Sadikot's International Textbook of DIABETES
Sadikot's International Textbook of DIABETES
Editor-in-Chief Kamlakar Tripathi MD DM FRCP
Former Professor and Head Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Managing Editor Banshi Saboo MD PhD MNAMS (Diabetes) FRCP (UK) FACE
Diabetologist and Metabolic Physician DIACARE (Diabetes Care and Hormone Clinic)
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Visiting Professor, National Health University
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Foreword
Jitendra Singh Minister of State (Independent Charge)
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Sadikot's International Textbook of Diabetes / Kamlakar Tripathi, Banshi Saboo
First Edition: 2019
9789352700325
Printed at
Diabetes management should be improved by
educating healthcare professionals at grass root level
- Dr SM Sadikot
Adel-El Sayed
Akhtar Hussain
Anoop Mishra
Clive Cockram
David Maahs
Itamar Raz
Jean Charles Fruchart
Jean Claud Mbanya
Kamlesh Khunti
Kaushik Ramaiya
Linong Ji
Marja-Rita Taskinen
Massimo Beneditti
Prim Weitgasser
Raimund Weitgasser
Shashank R Joshi
Thomas Danne
Contributors
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
- Kamlakar Tripathi MD DM FRCP
- Former Professor and Head
- Department of Medicine
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
MANAGING EDITOR
- Banshi Saboo MD PhD MNAMS (Diabetes) FRCP (UK) FACE
- Diabetologist and Metabolic Physician
- DIACARE (Diabetes Care and Hormone Clinic)
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Visiting Professor, National Health University
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
SENIOR EDITORS
- Anil Bhoraskar MD
- Diabetologist
- Raheja Hospital, Asian Heart Institute
- Asian Cancer Institute
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ashok K Das MD PhD DNB FAMS FICP FACP FRCP
- Senior Professor of Medicine and Head Endocrinology
- Jawaharlal Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
- Puducherry, India
- Luiz Gardete Correia MD
- Vice President, International Diabetes Federation
- Specialist in Endocrinology and Nutrition
- President of the Association's Management
- Portugal
- Nam Han Cho MD
- President, International Diabetes Federation
- Director, Clinical Epidemiology
- Ajou Uiversity School of Medicine
- South Korea
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
- Eberhard Standl MD
- Professor of Medicine
- Specialist in Endocrinology and Angiology
- Munich Diabetes Research Group e.V
- Helmholtz Center
- Germany
- Pratik Choudhary MD FRCP
- Senior Lecturer and Consultant in Diabetes
- King's College London, Diabetes Research Group
- London, United Kingdom
- Sarita Bajaj MD DM FRCP
- Director-Professor and Head
- Department of Medicine
- Moti Lal Nehru Medical College
- Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- SR Aravind DNB FRCP (Edin and Glasg)
- Director
- Diacon Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
SECTION EDITORS
- Anuj Maheshwari MD FRCP
- Professor and Head
- Department of Medicine
- Babu Banarasi Das University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Jayanta K Panda MD FACP FICP
- Associate Professor
- Shri Ramachandra Bhanj Medical
- College
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Jothydev Kesavadev MD FRCP (Lond and Glasg) FACE FACP FRSSD
- Diabetes Psychologist
- Jothydev's Diabetes Research Centre
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Rajeev Chawla MD FRSSDI FRCP FACE
- Senior Consultant and Director
- North Delhi Diabetes Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Rakesh Sahay MD DM FACE FICP
- FRSSDI
- Professor and Head
- Department of Endocrinology
- Osmania General Hospital
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Sanjay Kalra DM
- Consultant
- Department of Endocrinology
- Bharti Hospital
- Karnal, Haryana, India
- Sudhir Bhandari MD FRCP FACP FACE DNB MNAMS FICP AFICA FISC FRSSDI
- Consultant Physician and Diabetologist
- Honorary Physician to H. E. Governor of Rajasthan
- Advisor and Member Board of
- Management, Jaipur National University
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Sunil Gupta FRCP (Glasg and Edin) FACP FICP FIAMS FIACM
- Managing Director
- Department of Diabetology
- Sunil's Diabetes Care n’ Research Centre Pvt Ltd
- Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
DIVISION EDITORS
- Altamash Shaikh DNB
- Honorary Consultant
- Saifee Hospital, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Arvind Gupta MD
- Director and Consultant
- Department of Diabetes
- Jaipur Diabetes Research Centre
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Awadhesh K Singh MD DM
- Senior Consultant Endocrinologist
- Department of Endocrinology
- GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Sun Valley Diabetes Hospital
- Guwahati, Assam, India
- Brij M Makkar MD FIAMS FICP FRCP
- FACP FACE
- Consultant and Bariatric Physician
- Director, Dr Makkar's Diabetes and Obesity Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Deep Dutta MBBS MD DM DNB MNAMS
- Consultant and Head
- Department of Endocrinology
- Diabetology and Metabolic Disorders
- Venkateshwar Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Ghanshyam Goyal MD
- Consultant, Diabetic Foot Specialist
- ILS Hospitals, SVS Marwari Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Hemant Thacker MD MRSH FACP FACE
- Consulting Physician and CardioMetabolic Specialist
- Department of Medicine
- Jaslok, Breach Candy, Bhatia Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- John Mathew MD DM
- Endocrinologist
- Providence Endocrine and Diabetes Specialty Centre
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Jothydev Kesavadev MD FRCP (Lond and Glasg) FACE FACP FRSSDI
- Diabetes Psychologist
- Jothydev's Diabetes Research Centre
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- KVS Hari Kumar MD DNB
- Professor, Department of Endocrinology
- Army Hospital Research and Referral
- New Delhi, India
- Madhukar Mittal MD DM
- Head of Department
- Department of Endocrinology
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mithun Bhartia MRCGP MRCP (UK) MRCP (Diabetes and Endocrinology) FECSM
