Index

Textbook of Endocrine Surgery Orlo H Clark, Quan-Yang Duh, Electron Kebebew, Jessica E Gosnell, Wen T Shen

SECTION 1: THYROID
CHAPTER 1:Thyroid Physiology
- THYROID EMBRYOGENESIS
- THYROID HORMONE PHYSIOLOGY
- CALCITONIN PHYSIOLOGY
  - Calcitonin Secretion
  - Peripheral Action of Calcitonin
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2:Surgical Anatomy and Embryology of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands and Recurrent and External Laryngeal Nerves
- THYROID EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES
- PARATHYROID EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES
- SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS
CHAPTER 3:Endemic Iodine Deficiency and Goiters: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF IODINE DEFICIENCY AND ENDEMIC GOITERS
  - Methods of Assessment of Iodine Deficiency and Endemic Goiters
  - Current Status of Global Iodine Nutrition
- ETIOLOGY OF IODINE DEFICIENCY AND ENDEMIC GOITERS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDEMIC GOITER
- MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ENDEMIC GOITER
- ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF ENDEMIC GOITERS
- PROPHYLAXIS AND CONTROL OF IODINE DEFICIENCY AND ENDEMIC GOITERS
- GLOBAL IODIZATION PROGRAMS AND THEIR EFFECT ON IODINE DEFICIENCY AND ENDEMIC GOITERS PREVENTION AND CONTROL
- MEDICAL TREATMENT OF ENDEMIC GOITERS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4:Thyroglossal Duct Cysts and Sublingual Thyroid
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 5:Sporadic Nontoxic Goiter
- CAUSES OF GOITER
  - Genetic Factors
  - Environmentally Induced Goiter
    - Iodine Deficiency
    - Environmental and other Factors
- PATHOGENESIS
- NATURAL HISTORY
- INTERVENTION VERSUS OBSERVATION
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- TREATMENT
  - Extent of Surgery
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 6:Thyroiditis
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE (SUPPURATIVE) THYROIDITIS
- SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS
  - Painful (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis
  - Painless Thyroiditis
- CHRONIC THYROIDITIS
  - Lymphocytic (Hashimoto's) Thyroiditis
  - Riedel's Thyroiditis
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7:Hypothyroidism: Pearls for the Endocrine Surgeon
- PREVALENCE OF PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
- CAUSES OF PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
- DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
  - Subclinical Hypothyroidism
- THYROID HORMONE SUPPLEMENTATION/REPLACEMENT
- THYROID REPLACEMENT DOSING AFTER TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY FOR BENIGN DISEASE
- HYPOTHYROIDISM AFTER HEMITHYROIDECTOMY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 8:Graves’ and Plummer's Diseases: Medical and Surgical Management
- INTRODUCTION
- ROBERT JAMES GRAVES (1796–1853)
- HENRY STANLEY PLUMMER (1874–1937)
- SIR THOMAS PEEL DUNHILL (1876–1957)
- GRAVES’ DISEASE
- PLUMMER'S DISEASE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9:Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and TSH Suppressive Therapy in Patients after Thyroid Operations for Nodular Goiter or Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
- HISTORY OF TSH AND TSH SUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
- PREOPERATIVE SERUM TSH LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH BENIGN MULTINODULAR GOITER AND PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER
- TSH AND THYROCYTE GROWTH – BIOCHEMICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
- ACTIVATED TSH-RECEPTOR, SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEMS, AND THYROCYTE GROWTH
- TSH EFFECT ON CELLULAR GROWTH IN PRIMARY THYROCYTES IN CULTURE
- TSH EFFECT ON PERMANENT HUMAN CELL CULTURES IN VITRO
- EFFECT OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED TSH-R IN TRANSGENIC MICE
- CLINICAL DATA OF MODERATE AND STRINGENT TSH-SUPPRESSIVE THERAPY: BENEFITS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:Approach to Thyroid Nodules
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATIENT HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- LARYNGOSCOPY
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
  - Biochemical Tests
  - Imaging
- THE BETHESDA SYSTEM FOR REPORTING THYROID CYTOPATHOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 11:Pediatric Thyroid Carcinoma
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
  - Radiation Exposure
  - Genetics
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
- TREATMENT
- FOLLOW-UP AND PROGNOSIS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 12:Rationale for Hemithyroidectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN THYROID CANCER
- REASONS FOR INCREASING INCIDENCE OF TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY
- DEFINITE INDICATIONS FOR TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY
- FOLLICULAR AND HÜRTHLE CELL CARCINOMA AND THE ROLE OF LOBECTOMY
- COMPLETION THYROIDECTOMY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Rationale for Total Thyroidectomy
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 14:Nonsurgical Treatment of PTC
- OBSERVATION OF PAPILLARY MICROCARCINOMA
- THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES OTHER THAN OBSERVATION AND SURGERY FOR LOW-RISK PMC
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 15:Follicular Neoplasms of the Thyroid
- INTRODUCTION
  - Incidence and Prevalence of Follicular Neoplasms
  - Presentation and Identification of Follicular Neoplasms
- FOLLICULAR ADENOMA
  - Pathologic Features of Follicular Adenoma
  - Clinical Features of Follicular Adenoma
- FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA
CHAPTER 16:Hürthle Cell Adenoma and Carcinoma
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 17:Medullary Thyroid Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- HEREDITARY MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER
- INITIAL SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CLINICALLY EVIDENT DISEASE
- MANAGEMENT OF REGIONAL LYMPH NODES IN CLINICALLY EVIDENT DISEASE
- MANAGEMENT OF LYMPH NODES DURING PREVENTATIVE SURGERY FOR HEREDITARY MTC
- MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT OR PERSISTENT DISEASE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18:Surgical Ultrasonography of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
- PREAMBLE AND HISTORY
- BASIC PHYSICS
- HARDWARE AND SETUP
- THE EXAMINATION
- PRINCIPAL FEATURES IN THYROID SONOGRAPHY
- SPECIFIC FEATURES IN THYROID SONOGRAPHY
  - Normal Thyroid
- BENIGN THYROID DISORDERS
- MALIGNANT THYROID DISORDERS
- CONTROVERSY AND REALITY
- PRINCIPAL FEATURES IN PARATHYROID SONOGRAPHY
- SAFETY
CHAPTER 19:Thyroid Cytology: Benefits and Problems
- INTRODUCTION
- NONDIAGNOSTIC/UNSATISFACTORY
- BENIGN THYROID NODULE
- ATYPIA OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE OR FOLLICULAR LESION OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE
- FOLLICULAR NEOPLASM/SUSPICIOUS FOR FOLLICULAR NEOPLASM
- SUSPICIOUS FOR MALIGNANCY AND MALIGNANT
CHAPTER 20:Localization Tests in Patients with Thyroid Cancer
- DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER OF FOLLICULAR CELL ORIGIN
- IMAGE DIAGNOSIS OF MEDULLARY CANCER
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 21:Papillary and Follicular Carcinoma: Surgical and Radioiodine Treatment of Distant Metastases
- INTRODUCTION
- LOCATION OF DISTANT METASTASES
- DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
- THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 22:Risk Stratification Systems for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPARISON OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
- REDEFINING PTC MANAGEMENT USING A RISK ADAPTED PARADIGM
  - Initial Risk Stratification
  - Secondary Risk Stratification
    - Surveillance and Restaging
CHAPTER 23:Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- STAGING
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- PATHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- GOALS OF CARE
- TREATMENT
- SURGERY
- AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
- ENTERAL ACCESS
- EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY
- CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY AND TARGETED THERAPEUTICS
- POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 24:Unusual Thyroid Cancers, Lymphoma, and Metastases to the Thyroid
- AGGRESSIVE VARIANTS OF WELL- DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA
- POORLY DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- PLASMACYTOMA
- PARAGANGLIOMA
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PATHOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
- SARCOMA
- TERATOMA
- DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 25:Recurrent Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK GROUPS STRATIFICATION FOR RECURRENT DTC
- DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF RECURRENT DTC
- THYROID BED RECURRENCE
- PREVENTION OF RECURRENT DISEASE
- DIAGNOSIS OF RECURRENT
- TREATMENT OF RECURRENT AND METASTATIC CANCER
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 26:Nerve Monitoring During Thyroidectomy
- HISTORY
- ANATOMY
- REPORTED INCIDENCE OF INJURY
- INTRAOPERATIVE NERVE MONITORING
- TROUBLESHOOTING
- MEDICOLEGAL ISSUES
- ETHICAL ISSUES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 27:Evaluation of Voice and Larynx at Thyroid and Parathyroid Operations
- INTRODUCTION
- THE ANATOMY OF VOICE
- INCIDENCE OF RLN PARALYSIS
- CAUSES OF THYROIDECTOMY- RELATED DYSHPHONIA: NEURAL AND NONNEURAL CAUSES
- PREOPERATIVE LARYNGEAL EXAMINATION
- LARYNGEAL EXAMINATION GUIDELINES
  - AAO-HNS Clinical Practice Guideline Review: Improving Voice Outcomes after Thyroid Surgery
- INTRAOPERATIVE NEURAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING
- POSTOPERATIVE LARYNGEAL EXAMINATION
- FLEXIBLE LARYNGOSCOPY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 28:Thyroidectomy—Standard
- INTRODUCTION/HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- INDICATIONS FOR THYROIDECTOMY
- PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
- ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
- PATIENT POSITIONING/PREPARATION
- OPERATIVE APPROACH
- THYROIDECTOMY RESULTS
- CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 29:Thyroidectomy—Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Thyroidectomy (MIVAT)
