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A Complete Textbook for GNM Internship
Vijay Kumar Gauttam
SECTION 1: EDUCATIONAL METHODS AND MEDIA FOR TEACHING IN PRACTICE OF NURSING
UNIT 1:
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Meaning of Education
Definition of Education
Aims of Education
PURPOSES OF EDUCATION
FUNCTION OF EDUCATION
MEANING OF TEACHING
Definition of Teaching
Characteristics of Good Teaching
MEANING OF LEARNING
Definition of Learning
Characteristics of Learning
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NURSES IN TEACHING
METHODS OF TEACHING
Definition
Objectives of Methods of Teaching
LECTURE METHOD
Purposes of the Lecture Method
Preparation of the Lecture
Techniques of Lecture Method
Advantages of Lecture Method
Disadvantages of Lecture Method
DEMONSTRATION METHOD
Requirements of Good Demonstration
Techniques of Good Demonstration
Advantage of Demonstration Method
Disadvantage of Demonstration Method
GROUP DISCUSSION
Steps of Group Discussion
Advantages of Group Discussion
Disadvantages of Group Discussion
SEMINAR
Objectives of Seminar Method
Cognitive Objectives
Affective Objectives
Steps of Seminar Method
Roles in Seminar Method
Types of Seminar Method
Advantages of Seminar Method
Limitations of Seminar Method
SYMPOSIUM
Objectives of Symposium
Characteristics of Symposium Technique
Precautions/Guidelines for Symposium
DO'S
DONOT'S
Role of Teacher in Symposium
Role of Students in Symposium
Advantages of Symposium Technique
Limitations of Symposium Technique
PANEL DISCUSSION
Purposes of Panel Discussion
Stages of Panel Discussion
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Members of Panel Discussion
Advantages of Panel Discussion
Limitation of Panel Discussion
ROLE-PLAY
Role-play is used in a variety of ways
Advantages of Role-play
Disadvantages of Role-play
PROJECT METHOD
Characteristics of Projected Method
Principles of the Project Method
Different Types of Project Method
Steps in a Project Method
Essentials of a Good Project
Advantages of the Project Method
Disadvantages of the Project Method
FIELD TRIP
Steps of Field Trip
Advantages of Field Trip
Disadvantages of Field Trip
WORKSHOP
Objectives of Workshop
Procedure/Stages of Workshop
Advantages of Workshop
Limitations of Workshop
EXHIBITION
Requisites for Exhibition
Advantages of Exhibition
Disadvantages of Exhibition
METHODS OF CLINICAL TEACHING
Elements of Philosophy of Clinical Teaching
Process of Clinical Teaching
CASE STUDY
Definition
Steps for Creating an Effective Case Study
Advantages of Case Study
Limitations of Case Study
NURSING ROUND
Purposes of Nursing Round
Types of Nursing Round
Methods of Nursing Round
Advantages of Nursing Round
Disadvantages of Nursing Round
REPORTS
Definition of Report
Types of Report
There are Two Types of Reports
Criteria for Good Reports
BEDSIDE CLINIC
Purposes of Bedside Clinic
Phases of Bedside Clinic
Advantages of Bedside Clinic
Limitation of Bedside Clinic
INDIVIDUAL CONFERENCES
Purposes of Individual Conference
Steps of Individual Conference
Advantages of Individual Conference
GROUP CONFERENCES
Definition
Objectives of Group Conference
Purposes of Group Conference
Principles of Group Conference
Major types of Group Conference
Phases of Group Conferences
Advantages of Group Conferences
Disadvantages of Group Conferences
PREPARATION OF TEACHING PLAN
Meaning of Lesson Planning
Definition of Lesson Planning
Characteristics of a Good Lesson Plan
Steps of Lesson Planning
Methods of Lesson Planning
Features of a Good Lesson Plan
Advantages of Lesson Planning
Limitations of Lesson Planning
Performa for Lesson Plan
SUMMARY
UNIT 2:
Media
INTRODUCTION
Popular saying on AV aids
DEFINITIONS OF AV AIDS
PURPOSES OF AV AIDS
FUNCTIONS OF AV AIDS
PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF AV AIDS
SOURCES OF AV AIDS
PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF TEACHING AIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS
GRAPHIC AIDS
Chalkboard
Function of Chalkboard
Types of Blackboard
Chalkboard of Different Types of Surfaces
Guideline for Effective use of Blackboard
Advantages of Chalkboard
Limitation of Chalkboard
Charts
Purposes of Chart
Types of Chart
Guidelines for Effective use of Charts
GRAPH
Definition
Method of preparation of Graphs
Types of Graphs
Advantages of Graph
Disadvantages of Graph
POSTER
Purposes of Poster
Preparation and Rules
Features of a good Poster
Advantages of Poster
Disadvantages of Poster
FLASH CARDS
Purposes of Flash Card
Principles of Effective use of Flash card
Guideline for using the Flash Cards