- Consultant Endocrinologist, Apollo Clinic
- Guwahati, Assam, India
- Narsingh Verma MD
- Professor, Department of Physiology
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Neeta Deshpande MD ASBP PG Dip Endo
- Professor and Head, MM Dental College
- Associate Professor
- Department of Medicine, USM-KLE International Medical Program
- Belgaum, Karnataka, India
- Pratap P Jethwani MD PG Dip. Diab
- Consultant Diabetes Specialist
- Jethwani Diabetes Care Center
- Jethwani Hospital
- Rajkot, Gujarat, India
- Samar Banerjee MD FICP FRSSDI
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Sambit Das MD DM
- Associate Professor and Consultant
- Department of Obesity
- Diabetes, and Endocrinology
- Apollo Hospitals
- Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Sameer Aggarwal MD DM
- Professor and Head Medicine VII
- Department of Medicine
- Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Sanjay Agarwal MD
- Director
- Department of Diabetes, Aegle Clinic
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Shailaja Kale MD FRCP FACE FACP
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Consultant in Diabetes Unit
- King Edward Memorial Hospital
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Sujoy Ghosh DM FRCP (Lond, Glasg, and Edin) FACE
- Associate Professor
- Department of Endocrinology
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- V Sri Nagesh MD DM
- Consultant Endocrinologist and Diabetologist
- Sri Nagesh Diabetes
- Thyroid and Endocrine Centre
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Yashdeep Gupta MD DM
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Endocrinology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Yatan PS Balhara MD DNB MNAMS MSc
- Associate Professor
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
Coordinators
- Hardik Chandarana MD
- Podiatrist
- DIACARE (Diabetes Care and
- Hormone Clinic)
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Payal Saboo M. Com CS
- Coordinator
- Diabetes India
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
- Aaron Chapla MSc PhD
- Scientist - Molecular Laboratory
- Department of Endocrinology,
- Diabetes and Metabolism
- Christian Medical College
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Aastha Chawla MD
- Resident, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy
- Sardar Patel Medical College
- Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
- Abhilasha AK Ganguly MD PGDDM
- Diabetologist, Vijayratna Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Centre
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Abhijit Bopardikar MD DPB
- Medical Director
- Department of Research and Development, Production
- ReeLabs Pvt. Ltd
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Aditya S Kelkar MS DNB FRCS
- Consultant
- Department of Ophthalmology
- National Institute of Ophthalmology
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Aisha Sheikh FCPS PG Dip PG Dip Diab
- Lecturer and Consultant
- Department of Medicine
- The Aga Khan University Hospital
- Karachi, Pakistan
- Ajai Singh MD
- Professor, Department of Orthopedics
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Alok Kanungo PhD
- Head, Department of Diabetes
- Kanungo Institute of Diabetes Specialties
- Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Ambady Ramachandran MD PhD DSc
- President and Chairman
- India Diabetes Research Foundation
- Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ameya Joshi MD DM
- Consultant, Department of Endocrinology, Bhaktivedanta Hospital and Research Institute
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Amit Nandan D Dwivedi MD
- Associate Professor
- Department of Radio Diagnosis
- and Imaging
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amita Diwakar MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amita Pandey MS DM
- Professor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Ana Nikšić MSc
- Professional Associate
- Department of Psychology
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka
- Rijeka, Croatia
- Anamarija Petek Erić MD PhD
- Research Associate
- Department of Psychiatry
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
- Osijek, Croatia
- Andrew E Uloko BM BCh FMCP FACE
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Bayero University Kano
- Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
- Kano, Nigeria
- Anitha Rani A MSc MPhil PhD
- Post Doctoral Research Fellow
- Kidney Department
- Prof M Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ankia Coetzee MBChB FCP MMed FCert
- Consultant
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Stellenbosch University
- Cape Town, South Africa
- Anubhav Thukral DM
- Consultant
- Department of Endocrinology
- MGD centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology
- Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Archana Sarda MD
- Director
- Sarda Centre for Diabetes and
- Self-care
- Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
- Arindam Ray MD
- Post Doctoral Resident
- Department of Endocrinology
- Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Arun Raghavan MD
- Director and Consultant
- Department of Diabetology
- India Diabetes Research Foundation
- Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes
- Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- Arghya Pal MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Psychiatry
- Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences
- Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Arvind K Pal MD
- Senior Resident
- Department of Physiology
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- BA Muruganathan MD FRCP (Glasg, Lond, and Ire) FACP FPCP FICP
- Chairman
- Shristi AG Hospital
- Tripur, Tamil Nadu, India
- Balram Gupta MSc
- Research Scholar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Belinda George DM
- Professor
- Department of Endocrinology
- St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Benny Negalur MD FICP
- Director
- Dr. Negalur's Diabetes Specialities Center
- Director and Diabetologist
- Prathamesh Hospital
- Consulting Diabetologist
- Jupiter Hospital
