Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology V Subhadra Devi
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.
A
Abdomen 341
Abdominal cavity 224f
Abdominal wall, posterior 210f
Achondroplasia 112, 112f
Acini 197
Acrosomal enzymes 50f
Adrenal gland 313, 315, 345
development of 316f
Adrenal medulla 288
Adrenogenital syndrome 315
Agenesis 220
of trachea 219, 220f
Agnathia 157
Alar lamina 298, 300f
Alimentary system 163, 172
Alimentary tract 176
Allantoic diverticulum 69, 91
Alopecia, congenital 123
Alveolar process, curve of 166f
Ameloblasts 167f
Amniocentesis 91, 344
Amnion, formation of 55, 80f
Amniotic bands 92
Amniotic cavity 90f, 92, 92f, 93f
expansion of 89
formation of 55, 55f, 89
Amniotic fluid 89, 90f, 91
Amniotic membrane 99f
Anal canal 180, 349
Anal membrane 181f
Anencephalic fetus 150f, 341
Angioblastic tissue 228
Angiogenesis 228
Annular pancreas 185f, 199, 200f
Anodentia 167
Anomalous right subclavian artery 248f
Anonychia 123
Anophthalmos 325
Anti-epileptic drugs 162
Antral follicle 34f
Aorta 247
arch of 246f, 247, 248f, 345
branches of dorsal 249f
dorsal 229f
embryonic dorsal 248f
part of right dorsal 245f
Aortic arch 244f, 247f, 247t
development of 248f
double 248f, 262f
fate of 245f
right 248f
Aortic sac 246f, 247t
Aortic stenosis, types of 243f
Aortic valve 241f
Aortopulmonary septum 236
Aplasia 123
Apocrine sweat glands 122
Appendix 179, 345
of epididymis 286f
Arch
arterial 128
part of right sixth 245f
syndrome, first 157
Arcuate uterus 274
Arteries 130t, 140f, 243
development of 250f, 251f
of limbs 249
Assisted reproductive technique 51
Atresia 183, 184f, 194, 217, 241
of distal esophagus 220f
Atria, development of 230
Atrioventricular canal 230, 233
Atrium 231
left 236f, 259f
right 234f, 259f
Auditory canal, external 335f
Auditory meatus, anomalies of external 334
Auricle
anomalies of 334
development of 333f
right 335f
Autonomic nervous system 308
Autosomal dominant inheritance 16
pedigree chart of 16f, 17f
Autosomal recessive inheritance 17
Axial skeleton, development of 139
Azygos 345
vein 224f
venous channel 258f
B
Barr body 14, 15f
Basal lamina 296, 298, 298t, 299
Battledore placenta 88f
Bicornis bicollis uterus 274f
Bicornuate uterus 274f
Bilaminar germ disc 62f
Bile duct
complete duplication of 197f
partial duplication of 197f
Biliary apparatus 190, 194
development of 191f
intrahepatic 190, 193f
Biliary atresia, intrahepatic 193
Biliary tract, parts of extrahepatic 196f, 197f
Bladder, anomalies of 271f
Blastocyst 53, 75f, 81f
adhesion of 76f
embedding of 77
formation of 54f, 75
hatching of 53, 75, 75f, 76f
penetration of 76, 76f
Blind bronchus 220f
Blood
cells, formation of 103f, 227
disorders, treatment of 5
formation of 101
islands, formation of 103f
leakage of 42
vascular system, components of 227
vessels 229, 323
formation of 227, 228f
Body cavities 201
development of 191f
Bone 103, 145
formation
anomalies of 112
progressive 107
lamellar 107
length of 109f, 111f
mineral protein 134
morphogenetic protein 122, 334
structure of compact 105f
Bony labyrinth 329
parts of 332f
structure of 332f
Bony lamellae, formation of 108f
Brachiocephalic artery 246f, 247
Brain
anomalies of 307
development of ventricles of 291f
vesicles
cavities of 291
primary 290, 290f
secondary 290
Brainstem 296, 298
nuclei 298t
of embryo 297f
Branchial apparatus 133
Branchial arch 127
derived musculature 148
second 155
Branchial cyst 135
Branchial sinus 135
Bronchial tree, branching of 219
Bucconasal membrane 157
Bulboventricular cavity
formation of 236f
interior of 238f
Bulbus cordis 226, 236
Burst-forming units 102
C
Calcium wave 50
Canines 168
Capillaries, bunch of 303f
Cardiac progenitor cells 229
Cardinal vein
anterior 254f, 255f, 258f
left 255f
right 255f
common 255f
posterior 255, 255f, 256f, 258f
Cardiovascular diseases, treatment of 5
Cardiovascular system 226
Carnegie embryonic staging system 337
Carotid artery
common 245, 247
external 247
internal 245, 247
