Concise Textbook of Biochemistry for Paramedical Students DM Vasudevan, T Vijayakumar
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, t refer to table
A
Abetalipoproteinemia 72
ABO system 109
Acetoacetic acid 76
Acetyl CoA, transportation of 59f
Achlorhydria 156
Acid base balance 145
Acid base imbalance 147
Acid phosphatase 17, 18t
Acidic amino acids 75
Acidosis 61
Active immunity 109
Active methionine 87
Active transport 7, 8, 8f
Acycloguanosine 162
Acyl carrier protein 59, 126
Acyl CoA, transport of 57
Addison's disease 134
Adenosine triphosphate 10, 99, 160, 160f
synthesis, regulation of 99
Adrenaline 89
Aerobic glycolysis 30
Alanine 86
metabolic pathway of 87f
Alanine amino transaminase 152
Alanine amino transferase 17, 18t
Alanine glyoxalate transaminase 86
Albumin 81, 104, 154
functions of 104
Albuminuria 154
Alcoholism 63
Alkali
action of 24
reserve 145
Alkaline phosphatase 17, 18t, 122, 152, 153
Alkalosis 148
Alkaptonuria 91
Alkyl radical 54
Allosteric inhibition 16
Alpha amino acid 74f
Alpha ketoglutarate 85f
Amide formation 77
Amino acids 74, 77, 77f, 78, 79f, 80, 83f
absorption of 82
and proteins 74, 82
branched chain 87, 88t
classification of 75, 76t
decarboxylation of 78f
essential 75
fate of carbon skeletons 90
functions of 78
ketogenic 89f
metabolic fates of 89f
metabolism 85, 91
branched chain 87
general reactions of 84
mirror images of 75f
monoamino dicarboxylic 75
pool 82
reactions of 77
semi-essential 76
Amino alcohol 54
Amino levulinic acid 126
Amino sugars 25
Amino transferases 84
Ammonium
ions, excretion of 147
sulfate 103
Amphoteric substance 77
Amylase 17
Amylopectin 27, 27t
Amylose 27
Anaerobic glycolysis 30
Anion gap 147
acidosis 148
Anomerism 22
Anti-beriberi factor 123
Anti-cancer agents 163
Anti-diuretic hormone 79
Antigenic determinant sites 108
Antigens 108
molecular structure of 109
Antioxidants 96, 101, 102
commercial use of 102
Antivitamin 80
Apoenzyme 10
Apolipoprotein 55, 70
Apoprotein 55, 70, 73
Arachidonic acid 53, 64
Arginase 83f
Arginine succinate lyase 83f
Arginino succinate synthetase 83f
Artificial kidney, principle of 168
Aspartate amino transaminase 152
Aspartate amino transferase 17, 18t
Atherosclerosis 72, 73, 101
prevention of 73
Augmented histamine test 156
Azido deoxythymidine 162
B
Barfoed's test 24
Basal metabolic rate 140, 141
Bence-Jones proteins 155
Bence-Jones proteinuria 107
Benedict's test 24, 45, 153
Benzoic acid, detoxification of 85
Beriberi 125
dry 125
wet 125
Beta carotene 119
Bicarbonate
buffer system 145
generation of 146
Bile acids 55, 68, 69
Bile pigments 154
Bile salts 68, 154
Bilirubin 115
conjugated 151
formation of 115f
diglucuronide 114
estimation of 151
metabolism 150
normal range of 151
production and excretion of 115f
Biotin 127
biological function of 127
deficiency manifestations of 127
sources of 127
Bitot's spot 121
Blood coagulation 105
Blood glucose 40
and diabetes mellitus, regulation of 40
level 40
regulation of 40
postprandial 40
Blood
buffer systems in 145
volume, regulation of 167
Blue molecules 174f
British anti-lewisite 15
Bromocresol green 103
Bromsulphthalein test 152
Brown adipose tissue 62
Buffer 80
ionic strength of 169
pH of 169
C
Cahill cycle 86
Calbindin 122
Calcitonin 131
Calcitriol 122
Calcium 130