- Thane, Maharashtra, India
- Benoit Buysschaert MD
- Consultant Physician
- Department of Nephrology
- Centre Hospitalier Régional de Huy, Service de Néphrologie
- Belgium
- Bharti Maheshwari MD FICOG
- Professor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Muzaffarnagar Medical College
- Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Bhaskar B Harshe MD
- Consultant
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine
- Poona Hospital and Research centre
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Bhavatharini Natarajan MD Dip Diab
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Diabetology
- SRC Diabetes Care Center
- Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
- Bhavana Sosale MD
- Consultant Diabetologist
- DIACON Hospital
- Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Bhoomika M Patel M Pharm PhD DPMM DPQCQAM
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- C Venkata S Ram MD MACP FACC FASH
- Director
- Apollo Institute for Blood Pressure
- Management, Apollo Blood Pressure
- Clinics, World Hypertension League/South Asia Office, Apollo Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Texas Blood Pressure Institute
- Dallas Nephrology Associates
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
- Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cecilia A Jimeno MD
- Professor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- University of the Philippines College of Medicine
- Clinical Associate Professor
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism
- Philippine General Hospital
- Manila, Philippines
- Chandra Viswanathan MD PhD DTM DPB
- Research Consultant
- Department of Research and Development, Regenerative Medicine
- ReeLabs Pvt. Ltd
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Debmalya Sanyal DM MRCP MD DTMH
- Professor
- Department of Endocrinology
- KPC Medical College
- Consultant
- Department of Endocrinology
- Rabindranath Tagore Hospital
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, G D Diabetes Institute
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Deepak K Jumani MB FIAMS FCSEPI ACS PhD MRCPS
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Deepak TS MD
- Zonal Medical Advisor
- Janssen Medical Affairs
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Dejan Stevanović MD PhD
- Research Associate
- Department of Psychiatry
- Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth
- Belgrade, Serbia
- Dharmendra Panchal MD
- Diabetologist and Metabolic Physician
- Regional Faculty CCEBDM of Public Health Foundation of India
- DIACARE (Diabetes Care and
- Hormone Clinic)
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Dhiraj Kishore MD
- Associate Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Dhruvi Hasnani MD
- Physician and Associate Diabetologist
- DIACARE (Diabetes Care and
- Hormone Clinic)
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Dimuthu Muthkuda MD MRCP
- Endocrinologist
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine
- Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital
- Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
- Dinesh K Dhanwal MD DM
- Consultant, Department of Endocrinology, NMC Specialty Hospital
- Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Dulani Kottahachchi MD MRCP
- Consultant Endocrinologist and
- Lecturer, Department of Physiology
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya
- Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
- Faria Afsana DEM MD FACE MACP
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- BIRDEM General Hospital
- Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Fatima Jawad MCPS FRCP
- Consultant and Head
- Department of Diabetology
- Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation
- Karachi, Pakistan
- Ganapathi Bantwal DM
- Professor
- Department of Endocrinology
- St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Gaurav Mehta FRCPC
- Medical Director
- Adjunct Lecturer
- Department of Psychiatry
- Southlake Regional Health Centre
- Ontario, Canada
- Gopika Krishnan BPharm MSc MBA
- Academic Head
- Jothydev's Diabetes Research Centre
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Govindan Unni MD DM
- Professor, Department of Cardiology
- Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute
- Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Hardik Chandarana MD
- Podiatrist
- DIACARE (Diabetes Care and
- Hormone Clinic)
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Harsh Toshniwal MD
- Chief Consultant
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Clinic
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Hemant Mankad MD Dip. Diab
- Consultant Diabetologist and Director
- SAL Hospital and Medical College
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Hetal M Mehta MS DNB FICO
- Consultant
- Department of Ophthalmology
- National Institute of Ophthalmology
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Hitesh Punyani MD
- Consultant
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak, Haryana, India
- JJ Mukherjee MD FRCP
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Medicine
- Apollo Gleneagles Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- JK Sharma MD FRCP
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Geriatrics
- Central Delhi Diabetes Centre
- New Delhi, India
- J Muthukrishnan MD DNB
- Professor
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Armed Forces Medical College
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Jalees Fatima MD FICP FACP
- Professor and Head
- Department of Medicine
- Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Jamal Ahmad MD DM FCCP FRCP
- PhD Dsc
- Former Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Ex-Dean, Faculty of Medicine
- Ex-Director
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Jayaprakash Sahoo MD DM
- Associate Professor
- Department of Endocrinology
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
- Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
- Jotideb Mukhopadhyay MD FICP
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- IPGMER and SSKM Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Jyoti Bhattarai
