Index

A Practical Guide to Diabetes Mellitus Nihal Thomas, Jachin Velavan, Nitin Kapoor, Senthil Vasan K

CHAPTER 1:Physiology
- PANCREAS
- DIABETES MELLITUS
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 2:Introduction and Overview of Glycemic Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
  - Asian Indian Phenotype and its Characterization
  - Thrifty Genotype versus Phenotype Hypotheses
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION
- HISTORY TAKING IN DIABETES
- DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- CONCEPT OF PREDIABETES
  - Diagnosis of Impaired Fasting Glycemia and Impaired Glucose Tolerance
- CONCEPT OF “THE METABOLIC SYNDROME”
- SCREENING FOR DIABETES
- SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADULTS WITH DIABETES
- GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 3:Practical Medical Nutritional Therapy
- GOALS OF NUTRITION THERAPY
- MAINTENANCE OF BODY WEIGHT
- MACRONUTRIENTS
- CARBOHYDRATE
- PROTEIN
- FAT
- MICRONUTRIENTS
- NON-NUTRITIVE SWEETENERS
- ALCOHOL AND DIABETES
- FENUGREEK
- FOOD EXCHANGES
- MEAL PLANNING
- CARBOHYDRATE COUNTING
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 4:Exercise
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OCCURRING DURING EXERCISE
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE IN DIABETES
- BENEFITS OF EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES
- POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECT OF EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES
- EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION
- TYPES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS (Fig. 4.8)
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 5:Counseling
- INTRODUCTION
- STEPS IN COUNSELING
- CONCLUSION
- CASE STUDIES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 6:Oral Antidiabetic Agents
- ROLE OF ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT THERAPY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
- BIGUANIDES
- SULFONYLUREAS
  - Available Agents
- MEGLITINIDE
- ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS
- THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
- INCRETIN EFFECT
- HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE IN DIABETES
- SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS
- BROMOCRIPTINE
- GUIDELINES FOR INITIATING ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
  - American Diabetes Association: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2015 (Flowchart 6.3)
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 7:Parenteral Therapeutic Agents
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THE BASIS FOR INSULIN REPLACEMENT REGIMENS
- HISTORY
- SOURCES OF INSULIN
- CLASSIFICATION OF INSULIN
- INDICATIONS FOR INSULIN THERAPY
- THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS
  - Augmentation Therapy
  - Replacement Therapy
    - Dosing
- ORAL MEDICATIONS PLUS INSULIN
- INSULIN ANALOGS
  - Standard Insulin versus Insulin Analogs
  - Problems with Regular Insulin
- TYPES OF INSULIN ANALOGS
  - Rapidly-acting Analogs
  - Long-acting Analogs
- GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE-1 ANALOGS
- AMYLIN ANALOGS
  - Pramlintide
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 8:Insulin Therapy—Practical Aspects
- INTRODUCTION
- INSULIN SYRINGES
- FACTORS THAT AFFECT RATE OF ABSORPTION OF INSULIN
- COMPLICATIONS OF INSULIN THERAPY
- BARRIERS TO INSULIN THERAPY
- SICK DAY MANAGEMENT
  - Sick Day Guidelines
  - Other Instructions
- ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF INSULIN DELIVERY
  - Insulin Pens
  - Who Benefits from Pen Devices?
    - Limitations of Pen Devices
- DETERMINING EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF-INJECTION EDUCATION
- DOSE ADJUSTMENT FOR NORMAL EATING
  - What is DAFNE?
  - What are the Benefits of DAFNE?
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 9:Blood Glucose Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION
- SELF-MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
- CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING SYSTEM
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 10:Peripheral Neuropathy
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
  - WHO Definition of Neuropathy in Diabetes
- RISK FACTORS
- CLASSIFICATION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 11:Feet, Foot Care and Neuroarthropathy
- INTRODUCTION
- ULCERATION
- NEUROARTHROPATHY
  - Investigations (Table 11.2)
  - Treatment
- PERIPHERAL ARTERY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
  - Diabetes Maintenance Therapy for Vascular Disease Prevention
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- WOUND ASSESSMENT
- WOUND CLEANSING
  - Cleansing Solutions
  - Nontoxic Wound Cleansers
- DEBRIDEMENT
  - Types of Debridement
  - Choice of Dressings
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 12:Therapeutic Footwear
- INTRODUCTION
- FOOT INJURY MECHANISM DUE TO SENSORY NEUROPATHY
- FOOT INJURY MECHANISM DUE TO MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHY
- FOOT EXAMINATION FOR SELECTING APPROPRIATE FOOT ORTHOTICS
- SELECTION OF FOOTWEAR
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- SUGGESTED READING
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 13:Hypertension
- DEFINITIONS
- HYPERTENSION AND AGE
- HYPERTENSION AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
  - Renovascular Hypertension
  - Primary Hyperaldosteronism
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION
- ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS (SEE TABLE 13.6)
- PRINCIPLES IN MANAGEMENT OFHYPERTENSION (SEE FLOWCHART 13.2)
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 14:Nephropathy
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- RISK FACTORS
- CLASSIFICATION
- SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- PATHOGENESIS OF NEPHROPATHY
- PATHOLOGY
  - Screening
  - Clinical Presentation
- DIFFERENTIATING FROM OTHER CAUSES OF KIDNEY DISEASES
- MANAGEMENT
- WHAT SHOULD BE DONE WHEN THE GFR HAS BEGUN TO DECLINE?