absorption of 122, 130
biological role of 132
daily requirement of 130
deficiency 132
level in blood, regulation of 131
serum level of 131
sources of 130
toxicity 132
Calmodulin 132
Carbamino compound, formation of 78
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 83f
Carbohydrates 22
chemistry 20
classification of 20, 21t
functions of 20
metabolism 29
inborn errors of 94
reactions of 23
Carbon dioxide
isohydric transport of 118
transport of 118
Carbon monoxy-HB 117
Carboxyhemoglobin 117
Carcinogenesis 101
Cardiac enzymes 17
Catalytic proteins 79
Cataract 42, 101, 112
congenital 37
Cell 3
Cell mediated immunity 108
Cell membrane 68
functions of 7
Cell theory 3
Cellulose 28
Cephalin 53, 53f
Ceramide 54
Cerebrosides 54, 54t
Cerebrospinal fluid 134, 157
Ceruloplasmin 101, 105, 137
Chargaff's rule 162
Chemiosmotic theory 99
Chloride 134
biological role of 134
deficiency 134
in plasma, normal level of 134
sources of 134
toxicity 135
Cholecalciferol 121
Cholesterol 66
biosynthesis of 67
excretion of 69
formation of 68
fractions of 71t
Gas liquid 173
importance of 68
reverse transport of 71f
significance and functions of 68
structure of 66, 66f
Choline esterase 18
Chondroitin sulphate 28
Chromatography 173
adsorption 173
affinity 173
High performance liquid 173
Ion exchange 173
partition 173
types of 173
Chylomicrons 70
function of 70
Citric acid cycle 96
Clonal selection 108
Clostridium botulinum 80
Clycine, catabolism of 85
Coagulum 81
Cobalamin 127
Coenzymes 10, 10t
Cohn's fractionation 103
Collagen 110, 111
functions of 111
structure of 111
Coma 42
hepatic 83
Compound carbohydrates 21
Compound lipids 47, 51
Contractile proteins 80
Cooley's hemoglobinemia 117
Copper 137
biological role of 137
deficiency anemia 137
dietary sources of 137
metabolic abnormalities of 137
requirement of 137
Cori's cycle 34, 35f
Coronary artery disease 72
Creatine kinase 17, 18
Creatine, synthesis of 85
Creatinine clearance test 155
Crigler-Najjar syndrome 116
Cristae 5
Crohn's disease 57
Crystallins 112
CSF
chloride 157
glucose 157
protein 157
Cushing's syndrome 135
Cyclooxygenase 64f
Cystine storage disease 92
Cystinosis 92
Cytosine 159
Cytosolic pathway 58
D
De novo synthesis of fatty acid, reactions 60
Decarboxylases 84
Decarboxylation 77, 84
Dehydration 42
Dehydro ascorbic acid 128
Deoxy sugar 25, 25f
Deoxyhemoglobin 118
Deoxyribonucleic acid 158, 162
replication of 163, 164f
structure of 162
Derived lipids 47, 55
Derived proteins 80
Dermatan sulphate 28
Dextrins 28
Diabetes mellitus 41, 44, 72, 73, 112
chronic complications of 42
insulin dependent 41
management of 45
Diabetes, biochemical explanation of 41
Diabetic ketoacidosis 41
Dialysis 167
biomedical importance of 168
Diaminomonocarboxylic amino acids 75
Dietary carbohydrates 141
Dietary fats 141
Dietary fibers 141
Dietary proteins 142
Digestion 29
carbohydrates 29
defective 57
Dipeptide 79
Diphosphatidyl glycerol 52
DNA
double helical structure of 163f
higher organization of 163
replication 163
inhibitors of 163
Dubin-Johnson syndrome 116
E
Ehrlich's test 116
Eicosanoids 64
Elastin 111
Electrodialysis 168
Electrolytes, diffusion of 7
Electron microscope 174, 175t
Electron transport chain 96, 98
organization of 99
Electrophoresis 168, 169, 170, 171f
quantitation of 171f