- Visiting Associate Professor
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Trivuwan University
- Consultant, Metro Kathmandu Hospital
- Kathmandu, Nepal
- Jyoti Nehra MD DNB
- Senior Resident
- Department of Pharmacology
- Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- KM Prasanna Kumar MD DM
- Consultant Endocrinologist
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrine Care
- Former Senior Professor and Head
- Department of Endocrinology
- MS Ramaiah Medical College
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Kalpak Bhatt MD
- Clinical Associate
- Infectious Diseases and
- Tropical Medicine Clinic
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Kalyani Sridharan MD
- Senior Resident
- Department of Endocrinology
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
- Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, India
- Kamal Sharma MD DNB (Med) DM DNB (Cardio) MNAMS FESC FACC FSCAI
- Associate Professor
- Interventional Cardiologist
- UN Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre, BJ Medical College
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Kanica Kaushal MD
- Senior Resident
- Department of Community Medicine
- School of Public Health
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
- Chandigarh, India
- Katarina Dodig-Ćurković MD PhD
- Assistant of Professor
- Unit for child and Adolescent
- Psychiatry
- University Health Centre Osijek
- Osijek, Croatia
- Kishor M Shelgikar MD
- Consultant, Department of Medicine
- Maharashtra Medical Foundation's
- Joshi Hospital
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Komal Verma PhD
- Associate Professor
- Department of Amity Institute of Behavioural and Allied Sciences
- Amity University Rajasthan,
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Lakshmy Ramachandran PhD
- Research Scientist
- Jothydev's Diabetes Research Centre
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Lalit K Meher MD
- Dean, Goverment Medical College
- and Hospital
- Balangir, Odisha, India
- László József Barkai MD
- PhD Student
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine
- Semmelweis University
- Budapest, Hungary
- László Lajos Barkai MD PhD DSc
- Professor
- Institute of Theoretical Health Sciences
- University of Miskolc
- Miskolc, Hungary
- Ljiljana Popović MD PhD
- Clinical Assistant
- Department for Lipids and
- Cardiovascular Complications in
- Diabetes, Clinic for Endocrinology,
- Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases
- Belgrade, Serbia
- Madhukar Rai MD DM
- Professor and Endocrinologist
- Department of Medicine
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Madnani Siddharth MD
- Fellow in Diabetology
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
- WHO Collaborating Centre
- Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Control
- Madras, Chennai, India
- Mahesh C Gupta MD DM
- Dean, Professor and Head
- Department of Pharmacology
- Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Makam Ramesh DNB FAIS FICS FIAMS FMAS FIAJES FALS
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Minimal Invasive and Bariatric Surgery, A.V. Hospital
- Dr Tulip's Obesity and Diabetes Surgery Centre, Vikram Hospital
- Director
- Bangalore Endoscopic Surgery Training Institute and Research Centre
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Manish Agrawal MD
- Physician
- Medilink Hospital
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Manisha Gupta MBBS PG-Dip Endo
- Clinical Associate
- Department of Endocrinology
- Center for Diabetes and
- Endocrine Disease
- Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Manisha S Jadaun MS
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Surgery
- Gajra Raja Medical College
- Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Manisha Sahay MD DNB MAMS
- Professor and Head
- Department of Nephrology
- Osmania General Hospital
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Manoj Chadha MD DM
- Consultant Endocrinologist
- Department of Endocrinology
- PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Manoj Chawla Dip Diab
- Director and Consultant Diabetologist
- Lina Diabetes Care and Mumbai Diabetes Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Manoj Shevknai MD
- Consultant
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Clinic
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Manoj K Srivastava MD
- Consulting Physician
- Manasvi Diabetes Clinic
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mariano Sanz MD DDS DrMed DrHC
- Professor and Chairman of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology
- University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal
- Madrid, Spain
- Marina Bježančević MD
- Unit for Child and Adolescent Psyhiatry
- University Health Center Osijek
- Osijek, Croatia
- Martin Buysschaert MD PhD
- Emeritus Professor
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Honorary Head of Department
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Academic Hospital Saint Luc
- Brussels, Belgium
- Mayuresh V Fegade MD
- Medical Advisor, Janssen Medical Affairs
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Meenal Dadarwal PhD
- Consultant (Industrial Psychologist)
- Roopshree Exports Ltd
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Michel F Rousseau MD PhD FACC FAHA
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc
- Brussels, Belgium
- Michel P Hermans MD PhD Dip (NatSci EarthSci and GeogEnv) PGCert
- Professor
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc
- Brussels, Belgium
- Miodrag Stanković MD MSc PhD
- Associate Professor
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- Clinic of Mental Health Protection
- Nis, Serbia
- Mohamad Avicenna BPsych
- Lecturer, Department of Psychology
- Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta
- Jakarta, Indonesia
- Mohammad A Siddiqui MD MRCP (UK) MRCP Endocrinology
- Consultant, Department of Obesity, Diabetes, and Endocrinology
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Mohammad Z Khan MBBS
- Junior Resident
- Department of Medicine
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mohsin Wali MD FACC
- Professor and Consultant
- Department of Medicine
- Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Mudita Dhingra MD FIAP
- Consultant
- Department of Paediatrics
- Radhakishan Hospital
- Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
- Mukesh Laddha MD DM
- Interventional Cardiologist
- SAL Hospital and Medical Institute
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Najmul Islam FRCP
- Professor and Consultant
- Department of Medicine
- Aga Khan University Hospital
- Karachi, Pakistan
- Nalini B MD
- Senior Resident
- Department of Endocrinology
- St. John's medical college and Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Namrata Kumar MD PDCC
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Nanditha Arun MD
- Director and Consultant
- Department of Diabetology
- India Diabetes Research Foundation
- Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals
- Nihal Thomas MD MNAMS DNB FRACP FRCP (Edin, Glasg, Lond) PhD
- Professor and Head
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism
- Christian Medical College
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Nilanjan Sengupta MD DM
- Professor and Head
- Senior Resident
- Department of Endocrinology
- Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Nisha Maheshwari DVD
- Consultant
- Department of Dermatology
- Sri Hari Kamal Diabetes and Research Centre
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Nitin Kapoor MD DM
- Associate Professor
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism
- Christian Medical College
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Nitin Patankar MD
- Consultant Diabetologist and
- Obesity Physician
- Department of Diabetes and Obesity
- Jupiter Hospital, Wisdom Clinic
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- NK Agrawal MD DM
- Professor and Head
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Noel P Somasundaram MD FRCP FCCP FSLCE
- Consultant
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine
- National Hospital of Sri Lanka
- Colombo, Sri Lanka
- OP Sharma MD FICN FICP FIAMS FCGP FGSI FACM FIMSA FRCP
- National Professor Geriatrics
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Geriatric Medicine
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- P Narayanan MD
- Senior Resident
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Pankaj Kannauje MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Pramila Kalra MD DM FACE MNAMS
- Professor
- Department of Endocrinology
- Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Radhika Jindal MD DNB MRCP-SCE
- Consultant
- Department of Obesity, Diabetes, and Endocrinology
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Raj K Lalwani MD GDDC Dip Diab
- Director and Senior Consultant
- Post Graduate Medical Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Rajan Palui MD
- Senior Resident
- Department of Endocrinology
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
- Puducherry, India
- Rajeev Sharma MD FACE
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes
- and Metabolism
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
- University at Buffalo
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Oncology
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute
- Buffalo, New York
- Rajendra Pradeepa MSc PhD
- Senior Scientist and Head Research Operations
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
- WHO Collaborating Centre
- Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Control
- Madras, Chennai, India
- Rajesh D Mehta MD
- Senior Professor and Head
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy
- Sardar Patel Medical College
- Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
- Rajna Knez MD PhD
- Assistant Professor
- Unit of Child and Adolescent
- Psychiatry
- Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden; Medical school, University of Rijeka
- Croatia, Europe
- Rajnish Saxena PGCDM Dip Diab
- Consultant, Foot Care Specialist
- Department of Podiatry
- Saxena Diabetes and Foot Care Centre
- Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
- Ramasami Aruyerchelvan MD Dip Diab
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Diabetology
- SRC Diabetes Care Center
- Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ramesh K Goyal MSc PhD FAMS FIPS FNASc FIACS FICN FIC FSCH
- Vice Chancellor
- Department of Pharmacology
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences Research University
- New Delhi, India
- Ranjit M Anjana MD Dip Diab PhD FACP FRCP FICP
- Consultant
- Managing Director
- Department of Diabetology
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
- Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
- Ranjit Unnikrishnan MD Dip Diab FRCP FACP
- Consultant, Department of Diabetology
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ratan K Srivastava MD FISH FICN
- Professor
- Department of Community Medicine
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Richik Tripathi BDS MDS
- Assistant Professor
- Faculty of Dental Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rishi Shukla MD DM
- Chief Consultant
- Center for Diabetes and
- Endocrine Diseases
- Head, Department of Endocrinology
- Regency Hospital Ltd.
- Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Ritesh Agarwal MS MCH
- Consultant Endocrine Surgeon
- Bombay Hospital Institute and Bhaktivedanta Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ritu R Johari CPSDiab
- Consultant, Department of Diabetes
- Private Clinic
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Rishabh Kapoor MBBS
- Senior Resident
- Department of Medicine
- Carewell Heart and Super Speciality Hospital
- Amritsar, Punjab, India
- RK Singh MD
- Resident, Department of Medicine
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rohit Kapoor MD FACC FCSI FICP FISC FRSSDI FDI
- Head
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine
- Carewell Heart and Superspeciality Hospital
- Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Rohit Kulkarni MD DPB
- Director
- Department of Research and Development, Production
- ReeLabs Pvt. Ltd.