Advantages of Flash Card
Disadvantages of Flash Card
BULLETIN BOARD
Definition
Principles of effective use of Bulletin Boards
Advantages of Bulletin Boards
Disadvantages of Bulletin Boards
CARTOON
Definition
Principles of effective use of Cartoon
Advantages of Cartoon
FLANNEL GRAPH
Principles of effective use of Flannel Graphs
Advantages of Flannel Graph
Disadvantages of Flannel Graph
AUDIO AIDS
RADIO
Advantages of Radio Program/School Broadcasting
Limitations of Radio Program/School Broadcasting
Tape Recorder
Advantages of Tape Recorder
PRINTED AIDS
PAMPHLET
Preparation of Pamphlet
Advantages of Pamphlet
LEAFLET
Types of Leaflet
Advantages of Leaflet
THREE-DIMENSIONAL AIDS
MODEL
Definition
Types of Models
Advantages of Models
Limitations of Models
PUPPETS
Definition
Types of Puppets
Selection of Puppet
Advantages of Puppet
Disadvantages of Puppet
OBJECTS AND SPECIMEN
PROJECTED AIDS
SLIDES PROJECTOR
Advantages of Slide Projector
OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Purposes of Overhead Projector
Guidelines for Making Effective Transparencies
Precautions of Overhead Projector
Advantages of Overhead Projector
Disadvantages of Overhead Projector
FILMS
Types of Educational Film
Advantages of Educational Film
Limitation of Educational Film
EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION (ETV)
Kinds of Education TV
Advantages of Education TV
Limitations of Education TV
VCR/VCD
Suggestions for using VCR/VCD
Advantages of VCR/VCD
LIMITATIONS OF VCR/VCD
CAMERA
Advantages of Camera
Disadvantages of Camera
MICROSCOPE
Purposes of Microscope
Types of Microscope
Uses of Microscope in Clinical
LCD
Advantages of LCD
Disadvantages of LCD
SUMMARY
SECTION 2: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
UNIT 3:
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
MEANING OF RESEARCH
Definition of Research
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHODS
NEED FOR NURSING RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
TYPES OF RESEARCH
SUMMARY
UNIT 4:
Introduction to Research Process
INTRODUCTION
STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS
A brief description of the above stated steps will be helpful
Collecting the Data
Execution of the Project
Analysis of Data
Hypothesis-testing
Generalizations and Interpretation
Preparation of the Report or the Thesis
Definition of Research Terms
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Definition
Purposes of Literature Review
Sources of Literature Review
Searching Nursing Literature on the Internet
SUMMARY
UNIT 5:
Introduction to Research Approaches
INTRODUCTION
Difference between quantitative and qualitative approach
RESEARCH DESIGN
Purposes of the Research Design
Types of Research Design
Essential Characteristics of Experimental Designs
Types of Experimental Designs
True Experimental Design/Randomized Clinical Trials/Controlled Trials
Overview of True Experimental Design
Types of True Experimental Designs
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Design
Quasi Experimental Designs
Overview of Quasi Experimental Designs
Types of Quasi Experimental Designs
Removed Treatment Design with Pretest and Post-test
Repeated Treatment Design
The Reversed Treatment Nonequivalent Control Group Design with Pretest and post-test
The Cohort Design with Cyclical Turnover
Interrupted Time Series Designs
Basic Interrupted Time Series Design
Interrupted Time Series Designs with a Non-equivalent no Treatment Group Time Series
The Interrupted Time Series Design with Non-equivalent Dependent Variables
Interrupted Time Series Design with Removed Treatment
Interrupted Time Series Design with Switching Replications
Interrupted Time Series Design with Multiple Replications
Non-Experimental Design
Differences between Experimental and Non-experimental Designs
SUMMARY
UNIT 6:
Introduction to Sampling and Data Collection Process
INTRODUCTION
Population
Sampling
Sampling methods
Probability Sampling Methods
Non-probability Sampling Methods
DATA COLLECTION
INSTRUMENTS OF DATA COLLECTION
RATING SCALE
Purpose of Rating Scale
Useful Hints on Construction of Rating Scale
Advantages
Limitations
ATTITUDE SCALE
Purpose of Attitude Scale
Characteristics of Attitude Scale
Examples of Some Attitude Scale
Thurstone Technique
Sample Items from Thurstone Type Scales
Likert Scale
Limitations of Attitude Scale
OPINIONNAIRE
Purpose
Characteristics
Sample Items of Opinionnaire
QUESTIONNAIRE
Purpose
Types
Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire
When is it Appropriate to Use a Questionnaire for Research?