Cartilage
cell hypertrophy 107
formation of 103
Cartilaginous matrix, vascularization of 108
Caudal dysgenesis 72
Caudal pharyngeal complex 132
Caudate nucleus 305f
Cecum 179, 345
Celiac artery 345
Cell
division 18
antithesis of 47
formation of 115f
growth 28
lining intrahepatic biliary system 191
of intraembryonic mesoderm 58f
of sclerotome 139f
of spermatogenic lineage 25f
Central incisors 168
Cerebellar
peduncle, middle 299
rudiments 300f
Cerebellum 300
development of 300f
histogenesis of 301f
Cerebral
aqueduct 288
commissures 307
cortex 300, 304, 307f
hemisphere 300, 303f
development of 302f
Cerebrospinal fluid
circulation of 291
formation of 291
Cerebrum, white matter of 306
Ceruminous glands 122
Cervical
fistula 135
flexure 291, 292f
mucus, observation of 36
sinus 131f
persistence of 135
Chondrocranium 144, 144f
Chordoma 72
Chorion 79
components of 79
formation of 55, 80f
frondosum 80f, 81
laeve 80, 80f
types of 80f
Chorionic villi
formation of 79, 81f
primary 82
tertiary 83
primary 82f
sampling 344
secondary 82, 83f
tertiary 83f
Choroid 321
fissure 303f, 320f
Chromaffin tissue 316
Chromosomal nomenclature 15
Chromosome 11
classification of 14t
duplication of 12, 47f
number of 11f
numerical abnormalities of 15t
parts of typical 11f, 12f
significance of 12
structural abnormalities of 15t
structure 11
Ciliary body 322
Cleft lip 135f
Cleft of
hard 161
lower lip 157
Cleft palate 135f, 161, 161f
incomplete 161
Cleft scrotum 280f
Cleidocranial dysostosis 112
Cloaca 265
incomplete septation of 183
subdivisions of 266f
Cloacal membrane 58f, 65, 172, 276f
Clubfoot 147f
Coarctation of aorta 246, 248f
Coelomic cavities 205f, 206, 218f
Coloboma 325
of eyelid 325
of iris 326f
of upper eyelid 326f
Colon 180
Colony forming units 102
Columnar uterine epithelium 75
Complete cleft palate 161
Congenital anomalies, causation of 342
Conjoined twins 95f
Conjunctival sac 324f
Contraception 44
Copula 168
Cornea 323
Corona radiata 50
Coronary
ligament 211
sinus 255, 255f, 345
Corpus callosum, development of 308f
Corpus luteum 37
degenerating 26f
formation of 35f
Corpus striatum 288, 300, 304, 305f
development of 305f
part of 305f
Cortex 286
Cranial nerve 297f
nuclei
classification of 297f
location of 298f
Cranial parasympathetic outflow 310
Craniopharyngiomas 315
Crater nipple 124
Cryptorchidism 284
Cyclopia 325
Cystic duct 193
Cytoplasm 30
Cytotrophoblast cells 81f, 82f, 83f
extensions of 82f
Cytotrophoblastic shell, formation of 83, 84f
D
Daughter cells 21f
Davidson body 14, 15f
Decidua 77
basalis 78, 80f
capsularis 78, 80f
components of 79, 79f
parietalis 78
subdivisions of 78, 78f
Decidual reaction 75, 78
Dental lamina 165f-167f
stage of 164
Deoxyribonucleic acid 8
Dermis 119
Dextrocardia 243f
Diaphragm 201, 211, 213, 214f, 346
adult 213
anomalies of 213
congenital eventration of 213
descent of 213
development of 191f, 212f, 213
innervation 213
part of 213
Diaphragmatic hernias 213, 214f
Diaphyseal aclasis 112
Didelphys uterus 274
Diplotene 20
Diverticula 183
Dizygotic twins 93, 93t
Ducts 197
Ductus arteriosus 247, 260
Ductus caroticus 244
persistent 248f
Ductus deferens 286f
Ductus venosus 260
Duodenum 178, 187f, 345
development of 179f
obstruction of 184f
part of 179f
Dyschondroplasia 112
Dysplasia 123
E
Ear 346
absence of middle 335f
anomalies of 334
internal 334
middle 334
atresia, bilateral middle 335f
development of 328
middle 332f
external 330
internal 331f
middle 330, 331f
ossicles 346
parts of 329t
external 333f
Eccrine sweat glands 122
Ectoderm 55f, 58f, 100, 168, 277f
derivatives of 99t
dorsal 146
Ectodermal cleft
fate of 129
first 333f
Ectopia vesicae 271, 271f
Ectopic pregnancy 78
Ectopic thyroid tissue 134
Edinger-Westphal nucleus 299
Ejaculatory ducts 286f
opening of 273f
Embryo 337
crown-rump length of 337f
development of 10
folding of 67
growth of 336
head end of 153f
nutrition of 227
primitive veins of 251f
Embryonic disc 56f, 57f, 61, 339f
caudal end of 58
circular 56
cranial end of 67f