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Royana Singh MD
- Professor, Department of Anatomy
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- SM Sadikot MD
- Diabetologist
- Jaslok Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- S Singh MD
- Resident, Department of Endocrinology
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sadishkumar Kamalanathan MD DM
- Additional Professor and Head
- Department of Endocrinology
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
- Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, India
- Sajid Ansari MD FEAC FIAE
- Consulting Physician
- Department of Cardiology
- S S Heart Care Centre
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Samanthi Cooray PhD
- Academc FY 2 Doctor
- St. Thomas Hospital
- London, United Kingdom
- Sandeep Chowdhary MD
- Consulting Physician
- Department of Medicine
- RML Hospital
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sandeep Tak MD CCST eq
- Professor, Department of Medicine
- Dr S N Medical College
- Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
- Sanjay Kumar MD
- Associate Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Lady Hardinge Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Sanjeev R Phatak MD PGDDM Diabetologist
- Vijayratna Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Centre
- DHL Research Centre
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Saumik Datta MD DM
- Assistant Professor
- Department of General Medicine
- Calcutta National Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Selena Toma DMD MS PhD
- Assistant Professor
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Periodontist
- Department of Parodontology
- Academic Hospital Saint Luc
- Brussels, Belgium
- Shalini Jaggi Dip Diab Dip Endo F Diab FRSSDI FRCP (Glasg and Edin)
- Consultant and Head
- Department of Diabetes
- Dr Mohans' Diabetes Specialties
- Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Shashank R Joshi MD DM FICP FACP FACE FRCP (Glasg and Edin)
- Endocrinologist
- Joshi Clinic, Lilavati and Bhatia Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Shilpa Joshi MSc RD
- Consultant Dietician, Nutritionist and Diabetes Educator
- Department of Nutrition
- Mumbai Diet and Health Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Shivam Kapoor MBBS
- Senior Resident
- Department of Medicine
- Carewell Heart and Superspeciality Hospital
- Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Shruti Sheth CDIAB (RSSDI)
- Diabetologist
- Aegle Clinic
- Associate Consultant
- Department of Diabetes and
- Endocrine Disorders
- NM Wadia Institute of Cardiology
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Siniša Ristić MD PhD
- Associate Professor
- Department of Psychiatry
- Medical School University of Sarajevo
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Smriti Agarwal MD DNB
- Associate Professor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Snehalatha Chamukuttan DSc
- Director- Research and Head
- Department of Epidemiology and Biochemistry
- India Diabetes Research Foundation
- Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Soumik Goswami MD DM
- RMO Cum Clinical Tutor
- Department of Endocrinology
- Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Srinivas Seshabhattaru DNB
- Senior Consultant Podiatric Surgeon
- Department of Podiatric Surgery
- Apollo Health City
- Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Stephen Greene FRCPaed
- Emeritus Professor
- Department Child and Adolescent Health, University of Dundee
- Scotland, United Kingdom
- Subhash K Wangnoo MD DM FRCP FACE
- Senior Consultant
- Endocrinologist and Diabetologist
- Department of Obesity, Diabetes, and Endocrinology
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Subir Ray MD MRCP FRCP
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Medicine
- Apollo Gleneagles Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Sundeep Ruder MBBCh FCP FCert
- Associate Lecturer
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of the Witwatersrand
- Honorary Consultant
- Department of Internal Medicine- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital
- Consultant
- Department of Endocrinology, Life Fourways Hospital
- Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sunil K Kota MD DNB
- Consultant
- Department of Endocrinology
- Diabetes and Endocare Clinic
- Berhampur, Odisha, India
- Sunil Wadhwani MD
- Diabetologist and Metabolic Physician
- Siddhi Hospital
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Sunitha Jothydev MA Cert Diab Psy(JDC) CDE(JDC)
- Diabetes Psychologist
- Department of Diabetes and Lifestyles
- Jothydev's Diabetes Research Centre
- Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Surya K Singh MD DM
- Professor
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sushilkumar D Ramdasi MSc
- Senior Research Scientist
- Department of Research and Development, Regenerative Medicine
- ReeLabs Pvt. Ltd
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sylvie A Ahn
- Study Coordinator
- Department of Cardiology
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc
- Brussels, Belgium, India
- Tejas Kamat MD
- Clinical Associate
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lilavati Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Tesfa D Habtewold BSc MSc PhD
- Student, Department of Epidemiology
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
- Groningen, The Netherlands
- Thomas Danne MD
- Professor and Chief Physician
- Department for General Pediatrics, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Clinical Research, Hospital for Children and Adolescents AUF DER BULT
- Hannover Medical School
- Hannover, Germany
- Tijana Antin Pavlović MD
- Special ClinicSelaković
- Belgrade, Serbia
- Tulip MS FMIBS FALS FMAS SOE
- Director, Dr Tulip's Obesity and Diabetes
- Surgery Centre
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Urman Dhruv MD LLB
- Director
- Consultant Physician
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes
- HCG Hospitals
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Vageesh Ayyar MD DM DNB
- Professor and Head
- Department of Endocrinology
- St. John's Medical College and
- Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Vanessa Preumont MD
- Consultant Physician
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Academic Hospital Saint Luc
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Brussels, Belgium
- Velumanikkan K Sanjeev MD
- Consultant
- Department of Medicine
- SRC Diabetes Care Center
- Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
- Vijay G Negalur MD FICP PGDDM
- Honorary Assistant Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Rajiv Gandhi Medical College
- Dr Negalur's Diabetes Specialities Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Vijay Panikar MD DNB FCPS
- Consultant
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes
- Lilavati Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Vijay Viswanathan MD PhD FICP FRCP FRCP
- Head and Chief
- Department of Diabetes
- M V Hospital for Diabetes
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Vikram R Lele MD DNB DRM
- Director
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Vinay S Eligar MD MRCP(UK)
- MRCP (Diab and Endo)
- Consultant, Diabetes and Endocrinology
- University Hospital of Wales
- Honorary Lecturer
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Vinita Das MD FICOG
- Professor and Head
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Vinod K Abichandani MD
- Senior Diabetes and Endocrine Physician
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Bodyline Hospitals
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Vinod Mittal MD FICP FCAM FCCP FGSIFIAMS FACP
- Senior Consultant
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
- Delhi Heart and Lung Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Vipul Shah MD
- Consultant, Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine
- Healthcare Infectious Diseases Clinic
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Yashpal Gogate MD DM
- Consultant
- Department of Endocrinology
- Harmony Health Hub
- Nashik, Maharashtra, India,
- Zafar A Latif FCPS
- Professor and Director (Academy)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
- Dhaka, Bangladesh
SM Sadikot MD
Diabetologist
Jaslok Hospital
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Worldwise rising prevalence and incidence of diabetes originates from a complex interaction between lifestyle, obesity, and innate susceptibility, driven by both genetic and developmental programming by maternal and postnatal nutrition. The phenomenal changes has been further made complicated by major secular changes in dietary and physical activity. The interaction of susceptibility factors and lifestyle has been now well explored in its broader term, however, our knowledge at molecular level is still limited and this is going to be the key factor in the development of newer drugs for the management of diabetes. In the developing nation, especially South East Asia and African countries, there is strong interconnection between the emergence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, changes in the food consumption, storage, preservation, processing and transportation, and related issues to environmental changes, water and air pollution, all of which may affect the crop and quality and nutritive value of food. In a wider perspective, this could be a clinical manifestation of wider social problems related by the undesirable consequences of rapid economic development and effect of cultural and social revolution in these developing nations.
Prevention of diabetes needs to be targeted to high-risk individuals and identifying undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetics, and in essence large scale screening programs for dysglycemia and diabetes. Mass campaign, screening program, education, and its intervention with cost effectiveness still remains to be demonstrated in a targeted population. Equally, concern point is inequalities in different economic group of various strata of society intended by individual level interventions, likely to be more effective in affluent and educated class who can adhere to scientific values.
Though most of the countries have their own guidelines and recommendation, there is no universal recommendation, whether a country should or should not adopt such a clinical approach to diabetes preventions as these guidelines needs to be appreciated by each government of their own countries, as investment would need to be considered in complication with other clinical priorities. It is yet to be seen how under-resourced health care system could switch clinical investment and research priorities to individual level prevention, when they are struggling to provide basic health care need to a larger group. In the face of aging population, health care system globally will struggle to cope with treating the estimated 642 million people with diagnosed diabetes anticipated by 2040. Societal determinants of diabetes and evaluation of solutions that tackle the root cause of the problem is more important than to individual classes. In this regard, it is also important to appreciate that evidence based data supporting these population based solution will be fundamentally different from that which underpins the clinical interventions as randomized control trials are unlikely to be undertaken because of ethical issues and most studies will be either observational or quasi-interventional.
Pragmatic research to develop and test new therapies for type 1 diabetes mellitus has equal importance in those nations who can afford to do so and can be extrapolated in developing nations once they become established mode of therapy, especially pancreatic, islets cell, and stem cell transplant as developing nation cannot afford basic research on such subjects. However, progressive vascular complication in form of micro- and macroangiopathies needs to be referred across all classes of society and monoclonal antibodies have shown promising results in these groups of patients. Restoring beta cell function and better understanding of stem cell biology is going to be major breakthrough and every nation deserves its share thus fostering new generation of research.
International Diabetes Federation estimates that 20.9 million or 16.2% of live birth in women till 2015 had some form of hyperglycemia in pregnancies and 85.1% were due to gestational diabetes. This information opens a huge possibility of preventing both mother and child to either delay or prevent diabetes and opens tremendous scope for research in both developing and developed nations.