types of 169
Electrophoretic mobility 169
ELISA
indirect 110f
method 110
technique 173
Embden-Meyerhof pathway 30
Endoplasmic reticulum 4
functions of 5
Endosmosis 167
Energetics 30, 61
Enterohepatic circulation 57, 115
Enzymes 10, 11, 33f
activity 12, 12f
classification 11
concentration of 12
containing metals 11t
debranching 38
indicating hepatocellular damage 152
inhibition 14
reaction, mechanisms of 14
velocity 12f, 13f
Epimerism 22, 23f
Ergocalciferol 121
Eukaryotic cell 3, 3t
Ewald test meal 156
Eyes, complications in 42
F
Fabricius, bursa of 108
Familial hypercholesterolemia, primary 72
Familial hyperlipoproteinemias 72
Fasting blood sugar 40
Fasting hypoglycemia 39
Fasting plasma glucose 45
Fat soluble vitamins 119, 124t
Fatty acids 47, 48t, 49, 50f, 51f, 53
activation of 57, 57f
B-oxidation of 57, 58f
cycle active 57
essential 50, 63
oxidation 50
energetics of 57
short chain 48, 57
synthase system 59
functional division of 59f
synthesis 58
reactions of 60f
regulation of 61
Fatty liver 62, 63
Fee radical 96, 99, 100
Ferritin 136
Fibrous proteins 80
Fischer's template theory 14
Flavin adenine dinucleotide 125
Flavin mono nucleotide 125
Fluid exchange 105
Fluoride 138
biological role of 138
dietary sources of 138
requirement of 138
toxicity of 138
Fluorosis 138
Folic acid 127
biological function of 127
deficiency manifestations of 127
RDA for 127
sources of 127
Food preservatives 102
Fouchet's test 116, 154
Fractional test meal 156
Free electrophoresis 169
Free fatty acid 63
Free radical
definition of 99
generation of 100
scavenger systems 101
Fructokinase 36
Fructose 23
intolerance 36
metabolism 36
structure of 23f
Fructosuria 36, 94
G
Galactose metabolism 36, 37f
Galactosemia 37, 94
Gamma globulins 106
Gamma glutamyl transferase 17, 18t, 152, 153
Gangliosides 54
Gastric function tests 156
Gastrin, secretin and pancreozymin 79
Gaucher's disease 54, 93
Gelatin 80
Gels
electrophoresis 172
filtration chromatography 173
types of 172
Gilbert's disease 116
Globular proteins 80
Globulins 104
Glomerular filtration rate 153, 155
Glomerular function tests 153
Glomerular proteinuria 155
Glomerulonephritis 101
Glucogenic amino acids 76, 89f
Glucokinase 30
Glucometer 44
Gluconeogenesis 33, 82
Glucosazone 24f
Glucose 86f, 153
6-phosphatase 30, 33, 38, 39
dehydrogenase 17, 35
metabolic fate of 30f
absorption 29
alanine cycle 86
challenge test 44
load test 44
metabolism 30
oxidase peroxidase 44
transporter 29
Glucosuria 24, 41
Glucuronic acid 25
Glutamate 85f
oxaloacetate transaminase 84f
pyruvate transaminase 84f
Glutathione, Synthesis of 85
Glycans 21
Glyceraldehyde, D and L forms of 22f
Glycerophospholipids 51, 52
Glycine 85
biological importance of 85
breakdown of 86f
cleavage of 85
metabolism, metabolic defects in 86
synthesis 85f
Glycinuria 86, 92
Glycocholic acid, synthesis of 85
Glycogen 27
metabolism, regulation of 38
phosphorylase 38
storage disease 39, 94t, 95
synthesis 38, 39f
Glycogenolysis 38, 40
Glycolipids 51, 54
Glycolysis 30, 34f
pathway, steps of 31f
Glycoproteins 28
Glycoside formation 23
Glyoxalic acid 86f
formation of 85
Goiterous belts 137
Goitrogenous substances 137
Golgi apparatus 5
Gout 160, 161
Graft, rejection of 108
Guillain-Barré syndrome 157
H
Haptoglobin 105
Hartnup's disease 92
Hay's test 154
Heart diseases 68
Heat and acetic acid test 81, 154
Heat coagulation 81
Heme
biosynthesis of 113
catabolism of 114
metabolism 113
structure of 113
synthesis 85
regulation of 113
steps in 114f
Hemochromatosis 137
Hemoglobin 113
abnormal 116, 117
buffer system 146
derivatives 117
glycated 44, 116
oxygenated 118
variants 117
Hemoglobinopathies 117
Hemoglobinuria 155
Hemolysis 167
Hemolytic anemia 35
Hemolytic disease 151
Hemosiderosis 136
Heparin 28
Hereditary fructose intolerance 94
Heteroglycans 28
Heteropolysaccharides 21
Hexokinase 30
reaction 30f
Hexose monophosphate shunt pathway 34, 36f
High density lipoproteins 70, 71
Hippuric acid test 85, 152
Histamine stimulation test 156
Histidinemia 93
Histocompatibility complex 109
HMP shunt pathway 35f
Holoenzyme 10
Homeostasis, maintenance of 153
Homogentisic acid oxidase 91
Homoglycans 26, 27
Homopolysaccharides 21
Horizontal paper electrophoresis 170f
Hormones 142
hyperglycemic 40
Human leucocyte antigen 109
Humoral immunity 108
Hyaluronic acid 28
Hydrogen bonding 162
Hydrolases 11
Hydrolysis 51
Hydrolytic rancidity 51
Hyperbilirubinemia 115
Hypercalcemia 132
Hyperchloremia 135
Hyperchlorhydria 156
Hypergamma globulinemia 107
Hyperglycemia 46
Hyperkalemia, toxicity of 134
Hyperlipoproteinemia 72
Hypermagnesemia 133
Hypernatremia 134
Hyperoxaluria 86, 92
Hypersensitivity 107, 108
Hypertension 73
Hyperuricemia 161
Hypervitaminosis A 121
Hypervitaminosis D 122
Hypoalbuminemia 104
Hypocalcemia 132
Hypochloremia 134
Hypochlorhydria 156
Hypogammaglobulinemia 107
Hypoglycemia 40
Hypokalemia, deficiency of 134
Hypolipidemic drugs 73
Hypolipoproteinemia 72
Hypomagnesemia 133
Hyponatremia 134
Hypothyroidism 72
I
Immunoelectrophoresis 171
Immunoglobulin 106
A 107
D 107
E 107
G 106
M 107
structure of 106f
Immunosorbent assay test 109
Insulin 41
Iodination 49
Iodine 137
biological role of 137
deficiency manifestations of 138
requirement of 137
sources of 137
Iron 135
absorption of 135
biological role of 135
conservation of 136
deficiency
causes of 136
manifestations 136
treatment of 136
homeostasis of 135
in plasma, normal level of 136
requirement of 135
sources of 135
storage of 136
toxicity 136
transport of 136
Isoelectric pH 77
Iso-enzymes 18
Isomerases 11
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide 15
Isoprene units, formation of 67
J
Jaundice 115, 116t, 151, 151t, 152t
hemolytic 115, 151
hepatic 115, 151
hepatocellular 115, 154
obstructive 72, 115, 151, 154
physiological 116
posthepatic 115
prehepatic 115
Juvenile diabetes 41
K
Keratan sulphate 28
Keratinization 121
Keratins 111
Keratomalacia 121
Kernicterus 116
Ketogenesis 61
Ketolysis 61
pathway of 62f
Ketone bodies 61, 61f, 82, 154
Ketonemia 42, 61
Ketonuria 61
Ketosis 39, 46, 61
consequences of 42
management of 42
Kidney function tests 43
Kidney transplantation 168
Koshland's induced fit theory 14
Krebs citric acid cycle 97f
Kussmaul's respiration 42
Kwashiorkor 143, 143t
L
Lactase 36
Lactate dehydrogenase 17, 18, 30, 34
enzyme action 19f
Lactic acidosis 39
Lactosazone 26f
Lactose intolerance 37
L-ascorbic acid 128
Lecithin 52
functions of 52
Lens proteins 112
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 95
Leukotrienes 64, 65
Ligases 12
Limiting amino acids 142, 142t