Embryonic period 57
Embryonic stem cells therapy 59
Embryonic structures, craniocaudal arrangement of 69t
Enamel organs, formation of 166f
Encephalocele 307, 341f
Enchondromatosis 112
Endochondral ossification 107, 107f, 108f
Endocrine components of pancreas 200f
Endocrine glands 313
classification of 313
development of 101f
Endoderm 55f, 100, 172, 271, 275f, 277f, 313
derivatives of 99t
Endodermal pouches
derivatives of 131t
fate of 131
Endolymphatic sac, formation of 330f
Endometrial biopsy 36
Endometrium 27f, 41, 41f
erosion of 76f
superficial parts of 42
Endothelial cells 103f
Endothelial heart tube 226, 230
divisions of 347
Epiblast, formation of 55
Epidermal growth factor 11
Epidermis 118
development of 119f
Epididymis 24f, 286f
Epigenital tubules 285
Epiphyseal cartilage 111f
structure of 111f
Epispadias 278
Epithalamic sulci 303
Epithelia 99, 11
Eruption, time of 168t
Esophagus 176, 185f, 248f, 262f
mesenteries of 212f
Exocrine glands, development of 101f
Exomphalos 184, 188f
Extraembryonic blood
vascular system 228
vessels 228f
Extraembryonic coelom 56f, 66f, 70, 91, 92, 92f, 93f, 203f
formation of 55
obliteration of 92f
Extraembryonic membranes 88
Extraembryonic mesoderm 349
formation of 55, 56f
Extraembryonic part of yolk sac 91f
Extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm 83f
Extrahepatic biliary apparatus 193, 346
Extrahepatic duct system 194
anomalies of 194, 196f
Extrapulmonary bronchi 217
Extrathoracic lung 224f
Eye 155, 346
anterior chambers of 323
development of 318
formation of lens of 321f
fused median 325f
posterior chambers of 323
structures of 325
Eyeball 316, 321t
anomalies of 325
coats of 322f
extraocular muscles of 148, 324
parts of 320
Eyelids 323
anomalies of 325
formation of 324f
F
Face
abnormal 158f
development of 152, 153f156f, 161
anomalies of 157
parts of 155f
Facial anomalies 346
Facial cleft 158f
oblique 157
Facial skeleton 144
Falciform ligament 194f, 211
Fallopian tube 96f
Fallot's tetralogy 244f
Fecal fistula 183
Female
external genitalia 275
gametes 37t
homologues of prostate 273
reproductive system 25, 26f
urethra, development of 271
Femur 341f
Fertilization 46, 46f, 47, 53t, 75f, 346
Fertilized ovum
cleavage divisions of 75
segmentation of 53f
Fetal
abdomen 340f
blood circulation 83
circulation 258, 259f, 260, 346, 347f
cortex 316f
cotyledons 84f, 85
diseases 343
growth
head 340f, 341
liver, functions of 191
lobulation, persistence of 202f
lung 195f
membranes 73, 88
pancreas, functions of 199
surface 73, 85
surgery 344
therapies 344
transfusion 344
Fetoprotein assay, alpha 344
Fetoscopy 344
Fetus 74f, 135f, 337
aborted 309f, 335f
acardiac 95
acephalic 95
Fibroblast growth factor 11, 112, 122, 134
Fibrous
cords 183
dysplasia 112
membrane 106
Fistulae 183, 186f
Follicle
primary 33f
secondary 34f
stimulating hormone 22, 33, 59
tertiary 34f
Follicular cells, transformation of 35f
Folliculogenesis 33
Foramen cecum 133f, 168
Foramen ovale 234, 259f
obliteration of 235
Foregut, cranial part of 127f
Frontonasal process 156
Furcate placenta 88f
G
Gallbladder 193, 195f
anomalies of 194
duplication of 195f
floating 194
intrahepatic 194, 195f
Gametes 2
formation of 39
fusion of 48
Gametogenesis 22, 27
Gastrointestinal tract 113, 172
Gastrulation 57
Gene 8
abnormalities 39
expression of 10
mutations 39
paired box 134
Genetic disorders, inheritance of 16
Genital organs 286
Genital system 286t
Genital tubercle 286
Genitalia, development of external 275, 277f
Genotype 15
Germ cells, migrating primordial 27f
Germ layers, formation of 45, 54
Gestation 336
Gestational age 337
Gestational period 336
Gestational sac 339f, 340f
Gland 41f, 347
epithelial lining of 41
of median lobe 273f
of skin 122
parts of 134f
sublingual 171
submandibular 171
Globus pallidus 304
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 17
Gonad 2, 23, 25
developing 280f, 281f
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones 43
Growth factors, transforming 11
Gubernaculum 283f, 286
Gut
mesenteries of 207
rotation of 181
Gynecomastia 124
H
Hair 121, 123
follicle, development of 121f
Harelip 157
varieties of 157f
Harlequin fetus 123
Hartmann's pouch 194, 195f
Heart 227, 230, 240f, 347
conducting system of 240
congenital anomalies of 241
development of 229
exterior of 239
fields
primary 229
secondary 229
tube 230f, 232f, 244f
fusion of 244f
left 231f
right 231f
subdivisions of fused 231f
valves of 239
Hemangioblasts, formation of 103f
Hematopoiesis 191
Hemiazygos 257
accessory 257
veins 345
Hepatic architecture 193
formation of 191
Hepatic bud
development of 193
growth of 190
subdivisions of 190
Hepatic cells, reorganization of 193f
Hepatic ducts 194
Hepatic lobule 193f
Hernia, types of 285f
Hippocampal cortex 306f
Hirschsprung's disease 183
Hormones
concentration of 37f
use of 44
Horseshoe kidney 269f
Hourglass bladder 271, 271f
Human
adult, circulation in 259f
chorionic
gonadotropin 38, 44, 77, 88, 342
somatomammotropin 88
immunodeficiency virus 343
life cycle of 2f
placenta 86t
Hyaline membrane disease 220
Hyaloid artery 322f
Hydatidiform mole 54
Hydrocephalus 308
Hypertelorism 157
Hypertrichosis 123
Hypoblast, formation of 55
Hypophysis cerebri 314
development of 314f
Hypoplasia 220, 315
Hypospadias 280f
Hypothalamic sulci 303, 304f
Hypothalamus 303
development of 304f
I
Ichthyosis 123
Ileum 179
Iliac veins, common 256
Imperforate anus 183
types of 185f
Implantation
stages of 76f
types of 77, 77f
In vitro fertilization 51, 59
technique 52f
Incisors
lateral 168
lower
central 168
lateral 168
Indusium griseum 307f
Infracardiac bursa 210
Inguinal bursa, formation of 280
Integumentary system 118
Interatrial septum 348
formation of 233
Intercellular matrix, calcification of 107
Intercostal vein, left superior 255f
Interstitial implantation 77, 78f
Interventricular foramen of Monro 291
Interventricular septum 238f, 348
defect 244f
formation of 237
Intestine, mesentery of small 211
Intraembryonic blood
vascular system 228
vessels 228f
Intraembryonic coelom 66f, 91, 201, 202
formation of 66f, 67, 201
parts of 204f
subdivisions of 203f
Intraembryonic mesoderm 58f, 336
components of 203f
extensions of 57
formation of 56, 57f
subdivisions of 65, 66f
Intralocular ducts 200f
Intramembranous ossification 105, 106f, 110f
Intrapulmonary bronchi, subdivisions of 218
Intrauterine growth retardation 342
Inverted nipple 124
Iris 322
Isochromosomes 39
J
Jejunum 179
Joints 146
K
Karyotype 14f
Keratinization defect 123
Kidney 220, 268, 348
anomalies of 269, 269f
ascent of 268f
collecting system of 267f
development of 265
pancake 269
rotation of 269
transposition of 269f
L
Labiogingival sulcus 165f
Labioscrotal swellings 286
Lacrimal apparatus 323
anomalies of 326
Lacrimal gland 324f
Lamella formation 108
Laryngeal nerves, recurrent 247f
Laryngocele 217
Laryngoptosis 217
Laryngotracheal groove, U-shaped 216f
Laryngotracheal tube 214
Larynx 215, 216f
anomalies of 217
cartilage of 218f
components of 216
Lens 320
placode, formation of 319f
vesicle, formation of 318
Lentiform nucleus 305f, 306f
Leptotene 19
Lesser sac
development of 207, 208f, 210f
formation of 209f
Leydig cells 25, 287
Lid, normal 327f
Lienorenal ligament 178, 200, 211
Ligament
gastrophrenic 211
gastrosplenic 211
triangular 211
Limb
anomalies of 147
arteries, lower 348
formation of 145
muscles 150
Lingual swellings 168
Linguogingival sulci 165f
Lip
lower 153
upper 153
Liver 190, 348
anomalies of 194f
cells 191
growth of 252f
development of 191f, 192f, 221f
rudimentary 193
Living organisms, basic qualities of 1
Lobes, abnormalities of 221
Lobular arrangement 193
Lobulated kidney 269f
Lower limb, axis artery of 250
Lumbar region 282f
Lung 220
abnormal lobes of 224f
anomalies of 220
azygos lobe of 224f
buds 216f
congenital cysts of 187f, 221, 271
ectopic 221
hernia 221
maturation of 219, 222f, 223f
parenchyma of 219
tissue, sequestration of 221
Luteal cells 35f
Luteinizing hormones 22, 33, 36
Lymph sacs 261f
Lymphatic duct, right 261f
Lymphatic system 260
M
Macrostomia 157, 158f, 341f
unilateral 341f
Male
external genitalia 275, 278
gametes 37t
genitalia, stages in 279f
reproductive system 23, 24f
urethra, development of 271
Mammary gland 118, 122
development of 124f
developmental anomalies of 124
Mandibulofacial dysostosis 135, 157
Mangolian eye slant 326f
Mass, dorsal 292
Massive growth of liver 193
Maternal blood 81
vessels 77, 82f
Maternal cotyledons 84f, 85
Maternal endometrium, erosion of 81
Maternal surface 73
Mature graafian follicle 34f
Maxilla 160
MeCkel's diverticulum 183, 187f
Meconium 192
Medulla 286, 298, 316f
development of 299f
oblongata 296
development of 296f
Megacolon 183, 184f
Meiosis 19
Melanoblasts 119
Membrane, internal limiting 115f
Membranous labyrinth 328, 330f, 332f
formation of 329f
Membranous neurocranium 144
Meningocele 309f, 310f
Meningomyelocele 308, 309f, 310f
Menstrual cycle 22, 27f, 39, 40f, 41f
phases of 40, 40f
Mesencephalic flexure 292f
Mesenchymal cells 101f, 102f, 167f
Mesenchymal condensation 106, 107, 107f
formation of 331f
Mesenchyme 100
Mesoappendix 211
Mesoderm 100, 168, 275f
derivatives of 100t
intermediate 67, 264
of body wall 206
Mesodermal cells 166f
Mesogastrium 178f
dorsal 202f, 208f, 209
parts of dorsal 210f
Mesonephric duct 270f, 272f, 285f, 286
and tubules, fate of 284, 285
parts of 270f
Mesonephric tubules 284, 286
Mesonephros 266f, 267f, 286f
Messenger RNA 9
Metanephric blastema 348
Metanephros 266
Metaphysis 111
Metencephalon 300f
Micrognathia 135f
Microphthalmos 325
Microstomia 157, 158f
Microtia, right-sided 335f
Midbrain 298, 299
level of 298f
Midgut
development 179
loop 180f
rotation 348
Mitochondria 30
Mitosis 18
steps of 19f
Molars, permanent 167f
Molecular control of growth 10
Monochorionic monoamniotic twinning 95
Monosomy 21
Monozygotic twins 93, 93t, 94f
Morula 52
Mosaicism 39
Motor nerve 170
Mouth
floor of 165f
roof of 164, 165f
Müllerian ducts 286
Müllerian eminence 286
Müllerian inhibiting substance 287
Multiple births 93
Multiple exostoses 112
Muscle
of arches 129
of pharyngeal arches 130t
of tongue 148
smooth 113, 350
striated 128
tissues 114f
Muscular system 137, 147
development of 148
Muscular tissue 112
Muscular wall, abnormal thickening of 183
Myelencephalon 291
Myelin sheath, formation of 116
Myogenesis of skeletal muscle 113
Myometrium 27t
Myotomic segment derived muscles of body 148f
N
Nail 120
derivation of 120f
parts of 120f
Nasal aperture, primitive posterior 157
Nasal cavity
anomalies of 159
development of 157
Nasal pits 157
Nasal sacs 157
Nasal septum 161
formation of 159f
Nasolacrimal duct 324f
formation of 324f
Nasolacrimal furrow 324f
Nasolacrimal sulcus 155
Nasooptic furrow 155
Nephrogenic cord 265f
Nephron, development of 268f
Nerve 129, 130t, 140
cells, formation of 115
fiber 305f
unmyelinated 117
growth factors 11
of arch 128
plexuses, nondevelopment of 183
Nervous system 288, 312
development 311
Nervous tissue 114, 116t
Neural arch 141f
Neural crest cells 288, 292, 313, 316f
separation of 290
Neural plate stage 289
Neural tube 289, 290, 290t, 292f
anomalies of 309f
defects 307
flexures of 292f
formation of 65, 289f, 311
growth of 290 11t, 290
histogenesis of 114
layers of 115f
openings of 289
single layered 293f
stage 289
subdivisions of 290
Neurectoderm 289
Neuroblast
formation of 116f
stage of
apolar 115
bipolar 115
multipolar 116
unipolar 115
Neurocentral line 141f
Neuroectoderm 313
Neuroectodermal derivatives 346
Neuroepithelial cells 115f
Neuroglial cells, formation of 114, 116
Neurological diseases, treatment of 5
Neurons, formation of 114
Neuropore
closure of 289
posterior 289
Nose, development of 161
Notochord
formation of 62, 64f
region of 58f
Nuclear fusion 50
O
Odontoblasts 166
Olivary nuclei 296, 296f
Omental bursa 207
Omentum, lesser 211
Omphalocele 184, 185, 341
Oocyte maturation inhibition 31, 33
Oogenesis 28t, 31
stages of 24f
Optic cup, formation of 319
Optic stalk, formation of 319f
Optic vesicle, formation of 318, 319f
Oral cavity 164
Organogenesis 5
period of 342
Organs, regeneration of 5
Ossicles of middle ear 332f
Osteoblast 105, 105f, 106
conversion of 107
Osteogenesis imperfecta 112
Osteoid
formation 106
mineralization of 107
Osteosclerosis 112
Ostium primum 234
defect 241
Ostium secondum 234
defect 241
Otic
pit 329f
placode 329f
vesicle 329f
Otocyst 330f
division of 330f
Ovarian cycle 33, 43f
hormonal control of 43
Ovarian follicles
development of 26f
fate of 38f
Ovarian implantation 77
Ovary
anomalies of 284
cut-section of 26f
descent of 284
development of 283
Ovulation 26f, 35, 46f, 75f
hormonal control of 37f
initiation of 44
suppression of 44
time of 36f, 42
Ovum 46f, 47
maturation of 46f
structure of 36, 36f, 48
transport of 48, 74
viability of 48
P
Pachytene 19
Palate
development of 159, 160f, 161
embryological subdivisions of 161f
primary 160
primitive 157
secondary 160
soft 161
Palatine tonsil, development of 132
Pancreas 190, 197, 348
anomalies of 199, 200f, 201f
development of 191f, 198f
divisum 199
Pancreatic buds 198f
origin of 197
position of 197
Pancreatic ducts 201f
inversion of 199
Pancreatic tissue 199, 200f
Paramesonephric ducts 273, 273f, 275
fate of 274f
parts of 273
Paranasal sinuses 159
Parasitic twins 95, 96f
Parasympathetic neurons 310
Parathyroid
glands 131f, 313, 348
development of 133
position of 131f
Paraxial mesoderm 65
Parotid gland 171, 341f
Pars cystica 192f
Pars hepatica 191, 192f
Patent ductus arteriosus 246
Patent foramen ovale 241, 244f
Patent truncus arteriosus 243f
Patent vitellointestinal duct 187f
Pedigree chart 16, 16f
Penetration defect, closure of 76
Penile urethra 279f
Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling 344
Pericardial cavity 203, 230f, 240
Pericardioperitoneal canal
enlargement of 204f
position of 205
Peritoneal cavities 204f, 206, 207f
Peritoneal folds 211t
formation of 193f
Pharyngeal apparatus 133
Pharyngeal arch 126, 127, 127f, 128f, 216f, 218f
arteries 243, 348
derivatives
first 346
second 349
third 350
formation of 127f
skeletal derivatives of 129t
Pharyngeal hypophysis 315
Pharyngeal pouches
derivatives 348, 349
fate of 132f
Pharyngotympanic tube 331f, 332f
Pharynx 163, 168
floor of 133f
Phenotype 15
Philtrum 155
Phrenic nerve, location of 218
Phrygian cap 194
Pierre Robin syndrome 135
Pigment disorders 123
Pineal gland 313, 315
development of 315f
Pituitary
agenesis 315
gland 313, 314, 349
Placenta 84, 85f, 90f, 339f, 340f
classification of 87
formation of 73
functions of 86
membranacea 87f
normal attachment of 79f
peripheral margin of 85
phylogenetic classification of 89f
previa 78
degrees of 78, 80f
succenturiata 87f
types of 87f, 88f, 89t
Placental barrier 86f
Placental membrane 86
Plate mesoderm, lateral 201
Pleural cavity 204, 217
formation of 206f
Pleuropericardial canal 216f
Pleuropericardial membrane 218f
Pleuroperitoneal canal 203f, 212f
Pleuroperitoneal membranes 206, 211
Pluripotent cells 59
Polar trophoblast, adhesion of 75
Polycystic kidney, congenital 269, 269f
Polycystic liver 193
Polymastia 124
Polythelia 124
Pons 298, 299
development of 299f
Portal vein 349
development of 252, 253f
right branch of 253
Postganglionic neurons 311
sympathetic 310f
Preantral follicle 34f
Preganglionic neurons 310
Prenatal diagnosis of sex 278
Preorganogenesis period 57
Primitive atrium, right half of 235
Primitive pharynx, floor of 168, 169f
Primitive streak, formation of 56
Primordial follicle 33f
Primordial germ cells 22, 25, 27, 62, 278, 286
migration of 280f
Primordium of body cavities, developmental 201
Processus vaginalis 281
anomalies of 284, 285f
Prochordal plate 58f, 65
formation of 56
Proliferating cartilage, zone of 111
Proliferating intraembryonic mesoderm 65f
Pronephric duct 267f
Pronephros 266f
duct 267f
Prostate 349
development of 272
endodermal derivatives of 273f
Prostatic urethra, posterior wall of 273f
Protein, synthesis of 9
Pseudohermaphroditism 315