Designs of Questionnaire
Background Information about the Questionnaire
Advantages of Questionnaire
Disadvantages
CHECKLIST
Purpose
Uses of Checklist
Hints on Constructing Checklist
Analysis and Interpretation of Checklist Data
Advantages
Limitations
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
Purpose
Importance of Aptitude Test
Uses of Aptitude Test
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA COLLECTION
VALIDITY
RELIABILITY
TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION
Observation
When to Use Observations
Survey or Questionnaire
When to Use Surveys
Interview
When to Use Interviews
Tests
Types of Tests
Focus Groups
When to use Focus Groups
Schedule Method
Difference between Schedule and Questionnaire
SUMMARY
UNIT 7:
Introduction to Analysis of Data
INTRODUCTION
An Overview of the Analysis Process
STEPS OF DATA TABULATION
Editing and Coding
CLASSIFICATION
Methods of Classification
Classification According to Class Intervals or Variables
According to the Class-intervals in Classification the Following Terms are Used
Classification According to the Class-intervals
PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA USING DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Description of Sample Characteristics
SUMMARY
UNIT 8:
Writing of Research Report
INTRODUCTION
Organization of the Research Report
Title and Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Details, Computation Procedures, or Theoretical Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusions and Summary
References
Books
Chapter in a Book
Journals, Magazines, Newspapers in Print Format
Journals Articles
One Author
Two to Seven Authors [List all authors]
Eight or More Authors [List the first six authors, … and the last author]
Magazine Articles
No Author and Bracketed Descriptive Information
Newspaper Articles
Newspaper Article with No Author and Discontinuous Pages
Review Articles
Review is Untitled
Others
Preparing the Manuscript
Useful Texts
SUMMARY
UNIT 9:
Introduction to Research Statistics
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Inferential and Descriptive Statistics
Samples and Populations
Types of Data used in Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Range
Cumulative Frequency Table
Dispersion - Deviation and Variance
Dispersion
Deviation
Variance
Standard deviation
Inferential Statistical Method
Hypothesis Testing and Levels of Significance
SUMMARY
UNIT 10:
Application and Utilization of Research in Nursing Practices
INTRODUCTION
Research Utilization vs Evidence Based Practice
The Utilization of Nursing Research
The Research Utilization Process: Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory
Evidence-Based Practice
Types of Evidence and Evidence Hierarchies
Barriers to using Research in Nursing Practice
Research-Related Barriers
Nurse-Related Barriers
Organizational Barriers
Models for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
SUMMARY
PROFORMA FOR THE SYNOPSIS
Name of College/University
SECTION 3: PROFESSIONAL TRENDS AND ADJUSTMENT
UNIT 11:
Introduction to Nursing as a Profession
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF NURSING
CRITERIA OF NURSING PROFESSION
EVOLUTION OF NURSING PROFESSION IN INDIA
Nursing in Ancient Times
Nursing in Greek and Roman Medicine
Nursing in Modern Times
Nursing in India
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE
QUALITIES OF A PROFESSIONALLY NURSE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSIONALLY NURSE
ROLE OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE
SUMMARY
UNIT 12:
Professional Ethics
INTRODUCTION
MEANING OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND ETIQUETTES
The Activities of the Nurses are Reflected on the Following
CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT FOR NURSES
CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES (INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL)
