
gait 121
test 121, 121f
Trethowan sign 374
Trevor's disease 390, 392, 392f
Tricalcium phosphate 402
Triceps muscle 77f
Triceps tendinitis 177f
Trigger finger 453f
Trigone of bladder 214f
Triplane fracture 37, 38f, 496
Triple arthrodesis 345, 345f, 504
Trochanteric fracture 137f
Trochlea, osteochondritis of 83
Trochlear
dysplasia 182, 498
groove distance 179
sulcus 147f
Trochleoplasty 181
Trophic ulceration 292, 293
Tscherne's classification 26t, 59
Tubercle bacillus 297
Tubercular
knee 476
paraplegia, stages of 301b
rheumatism 310
synovitis, stage of 306
Tuberculosis 297, 371, 379, 422, 424, 505, 520
classic triad of 301f
hip, stages of 306
Tuberculous knee 528
Tuberculous osteomyelitis 310
Tuberosities 8
Tuberosity fracture, greater 72
Tubular rods 488
Tubular sequestrum 285, 286f
Tuft fracture 105, 106f
Tumor 45, 302, 311, 313
excision of 323f
necrosis
factor 423, 425, 430
factor alpha 419
Tumoral calcinosis 436, 436f
Turf toe 202
Turnbuckle
cast 27
splint 83f
Turner syndrome 413
U
Ulnar
artery 497
collateral ligament 177f, 178f
deviation 97f, 499
of digits 420f
nerve 257, 258, 259f, 530
palsy 257, 261f, 272f, 275f, 293, 497
paradox 260
variance 95
Ulnohumeral joint 75
Ulnolunate ligament 98
Ulnotriquetral ligament 98
Ultrasonography 365, 372, 374, 388, 450
Uncemented fixation 477
Undertaker's fracture 228
Underwear fracture 495
Unicameral bone cyst 315
Unicondylar fracture 85
Unicondylar knee replacement 479
Unipolar hip prostheses 477f
Unipolar prosthesis 504
Universal shoulder immobilizer 74f
Unstable fracture 218, 226
Unstable spine 218
Upper cervical spine, injuries of 220
Upper extremity deformities 383
Upper limb 495, 496, 502, 503
deformities of 378
injuries of 61
tension test 278
traumatology 512, 535
Upper motor neuron 210, 210f
lesion 208, 210t
Upper plexus injury 275
Uppercut test 173, 174f
Uretheral catheter 214f
Urethral injuries 113
Uric acid 433
overproduction of 433
V
Vacant glenoid sign 67
Vacuum-assisted closure 60
Valgus 6, 185
deformity, severe 362f
injury 185f
intertrochanteric osteotomy, concept of 133f
osteotomy 376f
stress test 187, 187f, 187t
Varus 6, 187t, 340
deformity 439
derotation osteotomy 504
injury 185, 185f
stress test 187, 187f
tilt 78
Varus-valgus stress radiographs of knee 190f
Vasa nervorum 275
Vascular claudication 242
Vascular injury 79, 127
Vascular tumors 311
Vasculitis 446
Vastus medialis obliquus 179
Vaughan-Jackson syndrome 421
Vein thrombosis, deep 113
Venn-Watson classification of polydactyly 354f
Ventilation 53
Verebelyi-Ogston procedure 504
Vertebra plana 337f, 498
causes of 500
Vertebral
body, collapse of 301f
body, parts of 216f
column 209f
fracture 501
span 215
hemangioma 324f
injury 501
lesion 211
motion segment 232f
Vertebroplasty 403, 502
Vertical compression 223
injuries 224, 224f
Vertical talus, congenital 346, 349, 349f
Vitamin
D dependent rickets 406, 408
D metabolism 404, 404fc
D resistant rickets 406
D deficiency 406, 407
causes of 405fc
classification of 407
Volar Barton fracture 96f
Volkmann's ischemia 254
Volkmann's ischemic contracture 82, 93, 506
development of 83f
of forearm muscles 83f
Voluntary dislocater 168
von Recklinghausen's disease 398
von Rosen splint 367f
W
Waddell's, signs of 244b
Waddell's triad 142
Waldvogel classification 281
Wandering acetabulum 307f
Ward's sign 531
Ward's triangle 498
Wartenberg sign 275, 275f
Watson's test 497
Watson-Jones approach 494
Weaver's bottom 450
Web space infection 294
Wedge compression 223
fracture 223f, 225, 226
Wedging of cast 27f
Wegener's granulomatosis 528
Well leg traction 23
Whiplash injury 225, 225f, 225t, 496, 501, 518
White blood cell 282, 372, 373, 501
White bone disorders 395, 498
White line of Frankel 411
Widening of wrist joint 406f
Wilkinson's joint clearance surgery 307
Wilson's disease 435
Wimberger ring 411
Wind swept
deformity 421, 421f
pelvis 114, 116f, 495
Winging of scapula 268f
Winquist and Hansen classification 138f
Winquist classification 138t
Wooden plank, use of 20f
Wormian bones 394f, 498
Wound
closure 57
dehiscence 159
Woven bone 16
Wright's test 158, 278, 278f, 497
Wrist 261
and hand, flexors of 106
drop 293
extensors 266
injuries of 90
joint 98f, 406f, 475
tuberculosis of 310
Writer's cramps 389
Wry neck 379
W-ward's triangle 119f
X
Xiphoid 51f
Y
Yellow flag signs 502
Yergason's test 199, 200f
Young and Burgess classification 111t, 112f
Z
Z foot 346
Z plasty 346f
Zanca view 498
Zancolli tenodesis 504
Z-deformity 420, 420f
Zebra strip sign 397, 397f
Ziehl-Neelsen staining 297
Zirconia 483
Zirconium oxide 483
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Chapter Notes

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