- BACKGROUND
- INDICATIONS FOR MIVAT
- THE TECHNIQUE
- OUTCOMES AND CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 30:Thyroid Surgery—Robotic
- INTRODUCTION
- TRAINING SURGEONS TO PERFORM ROBOTIC THYROID SURGERY
- PREOPERATIVE PATIENT'S WORKUP FOR ROBOTIC THYROID SURGERY
- OPERATIVE PROCEDURE
  - Robotic Thyroidectomy Procedure
  - Robotic Radical Neck Dissection Procedure
- EVIDENCE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31:Nontraditional Approaches and Remote Access to Thyroidectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- “NONTRADITIONAL” APPROACH DEFINED
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 32:Alcohol and Radiofrequency Ablation of Thyroid Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR ABLATION
- CHOOSING A TECHNIQUE
- CONTROVERSIES AND THE FUTURE
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 33:New Technology in Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACERVICAL TRANSAXILLARY THYROIDECTOMY: CONCEPT, PRESENTATION, AND PRECLINICAL WORK AT THE IRCAD
- PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND INTRAOPERATIVE NAVIGATION IN THYROID SURGERY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 34:Management of Regional Lymph Nodes in Papillary, Follicular and Medullary Thyroid Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE THYROID
- APPLIED SURGICAL ANATOMY
- INCIDENCE AND LOCALIZATION OF LYMPH NODE METASTASES
  - Incidence
  - Localization
- PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF REGIONAL LYMPH NODE METASTASES
  - Survival
  - Recurrence Rate
- CHOICE OF NECK DISSECTION
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS OF NECK DISSECTION
- THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY
  - Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
  - Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- TREATMENT OF REGIONAL RECURRENCES IN THE NECK
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 35:Prophylactic Central Compartment Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
- DEFINITIONS
- RISKS AND BENEFITS: IS PROPHYLACTIC CENTRAL NODE DISSECTION REALLY NECESSARY?
  - Proponents of PCLND
  - Detractors of PCLND
- PREOPERATIVE NODAL EVALUATION AND PATIENT SELECTION
- SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE CENTRAL NECK
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE OF PCLND
- MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS IN PCLND
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 36:Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Central Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF PROPHYLACTIC VERSUS THERAPEUTIC CENTRAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
- THE EFFECT OF PROPHYLACTIC CENTRAL NECK DISSECTION ON SURVIVAL
- THE ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST PROPHYLACTIC CENTRAL NECK DISSECTION
- OUTCOMES WITH A SELECTIVE APPROACH TO CENTRAL NECK DISSECTION
- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 37:Occurrence and Prevention of Complications in Thyroid Surgery
- SURGERY FOR THYROID DISEASE
- COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING THYROID SURGERY
- GENERAL COMPLICATIONS
- SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 38:Thyroid Emergencies: Thyroid Storm and Myxedema Coma
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 39:Pathology of Tumors of the Thyroid Gland
- CLASSIFICATION OF THYROID TUMORS
CHAPTER 40:Factors that Predispose to Thyroid Neoplasia
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIATION EXPOSURE
- FAMILY AND PERSONAL HISTORY
- OTHER FACTORS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 41:Familial (Hereditary) Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF FNMTC
- IDENTIFYING FNMTC AS A DISTINCT GENETIC DISEASE
- CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FNMTC
- CLINICAL SCREENING GUIDELINES
- FNMTC INHERITANCE PATTERN
- GENETIC ANTICIPATION IN FNMTC
- GENETICS OF FNMTC
- OTHER GENETIC SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH NONMEDULLARY THYROID CANCER
- ROLE OF GENETIC COUNSELING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 42:Oncogenesis in Thyroid Nodules
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETICS
- MICRORNAS
- EPIGENETICS
  - DNA Methylation
  - Histone Modifications
- SIGNALING PATHWAY DEREGULATION
  - MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway
  - PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 43:Molecular Classification of Thyroid Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- PROTEIN MARKERS
- GENETIC MARKERS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 44:Oncogenesis and New Targeted Treatment for Thyroid Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THYROID CANCER OF FOLLICULAR CELL ORIGIN
- TARGETED THERAPY IN THYROID CANCER OF FOLLICULAR CELL ORIGIN
  - Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
    - Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonists
    - Epigenetic Modulators
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 45:Mechanisms and Regulation of Invasion in Thyroid Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND THE METASTATIC PROGRESSION OF THYROID CANCER
  - Oncogenes and Metastatic Thyroid Cancer
- RET/PTC
- RAS
  - PAX8/PPARgamma
  - P53
- ECM DYNAMICS AND CANCER PROGRESSION
- INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING EVENTS MEDIATED VIA THE ECM PROTEINS, TGF-β INTEGRINS, MMPs, AND CATHEPSINS
- ECM, EMT, INVASION, AND METASTASIS
- CANCER STEM CELLS AND THYROID CANCER
- CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 46:Radioactive Iodine Therapy: Mechanisms and Indications
- INTRODUCTION
- TARGETED DESTRUCTION OF THYROID CANCER CELLS WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE
  - Iodine Metabolism in Thyroid Cancer Cells
  - Patient Preparation and Administered Activities
    - Adverse Effects
- INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47:Recombinant Human TSH and Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
- BACKGROUND
- HISTORICAL ASPECT
- PRECLINICAL DATA
- CLINICAL DATA—rhTSH AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
- BIOKINETIC STUDIES OF RADIOIODINE WITH rhTSH VERSUS THW
- ADVERSE EFFECTS AND PRECAUTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 48:Surgical Management of Recurrent and Retrosternal Goiters
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- CAUSES OF RECURRENT GOITER
  - Incomplete Thyroidectomy
  - Total Thyroidectomy
  - Malignancy
  - Inadequate TSH Suppression Post-subtotal Thyroidectomy
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INDICATION FOR SURGERY
- PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
- SURGICAL APPROACH
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
- CLASSIFICATION
- SURGICAL APPROACH
- PREOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS AND ASSESSMENT
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
  - Cervical Approach
  - Sternotomy
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 49:Surgical Management of Advanced Thyroid Cancer Invading the Aerodigestive Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL AND DISTANT DISEASE
- PATIENT SELECTION
- SURGICAL APPROACH
- LONG-TERM RESULTS AFTER SURGERY
- SUMMARY
SECTION 2: PARATHYROID
CHAPTER 50:Parathyroid Embryology, Anatomy, and Pathology
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
  - Relation between the Parathyroid Glands and the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
  - Arterial Blood Supply to the Parathyroids
- PATHOLOGY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 51:Diagnosis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Indications for Parathyroidectomy
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism
- RADIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS
- INDICATIONS FOR OPERATIVE TREATMENT AND RATIONALE FOR PARATHYROIDECTOMY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 52:Natural History of Untreated Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- FOLLOW-UP OF HEALTH SURVEY- DETECTED HYPERCALCEMIA
- CONSERVATIVE FOLLOW-UP IN CLINICALLY DETECTED PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- LONG-TERM PROSPECTIVE FOLLOW-UP STUDY
- PROGRESSION OF SYMPTOMS
- RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDIES ON THE TREATMENT OF MILD PHPT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 53:Metabolic Complications of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- PSYCHIATRIC AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS—QUALITY OF LIFE
- NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
- CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
- LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM
- HYPERURICEMIA
- CHONDROCALCINOSIS AND PSEUDOGOUT
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 54:Natural History of Treated Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL MEASURES
- CINACALCET AND BISPHOSPHONATES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 55:Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- HISTORY
- THE CONCEPT OF “ASYMPTOMATIC” PHPT
- ARE PATIENTS TRULY ASYMPTOMATIC?
- HOW MIGHT SURGERY BENEFIT ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS WHO DO NOT MEET GUIDELINE CRITERIA FOR SURGERY?
- WHY NOT OPERATE ON EVERY PATIENT WITH PHPT?
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 56:Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NCPHP
- DIAGNOSIS OF NCPHP
- CLINICAL SYMPTOM PROFILES IN NCPHP
- NATURAL HISTORY
- MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 57:Medical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- DRUG THERAPY
- MANAGEMENT AND MEDICAL FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS NOT UNDERGOING SURGERY FOR PHPT
- UNIQUE CLINICAL SITUATIONS
- SUMMARY AND OVERALL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY
CHAPTER 58:Localization Studies in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
- PREOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION
  - Noninvasive Imaging
  - Invasive Localization
- INTRAOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION
- COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE PREOPERATIVE IMAGING MODALITIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 59:Localization Studies in Persistent or Recurrent Hyperparathyroidism
- NONINVASIVE PREOPERATIVE METHODS
- INVASIVE PREOPERATIVE METHODS
- INTRAOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION METHODS
  - Intraoperative US
    - Radio-Guided Parathyroid Surgery
  - Intraoperative PTH
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 60:Technique of Parathyroidectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF PARATHYROID SURGERY
- PARATHYROID EMBRYOLOGY
- PARATHYROID ANATOMY
- PREOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION
- PREINCISION OR POSTINCISION LOCALIZATION
- SELECTION OF UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL APPROACH
- CONVENTIONAL PARATHYROIDECTOMY
- THE IDENTIFICATION OF ABNORMAL PARATHYROID TISSUE
- MANEUVERS TO EXPOSE A MISSING UPPER GLAND
- MANEUVERS TO EXPOSE A MISSING LOWER GLAND
- TECHNIQUE OF PARATHYROID RESECTION
- RESECTION OF PARATHYROID CARCINOMA
- CONFIRMATION OF CURATIVE RESECTION
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF REOPERATIVE PARATHYROID SURGERY
- CRYOPRESERVATION
- PARATHYROIDECTOMY UNDER REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 61:Surgical Approach to Primary Hyperparathyroidism (Bilateral Exploration)
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- BIOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS
- INDICATIONS FOR AND OUTCOMES OF SUCCESSFUL PARATHYROIDECTOMY
- LOCALIZATION STUDIES FACILITATING INTENT OF INITIAL SURGICAL APPROACH
- RATIONALE AND OUTCOMES OF BILATERAL VERSUS FOCAL EXPLORATION
- BILATERAL PARATHYROID EXPLORATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 62:Surgical Approach to Primary Hyperparathyroidism (Unilateral Approach)
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
- INDICATIONS FOR A UNILATERAL APPROACH TO PARATHYROIDECTOMY
- WORKUP AND PREOPERATIVE RADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION
- ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- ROLE OF INTRAOPERATIVE PARATHYROID HORMONE MEASUREMENT
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP
- RESULTS OF UNILATERAL PARATHYROIDECTOMY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 63:Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR MIVAP
- MIVAP: SURGICAL PROCEDURE
- RESULTS OF MIVAP
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MIVAP
- MIVAP: EVIDENCE-BASED RECOMMENDATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 64:Minimally Invasive Parathyroid Exploration
- INTRODUCTION
- SPECIFIC APPROACHES TO FOCUSED/MINIMALLY INVASIVE PARATHYROID SURGERY (F/MP)
- IOPTH MONITORING
- PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF F/MP
- F/MP PITFALLS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 65:Endoscopic Parathyroidectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUE OF EPLA
- INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- RESULTS
- EXPERIENCE WITH EPLA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 66:Intraoperative Parathormone Assay as a Surgical Adjunct in Patients with Sporadic Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGICAL CANDIDATES FOR IPM-GUIDED PARATHYROIDECTOMY
- RATIONALE AND USE OF THE INTRAOPERATIVE PTH ASSAY
- ESTABLISHED “MIAMI CRITERION” FOR EVALUATION OF INTRAOPERATIVE PTH LEVELS
- INTERPRETATION OF INTRAOPERATIVE PTH DYNAMICS
- PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF INTRAOPERATIVE PTH MONITORING
- ADDITIONAL USES FOR THE INTRAOPERATIVE PTH ASSAY
  - Differential Internal Jugular Venous Sampling
  - Biochemical FNA
- PARATHYROIDECTOMY GUIDED BY INTRAOPERATIVE PTH MONITORING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 67:Parathyroid Hyperplasia: Parathyroidectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF PARATHYROID GLAND
- PARATHYROID MORPHOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY OF HYPERPLASIA
- INDICATIONS FOR PARATHYROIDECTOMY
- OPERATIVE TREATMENT
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- TOTAL PARATHYROIDECTOMY AND AUTOTRANSPLANTATION
- CRYOPRESERVATION OF PARATHYROID TISSUE
- MEDICAL TREATMENT VERSUS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- LONG-TERM RESULTS OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 68:Familial Hyperparathyroidism in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- FOLLOW-UP AND SCREENING
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
- FOLLOW-UP AND SCREENING
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 69:Familial Hyperparathyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- NON-MEN FAMILIAL HPT (FAMILIAL ISOLATED HPT)
- FAMILIAL NEONATAL HPT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 70:Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Pathogenesis, Metabolic Complications, and Surgical Approach
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS OF SHPT
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SHPT
- INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  - Pretransplant
  - Post-Transplant
- PREOPERATIVE CARE
- LOCALIZATION STUDIES
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS OF PTX
- CLINICAL COURSE AFTER SUCCESSFUL PTX
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 71:Surgical Treatment of Persistent Hyperparathyroidism after Renal Transplantation
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY, INDICATION, AND TIMING OF POST-TRANSPLANT PARATHYROIDECTOMY
- PREOPERATIVE IMAGING
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PERSISTENT HYPERPARATHYROIDISM AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
- OUTCOME
  - Characteristics of Bone Mineral Metabolism
  - Graft Function/Graft Survival
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 72:Vitamin D and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Parathyroid Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PARATHYROID HORMONE
  - Mechanism of Action
  - Regulation of PTH Synthesis and Secretion
- FGF23
  - Mechanism of Action (Fig. 72.2)
  - Regulation of FGF23 Synthesis and Secretion
- 1,25(OH)2D
  - Mechanism of Action
  - Regulation of Production and Secretion
- VITAMIN D AND PARATHYROID DISEASES
CHAPTER 73:Parathyroid Reoperations
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF FAILED INITIAL EXPLORATION FOR HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- APPROACH TO THE REOPERATIVE PATIENT
- OPERATIVE ASPECTS
- BRIEF REVIEW OF RESULTS OF REOPERATIVE PARATHYROID SURGERY
- ILLUSTRATIVE CASES
  - Case 1
  - Case 2
- REOPERATIVE PEARLS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 74:Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- POSTSURGICAL HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
- PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 75:Cryopreservation of Parathyroid Tissue
- OVERVIEW
- INDICATIONS
  - Initial Neck Operations
  - Redo Neck Operations
- CRYOPRESERVATION TECHNIQUES
- AUTOTRANSPLANTATION TECHNIQUES
  - Thawing
  - Reimplantation
- POST-TRANSPLANT FUNCTIONALITY TESTING
- EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 76:Hypercalcemia of Malignancy and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
- TUMORS CAUSING HYPERCALCEMIA
- PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERCALCEMIA
- CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Differential Diagnosis and Tests
  - Treatment
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 77:Hypercalcemic Crisis
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY OF HYPERCALCEMIC CRISIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF HYPERCALCEMIC CRISIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- HYPERCALCEMIC CRISIS IN PREGNANCY
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 78:Parathyroid Carcinoma
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT/OPERATIVE FINDINGS
  - Surgical Treatment
    - Initial Neck Exploration
    - Recurrence
  - Medical Treatment
- PROGNOSIS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 79:Molecular Tests for Parathyroid Carcinomas
- INTRODUCTION
- MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR DETECTION OF PC AND OTHER RELATED DISEASES
- PC ASSOCIATED WITH FAMILIAL FORMS OF PHPT
- HEREDITARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM-JAW TUMOR SYNDROME
- FAMILIAL ISOLATED HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- PARATHYROID CARCINOMA
- GENETIC COUNSELING AND EVALUATION OF RELATIVES AT RISK
- CLOSE SURVEILLANCE AND FOLLOW-UP25
- PARAFIBROMIN IMMUNOSTAINING
- ADDITIONAL MOLECULAR MARKERS
- LABORATORY MARKERS
- SUMMARY
SECTION 3: ADRENAL GLAND
CHAPTER 80:Surgical Embryology and Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- EMBRYOLOGY
  - Embryology of the Adrenal Medulla
- DEVELOPMENT OF ADRENAL ARTERIES
- EMBRYOLOGY AND STEROIDOGENESIS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
- ACCESSORY TISSUE
- ANATOMY
- MACROSCOPIC ASPECT
- RELATIONS
- ARTERIAL SUPPLY
- VENOUS DRAINAGE
- LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
- NERVE SUPPLY
- MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
- IMAGING
  - Radionuclide Imaging
- SURGICAL APPLICATIONS
- OPEN ADRENALECTOMY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 81:Adrenal Physiology
- INTRODUCTION
- ADRENAL CORTEX
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
  - Chromaffin Cells
  - Transmitter Mechanisms
- DETERMINATION OF RELEASE FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
- PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 82:Modalities for Imaging the Adrenal Gland
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- NUCLEAR MEDICINE STUDIES
- ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMA
- FUNCTIONAL ADRENAL ADENOMA
  - Hypercortisolism
  - Aldosterone Secreting Adenoma
- CATECHOLAMINE SECRETING TUMORS
- ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 83:Adrenal Venous Sampling
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Procedure Description
- INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
  - Confirmation of Cannulation of Adrenal Vein
  - Distinguishing Hypersecreting and Suppressed Adrenal Tissue
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 84:Adrenal Incidentaloma
- INTRODUCTION
- FREQUENCY
- PATHOLOGY
- THE GOAL OF EVALUATION
  - Function
  - Malignancy
- SCREENING FOR SCS
- SCREENING FOR “SUBCLINICAL PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA”
- SCREENING FOR “SUBCLINICAL PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM”
- SCREENING FOR ADRENAL CARCINOMA
- SIZE OF TUMOR
- IMAGING
- FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION
- GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY STUDIES
- MANAGEMENT OF INCIDENTALOMA: SURGERY VERSUS FOLLOW-UP
- WHAT IS THE BEST SURGICAL APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS?
- WHICH LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACH?
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 85:Hyperaldosteronism
- PATHOLOGIC FEATURES
- FAMILIAL AND DE NOVO MUTATIONS IN HYPERALDOSTERONISM
- BIOCHEMICAL TESTING
- CONFIRMATORY TESTING
- LOCALIZATION STUDIES
  - CT Imaging
  - Adrenal Vein Sampling
- TREATMENT
- OUTCOMES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 86:Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Nonfunctioning and Functioning
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL TESTS SUGGESTING MALIGNANCY
- CRITERIA OF MALIGNANCY OF CORTICAL TUMORS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- PREOPERATIVE IMAGING AND SUSPICION OF MALIGNANCY
- STAGING, SURGICAL INDICATIONS, AND PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- MACROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY, PREOPERATIVE IMAGING, AND SURGICAL STRATEGY
- SURGICAL STRATEGY AND TECHNICAL OPERATIVE RISKS
- SPECIFIC POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- OVERALL RESULTS AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
- SURGERY OF METASTASES AND RECURRENCES
- ADJUVANT THERAPY
- ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA IN CHILDHOOD
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 87:Cushing's Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
- LOCALIZING PROCEDURES
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 88:Pheochromocytoma
- HISTORY
- INCIDENCE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- LOCALIZATION
- PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
  - Laparoscopic Approach
  - Anterior Approach
    - Right Adrenal
    - Left Adrenal
- PARAGANGLIOMAS
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- PATHOLOGY AND MALIGNANCY
- SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
  - Pregnancy
  - Children
- HERITABLE PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA SYNDROMES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 89:Adrenal Insufficiency
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
- BILATERAL ADRENAL HEMORRHAGE
- DRUGS
- SECONDARY AND TERTIARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
- CHRONIC STEROID USE
- PITUITARY ADRENAL AXIS DISEASE
- STRESS-INDUCED ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY AND ACUTELY ILL PATIENTS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 90:Open Operative Approaches to the Adrenal Gland
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- CHOICE OF PROCEDURE
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 91:Robot-Assisted Adrenalectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS
- FEASIBILITY, LEARNING CURVE, AND OUTCOMES
- COMPARISON OF RA TO LAPAROSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY (TRANSPERITONEAL)
- ROBOTIC PARTIAL ADRENALECTOMY
- BILATERAL RA
- PARAGANGLIOMA ROBOTIC RESECTION
- ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
- POSTERIOR ROBOTIC ADRENALECTOMY
- COST
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 92:Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy—Transperitoneal Approach
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND PREPARATION FOR SURGERY
- TECHNIQUES FOR TRANSPERITONEAL LAPAROSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY
- RIGHT ADRENALECTOMY
- LEFT ADRENALECTOMY
- PEARLS AND PITFALLS
CHAPTER 93:Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy (PRA)
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR PRA
- CONVENTIONAL SURGICAL TECHNIQUE (CORA) OF PRA
- SINGLE ACCESS RETROPERITONEOSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY (SARA) OF PRA
- POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- RESULTS OF PRA
- SUMMARY
SECTION 4: ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
CHAPTER 94:Anatomy and Embryology of the Pancreas
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY OF THE PANCREAS
- SURGICAL EXPOSURE OF THE PANCREAS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 95:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF MEN 1
- WHO SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR GENETIC COUNSELING AND TESTING?
- PITUITARY TUMORS
- PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM (HPT)
- DIAGNOSIS
- LOCALIZATION STUDIES
- MANAGEMENT OF MEN 1 HPT
- OPERATIVE APPROACH
- PERSISTENT/RECURRENT HPT IN MEN 1 PATIENTS
- OPERATIVE APPROACH IN PERSISTENT/RECURRENT HPT MEN 1 PATIENTS
- RESULTS OF REOPERATIVE SURGERY (TABLE 95.6)
- PANCREATIC/DUODENAL NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
  - Background
  - Biochemical Screening (Table 95.7)
- IMAGING
- WHO SHOULD UNDERGO SURGERY? (TABLE 95.8)
- HYPOGLYCEMIC SYNDROME
- OTHER PNETs
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 96:Transplantation of Endocrine Tissues
- INTRODUCTION
- HUMAN ISLET TRANSPLANTATION
- HUMAN PARATHYROID AUTOGRAFTS
- OUR TECHNIQUE OF PARATHYROID TRANSPLANTATION
- HUMAN PARATHYROID ALLOTRANSPLANTATION
CHAPTER 97:Pancreatic Endocrine Physiology
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- ISLET FUNCTION
- ISLET ANATOMY
- ISLET VASCULATURE
- BETA CELLS
- ALPHA CELLS
  - Glucagon
  - Peptide YY
- DELTA CELLS
- EPSILON CELLS
  - Ghrelin
- F CELLS
  - Pancreatic Polypeptide
  - Adrenomedullin
- ISLET INNERVATION
- GASTROINTESTINAL PEPTIDES
  - Cholecystokinin
  - Gastrointestinal Incretins
- CELLULAR MECHANISM OF INSULIN SECRETION
- INSULIN SECRETION PATTERN
- BETA CELLS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
- ENDOCRINE PANCREAS AND STRESS
  - Physical Exercise
  - Hypovolemic Shock
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 98:Insulinomas
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- INCIDENCE AND DEMOGRAPHICS
- MEN 1 SYNDROME
- INSULIN-SECRETION FROM THE PANCREAS
- CONTROL OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
- PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO HYPOGLYCEMIA
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF AN INSULINOMA
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
- DIAGNOSIS OF AN INSULINOMA
  - Whipple's Triad
  - Modern Diagnosis of an Insulinoma (Table 98.4)
  - Fasting Test
- INTERPRETATION OF THE FASTING TEST (TABLE 98.4)
  - Plasma Insulin Concentrations
  - Plasma C Peptide and Proinsulin Concentrations
  - Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
  - Screening for Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
- PROVOCATIVE TESTS
  - Glucagon Test
  - Glucose Tolerance Test
  - Calcium Infusion Test
- PATHOLOGY OF INSULINOMAS
- PREOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION STUDIES
  - Transcutaneous Ultrasonography
  - Computed Tomography
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Angiography
  - Percutaneous Transhepatic Portal Venous Sampling
  - Arterial Stimulation and Venous Sampling (ASVS)
  - Isotope-Labeled Somatostatin Scanning
  - Positive Emission Tomography Scanning for Insulinomas
  - Endoscopic Ultrasound
  - Intraoperative Ultrasonography
  - Intraoperative Palpation
- ARE PREOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION TESTS BENEFICIAL?
- COST-EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO LOCALIZATION OF AN INSULINOMA
- PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF SERUM GLUCOSE
  - Preoperative Management
  - Intraoperative Management
  - Postoperative Management
- OPERATIVE APPROACH
- LAPAROSCOPIC RESECTION
- COMPLICATIONS OF REMOVAL OF INSULINOMA
- CAUSES OF HYPOGLYCEMIA AND HYPERINSULINEMIA THAT ARE NOT DUE TO AN INSULINOMA
  - Adult Nesidioblastosis and Noninsulinoma Pancreatogenous Hypoglycemia Syndrome
- HYPOGLYCEMIA FOLLOWING ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS FOR OBESITY
- MEDICAL THERAPY FOR HYPOGLYCEMIA
  - Diazoxide
  - Octreotide
  - Lanreotide
  - Verapamil
- OTHER THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR METASTATIC DISEASE63,64
  - Everolimus
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 99:Localization of Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES
- RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL IMAGING
- INSULINOMAS
  - Illustrative Case 1
- GASTRINOMAS
- MEN1
  - Illustrative Case 2
- NONFUNCTIONING PNET
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 100:Pancreatic Surgery for Endocrine Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PANCREATIC SURGERY FOR ENDOCRINE TUMORS
- SURGERY FOR GASTRINOMA
- SURGERY FOR INSULINOMA
- SURGERY FOR NONFUNCTIONING TUMORS
- MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACHES
- EXTENT OF RESECTION
- LYMPH NODE BIOPSY/DISSECTION
- PANCREATIC SURGERY IN MEN 1
- SURGERY FOR ADVANCED DISEASE
- LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 101:Gastrinoma
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- GENOMIC ALTERATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Localized Disease
  - Advanced Disease
CHAPTER 102:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
- SURVEILLANCE
  - Preoperative Screening
  - Postoperative Follow-Up
- PROGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 103:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- GENETICS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  - Endocrine Phenotype
  - Nonendocrine Phenotype
- SCREENING
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
- CLINICAL OUTCOME
CHAPTER 104:Somatostatinoma and Rare Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
- GENERAL COMMENTS
- PATHOLOGY
- MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1
- SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
- SOMATOSTATINOMA
- VIPoma
- GLUCAGONOMA
- GRFoma
- CORTICOTROPIN-PRODUCING TUMOR
- TUMOR RELEASING PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN
- NEUROTENSINOMA
- GHRELINOMA
- PPoma AND NONFUNCTIONING NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
- RARE POSSIBLE FUNCTIONAL PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 105:Non-Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Endocrine Syndromes
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 106:Endocrine Emergencies: Hypoglycemic and Hyperglycemic Crises
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERVIEW OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM
  - Hormonal Regulation
- HYPERGLYCEMIC CRISES
- HYPOGLYCEMIC CRISES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 107:Ethical Issues in Endocrine Surgery
- INTRODUCTION TO SURGICAL ETHICS
- INFORMED CONSENT
- SURGICAL INNOVATION AND SURGICAL RESEARCH
- GENETIC TESTING AND PROPHYLACTIC SURGERY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 108:Surgical Treatment of Endocrine Disease During Pregnancy
- THYROID
- PARATHYROID
  - Timing of Surgery
- ADRENAL
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 109:Targeted Chemotherapy for Metastatic Endocrine Cancers
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID CANCER
- PARATHYROID CANCER
- CANCER OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
- PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE CANCERS (PNETs)
- CARCINOID
- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes