Nursing Research & Statistics GS Purushothama
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1NURSING RESEARCH AND STATISTICS2
3NURSING RESEARCH AND STATISTICS
GS Purushothama MA MPhil (PhD) Lecturer Department of Sociology Government Pre-University (PU) College Dommasandra, Bengaluru, Urban District Karnataka, India Foreword Sriprakash KS
4
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Nursing Research and Statistics
First Edition: 2015
9789351523529
Printed at
5Dedicated to
Nurses of India for their compassion, dedication and selflessness for the poor patients in Indian villages6
7
Dr Sriprakash KS MS (Oph)
Vice-Chancellor
Foreword
It is my pleasure to write foreword to Nursing Research and Statistics for nursing students written by Dr GS Purushothama with his experience. He has written this book with authority, clarity and in a lucid manner.
The publication of the book is a timely and laudable venture as it strictly follows the syllabi of Indian Nursing Council (INC) and Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS) for nursing students at graduate and postgraduate levels. I am glad to note that the book keeps a balance between the basic and advanced areas of knowledge in Nursing Research and Statistics.
The author is to be congratulated for the enormous pain that he has taken in completing this useful and immense work which will meet the learning requirements of nursing students. I am happy to write the foreword to introduce the book to the nursing students in particular and nursing fraternity in general.
Sriprakash KS ms (oph)
Vice-Chancellor
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS)
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
8
9Preface
Research is a major force in nursing, and the evidence generated from research is changing practice, education and health policy. My aim in developing this essential research text, Nursing Research and Statistics is to create an excitement about research in graduate and postgraduate students. The text emphasizes the importance of graduate nurses being able to read, critique, and synthesize research so that evidence can be used to make changes in practice. A major goal of professional nursing and health care is the delivery of evidence-based care by making nursing research, an integral part of nursing education. I also hope the text increases student's awareness of the knowledge that has been generated through nursing research and the knowledge is relevant to their practice. The text is designed to assist nursing students in overcoming the barriers and this frequently encounters in understanding the language used in nursing research.
The chapters have been prepared to cover all the topics mentioned in the syllabus of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. As a lecturer, I can modestly claim my familiarity with the subject using the years of experience and knowing needs of the students. I have attempted to condense the vast storehouse of information to the present conditions. My dependency on other authors is varied in form, limitless in range and often deep in feeling, and may not list and acknowledge to the contributions of all to the book. I express my gratitude to them for providing a base for preparing a textbook and apologies for any distortion that may have crept in.
The book covers all aspects of nursing research and statistics which includes research methodology, scientific methods, conceptual models, reviews of literature, selections of research problems hypotheses, concepts and measurements, research plans, sampling techniques, methods of collection data, constructions of questionnaire and scales, tabulations of data, graphic representations, statistical analyses of data report writing and evaluation. The book is organized into seven chapters. In each chapter, the concepts are exactly defined, the techniques and processes are described with operational guidelines and illustrations.10
I owe an incalculable debt to the many pioneers of research methodology whose contributions have enriched my knowledge of research methodology.
I thank my research supervisor Dr Sudha Seetharaman, Professor of Sociology, Pondicherry Central University, Puducherry, India, and Dr CG Lakshmipathi, Professor, Smt VHD Central Institute of Home Science College and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
I have benefitted a lot from discussions with colleagues teaching the paper at Vijaya Evening College, and BMS Hospital Nursing College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It would be impossible to record my thanks to all of them individually. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Dayananda Kumar, Director, BMS Hospital Nursing College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; S Harish, Principal, Vijaya Evening College; BV Ravi Shanthara J and Arun Kumar. I would also like to express my thanks to Professor GT Rajashekharaiah, who critiqued the chapter on Statistical Analysis and offering valuable suggestions for improving it.
Particularly, I thank my students who moulded me as a teacher as well as an author. Teaching taught me multilevel expectation of students for that I tried my level best to reach the students always.