Pulmonary arteries 245, 247
Pulmonary valve 241f
Pulmonary veins 236f
absorption of 235
Punnett square diagram 16f
Pupillary membrane 322f
Pyloric stenosis, congenital 183, 184f
R
Rachischisis 307, 308, 309f
Ramuli chorii 84f
Rathke's pouch 314, 314f
Rectal fistulae, types of 186f
Rectovaginal fistula 272f, 274
Rectum 180, 186f, 349
Reidel's lobe 193, 194f
Renal arteries, aberrant 269, 269f
Renal tubules, excretory 265
Renal vein, left 257f
Reproductive system 22
Respiratory
distress syndrome 220
diverticulum 214, 217f
system 190, 214, 222f
development of 191f, 219
subdivisions of 214
Retina 321
layers of 322f
Retinal detachment 325
Retrognathia 157
Retroperitoneal duodenum 179f
Rhombencephalon 291
Rhombic lip 299
Ribonucleic acid 9
Ribs 142
anomalies of 143
S
Sacrococcygeal teratoma 72
Salivary glands 171
Salivatory nucleus, superior 299
Schwann cells 288
Sclera 323
Scrotum 23
Sebaceous glands 121f, 122
Semen 48
Seminal vesicles 286f
Seminiferous tubule 23, 25
cut-section of 25f
Sensation, general 170
Septal defect 244f
ventricular 262f
Septate uterus 274f
Septum primum 233
defect 244f
Septum secundum 234
defect 244f
Septum transversum 177f, 193f, 203f, 205f, 211, 212, 212f, 349
role of 193
Sertoli cells 25, 25f
Sessile gallbladder 194, 195f
Sex
chromatin 13, 15f
chromosomes 11
cords 286
determination 51
glands, accessory 23
Sex-linked inheritance, pedigree chart of 17f
Sigmoid mesocolon 211
Sinoatrial orifice 232f, 234f
Sinovaginal bulbs 274, 275f
Sinus
of pericardium 242f
tubercle 286
venosus 226, 230, 233f, 234f, 252f
left horn of 233f, 255f
right horns of 255f
Situs inversus 184
Skeletal element 128
Skeletal muscle 113, 147
Skeletal musculature 148
Skeletal system 137, 138
Skin 118
anomalies of 123
appendages of 120
components of 119f
of abdomen 284f
Skull
anomalies of 145
base of 144
vault of 144
Somatic cell 11f
Somatic veins 253
Somites 138
distribution of 139t
Sperm 47f
maturity of 48
motility of 48
transport of 48
Spermatocytosis 28
Spermatogenesis 28, 28t, 29f, 30
stages of 23f
Spermatozoa
capacitation of 30
maturation of 30
Spermatozoon 31
parts of 29f, 30f
penetration of 49f
structure of mature 30
Spermiogenesis 29, 30, 30f, 350
Spina bifida 142f, 307, 308, 309f, 310f
anterior 309f
occulta 308, 309f
Spinal branch 249f
Spinal cord 293, 295f
anomalies of 307
development of 293f
recession of 295f
transverse section of 296f
Spinal nerve roots, development of
dorsal 294f
ventral 294f
Spinal nerves 295f
Spiral arteries
constriction of 42
relaxation of 42
Spiral septum, defects of 241
Spleen 190, 197, 199, 350
anomalies of 200
development of 202f
superior border of 202f
Spleniculi 199
Spongy bone, structure of 105f
Stem cell
adult 59
classification of 6f
formation of 28
therapy 4
types of 6t
Stenosis 183, 241
congenital 217
of anal canal 185f
of gut 184f
Sternum 143
anomalies of 143
development of 143f
Stomach 176, 177f, 187f
Stomatodeum 127f
Stratum basale 41
Stratum compactum 41, 42
Stratum spongiosum 41, 42
Streak cells, primitive 62f
Subcardinal vein 256, 256f
formation of 256f
right 257f
Subcardinal-hepatocardiac anastomosis 256f
Subclavian artery 246, 247, 350
left 245, 247
Subseptate uterus 274f
Sulcus terminalis 169
Supracardinal veins 256, 256f
Sweat gland 122
development of 122f
Sympathetic neurons 308
Syncytial lacunae 81
Syncytial trabeculae 82f
Syncytiotrophoblast 81
formation of 81f
Synophthalmos 325
Synovial joint, development of 146f
Syringomyelia 308
T
Taste sensation 170
Teeth 164
anomalies of 167
germ, formation of 166f
parts of 168t
permanent 168t
Telachoroidea 303f
Telencephalic vesicles 302f
Telencephalon 306f
Teratogenesis 342
Test tube babies 51
Testis 23, 350
anomalies of 284
descends 283f
descent of 280, 283f
development of 278, 282f
duct system of 278
ectopic positions of 284f
in inguinal canal 282f
in upper scrotum 283f
lobule of 23
region of 283
to processus vaginalis 283f
vertical section of 24f
Thalamus 303
development of 304f
Therapeutic stem cell cloning 59