These value statements are based on the following general principles
ICN CODE OF ETHICS
ELEMENTS OF THE CODE
Nurses and People
Nurses and Practice
Nurses and the Profession
Nurses and Co-workers
NIGHTINGALE PLEDGE
PROCEDURE FOR EMPLOYMENT
LOCATING A POSITION
APPLYING FOR THE JOB
The Interview
Interviewers Look For
Types of Interview
Pool Interviews
Interviews for Specific Posts
Interview Activities
Interview Tips Preparation
Responding to Questions
ACCEPTING A POSITION
RESIGNATION FROM A POSITION
Sample Resignation Letter
SUMMARY
UNIT 13:
Personal and Professional Growth/Development
INTRODUCTION
CONTINUING EDUCATION
Meaning of Continuing Education
Importance of Continuing Education
Scope of Continuing Education
Planning for Continuing Education
Regulating Individual Health Professionals
Licensure
Certification
Credentialing
IN-SERVICE EDUCATION
Definitions
Needs of In-Service Education
Objectives of In-Service Education
Methods of In-service Education
Self-directed Individual Study
Institutional Method
Institutional Methods Include
Approaches to In-service Education Program
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Factors Affecting In-service Education
CAREER IN NURSING
Different Types of Nursing Courses
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN NURSING
INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE THE CAREER IN NURSING
About Nurses Migration
THE FUTURE OF NURSING
Factors Influencing the Future of Nursing
Changing Community
Policy and Funding
Service Delivery
Role and Responsibilities of Nurses in Future
SUMMARY
UNIT 14:
Legislation in Nursing
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSES OF LAW IN NURSING
IMPORTANCE OF LAW IN NURSING
TYPES OF LAW
Public Law
Civil Law
Classification of Torts
Intentional Torts
Quasi-intentional Torts
Unintentional Torts
Types of Nursing Malpractice
LEGAL TERMS USES IN NURSING PRACTICE
LEGAL HAZARDS OR ISSUES IN NURSING
HEALTH LAWS REGULATIONS AT CENTER LEVEL
Issues in Regulation of Health Matters in India
HEALTH LAWS REGULATIONS AT STATE LEVEL
CONSUMER PROTECTION BILL AND ITS IMPACT IN NURSING PRACTICE
Objectives of the Consumer Protection Act
Different Rights of Consumer Patients
Negligence
Common Sources of Negligence
Prevention of Error
FUNDAMENTAL CONDUCT IN NURSING LEGISLATION
SERVICE AND INSTRUCTIONAL RULES
REGULATION OF LEGISLATION IN NURSING
Determining a Policy
Determining A Strategy
Identifying the Key Players
Consultation (Formal and Informal)
SUMMARY
UNIT 15:
Professional and Related Organizations
INTRODUCTION
TRAINED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (TNAI)
Aims of TNAI
Activities of TNAI
Membership of TNAI
Policies and Practices of TNAI
THE STUDENT NURSES ASSOCIATION (SNA)
Purposes and Functions of SNA
Activities of SNA
Membership of SNA
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES (ICN)
Objectives of ICN
Membership of ICN
THE INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL (INC)
AIM OF INC
STATE NURSING COUNCIL
Functions of State Nursing Council
COMMONWEALTH NURSES FEDERATION
Aims of Commonwealth Nurses Federation
The CNF's Current Work Program Includes the Following
NURSES LEAGUE OF THE CHRISTIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Objectives
Activities
Membership
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
Objectives of the World Health Organization (WHO)
RED CROSS SOCIETY
Functions of National Red Cross Society
Activities of Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS)
ST JOHN'S AMBULANCE
Functions of St John's Ambulance
UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF)
Objective of the UNICEF
Functions of the UNICEF
WORLD BANK
Objectives of the World Bank
Functions of the World Bank
SUMMARY
SECTION 4: ADMINISTRATION AND WARD MANAGEMENT
UNIT 16:
Introduction to Management in Nursing
INTRODUCTION
Meaning and Definition of Management
Concepts of Management
Management as an Art
Management as a Science
Management: A Profession?
Professional vs Family Management
Management and Administration
PHILOSOPHY OF ADMINISTRATION
ELEMENTS/FUNCTIONS OF ADMINISTRATION
PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION
There are 14 Principles of Management Described by Henri Fayol
SUMMARY
UNIT 17:
Planning
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS OF PLANNING
AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING
Institutional Goals
Nursing Department Goals
Nursing Unit Goals
NATURE/CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING
PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING
TYPES OF PLANNING
STEPS/METHODS OF PLANNING PROCESS
SUMMARY
UNIT 18:
Organization: Command, Coordination and Control, Delegation, Staffing and Budgeting
INTRODUCTION
Meaning of Organization
Definition of Organization
Principles of Organization
Importance of Organization
COMMAND
Advantages of Unity of Command
COORDINATION
Definition of Coordination
Types of Coordination
Techniques of Coordination
Principles of Coordination
Benefits of Coordination
CONTROL
Definition of Control
Importance of Control
Steps in Controlling
Essentials of Effective Control System
Techniques of Control
DELEGATION
Definitions of Delegation of Authority
Objectives of Delegation of Authority
Process of Delegation of Authority
Principles of Effective Delegation of Authority
Advantages/Importance of Delegation of Authority
Obstacles/Barriers to Effective Delegation of Authority
STAFFING
Definition
Philosophy
Philosophy of Staffing in Nursing
Objectives of Staffing in Nursing
Functions in Staffing
Principles of Nursing Staffing
Patient Care Unit Related
Staff Related
Institution/Organization Related
Norms of Staffing Staff Inspection Unit (SIU)
Recommendations of SIU
The Nurse-patient Ratio as per the SIU Norms
Recruitment
Definition of Recruitment
Factors Affecting Recruitment
Sources of Recruitment
Selection
Selection Techniques
Approval by the Supervisor
Physical Examination
Induction
BUDGETING
Definition of Budget
Purposes of Budgeting
Importance of Budgeting
Principle of Budgeting
Classification of Budgeting
Types of Budget
POLICIES OF THE HOSPITAL
SUMMARY
UNIT 19:
Administration of a Hospital Unit and Ward
INTRODUCTION
ADMINISTRATION OF THE HOSPITAL UNIT/WARD
PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF THE HOSPITAL
SAFETY MEASURES IN THE HOSPITAL
Workers Protection
Protective Clothing
Personal Hygiene
Immunization
Management Practices
Cytotoxic Safety
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS
Faulty Equipment
Slipping and Tripping
Food Poisoning
Hospital Infection
PREVENTING TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
Handwashing
Protective Barriers
Care of Equipment
Health Practices of the Nurse
LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF A NURSE
Nurse Practice Act
Patient Advocate
Administering Medication
Patient Neglect
Consent Forms
JOB DESCRIPTION
Job Purpose
Primary Duties and Areas of Responsibilities
Key Role Clinical Nursing Practice
Key Role Care and Program Management
Key Role Strategic Development of Primary Care Services
Key Role Health Improvement
Key Role Communication
Key Role Manage/lead Self/others
Key Role Influence and Develop Policy
Key Role Manage and Use Information
Key Role Research and Development
Working Conditions
Terms and Conditions of Service
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974
Data Protection Act
General
JOB SPECIFICATION
JOB ANALYSIS
Definitions of Job Analysis
Steps Involved in Job Analysis or Job Analysis Process
Importance of Job Analysis
JOB SATISFACTION
Components of a Job Specification
Ways to Increase the Employee's Satisfaction
Staff Development and Staff Welfare
Staff Development Programs
Training on Rehabilitation and Medical Social Services
Training on services for offenders
Training on children and families welfare services
Training on elderly services
Training on Youth Services
LEADERSHIP STYLE
Characteristics of an Effective Leader
Political Context
Leadership Activities of Senior Nurses
Mentorship
DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
Definition
Features of Democratic Leadership
Advantages
Disadvantages
MAINTENANCE OF SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT
Maintenance Service Process
Full-fledged and Packaged Consultancy Service: Procurement of Medical Equipment:
Installation, Testing and Commissioning
INDENT AND ORDERING OF SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT
Purchase of Supplies and Equipment
Selection of Article
Purchasing Article
The Central Supply Service
Factors to be Considered
General Utility Services in the Hospital
Electric Supply and Installations
Materials Used in Hospitals
Essential Equipments (50 Bedded District Hospital)
Scope of Services
Essential Medical Equipment
Electrical Medical Equipment
Other Equipment
Small, Inexpensive Equipment and Instruments
HANDLING OVER AND TAKING OVER OF INVENTORY
Purposes of Inventory
Kinds of Inventory
PROBLEM-SOLVING
Definition
Steps and Methods of Problem-Solving
RECORDS
Definition
Purposes of Client Records
Essential Points in Keeping Records
Documentation Systems
Source Oriented Record
Narrative Charting
Problem-oriented Medical Record (POMR)
Basic Components of POMR
Advantage of POMR
General Guidelines for Recording
REPORTS
Types of Reports
Important Points to Consider in Making Reports
Records and Reports Maintained in Primary Health Center and Subcenter
Reporting Format for Syndromic Surveillance (Form S) under Integrated Disease Surveillance Project
SUMMARY
SECTION 5: HEALTH ECONOMICS
UNIT 20:
Introduction to Economics
INTRODUCTION
MEANING OF ECONOMICS
DEFINITION OF ECONOMICS
Science of Wealth
Science of Material Well-being
Science of Choice Making
Science of Dynamic Growth and Development
DIMENSION OF ECONOMICS
Microeconomics
Importance of Microeconomics
Limitations of Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
Importance of Macroeconomics
Differences between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
NATURE OF ECONOMICS
SUMMARY
UNIT 21:
Introduction to Health Economics
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Health Economic
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH ECONOMICS
Health Concepts
Health
Health Services
Economic Concepts
Concept of Cost
Concept of Capital and Recurring Expenditure
Concept of Depreciation
Cost of Sickness
Measurement of Health Service Benefits
FOCUS OF HEALTH ECONOMICS
AREA/SCOPE OF HEALTH ECONOMICS
ECONOMICS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE SERVICE
Perspectives of Health
Health as a Right
Health as Consumption Good
Health as an Investment
Health Care Services
HEALTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Meaning of Economic Development
Growth and Development
Measurement of Economic Development
Health Implications of Economic Development
Major Determinants of Poor Health
COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA
Diabetes
Asthma
Goiter or Other Thyroid Disorders
Tuberculosis
HIV/AIDS
Fertility and Family Planning
Infant and Child Mortality
Child Health
Maternal Care
Nutritional Status and Anemia among Children
Nutritional Status and Anemia Among Adults
Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption
SUMMARY
UNIT 22:
Costs of Health Care
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF COST
TYPES OF COSTS
Direct and Indirect Costs
Opportunity Costs
Total Cost
Fixed Cost
Variable Cost
Marginal Versus Average Costs
Sunk Costs
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
Measures of Effectiveness
Costs-minimisation Analysis
Advantages
Disadvantages
Discounting Benefits (in cost-effectiveness analysis)
SUMMARY
UNIT 23:
Demand and Supply in Health Care
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF DEMAND
Reasons for the Increase Demand
Types of Demand
SUPPLY
PRODUCTION FUNCTION
HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY IN INDIA
Health Care in India
Failure of Urban Health Care System
Causes for Poor Health
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH CARE (OR MEDICAL SERVICE
DEMAND SIDE AND SUPPLY SIDE
Demand Side
Supply Side
SUMMARY
UNIT 24:
Financing of Health Care in India
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Health Financing
SOURCES OF FINANCING OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES
ROLE OF STATE AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ON FINANCING OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES
Role of Government within the Health Sector
Role of Government in Enabling Intersectoral
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STATE'S ABILITY TO FINANCE HEALTH CARE SERVICES
Increase Effective Resource Level in Health Care Financing
Efficiency
Reallocation of Resources (Within the Health Sector)
Reallocation of Resources to Health Sector (from other sectors)
Criteria for Choosing a Financing System
Viability and Simplicity of Use
Revenue-generating Ability
Effects on Service Provision
Effects on Equity
Community Participation
Multi-sectorialism
SUMMARY
INDEX
TOC
Index
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