Lipase 18
Lipemia, postprandial 57
Lipids
absorption of 57
chemistry 47
classification of 47, 48t
digestion of 56
functions of 47
metabolism 56
inherited disorders of 93
simple 47, 50
Lipoproteins 54, 62, 66
cascade pathway 70
classification of 70
functions of 55, 70
metabolism 71f
Lipoxins 64
Lipoxygenase pathway 64f
Liver
enzymes 17
function test 150
classification of 150
Long chain fatty acids, absorption of 56
Low density lipoproteins 70, 71, 101
Lyases 11
Lysosomes 5
functions of 5
M
Macrophages 108
Magnesium 133
functions of 133
normal serum level of 133
requirement of 133
Malonyl CoA, formation of 59, 59f
Maltose 26, 27f
Maple syrup urine disease 87, 93
Marasmus 143, 143t
Matrix 5
Maturity onset diabetes 41
Medium chain fatty acids 57
Melanin 78, 88
Melatonin 90
Mellituria 45
Menkes kinky hair syndrome 137
Metabolic acidosis 42, 147
causes of 147
Metabolic alkalosis 148
causes of 148
compensatory mechanism of 148
Metabolic fate 76, 76t
Metabolism, inborn errors of 91
Met-hemoglobin 117
Methionine 87
importance of 87
Methotrexate 127
Mevalonate
formation of 67f
synthesis of 67
Michaelis constant 12
Michaelis-Menton theory 14
Microelectrophoresis 169
Microscopes 173
Middle arachnoid mater 157
Milestones 1t
Mineral metabolism 139t
Mitochondria 5, 59f
cut section of 99f
structure of 99
Molecular biology 158
central dogma of 164
Molecular oxygen 114f
Molisch test 24
Monoclonal band 107
Monophosphates 158
Monosaccharides 20, 21
modified 25
Monounsaturated fatty acid 63, 141
Moving boundary electrophoresis 170
Mucopolysaccharides 27
Multienzyme complex 59
Multiple myeloma 107
Muscle proteins 111
Mutarotation 23
Myosin 112
N
Nephrolithiasis 92
Nephropathy 43
Nephrotic syndrome 72
Nerve conduction 68
Neutral amino acids 75
Neutral amino aciduria 92
Neutral fat 51
structure of 51f
Niacin
biological function of 125
deficiency, manifestations of 126
RDA for 126
sources of 125
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleo- tide phosphate 125
Nicotinic acid 125
Niemann-Pick disease 54, 93
Night blindness 121
Nitric acid 25
Nitrogen balance 142
Non-competitive inhibition 15
Non-oxidative deamination 84
Normal anion gap acidosis 148
Normal CSF, composition of 157
Nucleic acids 158
metabolism, inborn errors of 95
Nucleoside 159t
triphosphates 159, 160t
Nucleotide 158, 159t
adenine dinucleotide phosphate 35
composition of 158
Nucleus 4
Nutrition 140
Nutritional value 81
Nyctalopia 121
O
Obstructive liver disease, markers of 153
Oligosaccharides 21
Optical isomerism 74
Oral glucose tolerance test 43, 43f
Oral hypoglycemic agents 45
Ornithine cycle 83
Ornithine transcarbamylase 83f
Osazone 24
Osmosis 166
Osmotic diuresis 42
Osmotic pressure 166
Osteocalcin 122
Osteogenesis imperfecta 111
Ouchterlony double diffusion 172f
Ouchterlony technique 171
Oxidation
biological 96, 98
foodstuffs, stages of 97
glucose 25
Oxidative deamination 78, 84
Oxidative decarboxylation 124
Oxidative phosphorylation 98
Oxidative rancidity 51
Oxidoreductases 11
Oxygen dissociation curve 118f
P
Pantothenic acid 126
biological function of 126
sources of 126
Paper chromatography 173
Paper electrophoresis 170
Parathyroid hormone 131
Passive immunity 109
Passive transport 7
Pentapeptides 79
Pentosuria, essential 35
Pepsin 82
Peptide 79
bond 78, 79f
Peptone 80
Peroxidase 101
Peroxisomes 5
pH, regulation of 145
Phenyl ketonuria 89, 91, 91f
Phenylalanine 88
metabolism 89
Phosphate buffer system 146
Phosphatidic acid 52, 52f
Phosphatidyl choline 52
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine 53, 53f
Phosphatidyl inositol 53, 53f
Phosphatidyl serine 53
Phosphodiester bonds 162
Phosphoglycerate kinase 98
Phospholipids 51, 53f
Phosphorus 132
biological role of 132
deficiency manifestations of 133
distribution of 132
requirement of 132
sources of 132
toxicity of 133
Photolysis 69
Phrynoderma 50, 63
Phylloquinone 123
Plasma 103
glucose 44t
lipids 69
membrane 6
fluid mosaic model of 6, 6f
proteins 103
estimation 151
functions of 105
separation of 103
Plasmacytoma 107
Plasmalogens 53
Polydypsia 41
Polyhydroxy alcohols 20
Polynucleotide 162f
Polyphagia 41
Polysaccharides 21, 26
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 63, 72, 141
peroxidation of 100
Polyuria 41
Porphobilinogen 113
Porphyrias 116
Potassium 134
biological function of 134
deficiency of 134
in plasma, normal level of 134
requirement of 134
sources of 134
toxicity of 134
Pregnancy, complications of 43
Pressure gradient 8
Prokaryotic cell 3, 3t
Prostacyclins 64, 65
Prostaglandins 64
functions of 64
Prostate specific antigen 18t
Prosthetic group 10
Proteins 80, 110
biosynthesis 165
buffer system 146
calorie malnutrition 143
classification of 79
conjugated 80, 81t
defense 79
deficiency 142
denaturation of 81
digestion of 82
energy malnutrition 143
function of 79
general functions of 74
in plasma, normal values of 103
organization of 81
protective 79
requirement 142
simple 80, 80t
structural 79
synthesis, inhibitors of 165
transport 80, 105
Proteinuria, overflow 155
Proteoglycan 28
Prothrombin time 152
Provitamin A 119
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 111
Purines
metabolism, disorders of 160
nucleotides, degradation of 160
structure of 158f
synthesis inhibitors 161
Pyranose 23
Pyridoxal kinase 126
Pyridoxal phosphate 10, 126
Pyridoxine 126
biological function of 126
deficiency, manifestations of 126
RDA for 126
sources of 126
Pyrimidine 162
metabolism, disorders of 161
Pyrogens 65
Pyruvate 32
carboxylase 33, 127
dehydrogenase 33
kinase 98
R
Racemic mixtures 22
Rancidity 51
Random blood glucose 40
Random blood sugar 40
Reactive oxygen metabolites 101
Recommended dietary allowance 123, 125, 144
Red blood cells 44
Red molecules 174f
Reduce dietary cholesterol 73
Refsum's disease 93
Renal function tests 150, 153
Respiratory acidosis 148
causes of 148
compensatory mechanism in 148
Respiratory alkalosis
causes of 149
compensatory mechanism of 149
Respiratory burst 100
Respiratory diseases 101
Respiratory quotient 140
Reticuloendothelial system 114
Retinol binding protein 105t, 120
Retinopathy 42
Reverse cholesterol transport 72
Reverse osmosis 167
Rhodopsin cycle 120, 120f
Riboflavin 125
Ribonucleic acid 158, 163
Ribosomal RNA 165
Ribosome 5
RNA synthesis, inhibitors of 165
Rothera's test 42, 154
S
S-adenosyl methionine 88
Sarcolemma 111
Saturated fatty acid 48, 141
Selenium 138
biological role of 139
requirement of 138
Seliwanoff's test 24
Serine 86
and glycine, interconversion of 85f
dehydratase 84
Serotonin 89
Serum 103
calcium 131t
cholesterol level 73
enzyme activity 152
triglyceride 73
Shunt pathway 34
Sickle cell hemoglobin 117
Skeletal system 7
Sodium 133
biological role of 134
deficiency 134
glycocholate 56
in plasma, normal level of 134
pump 9, 9
requirement of 133
sources of 133
taurocholate 56
toxicity 134
Specific dynamic action 140
Sphingolipids 54
Sphingomyelin 54, 54f
Sphingophospholipids 51
Squalene, formation of 68, 68f
Stabilizing media 169, 170
Starch gel 172
Stearic acid 53
Stereoisomerism 21, 74
Stereoisomers, D and L forms of 22
Steroid 55
hormones 68, 69
functions of 69t
synthesis of 69f
Sterols 55
Strong oxidizing agent 25
Subcellular organelles 4
Substrate concentration 12
Substrate level phosphorylation 97
Succinate thiokinase 98
Sucrose 25
Sugars, simple 20
Suicidal inhibition 16
Sulfur 135
functions of 135
sources of 135
Sulpholipids 51, 54
Superoxide dismutase 101
T
Tangier's disease 72
Tetany 132
Tetrahydrofolic acid 127
Thalassemia 117
Therapeutic enzymes 16
Thiamine 123
functions of 124f
pyrophosphate 10, 33, 124
Threonine 87
catabolism of 87f
Thromboxanes 64, 65
Thymine 159
Thyroid hormone 78
Thyroxin 89
Tissue proteins 103
Titratable acid 146
Toad skin 63
Tonicity 166, 167
Toxins 80
Trace elements 135
Transfer RNA 165
Transferases 11
Triacyl glycerol 51, 56
digestion of 56
Tricarboxylic acid 96
Triglycerides 51, 55, 62
breakdown of 62
metabolism of 62
synthesis of 62
Troponins 112
Trypsin 82
Tryptophan 89, 93
Tubular function tests 153
Turgid 167
Turgor 167
Tyrosine 88
metabolism 129
on phenylalanine, sparing action of 88
Tyrosinemia 92
U
Unconjugated bilirubin 151
Unsaturated fatty acids 49
classification of 49f
Urea clearance test 155
Urea cycle 83, 83f
Uric acid 160
Uricosuria 160
Urine
abnormal constituents of 153
acidification of 146
bile salt 151
bilirubin 151
normal constituents of 153
V
Vacuum filtration 168
Van den Bergh reaction 151
Van den Bergh test 116
Vascular diseases 42
Very low density lipoprotein 70
Vitamin 119
A 119
biological functions of 121
biological role of 120
deficiency manifestations of 121
in vision, role of 120
sources of 121
structure of 119f
B complex 124t
group 128t
B1 123
biological function of 124
source of 123
structure of 123
B12 127
biological function of 128
deficiency, manifestations of 128
RDA for 128
sources of 127
B2 125
deficiency 125
sources of 125
B6 126
C 128
absorption of 128
excretion of 128
functions of 129
RDA for 128
sources of 128
D 121, 122, 131
absorption of 121, 122
deficiency manifestations of 122
requirement of 121
sources of 121
E 122
biochemical role of 123
deficiency manifestations of 123
K 123
antagonists of 123
deficiency manifestations of 123
functions of 123
sources of 123
Von Gierke's disease 39
W
Wald's visual cycle 120
Water soluble vitamins 119, 123
Watson-Crick model of DNA structure 162
Waxes 50, 51
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome 125
White adipose tissue 62
Wilson's disease 137
X
Xerophthalmia 121
Z
Zinc
biological role of 138
deficiency manifestations 138
dietary sources of 138
normal serum level of 138
requirement of 138
toxicity of 138
Zone electrophoresis 170
Zwitterion 77
Zymogens 16
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Chapter Notes

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