However, diabetes continues to be a bad soil for fostering many systemic illnesses like stroke, heart failure, coronary artery disease, retinopathy, and microangiopathy. Commensurating with population growth and the illness, many developing nation have started new medical schools to train more health care providers and also to reorganize medical education by medical education reforms incorporating traditional indigenous doctors. This may invite poor quality standard of care in institutional and domiciliary health delivery system. Furthermore, most of innovative research comes from Western world and resource poor countries have to generate their own infrastructure, which could be economically viable. Hence, the need for a comprehensive book, which can refer all these issues in a precise manner, was thought of and I hope authors and editors have done justice to educate this group of health care professional, researchers, practitioners, postgraduate, and undergraduate medical students of developing nation.
SM Sadikot
FOREWORD
Preface
Energy generation, conservation, and disposal were the major challenges for the primordial life, and as the evolution took place from development of simple unicellular to complex multicellular organism, the cell learnt the art of glucose homeostasis, adenosine triphosphate generation, ketone and fatty acid disposal. The genetic evolution against all the adversities resulted into molecular adaptation, generating many transcription factors and molecular signals to keep life in euglycemic states, preventing dysregulation of glucose metabolism disorder; a complex syndrome of diabetes.
Though the hyperosmolar syndrome of polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria were known to physicians since early days of human civilization before 1500 BC, its precise nature of clinical manifestation and associated complication were documented during 1st century AD by Arateaus and the art of management was limited to lifestyle modification and dietary regulation. The discovery of biochemical nature of glucose (Marggraf, 1747), and subsequently its chemical structures in 19th century lead to study of its presence in various body fluids and only during early part of 20th century scientists developed laboratory techniques to measure glucose in blood and urine, standardizing the effect of therapeutic intervention in deciding the optimum level of glucose and laboratory value for healthy individual. Discovery of insulin lead to phenomenal change in quality of life, mortality, and morbidity; however, oral agents existed in form of herbal products, much earlier and newer chemical entities took the lead, making treatment more acceptable to a group of diabetics who were noninsulin-dependent. The latter part of 20th century and beginning year of the present millennium has witnessed advancement in technology of drug delivery system and plethora of newer drugs based on achieving euglycemia, weight neutrality, and acceptable glucose control without hypoglycemia and low risk of cardiovascular mortality.
There has been immense contribution by epidemiological studies which has set different standards of glucose control in relation to micro- and macrovascular complications, cardiovascular mortality, and overall survival; this has made drug researchers to prove cardiovascular safety to drug regulatory authorities of all the countries before its marketing.
The insulin delivery technology is getting more and more refined and user-friendly, and the introduction of wearable insulin pumps, various injecting devices, and artificial pancreas have provided another option for special segments of diabetic population. Reprogramming, replication, replacement, regeneration of decaying β-cell, and stem cell transplant have given a substantial hope for curing the diabetes even in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Yet, we have to learn much from proficient endocrinologists and veterinarian scientists who have been contributing equally in the knowledge of diabetology.
However, all these newer therapeutic modalities and researches have huge amount of economic burden in developed countries and developing nations of South East Asia region, and many African countries cannot even afford to invest on research and technology the way developing nations can. Majority of population still depend upon cheaper sulfonylurea, metformin, and glucosidase inhibitors. Complementary medicine in form of herbal products and heavy metals is being consumed as prescription in China and India, though they may not be cheaper than sulfonylurea and metformin which have shown their beneficial effects over decades. Natural disasters like tsunamis, earthquakes, and stress also have emerged as important factors to be considered in the management of diabetes and they also need to be referred.
As the population has increased, number of medical institutions have also increased to produce more health care professionals especially in developing world, and there is a need of textbook, which can encompass all the information, and requirement at an affordable price to majority of medical students, postgraduates, researchers, and practitioners. The Diabetes India and its executive members with reputed international scientists and clinicians have taken up the responsibility to shape the book for requirement of every sector, and we hope this textbook will live up to the expectations of health care professionals of this segment.
Kamlakar Tripathi
Banshi Saboo
Acknowledgments
This book is a result of an ultimate persuasion of holy trinity of Dr Banshi Saboo, Dr Anuj Maheshwari, and Dr Narsingh Verma with blessing of Dr Shaukat Sadikot who agreed to patronize during annual meeting of Diabetes India 2017.
The technical editorial team of Dr Neeraj Choudhary, Neha Bhatia, from Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, and Payal Saboo from Diabetes Care, Ahmedabad, have been instrumental in revising the text and manuscript and but for their meticulous proof revision of text, on time publication of this book would have been impossible. A special word of thanks to Mr PN Venkatraman, Vice-President and Mr Shashi Kumar Sambhoo, Director (Pharma) for their editorial and business-related efforts in prompting this book. The editors are also obliged to Mr Ramakant Mishra for providing technical help round the year and helping in formatting of some of difficult manuscript at a very short notice. The humble and polite persuasion of Neha Bhatia to remind authors to deliver on time chapters and revising the texts was the key point for on time release of the book. All the contributors, editors of chapters, and section editors are to be thanked for helping in revising the text at very short notice. Once again, a big thanks to Sir George Alberti, Former President of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and celebrity in diabetology, to bless us at the time of release of this book in Abu Dhabi during IDF meeting.
Kamlakar Tripathi
Banshi Saboo