Essentials in Dentistry (A Student’s Manual) Priyanka Jain, Balaram Naik
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1ESSENTIALS IN DENTISTRY2
3ESSENTIALS IN DENTISTRY (A Student's Manual)
Author Priyanka Jain BDS MDS MSc Senior Ex-Lecturer Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics DAV College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India Ex-Officer Department of Restorative Dentistry St George's Hospital, UK Co-author Balaram Naik BDS MDS BSc Professor and Head Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India Foreword Ronald S Brown
4
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Essentials in Dentistry (A Student's Manual)
First Edition: 2015
9789351525394
Printed at
5Dedicated to
My parents for making me who I am today
6
7Foreword
Dr Priyanka Jain has recently completed her text on Essentials in Dentistry (A Student's Manual) and it is a must for dentists to add to their libraries. The text is your basic “Dentistry from Soup to Nuts, in a Nutshell”. The concept is to provide detailed relevant clinical information in a comprehensive text as a general dental resource for clinical dentistry. For most of us practicing dentists, this text will provide up-to-date information, to answer the most likely clinical questions that come up within our ongoing dental practices.
The text is arranged in thirteen chapters which include: Analgesia and Sedation, Preventive Dentistry, Isolation and Soft Tissue Protection in Dentistry, Dental Radiography, Radiographic Diagnosis of Caries, Radiographic Diagnosis of Periodontitis, Dental Materials, Noncarious Tooth Surface Loss, Treatment of Discolored Teeth, Drug Prescribing and Therapeutics, Drug Interactions, Dental Considerations in Medically Compromised Patients, and Medical Emergencies.
The overall layout of the text, allows the reader to reference many important clinical areas of interest and concern. Furthermore, each area is involved in quickly elucidating these areas of concern in a comprehensive manner. It is my pleasure to recommend this text as a great reference for us all to complete our dental resource libraries.
Dr Jain's background is as a restorative and endodontic dentist with clinical hospital dentistry experience and previous academic experience as a Senior Lecturer at DAV Dental College in Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India. She received her BDS from Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Karnataka University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, an MDS in Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics from Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College, Rajiv Gandhi University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, and an MSc in Health Care Management from the University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey (UK).
Ronald S Brown dds ms dipl abom facd ficd
Director
Continuing Education at the Howard University
College of Dentistry, Washington DC, USA
8
9Preface
The dental literature already contains a great number of books which, for the most part deal with exclusively, in some depth, with a particular branch or aspect of dentistry. The aim of this book is not to replace these specialist dental texts, but rather to complement them by putting together theory and practical information into a more accessible format. The sole purpose of this book is to enable you, the reader, to gain easy access to the sometimes confusing facts, ideas, opinions, and truth that constitutes clinical dentistry in today's world. This book will provide a consolidated and easily referenceable source of information when it is most needed. The information has been provided with an effort to keep a balance between the amount of detailed information and the depth of knowledge required for the young professional.
Diagnosing and dealing with critical subjects in oral health and management is very important. With reference to information provided in certain chapters, diagnosis can be made more easily as the author has explained subjects (such as caries and periodontitis and their radiological diagnosis) with classifications and diagrams thus simplifying it wherever possible. Advisory notes and cautions are provided to help the practitioner take a more informed decision.
Specific chapters within the book, such as, Dental Considerations in Medically Compromised Patients, will, also be of benefit to postgraduates and specialist dental practitioners. Complications may arise during dental treatment of a patient who has a disease of an organ system. The first issue in such cases is that it is often difficult to detect such patients. Subsequently, after determining the disease and the drug treatment available, it is imperative to determine the implications of them on the dental treatment. And as such, it is necessary to determine how to best deal with such complications. The structure and formatting of these chapters provide sufficient information about the drug use and their implications in dentistry. The importance of these diseases and drugs is also outlined and their treatment accordingly in dentistry. All this will prove beneficial for dental practitioners in the primary care sector, and applies to all patients, including the elderly, children and those with special needs.
Common drug interactions that could have serious consequences are identified within the book. It is important that dentists are aware of potential drug interactions. Treating the elderly, pregnant and nursing mothers might differ from treatment for the general adult population. Also, dentists need to 10be aware of whether any patient is taking other medications as modification to the management of the patient's dental condition might be required in such cases.
We believe that this book will allow the reader to organize and apply knowledge in a practical way and sincerely hope that the readers find this book a useful addition.
Priyanka Jain
Balaram Naik
11Acknowledgments
It has taken hundreds of hours and many months in preparing this book which could not have been achieved without the help, support and encouragement of many people. First, our appreciation to the publishers in giving us the opportunity in writing and publishing the book.
We would like to start by thanking Mrs Maryanna Annibale who helped to format and edit the entire book. Maryanna has been a beacon of support and spent many hours including over weekends to work on the book. Thanks also to her husband, Marcus, for his patience with us.
And many thanks to Dr Ronald S Brown for his kind words of introduction in the foreword.
Also whilst there have been many people who have been supportive during this venture, a special mention to Ms Kyleen Bushroe, a friend who has been an immense source of encouragement throughout the process.
Our special thanks to Dr C Bhasker Rao, founder principal and former director, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India for his continuous encouragement in this endeavor.
Last but not least, I would like to thank Dr Brij Sabharwal, my mentor and Dr Balaram Naik for always being supportive and encouraging throughout the journey.
17Symbols and Abbreviations >
greater than
<
less than
1/4
one-fourth
AAC
antibiotic associated colitis
ACP
amorphous calcium phosphate
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
AED
automatic external defibrillator
Ag
antigen
AIDS
acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
APF
acidulated phosphate fluoride
ARF
acute renal failure
ASA
American Society of Anesthesiology
AST
aspartate transaminase
bd
twice daily
BDA
British Dental Association
Bis-GMA
bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate
BP
blood pressure
CAT
caries risk assessment tool
CDC
center for disease control
CEJ
cemento-enamel junction
CNS
central nervous system
CO2
carbon dioxide
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPP
casein phosphopeptide
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CRF
chronic renal failure
CT
computed tomography
CTZ
chemoreceptor trigger zone
DEJ
dentino enamel junction
DH
dentinal hypersensitivity
DPT
dental panoramic tomogram (politically correct: OPT/OPG)
DSR
digital subtraction radiography
DVT
digital volume tomography
ECC
early childhood caries
EDTA
ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid
e.g.
for example
EH
enamel hypoplasia
EMLA
eutectic mixture of prilocaine and lidocaine
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
Fe
iron
FOTI
fiber optic transillumination
g
gram
GABA
gamma aminobutyric acid
GI
gastrointestinal
GTN
glyceryl trinitrate
H2O2
hydrogen peroxide
Hb
hemoglobin
HBeAg
hepatitis B e antigen (high-risk marker)
HBsAg
hepatitis B surface antigen
HCl
hydrochloric acid
Hep B/C
hepatitis B/C
Hg
mercury
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HSV
herpes simplex virus
IDB
inferior dental block
i.e.
that is
IE
infective endocarditis
Ig
immunoglobulin (e.g. IgA, IgG, etc.)18
i.m./IM
intramuscular
INR
international normalized ratio
IOPA
intraoral periapical
i.v.
intravenous
Kg
kilogram
L
liter
LA
local anesthetic
LB
lactobacillus
LFT
left ventricular failure
mg
milligram
MI
myocardial infarction
MIH
molar incisor hypo-mineralization
MNB
mandibular nerve block
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MRSA
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MS
Streptococcus mutans
N2O
nitrous oxide
Na
sodium
NaF
sodium fluoride
NGF
nerve growth factor
NIH
National Institute of Health
NICE
National Institute of Clinical Excellence
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
od
once daily
OH
oral hygiene
OHI
oral hygiene instruction
OVD
occlusal vertical dimension
PDL
periodontal ligament
PMMA
polymethylmethacrylate
PO
per oral
PSA
posterior superior alveolar nerve block
PT
prothrombin time
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
qds
four times daily
QLF
quantitative light induced fluorescence
Rx
treatment
RVF
right ventricular failure
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome
TB
tuberculosis
TCA
tricyclic antidepressants
tds
thrice daily
TIA
transient ischemic attack
μm
micrometer
yrs
years
ZOE
zinc oxide eugenol