Thoracic artery, development of internal 248, 249f
Thoracic duct 350
development of 261f
Thoracoabdominal musculature 149f
Thoracolumbar veins 256
Thorax, fusion of 95f
Thymic element 132
Thymus, development of 132
Thyroglossal duct 133f, 134
path of 135f
Thyroid
gland 313, 350
anomalies of 134, 134f
development of 133, 134f
pyramidal process of 134f
lateral 132
Tissues, regeneration of 5
Tongue 168, 351
components of 170t
development of 170f
parts of 169f
Trabeculae 81f
formation of 108
radial arrangement of 81f, 82f
Trachea 185f, 216f, 217, 262f
anomalies of 219, 220f
Tracheal bronchi 220f
Tracheoesophageal fistula 183, 185f, 219
Transabdominal ultrasound 340f
Transverse anastomosis, formation of 256f
Transverse colon 180
Transverse mesocolon 211
Treacher Collins syndrome 135, 157
Trilaminar germ disc 57
Trophoblast 75, 76, 78, 81f
cells 75
two layers of 79
Truncus arteriosus 236
adult derivatives of 247t
Tubal gestation 96f, 339f
Tubal implantation 77
Tubal pregnancy 96f, 150f
Tubotympanic recess, formation of 332f
Twinning 73, 93, 94f
Tympanic membrane 332, 351
layers of 333f
Tympanum 332f
U
Ultimobranchial body 132
Ultrasonography 344
Umbilical artery 91, 249, 250f, 260
development of 250f
Umbilical cord 70f, 74f, 88f, 90, 92, 92f
paracentral insertion of 88f
Umbilical hernia
congenital 184
nonreturn of 184
physiological 181
Umbilical sinus 183, 187f
Umbilical vein 91, 252f
left 260
Upper limb
arteries 351
axis artery of 249
formation of 156
Ureter
anomalies of 269f, 270
development of 270
Ureteric bud derivatives 351
Urethra 186f, 351
anomalies of 271
development of 272f
Urethral groove, primitive 276
Urinary bladder 186f, 272f, 351
anomalies of 271
development of 270
Urogenital fold 286
Urogenital membrane 174
Urogenital sinus 270f, 275f, 286
primitive 173, 272f, 276f
Urogenital system 264
Urorectal septum 173
formation of 173f, 175f
Uterine
anomalies 351
blood vessels 82f
canal 273
cavity 92, 92f, 93f
cycles 42, 43f
hormonal control of 43
endometrium 75, 76
components of 27f
epithelium 41f, 76, 76f
glands 41
segment
lower 78f
upper 79f
tube 48, 74, 274f
ampulla of 78f
anomalies of 274
development of 273
Uterovaginal canal 273, 273f, 275f
Uterus 26, 274f
anomalies of 274, 274f
arcuatus 274f
bicornis 274
development of 273
didelphys 274
fundus of 75
V
Vagina
anomalies of 274
development of 274
part of 274f
to rectum 272f
Vaginal fistulae 272f
Vagus nerve 178f
Vas deferens 24f
Vascular capsule, remnants of 322f
Vascular endothelial growth factor 112
Vasculogenesis 227, 227f, 228
Veins 251
anomalies of 257
azygos system of 257
draining, intercostal 255f
of abdomen 255
three systems of 254t
Vena cava
anomalies of inferior 259f
development of inferior 256f
double inferior 257
inferior 256, 258, 346, 347
left
preureteric 258
superior 350
Venae revehentes 253
Venous valves 234f
Ventral ectoderm 146
Ventral mass 292
Ventral pancreatic bud 197
Ventricle
development of 235
left 259f
right 259f
Vernix caseosa 118
Vertebra
defective formation of 309f
development of 138f, 141
Vertebral artery 351
development of 248, 249f
Vertebral canal 295f
Vertebral column 139
congenital anomalies of 142
Vesicourethral canal 271
Vesicovaginal fistula 272f, 274
Vessels, postnatal occlusion of 260t
Vestigial remnant 286f
Villus, subdivisions of 84, 84f
Viscera, abdominal 191f
Visceral veins 251
Viscerocranium 144
Vitelline cyst 183
Vitelline membrane 50
Vitelline veins 252f, 253f
left 253f
right 253f
Vitellointestinal duct 91, 172, 187f
anomalies 183
Vitiligo 123, 123f
Volvulus 184
W
Waardenburg syndrome 123
Wharton's jelly 91
Wolffian duct 286
X
X-linked dominant inheritance 17, 17f
X-linked recessive inheritance 17, 17f
Y
Yolk sac 55f, 67
caudal end of 27f
formation of
primary 55
secondary 56
neighborhood of 280f
Z
Zona pellucida 50
function of 54
Zygote, formation of 51
Zygotene 19
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Chapter Notes

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