I am grateful to our Principal Smt Meera KP for her encouragement and my friends like Keshavamurthy, Chief Librarian, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. I extend my regards to my family for their continuous support and encouragement. I thank Dr Krishnamurthy, Manjula Krishnamurthy, and Smt Bhagya for their excellent DTP work in a short time.
My thanks are also due to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Group President), Mr Tarun Duneja (Director–Publishing), Mr Venugopal (Manager, Bengaluru Branch), of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.
A book, such as this will always scope for improvement and for suggestions and comments received from its readers will greatly help me in preparing its subsequent editions.
GS Purushothama
15INC SYLLABUS  
NURSING RESEARCH AND STATISTICS
Placement: Fourth Year
Time: Theory – 45 Hours
Internship
Practical – 45 Hours
Course Description: The course is designed to enable students to develop an understanding of basic concepts of research, research process and statistics. It is further, structured to conduct/participate in need based research studies in various settings and utilize the research findings to provide quality nursing care. The hours for practical will be utilized for conducting individual/group research project.
Unit
Time (Hrs)
Learning Objectives
Content
Training Learning Activities
Assessment Methods
I
4
• Describe the concept of research, terms, need and areas of research in nursing
• Explain the steps of research process
Research and research process
• Introduction and need for nursing research
• Definition of research and nursing research
• Steps of scientific method
• Characteristics of good research
• Steps of research process-overview
• Lecture discussion
• Narrate steps of research process followed from examples of published studies
• Short answer
• Objective type
II
3
• Identify and state the research problem and objectives
Research Problem/Question
• Identification of problem area
• Problem statement
• Criteria of a good research problem
• Writing objectives
• Lecture discussion
• Exercise on writing statement of problem and objectives
• Short answer
• Objective type
16
III
3
• Review the related literature
Review of Literature
• Location
• Sources
• Online search; CINHAL, Cochrane, etc.
• Purposes
• Method of review
• Lecture discussion
• Exercise on reviewing one research report/article for a selected research problem
• Prepare annotated bibliography
• Short answer
• Objective type
IV
4
• Describe the research approaches and designs
Research Approaches and Designs
• Historical, survey and experimental
• Qualitative and quantitative designs
• Lecture discussion
• Explain types of research approaches used from examples of published and unpublished research studies with rationale
• Short answer
• Objective type
V
8
• Explain the sampling process
• Describe the methods of data collection
Sampling and Data Collection
• Definition of population, sample, sampling criteria, factors influencing sampling process, types of sampling techniques
• Data—why, what, from whom, when and where to collect
• Lecture discussion
• Reading assignment on examples of data collection tools
• Preparation of sample data collection tool
• Conduct group research project
• Short answer
• Objective type
17
• Data collection methods and instruments:
– Methods of data collection
– Questioning, interviewing
– Observations, record analysis and measurement
– Types of instruments
– Validity and reliability of the instrument
– Pilot study
– Data collection procedure
VI
4
• Analyze, interpret and summarize the research data
Analysis of Data
• Compilation, tabulation, classification, summarization, presentation, interpretation of data
• Lecture discussion
• Preparation of sample tables
• Short answer
• Objective type
VII
15
• Explain the use of statistics, scales of measurement and graphical presentation of data
Introduction to Statistics
• Definition, use of statistics, scales of measurement
• Frequency distribution and graphical presentation of data
• Lecture discussion
• Practice on graphical presentations
• Short answer
• Objective type
18
• Describe the measures of central tendency and variability and methods of correlation
• Mean, median, mode, standard deviation
• Normal probability and tests of significance
• Coefficient of correlation
• Statistical packages and its application
• Practice on computation of measures of central tendency, variability and correlation
VIII
4
• Communicate and utilize the research findings
Communication and Utilization of Research
• Communication of research findings
– Verbal report
– Writing research report
– Writing scientific article/paper
– Critical review of published research
– Utilization of research findings
• Lecture discussion
• Read/presentations of a sample published/unpublished research report
• Writing group research project
• Short answer
• Objective type
• Oral presentation
• Assessment of group research project