- AVOIDANCE OF FURTHER INJURY
- SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT FOR THE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENT
- INVESTIGATIONS
- RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
- NORMOALBUMINURIC CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN DIABETES
- NEWER/EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY FOR DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- CONCLUSION
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 15:Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DIABETES MELLITUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- DIABETIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
  - Primary Prevention in Individuals with Diabetes
  - Pharmacological Management of Dyslipidemia
- INTRODUCTION
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 16:Ocular Disease and Retinopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- CORNEAL CHANGES
- LENS AND CATARACT
- DIABETES AND GLAUCOMA
- ORBITAL INVOLVEMENT
- NEURO-OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF DIABETES
- DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
  - Epidemiology
  - Risk Factors
- CLASSIFICATION AND FEATURES OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (Flowchart 16.1)
- PATHOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE FEATURES OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
  - Complications of Diabetic Retinopathy
- MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (Flowchart 16.3)
- OPHTHALMOSCOPY
  - Procedure
  - Fundus Findings of Diabetic Retinopathy
- RECORDING OF FUNDUS FINDINGS
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 17:Autonomic Neuropathy
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DAN
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DAN
- CURRENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF DAN
- MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF DAN
- CONCLUSION
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 18:Infections in Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- SPECIFIC INFECTIONS
- CONCLUSION
  - Common Infections and Suggested Antimicrobial Therapy (Tables 18.3 to 18.5)
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 19:Hyperglycemic Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- PRECIPITATING FACTORS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DKA AND HHS
- CLINICAL RECOGNITION, ESTABLISHING ADIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF COMORBIDITIES
  - History in Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
  - Physical Findings in DKA and HHS
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND LABORATORY STUDIES
- CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF DKA AND RECOGNITION OF COMPLICATIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- USE OF INPATIENT STANDARD MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
- CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE
- PROGNOSIS
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 20:Hypoglycemia
- CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COUNTER-REGULATION
- CAUSES
- CLINICAL RECOGNITION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
- CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF HYPOGLYCEMIA (Flowchart 20.1)
- LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT
- RECURRENT HYPOGLYCEMIA
- CONSEQUENCES
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 21:Pregnancy and Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMINOLOGY
  - Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
  - Pregestational Diabetes
    - Overt Diabetes
- GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
- PREGESTATIONAL DIABETES
- MANAGEMENT
- FUTURE RISKS IN MOTHER
- CONCLUSION
- SUGGESTED READING
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 22:Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS
- ACUTE COMPLICATIONS
  - Hypoglycemia
  - Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- SICK DAY MANAGEMENT
- TYPE 2 DIABETES IN CHILDREN
  - Prediction of Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- CONCLUSION
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 23:Diabetes in the Elderly
- DIABETES IN THE OLDER ADULT: HOW IS IT DIFFERENT?
  - Issues to be Considered in Management of Diabetes in the Older Adults
- MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN THE ELDERLY
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 24:Secondary Diabetes and Other Specific Types
- CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY DIABETES
- CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS IN SECONDARY DIABETES
  - Clinical Considerations—Why is Knowledge about Secondary Diabetes Important?
  - Management
- OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES OF DIABETES
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 25:Perioperative Care
- METABOLISM AT REST
- METABOLIC CHALLENGE OF SURGERY
- PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC PATIENTS
  - Preoperative Assessment
  - Evaluation of End-organ Damage
- LEVEL OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- CLASSIFICATION OF THE TYPE OF SURGERY
- MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES DEPENDS ON
- CHOICE OF ANESTHESIA
- PREMEDICATION
- INTRAOPERATIVE ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC PATIENTS
- POINT OF CARE GLUCOSE MEASUREMENTS
- MAJOR SURGERY REGIMEN
- MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC PATIENTS UNDER DIFFERENT MODES OF ANESTHESIA
  - In General Anesthesia
  - In Regional Techniques
- PROBLEMS TO BE ANTICIPATED IN A DIABETIC PATIENT UNDER ANESTHESIA
- EMERGENCY SURGERY IN THE DIABETIC PATIENT
- SPECIAL CLINICAL SCENARIOS
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC PATIENTS
  - Blood Glucose Monitoring and Control
  - Surgical Wound Management
- SUMMARY
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 26:Obesity with Diabetes
- DEFINITION OF OBESITY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND ITS IMPACT ON DIABETES
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY
- EVALUATION OF OBESITY
  - Investigations to be done in a Patient of Obesity
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 27:Laboratory and Analytical Methods
- INTRODUCTION
- LABORATORY ERRORS
- PREANALYTICAL, ANALYTICAL AND POSTANALYTICAL ERRORS
- ROLE OF LABORATORY IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT
- AVAILABLE ASSAYS
- OTHER TESTS OF RELEVANCE
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 28:Recent Advances
- DRUGS WHICH POTENTIATE INSULIN SECRETION
  - Newer Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogs
  - Newer Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
- INSULIN RECEPTOR ACTIVATORS
- NEWER PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONISTS
- NEW HEPATIC TARGETS FOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN DIABETES
- ADVANCES IN INSULIN THERAPY
- IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES
  - Immunomodulators
- STEM CELL THERAPY
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 29:In-hospital Management of Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- EFFECTS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS AND BENEFITS OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- WHICH PATIENT SHOULD WE ADMIT?
- AIMS AND TARGETS
  - Goals for Blood Glucose Levels*
- THE DIABETES INPATIENT TEAM
- THE PARADOX: BARRIERS TO GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN HOSPITAL
- COMMON ERRORS IN MANAGEMENT
  - Glucose Monitoring
- GLUCOSE CONTROL
- DIABETES MANAGEMENT IN THE CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 30:Integrating Systems
- INTRODUCTION
- DISEASE PREVENTION
- PREVENTION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
  - In the Hospital
  - In the Community
- INTEGRATED DIABETES CLINICS
- FUNCTIONARIES OF AN INTEGRATED DIABETES CLINIC AND THEIR ROLE (Fig. 30.1)
- IMPROVING FOOT CARE FOR PEOPLE WITH DIABETES MELLITUS: AN INTEGRATED CARE APPROACH
- DIABETES SUPPORT GROUPS
- INTRODUCTION
- TELEHEALTH CLASSROOM SETUP
  - Communication Media
  - Software
- DESKTOP CONFERENCE: WEB-BASED LEARNING METHOD
- REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY TRANSMISSION
- ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGES AND ISSUES
  - Impact of Telemedicine on Diabetes and Health
- CONCLUSION
- SUGGESTED READING
- SELF-ASSESSMENT
Final Evaluation
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
- ANSWER KEYS
Answers to Self-Assessment
- CHAPTER 1: PHYSIOLOGY
- CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF GLYCEMIC DISORDERS
- CHAPTER 3: PRACTICAL MEDICAL NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
- CHAPTER 4: EXERCISE
- CHAPTER 5: COUNSELING
- CHAPTER 6: ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
- CHAPTER 7: PARENTERAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
- CHAPTER 8: INSULIN THERAPY—PRACTICAL ASPECTS
- CHAPTER 9: BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING
- CHAPTER 10: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
- CHAPTER 11: FEET, FOOT CARE AND NEUROARTHROPATHY
- CHAPTER 12: THERAPEUTIC FOOTWEAR
- CHAPTER 13: HYPERTENSION
- CHAPTER 14: NEPHROPATHY
- CHAPTER 15: MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES
- CHAPTER 16: OCULAR DISEASE AND RETINOPATHY
- CHAPTER 17: AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY
- CHAPTER 18: INFECTIONS IN DIABETES
- CHAPTER 19: HYPERGLYCEMIC EMERGENCIES
- CHAPTER 20: HYPOGLYCEMIA
- CHAPTER 21: PREGNANCY AND DIABETES
- CHAPTER 22: DIABETES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
- CHAPTER 23: DIABETES IN THE ELDERLY
- CHAPTER 24: SECONDARY DIABETES AND OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES
- CHAPTER 25: PERIOPERATIVE CARE
- CHAPTER 26: OBESITY WITH DIABETES
- CHAPTER 27: LABORATORY AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
- CHAPTER 28: RECENT ADVANCES
- CHAPTER 29: INHOSPITAL MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
- CHAPTER 30: INTEGRATING SYSTEMS
Appendices
1:Dietary Recommendations
- CHANGE PROPORTIONS OF FOOD → CONTROL DIABETES
2:A Quick Guide for Choosing Footwear, MCR Add-ons and Braces
3:Evidence in Medicine
4:Diabetes Case Record
5:Patient Handouts and Educational Material
- WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?
- WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS?
- WHAT DOES THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS INVOLVE?
- HOW OFTEN SHOULD ONE CHECK BLOOD SUGARS?
  - Monitoring Blood Sugar Control
- WHAT ARE THE TABLETS UTILIZED IN TREATING DIABETES MELLITUS?
- WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF A LOW BLOOD SUGAR (“HYPOGLYCEMIC ATTACK”)?
- WHEN SHOULD INSULIN BE USED?
- HOW SHOULD INSULIN BE ADMINISTERED?
- WHAT EXTRA ATTENTION DOES THE FEET REQUIRE IN DIABETES MELLITUS?
- CONCLUSION
- THE IMPORTANCE OF FOOT CARE IN DIABETES MELLITUS

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes